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Tunnelling Boom in Australia: Prospect of Educating Tunnelling and Underground Space Engineers
Abbas Taheri Senior Lecturer, The University of Adelaide
Ed Taylor President of Australian Tunnelling Society, Engineering Manager in John Holland Tunnelling
In Australia, the recent growth of infrastructure projects that involve the use of underground space to solve the problem of city congestion is a real boost for the local tunnel engineering industry. The number of future projects that require a tunnel or underground space to enable them to be feasible in our big cities is quite significant. Asian countries, including China and India, which provide most of the overseas students for Australian universities, are experiencing the fastest growing markets for tunnel construction over the coming years. Some universities in Europe, USA and China, are offering degrees about tunnelling and underground space engineering as MSc or BSc degrees. However, Australian universities are not offering any degree or even a specific course about tunnelling. This paper will investigate the feasibility, benefits and viability of offering degrees or courses about tunnelling in Australian universities.
Abbas Taheri Abbas has over 18 years of industry, research and teaching experience in the field of mining engineering, rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Abbas earned a PhD in geotechnical engineering from Yokohama National University, Japan in 2008. In 2008 he awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and joined Tokyo University of Science. In 2011 he appointed as a lecturer at the University of Adelaide, where he is now a senior lecturer. He is a member of editorial board and guest editor of several international journals and has produced more than 110 refereed publications. Abbas has worked for 4 years in industry and been involved in several tunnel design, construction, and geotechnical engineering projects.
Ed Taylor Ed Taylor is a professional engineer with over 45 years’ experience in tunnelling and underground construction in Australia and South East Asia. His expertise in the design, construction and project management of various aspects of major road, railway, water and wastewater tunnels is highly regarded and valued by many. Since 1973 Ed has contributed to the improvement and creation of major infrastructure projects across Australia, the majority of which have involved the design and construction of tunnels and underground structures. Ed is the president of Australian Tunnelling Society (ATS). He is currently employed as Engineering Manager for the John Holland Tunnelling Team providing engineering management and technical support to current and potential future projects.
Alexandre R.A. Gomes Chief Technical Principal – Tunnels and Underground SMEC Australia Pty Ltd [email protected] M : +61 4 3738 4164
Shallow Mined Tunnels and Caverns of the Santiago Metro
Rapid urbanisation and population growth pose increasing demands of space, services, transport systems and facilities, making the use of the underground space a vital component in the sustainable development of urban areas.
Conventional mined tunnelling with a cyclic excavation process is one of the methods of choice for the construction of underground infrastructure, particularly in the case of complex underground works with multiple openings and variable cross sections, such as in the case of metro stations, enlargement for ramps of road tunnels and storage facilities.
In an urban setting, underground construction is often carried out under shallow overburden conditions and densely build-up areas, posing specific challenges for the design and construction. Safety, functional and durability requirements must be met and the potential impact on adjacent structures kept within acceptable levels. Therefore, the use of the observational method is an inherent part of the conventional tunnelling method, allowing the continuous verification of design assumptions and the control of existing safety reserves during construction. Also, experiences and lessons learned during construction enable design and construction optimisations to be incorporated in future projects resulting in more cost-effective solutions.
The Lecture will present a summary of the challenges and lessons learned in the last two decades from the construction of over 100km of shallow soft ground mined tunnels and caverns for the Santiago Metro system in Chile, and how the cumulative knowledge gathered during construction under various ground conditions has enabled continuous optimisation of the construction solutions for these tunnels and caverns.
Bio Alexandre Gomes Alex Gomes is a civil engineer with over 27 years of experience in the planning, design and construction of tunnels and underground works and applied geotechnical and geomechanical engineering. Alex has been engaged in many major projects in Europe, Asia, Australasia and the Americas with experience on a widespread array of underground infrastructure projects, including Metro, Railway, Roads, Utility, Mining and Hydro. He has extensive experience in both soft ground and hard rock tunnelling with the use of both conventional and mechanised construction methods. Alex has been the Managing Director of Geoconsult Latin America in Chile for 13 years before joining SMEC Australia in early 2017 in the position of Chief Technical Principal – Tunnels and Underground. He is past Vice-President of the ITA, and past adjunct professor of tunnelling at the University of Chile, having published many technical papers and articles, and delivering lectures and training activities for engineers worldwide.
Michael R KingDirector – MK Tunnelling [email protected]+44 7483 241670
Crossrail tunnelling in the London Clay formation
Abstract
The Crossrail project in London (UK) spent 7 years excavating and lining tunnels and shafts within the LondonBasin. Construction activities encountered and dealt with a range of geological strata, including recent depositsof Made Ground, Alluvium and River Terrace Gravels, over-consolidated London clay, variable mixedsediments of sands gravels and clays, uniform and fine-grained sands, and the underlying sedimentaryLimestone (Chalk). Approximately 42km of segmentally lined bored tunnel were completed using pressurizedTunnel Boring Machines (TBM), and over 12km of tunnel were supported utilising Sprayed Concrete Linings(SCL) with spans of up to 17m, along with sprayed concrete, diaphragm wall and piled shafts and undergroundstructures.
This paper provides an outline of the project, concentrating on the central tunnelled section. The broadgeological/hydrogeological setting of the central tunnelled area is described, with an examination in more detailof the perception and reality of tunnelling in the over-consolidated London Clay. This material has often beendescribed as the ideal tunnelling material, but it is variable and not risk free, and offers challenges for bothdesign and construction. The London Clay has been compared with the similar Keswick and Hindmarsh Claysthat underlie much of the Adelaide city area. Tunnel construction utilising TBM and traditional excavationcoupled with the use of SCL for support through the London Clay will be discussed. The paper will consider inparticular the influence of the historical experience of tunnelling in London Clay on modern approaches and riskperceptions.
Biography – Mike King
Mike is an independent consultant who has been involved in tunnelling projects for over 35 years, includingsegmentally lined tunnels, sprayed concrete linings and diaphragm wall and piled structures. He has workeddirectly for both contracting and consulting organisations and has also been seconded into Client organisationson major projects. His international project involvement includes the Channel Tunnel (UK/France), theArrowhead water project (USA), Lisbon Metro (Portugal), Los Angeles Metro (USA), Sao Paulo Metro (Brazil)and the Jubilee Line Extension (UK). Mike has also been involved in Expert Witness cases and recentlycompleted 7 years as Head of Underground Construction on the Crossrail project. In 2019 Mike was awardedthe James Clark Medal for his contributions to, and achievements in tunnelling by the British TunnellingSociety.
D:\Work\Jacobs Adelaide\AGS SA_NT\Meetings\2019\Seminar\Call for abstracts, sponsors and registration\Call for Abstracts\Submitted
Abstracts\OskarSigl-190513.docx
Dr. Oskar SiglGeoconsult Asia Singapore5 Jalan Kilang Barat, #08-06 Petro Centre159349 [email protected]
Design and construction issues which are critical but receive less attentionThe paper is intended to highlight and discuss the solution to major challenges of planning underground projects inurban environments, which are not in the forefront of attention. This is related to the construction of entrances, crosspassages and other critical structures, which very often do not receive the technical attention they would deserve. Thesediscussions are presented in the form of examples from the viewpoint of a practitioner, who is deeply involved in theactual design for the implementation of such projects. Infrastructure in large cities is getting denser over time. Actualgeotechnical challenges often relate to the application of innovative methods of construction in order to minimizepotential construction impact or disruption. The paper wants to direct the focus on the application of “unusual” designconsiderations and construction methods and related design and construction challenges.
Biography Dr. SIGL OskarDr. Sigl graduated as Diploma Engineer (MSc) in 1985 from the Technical University of Graz (Austria), in geotechnicsand soil mechanics and in 1991 achieved the PhD in mining engineering at the Mining University of Leoben (Austria).Oskar’s 30 years of experience cover a wide range of projects such as subways, railways, roads, power transmissioncables, sewerage mains, underground storage schemes and caverns. Oskar has been working in Singapore since 1997,where he was involved in the detailed design of almost all major underground infra structure projects. This includes theMRT lines, high voltage transmission cable tunnels, underground expressways and deep sewer tunnels. Outside ofSingapore, Dr. Sigl was involved in leading roles in the design of underground transportation systems in Dubai, Perth,Brisbane, Sydney, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur as well as the design of underground oil and fuel storage cavern schemesin Saudi Arabia, India and the UAE.
AGS SA-NT Seminar
National Wine Centre on Monday 28th October 2019
Road Tunnels in Australia and New Zealand – getting the best value for money
Presenter: Dr Douglas J Maconochie,
Technical Director -Tunnels WSP Australia
Abstract
A brief comparison of the cost of recent road tunnels will be presented to bring focus on the various procurement models that have
been used in recent years to deliver road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. The delivery mechanisms have included Public,Private, Partnerships (PPPs) for the provisions of road infrastructure involving concession holders and design and construct contracts
and alliances between builders and government agencies. Most of the PPP tunnel projects went into receivership soon after openingdemonstrating that the cost of tunnel construction vastly exceeded the investment value as serviced by toll income. These projects
will be compared with the Waterview Connection road tunnel in Auckland which was undertaken under a competitive alliance modelunder government finance to complete a missing link on a non-tolled motorway. Comments will be provided on the consequences on
design /construction and operations and maintenance arising from the different procurement models based on the authors experienceto deliver such projects as undertaken on Lane Cove, CLEM7, Airport Link Brisbane, the cancelled East West tunnel in Melbourneand Waterview Connection in New Zealand. The role of site investigation, geotechnical base line reports, the amount of detail inreference design and scope of works and technical criteria will be commented. Other tunnels under construction and potentialforthcoming projects and their completion dates will be reviewed to outline the current tunnel construction pipeline.
Biography Dr D J Maconochie
Doug has a successful track record influencing the design of multi-billion dollar road and rail tunnel projects over a lifetime career intunnelling in Australia and internationally. His achievements were recognised in 2014 with the Alan Neyland lifetime achievementaward in the tunnelling industry by the Australasian Tunnelling Society and by the Institution of Engineers’ Sir John Holland CivilEngineer of the Year award for 2015.
Dr Doug Maconochie is WSP’s Technical Director for Tunnels (International). He has had major design and construction managementroles on some of the world’s most significant recent transit projects including:- Kuala Lumpur Putra Light Rail; MRTA Blue Line,Bangkok; East Side Access, New York; Epping Chatswood Rail Line, Sydney; Lane Cove road tunnel, Sydney; CLEM 7 and AirportLink road tunnels, Brisbane; Waterview Connection, Auckland; M4East Tender, Sydney; Harbour Link Concept design, Sydney; EastWest Link and Western Distributor tender designs, Melbourne. His project experience encompasses leadership of constructionsupervision and design teams for these projects.
Jack.W Muir, Aurecon, Melbourne
Joshua Barry, Aurecon, Melbourne
Managing Ground Movement impacts for Australian Urban Road Tunnels
Road tunnels in Australia are generally of a significant scale with large underground construction with thepotential for substantial impact to both surface and underground 3rd party assets. This paper looks at lessonslearnt from recent and current Australian road tunnels in terms stakeholder consultation and best practice for thisprocess.
Road tunnels in Australia will generally be delivered under a model where it is the Design and ConstructionContractors responsibility for undertaking the ground movement impact assessment. As a minimum this requiresconsultation with businesses, property owners, utility owners and road/rail authorities.
Contractual obligations may require Contractors to consult these parties and receive formal approval prior toconstruction commencing. These parties will often not have experience or resources to engage in theseprocesses and therefore the requirement for consultation and/or approval of the ground movement and impactassessment can put the construction programme at risk.
This paper will investigate the following in more detail
- Standard specification limits tolerances by rail/road authorities
- Unknown conditions of 3rd party assets
- Parties requirements for assessment
- Monitoring of 3rd party assets
- Contractual obligations of the Contractor
- Recommendations for future Australian road tunnelling projects
Jack is a tunnel engineer with broad experience across the tunnelling. Jack has practical experience workingwithin Contractors teams both in the design and construction phase of projects. Jack has managed theunderground design of the West Gate Tunnel Project in Melbourne for the last 18 months. Prior to that Jack leadthe Aurecon Hong Kong tunnel team providing technical, administrative and commercial leadership to the team.Jack has sourced and been the first point of contact for work both in Australia and overseas having to developdeep professional relationships with Clients and other Aurecon offices around the world.
Josh is a tunnel engineer with extensive experience in concept and detailed design, impact assessment,construction monitoring, and project management of large scale civil engineering infrastructure projects Josh’stechnical experience includes projects in Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Thailand. Recently, Josh hasmanaged the ground movement and impact assessment reports for two of Australia’s largest road tunnels, WestGate Tunnel Project in Melbourne and WestConnex Stage 3A in Sydney.
Mark Drechsler
Technical Principal – Engineering Geologist, SMEC
0408 612 419
Nicholas Barker,
Team Manager/Principal Engineering Geologist – Geotechnical and Tunnels South Australia, WSP
0405 366 535
What lies beneath Adelaide? What we know so far about potential subsurface risks that lie in wait fortunnellers
Abstract
A potential North South Tunnel project proposes to complete an existing missing link in the North South Corridor, an intendeduninterrupted freeway linking Gawler in the north with Old Noarlunga in the south that passes in close proximity to the west ofAdelaide’s CBD. The proposed alignment broadly follows the existing South Road and runs between the Torrens River in thenorth and Darlington in the south. The corridor passes through a mix of residential, commercial and industrial land with thetopography gently rising from north to south. This alignment crosses two distinct geomorphological zones. The lower alluvialplain (low, very gently sloping plain west of the city of Adelaide) and the upper alluvial plain (elevated, gently undulating, incisedplain between the western edge of the city and the foothills of the Mt Lofty Ranges). Underlying these alluvial plains are typicalAdelaide soils comprising Pooraka Formation and Hindmarsh Clay. These subsurface conditions are likely to present a risk to theproject based on local industry experiences. A desktop study has been undertaken for a planning study that utilised availablehistorical information and local experience on similar projects in similar material types, as well as experience from tunnelling inLondon Clays, to understand the potential subsurface conditions that would be likely to be encountered by a tunnel.
This paper presents the results of a desktop geotechnical/geological investigation and provides commentary on the subsurfaceprofile and various material types that are likely to be encountered by a tunnel. In identifying the subsurface profile, the paper alsohighlights several potential geotechnical and hydrogeological risks that may be critical when undertaking the design andconstruction of the proposed tunnel.
Biography – Mark Drechsler
Mark has over 35 years’ experience as an engineering geologist involved in investigation, design and construction of mining, civiland transport infrastructure projects throughout Australia. Mark has developed technical expertise in quarrying, earthworks andconstruction materials and has gained considerable design and construction experience in sourcing construction materials andtrack formation design for rail projects in Australia, resulting in being a co-author of the recently updated ARTC earthworksmaterials and construction specifications. Mark is a Geotechnical Subject Matter Expert for the Inland Rail Project which involvesthree tunnels through the Toowoomba Ranges in Qld. Mark was involved in the North South Tunnel studies.
Biography – Nicholas Barker
Nick is an engineering geologist who also is the Team Manager for WSP Adelaide’s Geotechnical and Tunnels Team. Nick hasover 18 years’ experience gained from both Australia and the UK, commencing in London, then through to Melbourne, Brisbane,and more recently Adelaide. Nicholas has undertaken, and later managed, complex geotechnical ground investigations acrossAustralia to depths of over 100m for a wide array of infrastructure projects. More recently, Nicholas has relocated to Adelaide andspent the past 4 years getting to know the local geology. He was involved in the recent North South Tunnel planning study.
Luke DrowleyManager, Tunnels – [email protected]: +61 408 612 419
Adelaide Desalination Project – Tunnelling Review
The Adelaide Desalination Project is the most recent TBM tunnelling project to be completed in the Adelaideregion. The project was completed in 2011, and has capacity to provide up to 100 GL per year of drinking waterfor the Adelaide metropolitan area. The major tunnelling components include two subsea TBM tunnels, a caverncontaining the intake pumping equipment, associated shafts and marine works. This paper will provide a reviewof the major geologic and tunnelling aspects of the project including:
- Geotechnical conditions- TBM machine selection to suit ground conditions- Precast segmental lining design- Marine works- Tunnel to riser cross connections, including pre excavation ground treatment by pressure grouting.
Luke leads a team of tunnel engineers working on a suite of projects across ANZ, including Snowy 2.0,Northconnex, Westconnex, North South Corridor Study in Adelaide, West Gate Tunnel, Melbourne Metro andInland Rail. He is currently supporting DPTI as the tunnelling lead on the North South Corridor Study.During his career, Luke has worked on a range of underground projects including hydropower, water, rail, roadand utilities tunnels. Noteworthy projects include the $600M USD Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric Project in Malaysia,which included 26 kilometres of tunnels and caverns; the $1.8B AUD Adelaide Desalination Plant, where hewas responsible for subsea TBM and mined tunnels; and the Lane Cove Tunnel in Sydney, where he was a sitetunnel engineer as part of the construction team.
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David J. Lees, Jagath Gunatilake, Jurij Kalovsek, and John Sharp
1. Senior Principal Tunnelling Engineer, Jacobs – email: [email protected] tel:04384458202. Lecturer in Engineering Geology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
– email: [email protected] tel: +94 7773130633. Lecturer in Geotechnical Engineering, University of Queensland - email [email protected]
tel: 041 668 4624. Consultant, Geo-Engineering – email [email protected] tel: 01534 481234
Groundwater prediction and control for long hard rock TBM tunnels
The 15 km headrace tunnel for the Uma Oya project in Sri Lanka was excavated by double shield TBM andintersected large quantities of water. The study of this project with regards to better understanding the effects ofthe tunnel on the hydrogeology of the area, identifying relevant in-tunnel investigation techniques, anddeveloping better pre-excavation and post excavation grouting systems are relevant to other long hard rockTBM projects.
The paper will address why we need to limit the water ingress into tunnels under construction with regards tothe potential effect on the environment with dewatering of surface and near surface aquifers, the effect on theconstruction and its schedule, and the methods available for prediction and control of groundwater during tunnelexcavation.
The paper will also review present examples from other projects around the world - past completed projects,projects under construction and future planned projects, detailing how such problems have been mitigated.
Presenting author:
David Lees has over 35 years experience in the design and construction of underground works, both in miningand civil tunnelling, with particular expertise in grouting and ground treatment. He has worked in over 14countries around the world as both consultant and contractor. The presentation is based on his PhD thesis for theUniversity of Peradeniya which was based on the construction of the 15 km headrace tunnel for the Uma Oyaproject in Sri Lanka.
Author Daniel Bosco BE (Hons) MIEAust GAICDDirector Bluey Technologies Pty [email protected]+61 402 229 025
Waterproofing of TBM Cross Passages, Station Boxes, Shafts, Caverns and Nozzles at Significant DepthsBelow Urban Environments
AbstractAustralia is fortunate to have built some of the driest tunnels in the World over the past 20 years with a verystrong track record in achieving the highest specification requirement of ‘no damp patches’ over many hundredsof kilometres of tunnel construction. However, this hasn’t always been the case. In fact, early tunnels built inthe 1980s and 90s, suffered severe water damage and cost contractors hundreds of millions of dollars inrectification works.
This paper will discuss how the Australian tunneling industry transformed itself by adopting InternationalStandards and a strong engineering approach to waterproofing solutions and details. We will review practicesfrom other parts of the World, relevant standards, specifications and experiences using various membranesolutions.
Every tunnel project has its own unique circumstances and requirements which need to be considered during thedesign phase. Material selection in particular, plays a key role in successful outcomes for waterproofing ofunderground structures. In this context we will review options for station boxes, shafts, caverns and TBMnozzles covering the benefits and limitations of various available materials. There is not a one-size fits allsolution when it comes to tunnel waterproofing. We will analyse various projects completed over the past 20years and the learnings from each of the different applications.
In more detail, the study will reflect on how our industry has managed to create dry cross passages locally,specifically in the most challenging area of terminating the membrane to the TBM segmental lining. We willinvestigate the engineering design of these terminations and how a robust solution which is appropriate forunderground applications has been adopted.
With the confidence our industry now has in tunnel waterproofing, we will propose that an Australian Standardbe considered with the development of a technical committee. A new local standard would be appropriate forlocal conditions and be reflective of the skills and knowledge that have been developed over the past twodecades.
BiographyDaniel Bosco is Director and Founder of Bluey Technologies Pty Ltd.
Daniel has a Bachelor of Engineering (Civil) from the University of Technology Sydney and has also completedpost graduate studies in concrete technology and rehabilitation. Following completion of his studies, Danielworked on a number of large infrastructure projects such as Airport Link Tunnel in Sydney, Taiwan High SpeedRail and other significant tunnel projects built around the region over the past 25 years.
In 2003 Daniel started product supply company Bluey Technologies. Bluey specialises in polymer,cementitious and resin based products for concrete protection and repair. The company has grown rapidly andhas since become a supplier to some of the largest construction companies throughout Australia, New Zealandand South-East Asia. Bluey Technologies has completed approximately 5,000,000sqm of waterproofing supplyand application across the region.
Title: The Application of Permanent Shotcrete and Sprayed Membrane in Soft Ground Tunnels Primary Presenter – Harry Lyle Abstract: Short and variable profile tunnels such as cross passages and y‐junction caverns in soft ground require an open faced ‘mined’ tunnelling approach. Traditionally these mined tunnel approaches relied on forward support and temporary shotcrete with a second pass permanent concrete lining. Advances in forward support, shotcrete and membrane technology has enabled contractors to utilize shotcrete as a permanent lining element in soft ground and low cover environments that have greatly reduced overall construction duration and surface impacts. A number of smaller tunnel project have recently been built in Australian utilizing shotcrete as the permanent lining with extremely shallow cover. The paper focuses on the innovations and experiences gained in adopting this type of approach from the perspective of the tunnelling contractor.
Biography
Z:\9 BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT\9.3 Profiles-Resumes\Harry's Bio Rev 1.docx
H (Harry) A Lyle, Director, Tunnelling Solutions Pty Ltd Arguably the longest serving and most senior Tunnelling General Superintendent in Australia with over 40 years’ experience. It is safe to say there is nothing that Harry hasn’t seen or done in the tunnelling industry. He has completed multiple leadership and supervisory programs and is the recipient of several Safety Excellence Awards. With many years of experience Harry has developed a unique and tested understanding of the “big picture”, an unnegotiable stance on safety, and unequivocal importance of respect and comradery and how these factors impact a project
Skills
Work planning and coordination
Tunnel excavation techniques, including soft ground TBM, soft-ground roadheader and shallow-cover
Ground support and lining
Occupational Health and Safety on large construction projects
Delivery of major underground tunnelling projects
Highly respected leadership and relationship skills\
Proven Industrial Relation Issue Resolving capabilities Professional background Harry started his career in 1976 as a miner in the UK working on numerous contracts around London involving traditional hand tunnelling techniques until 1980 when he moved to Hong Kong. There he worked for one year as Leading Miner on various tunnelling projects involving hand excavation of tunnels and chambers through decomposed granite treated by ground freezing. In 1981 Harry return to the UK and for the following 5 years, worked as a Miner on the Carssington Reservoir project which involved tunnel drives through rock using hand shields, roadheaders and drill and blast. From 1985 to 1987, Harry located to Egypt to work on the Cairo Wastewater Contract where he was the Lead Miner/Pit Boss. The contract consisted of tunnel drives using slurry shields and shaft sinking through running sand in compressed air. On his return to the UK, Harry was employed as Pit Boss responsible for construction of main drive from England to France using full-face TBMs for the Channel Tunnel. In 1991 and until 1997 Harry returned to Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd where he was late promoted to Tunnel Superintendent on the Heathrow Express Link. He had the overall responsibility for labour and plant control on 89.5 of 5.7m dia shield driven tunnel plus 2 underground stations, associated shafts, hand tunnels and crossover caverns. John Holland Pty Ltd sponsored Harry to Australia in June 1997 to work as General Superintendent on the Melbourne City Link Project. He was responsible for coordinating three main sites during the construction of twin three-lane road tunnels. Excavation was conducted at 5 working faces with 300Kw road headers and drill & blast. Primary NATM type support followed by permanent lining using three CIFA full heading concrete lining forms. Harry’s career continued with John Holland until 2014. By this time, Harry had worked on all four of the three-lane tunnels that have ever been built in Australia and a wide range of large international projects. He has supervised, mentored, trained and developed over 2000 tunnellers, superintendents, and subcontractors on respective projects. In 2014 Harry formed a business partnership with Craig Farr and with their combined strength, local knowledge and global insight laid a solid foundation for creating a specialist Australian Tunnelling Contractor Company – Tunnelling Solutions Pty Ltd. Harry’s experience, particularly whilst working in London at the time of the Heathrow Rail Tunnel collapse, highlighted the importance of safety in delivering the finished project. Since then, he has shaped his unrelenting focus on safety, quality, community engagement and environmental protection. Since 2014, and as Director of Tunnelling Solutions Pty Ltd, Harry now heads up the Project Delivery Team. He has since completed supervision and coordination of ground treatment, excavation and application of the temporary shotcrete lining for cross passages on the Chennai Metro Project in India. This was a particularly difficult and dangerous project working under populated areas and in wet sand conditions. Harry has also successfully completed and is currently engaged with the Tunnelling Solutions team on 3 Pedestrian Underpasses in Sydney and one in Melbourne.
Experimental study of interaction between rock mass and shotcrete for primary support design in underground excavation
Morteza Ghamgosar, CPS Design Manager, Westconnex, Aurecon, Sydney NSW, [email protected]
Jurij Karlovsek, Civil Engineering Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Brisbane QLD, [email protected]
Danielle Janz, Graduate Geotechnical Engineer, [email protected]
Abstract
The shear resistance of a joint can be determined by using the concept of mobilised roughness under the applied normal forces. The effect of concrete curing age and roughness of rock surfaces are currently being estimated for the most of design procedures in the ground support system, which results of this study can provide comprehensive information for numerical analysis.
A series of laboratory direct shear tests were performed on cemented shotcrete-rock with different roughness scales (JRC 1-5 and 5-10) over a range of concrete curing ageing. Rock samples were collected from various finalised and ongoing projects in Brisbane City. Two rock types; sandstone and tuff, were selected and tested in this study for the sake of the consistency in laboratory results.
Samples were prepared from the core specimens and casted within a concrete mixture based on the standard dimensions of the shear testing apparatus. All samples were tested under the dry conditions according to the suggested method by the International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM).
In addition to the frictional angle and cohesion strength of tested samples, shear and normal stiffnesses of the interface were also determined, which play critical roles in the reliable numerical modelling. An interesting observation was the complex interaction at the interface and the mechanisms that controlled the peak shear strength which depended on the surface roughness, the existence of natural flaws and the normal load.
The shear failure mechanism was investigated under low and high range of normal forces and shear displacement rates, aiming to provide required information for discrete element models (DEM) and elastic closed formed solutions in rock mechanics engineering.
About Presenter
Morteza is a Chartered Engineer with Aurecon with over 6 years industry experience. Morteza is a rock mechanics and geotechnical engineer with extensive experience in geotechnical investigations and geotechnical design. Morteza was involved in Cross River Rail design tender and now is CPS Design Manager at WestConnex 3a in Sydney.
Role of tunnel engineers in implementing observational method at site
Senthilnath G T
Sr. Engineer, GHD
[email protected], +61 468 828 645
The observational method is widely used in tunnelling works and for a successful implementation of observational
method in tunnelling, an efficient monitoring, data evaluation and interpretation by site engineer is of prime
importance. However, in certain situations, site tunnel engineers are held responsible to an extent that it can be
questioned if there is any purpose in providing the design. Hence, it is very important to understand the issues that
can be assessed and resolved at the site and the aspects that could be controlled and/or mitigated at the design
stage.
This paper describes the concept of observational method as described by Peck in 1969 and the development of
its definition until CIRIA R185 and Eurocode 7, which serve as a basis for considering observational approach in
the design and highlights the conditions under which the observational methods must not be used.
This paper discusses a case study on observational method implemented for a shotcrete-lined tunnel and
observational “approach” implemented to adjust TBM compressed air pressures during TBM cutter head
intervention to maximize the working man-hours in the cutter head chamber while maintaining face stability. For
shotcrete-lined tunnel, a practical procedure for predicting and comparing displacement behind the face in relation
to face advance and time is presented along with spatial visualization tool for tunnel lining displacements. For
TBM compressed pressure adjustment, an iterative procedure based on groundwater pressure monitoring is
presented in the paper.
Author’s Biography:
Senthilnath is a registered chartered civil engineer multiple countries and professional engineer with over 10 years
of experience in diversified geotechnical projects such as TBM and SEM/NATM tunnels, deep foundation and
excavation support system for mining and urban development projects, site supervision and design management.
Senthilnath gained his Master’s degree in Geotechnical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, India
and TU Dresden, Germany and he pursued specializing masters in “Tunnelling and TBMs” at Politecnico di
Torino, Italy. He has exposure to wide range of tunnelling works (soft ground, hard rock, deep caverns) & project
experience in multiple countries (Singapore, Australia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia & UAE). He is the recipient of
“Young Tunneller of the Year” award from NCE (official magazine of Institution of Civil Engineers, London,
UK) in 2016 and has been shortlisted for International Tunnelling Association (ITA) Awards in 2016 and 2018
held in Singapore and China respectively.
TBM design and tunnelling experiences with a large diameter TBM operation for the Waterview Connection Tunnels in Auckland The Waterview Connection Project is one of the largest infrastructure developments in New Zealand that was put in place. Twin tube road tunnels of 2.4km in length were built using a very large diameter TBM. The tunnels impact a large number of existing buildings and utilities as they pass beneath residential property and public reserve. They also cross beneath the North Auckland Railway branch. Accordingly, exercising ground control to minimize settlements and adverse impacts to the community were of paramount importance. The tunnel project was built under high safety standards in urban area with shallow cover. The paper focuses on the TBM design and tunnelling aspects with experiences in large diameter TBM operation for the twin tube bores from the perspective of the machine manufacturer.
Surname: Dr. Bäppler
First names(s): Karin
Country / Address: Germany/ Herrenknecht AG, Schlehenweg 2, 77963 Schwanau-Allmannsweier
Telephone: +49 7824 302 5030
E-mail: [email protected]
Level of education: Dr., Dipl.-Ing
Institution: Herrenknecht AG
Position: Head of Business Development and Geotechnics & Consulting
Short Profile Dr. Karin Bäppler, Head of Business Development and Geotechnics & Consulting, Traffic Tunnelling Group, Herrenknecht AG, Germany Karin graduated as a civil engineer from Technical University of Karlsruhe, Germany (today KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) and completed post graduate studies with her PhD at the Colorado School of Mines, USA. She joined Herrenknecht in 1997 and since then has specialized in geotechnology, research and development. Since 2008 Karin has managed the Geotechnical and Consulting department for the Traffic Tunnelling Division at Herrenknecht’s head office in Schwanau, Germany and is responsible as Head of Business Development. She is an invited lecturer for postgraduate degrees at Universities in France, Germany, Italy and the USA on the topic of Tunnelling and Tunnel Boring Machines.
Cristian Biotto, Aurecon, Melbourne, [email protected], +61 3 99753147
Sai Htay, Aurecon, Melbourne, [email protected], +61 3 99753147
The Digital Future of Tunnel Services
The infrastructure design and construction process runs on a very traditional delivery model. Conventions, reinforced through contract obligations, require the creation of thousands of physical drawings, even though engineers now regularly work in 3D, information-rich modelling environments (BIM). When drawings are delivered, they are vast in number, generated manually by drafters, a laborious approach which is prone to human error and therefore need extra engineering review. Any reissue of the drawings also requires a reiteration of the process. In addition, the information in drawings is often underutilised when it comes to future asset interrogation and/or management. Tunnel system is a perfect example of the above. Different systems, designed to meet requirements must share and compromise in a very tight environment. Coordination of tunnel systems requires time and an iterative process of which drawings and 3D models are one of the main outputs. Any change in one system could impact numerous other systems, which could mean re-developing thousands of drawings. For the ME&I systems of an Australian tunnel project, in order to meet all of the regulatory/contractual requirements, we were required to generate over 3000 drawings. We identified clear design advantages and project management opportunities by incorporating automation to generate models and drawings in our BIM environment. This was a cultural change in tunnelling. We built a live online database which contains all the relevant engineering parameters. Building custom extensions to our BIM tool, we developed a bespoke system to support drawing automation directly from the database. The tool is fit for our immediate project purposes but flexible enough to adapt to other BIM-based infrastructure design projects. Our innovation allows drawings to be created automatically and frees up engineers to do what they do best – design infrastructure.
Authors:
Cristian Biotto Senior Tunnel System Engineer specialising in the design of tunnel ventilation and tunnel MEI systems. Experienced in applying and developing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, Cristian leads the CFD capabilities for Aurecon’s Tunnel Systems Team. He has a PHD from Imperial College London and is passionate about automation of design flows and optimisation of operations. Cristian is currently the Assistant ME&I Manager with the design joint venture on the Westgate Tunnel. Sai Htay A Senior Tunnel System Engineer with experience in design and coordination of tunnel MEI systems through road, rail and combined services tunnels. Sai is currently working on several rail and road tunnels in Australia and was the Lead Tunnel Ventilation Engineer in the reference design and tender design for Perth’s Forrestfield Airport Link. He is also the Package Manager for the tunnel ventilation equipment packages on the detail design of Westconnex Stage 2.
