TWO YEAR POST GRADUATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME

IN

MECHATRONICS

Central Mechanical Engineering Research InstituteDurgapur

Prospectus 2010

Two Year Post Graduate Research Programme in Engineering

in Mechatronics

at CMERI, Durgapur

(2010 ­2011)

Mechatronics is a design philosophy which encourages engineers to concurrently integrate precision mechanical engineering, digital and analog electronics, control theory and computer engineering in the design of “intelligent” products, systems and processes rather than engineering each set or requirements separately. The advantages of the Mechatronics approach to design are shorter design cycles, lower costs, and elegant solutions to design problems that cannot easily be solved by staying within the bounds of the traditional engineering disciplines. Mechatronics further relates to a multidisciplinary approach to product and manufacturing system design. It represents the next generation machines, robots, automotive and aerospace systems, reprography, medicine, manufacturing machinery and smart mechanisms for carrying out work in a variety of environments.

The Post Graduate Research Programme in Mechatronics intends to acquaint students with the fundamentals of mechatronics through pedagogy on current theoretical and practical developments in this area. The programme traverses a wide range of applications that comprise robotics, product design, instrumentation, manufacturing methods, computer integration and process & device control, with specific emphasis on innovative engineering. Students undergoing this course are expected to emerge properly equipped to confront challenges across the industrial environment and academic research spectrum.

The Two Year PG Research Training Programme aims to provide in-depth exposure to the engineering concepts, scientific principles, research methodology and hands-on experience on advanced real-life R&D projects in different specializations related to Mechatronics. Students completing this two-year programme are expected to be fully research-enabled and industry-ready. The first semester of the programme focuses on core subjects and associated laboratories related to Mechatronics. The second and third semesters offer elective courses for specialization in different areas falling within the broad domain of Mechatronics. The third and fourth semesters provide opportunity to the candidates to effectively utilize the knowledge acquired through the courses towards advanced R&D project work and dissertation in their specialization areas.

Eligibility for Admission B.E. / B. Tech or equivalent with 70 % marks or 7.0 CGPA completed during 2009 and 2010 in Mechanical / Electrical / Electronics / Electronics & Communication / Electronics & Telecommunication / Electronics & Instrumentation / Computer Science & Engineering/Technology / Radio Physics / Mechatronics. Mode of Payment The fees/charges need to be deposited at CMERI, Durgapur before the start of every semester using the following modes:

For NEFT bank transfer, please transfer the amount to the saving account number 30280331299 of CMERI at SBI, Durgapur (RTGS code SBIN0000074) with appropriate narration statement.

In case of Demand Draft, please get it issued in favour of “Director, CMERI” payable at Durgapur and

post it by speed post or registered letter to “Director, CMERI, Durgapur 713 209” with your name written in pencil on the reverse side of the demand draft.

For other details (Admission Process, Eligibility, Fellowship, Important Dates, fee structure and online application) Please visit the CSIR website http://www.csir.res.in/

Semester-wise Scheme for Mechatronics

SEMESTER I

Sl. SUBJECT CODE HOURS/WEEK CREDITS L* T* S* Total

1. Introduction to mechatronic systems

MEC – 101 2 1 1 4 3

2. Advanced control system MEC – 102 2 1 1 4 3 3. Computer aided design, simulation

& visualization MEC – 103 2 1 1 4 3

4. Electronic devices MEC – 104 2 1 1 4 3 5. Machines & mechanisms MEC - 105 2 1 1 4 3 6. Technical communications MEC – 106 1 1 0 2 1

TOTAL

11

6

5

22

16

SEMESTER II

Sl. SUBJECT CODE HOURS/WEEK CREDITS L T S Total

1. Robotics MEC – 201 2 1 1 4 3 2. Micro controllers &

embedded system design MEC – 202 2 1 1 4 3

3. Elective I MEC – 203/i 2 1 1 4 3 4. Elective II MEC – 203/i 2 1 1 4 3 5. Elective III MEC - 203/i 2 1 1 4 3 6. Project management

techniques MEC – 204 1 1 0 2 1

TOTAL

11

6

5

22

16

L* = Lectures T* = Tutorial S* = Sessional / Lab

ELECTIVES I, II & III: THREE SUBJECTS TO BE CHOSEN FROM THE FOLLOWING

SUBJECT

CODE

Electromechanical system design

MEC – 203/1

Introduction to computer vision

MEC – 203/2

Robotics & machine intelligence

MEC – 203/3

Introduction to navigation & data fusion

MEC – 203/4

Microsystems technology

MEC – 203/5

Advanced materials

MEC – 203/6

Optimal control

MEC – 203/7

Precision machine design

MEC – 203/8

Numerical Methods & Computer Programming

MEC – 203/9

Digital signal processing and applications

MEC – 203/10

SEMESTER III

Sl. SUBJECT CODE HOURS/WEEK CREDITS L T S Total

1. Elective IV MEC – 301/i 3 1 1 5 4 2. Project Work & Seminar MEC – 351 0 0 20 20 12

TOTAL

3

1

21

25

16

ELECTIVE IV: ONE SUBJECT TO BE CHOSEN FROM THE FOLLOWING

SUBJECT

CODE

Advanced communication systems

MEC – 301/1

Advanced computer vision

MEC – 301/2

Distributed control system

MEC – 301/3

Advanced navigation & data fusion

MEC – 301/4

Computer-aided metrology & machine vision

MEC – 301/5

Nano-tribology & its application to MEMS/NEMS

MEC – 301/6

Human computer Interfacing (HCI)

MEC – 301/7

Mobile robotics

MEC – 301/8

Soft computing techniques

MEC – 301/9

SEMESTER IV

Sl. SUBJECT CODE HOURS/WEEK CREDITS L T S Total

1. Project & Thesis MEC – 451 0 0 26 26 12 2. Seminar & Viva Voce MEC – 452 0 0 - - 4

TOTAL

0

0

26

26

16

COURSE DETAILS

MEC- 101: INTRODUCTION TO MECHATRONICS SYSTEM Course Coordinator: S.N. Shome Module I Overview of Mechatronics: What is Mechatronics? Instrumentation and Control System.

Module II Sensor and Actuators: Introduction-- Physical Principles & Basic mechanisms in sensor systems, static and dynamics performance characteristics, type of sensors based on principles, Different type of Sensors, Actuators: Electro-mechanical Actuators, Electrical Machines, Piezoelectric Actuators, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Actuation Systems. Module III Mathematical Modeling of Physical Systems: Modeling Electromechanical Systems. Structures and Materials, Modeling of Mechanical Systems for Mechatronics Applications, Fluid Power, Using MATLAB SIMULINK for modeling and simulation Mechatronics systems. Module IV Electronics and hardware components for Mechatronics: Computer interfacing, hardware for digital/analog interfacing, devices for data conversion Module V Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC-102: ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM Coordinator: S. Nandy Module I Introduction to Control System: Role of Controls in Mechatronics, Analog vs Digital, open loop vs feedback control, continuous vs discrete time control. Signals and Systems. Transfer Functions and Laplace transforms. Module II Control System Design: Time domain and frequency domain analysis; Root Locus Method; Nyquist Criteria. Lyapunov stability; structural properties (controllability and observability), Industrial motion control – PID controllers; controller tuning; Module III State Space Design. Module IV Digital Control: Discrete time mathematics, z- transforms, sampling rates, zero and first order hold, time delays, computer control implementation concepts, state space realization.

Module V Advance Controller Design: Kalman Filters as Dynamic System State Observers; LQ optimization-LQR, LQG, LTR design; Feedback Linearization, H2 and Ho control; Adaptive and Nonlinear Control Design;

Introduction to adaptive and intelligent Control. Module VI Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC- 103: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN SIMULATION AND VISUALIZATION Coordinator: Avik Chatterjee Module I Introduction to the Module: Introduction to Computer Aided Design(CAD) , Simulation and Visualization, Genesis of CAD, Concepts of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Virtual Prototyping(VP) Module II Geometric Object Modeling – Parametric Representation of Curves & Surfaces, Types of Curves and Surfaces (B-spline /Beizer/ NURBS), Intersection calculations , Assembly Modeling Techniques, Applications Module III Computer Graphics - Preliminaries Linear Algebra, Screen Coordinates ,Window Coordinates, Graphics Libraries , Rendering Pipeline Architecture(RPA) , Homogeneous Coordinates and Transformation Matrices , Quaternion , Projection Matrices , Types of Buffers , Display. Interpolation Techniques , Lightning , Wireframe , Shading Models , Texture Mapping , Ray Casting, Ray Tracing . Normal Vectors , Evaluators and NURBS, Modeling of Sculptured Surface , Selection and Feedback , Concepts of Scenes and Scene Graphs, Hierarchical Modeling Concepts, Kinematics of an Hierarchical model, Stereo Visualization, Applications Module IV Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC-104: ELECTRONIC DEVICES Coordinators: Ms. Uma Datta, J. Roy Choudhury Module I Electric Circuits and Components: Introduction, Basic Electrical Elements, Voltage and Current Sources and Meters, Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits, Alternating Current Circuit Analysis, Power in Electrical Circuits, transformer, Impedance Matching, Grounding and Electrical Interference, Electrical Safety. Semiconductor Electronics: Review Semiconductors devices: Junction Diode – Zener Diode, Collage Regulators, Optoelectronics Diodes, Analysis of Diode Circuit, Three terminal devices-BJT, JFET, MOSFET, Four terminal devices, SCR, Diac,Triac – photo devices:- photo diode photo transistor, photo SCR,LED,

LCD, Opto-isolator and photo Coupled Pairs. Amplifiers: Transistor as an amplifier, BJT, FET amplifier – single stage, multistage Power Amplifiers, Operational amplifiers. Module II Introduction to computing: Number, system and code conversion, Logic gates, Boolean algebra, Combinational Logic circuits, Sequential Logic circuits – Latch, RS-, JK-, T-, D-, Flip flops, Buffer Register, Counters, Shift registers. Decoder, Encoder, MUX, DMUX, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Programmable logic devices. Module III Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC-105: MACHINES and MECHANISMS Coordinators: P.S. Banerjee, Dr. R. Sen Module I Review of basic engineering mechanics; Stress-strain under different types of loading, Kinematics and Dynamics, Mechanisms and Machines, Plane and Space Mechanisms, Kinematic Pairs, Kinematic Chains, Kinematic Diagrams, Kinematic Inversion, Four Link Planar Mechanisms and their Inversions, Mobility and range of movement - Kutzbach and Grubler’s criterion, Number Synthesis, Grashof’s criterion, Displacement analysis of plane mechanisms– graphical and analytical methods Plane motion of a rigid body, Instantaneous Centre (IC) of Velocity, Velocity analysis using IC Velocity and Acceleration Diagrams, Velocity and Acceleration Images, Corioli’s component of acceleration. Dimensional synthesis of mechanism; motion, path and function generation, precision point approach, Chebyshev spacing, Three position synthesis, graphical approach for four link mechanisms. Special Mechanisms - Indicator Diagram Mechanisms, Steering Mechanism, Hookes Joint. Module II Introduction to Machine Elements Gears, belts,cams,chain drives,couplings,clutches,brakes etc. Cams – classification of cams and followers, nomenclature, description and analysis of follower motion, pressure angle. Determine of basic dimensions and synthesis of cam profiles, graphical and analytical methods. Gears – terminology, fundamental law of gearing, involute profile. Interference and undercutting, minimum number of teeth, contact ratio, Gear Trains – simple, compound and epicyclic gear trains. Module III Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial MEC-106: TECHNICAL COMMUNICATIONS Coordinator: S. Sen Sharma Module I Role and importance of communication; Effective oral and written communication;

Module II Technical Report / R&D Proposal Formulation & Preparation, Research paper writing; Letter writing and official correspondence; Notices, agenda, minutes;

Module III Oral communication in meetings, seminars, group discussions; Use of modern aids.

MEC-201: ROBOTICS Coordinator: S.N. Shome Module I Introduction: History of development of robots, Basic components of robotic systems, Anatomy and structural design of robot, manipulation, arm geometry, drives and control (hardware) for motions, End effectors and grippers. Module II Coordinate Transformations and Robot Kinematics: Degrees of freedom, constraints, translation, orientation of rigid bodies, Modelling of robots, Representation of links and joints, workspace, velocities, manipulator Jacobian, singularities of robots and mechanisms, Kinematics for manipulators, selection of coordinate frames, Homogenous transformation, DH parameters, solution of kinematics. Module III Robot Dynamics: Introduction to Robot Dynamics, Lagrange-Euler Dynamic formulation. Module IV Trajectory planning and Motion Control: Introduction to trajectory planning, various trajectory functions, position, velocity and force control, computed torque control, Linear and non-linear controller design of robot, Feedback Linearization,. Module V Robotic Sensors, Position sensors, Accelerometers, Proximity and range Sensors, Introduction to computer vision, Biomechanics, Prosthetics & Orthotics Science, Mobility and Rehabilitation Aids. Module VI Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC-202: MICROCONTROLLERS & EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN Coordinator: J. Roy Chaudhuri Module I Introduction to embedded systems and architecture, System design using specification and modeling tools Module II Overview of embedded computing platforms; Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, DSP’s and SoC’s, Hardware – Software design and partitioning

Module III Design issues, consideration and trade–offs: Performance memory, power, timing, cost, and development time. Memory hierarchy, System Interfaces and Communication with peripheral units, timers counters, Introduction to Real-time system and Real-time Scheduling Module IV Real – time software development: High level languages and Programming issues, Systems performance: Networked embedded systems Module V Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC-203/1: ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS DESIGN Coordinator: Dr. Nagahanumaiah Module I Introduction: Electro-Mechanical systems, applications, design and analysis approach for multi-physics problems Module II Design and Analysis of micro-nano positioning platforms: Ultra precision screw drives, Dual drive positioning systems, Design of multi-axis nano positioning table using flexural joints and dual drives, Design and kinematics analysis of parallel kinematics platforms Module III High speed power systems: Kinematics joints distributed loads in electro-mechanical motion drives, Design and dynamic analysis of high spindle Module IV Analysis and synthesis of fluid mechanical systems: Introduction to hydraulic actuators, multi-scale fluidic flow problems, solving micro pump system design Module V Instrumentation: Sensors, actuators, encoders, servo mechanisms, laser interferometery and other position calibration techniques Module VI Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC- 203/2: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER VISION Coordinator: Dr. S. Majumdar Module I Fundamentals of Computer Vision: Role of vision to achieve simple goals. High level capabilities of vision using cognitive processes, geometric models, low level capability for object perception. Representation of images. Computer Vision Research and Application.

Image Formation, Camera Model, Properties of Projection, Interaction of Light and its Modeling, Perspective Model of Imaging, Homogeneous Coordinate, Lens Equation:Types of image digitizers.Image digitizing components.Imaging geometry-monocular imaging, binocular imaging, perspective transformations, camera model and camera calibrations,reflectance, image irradiance,effects of geometry of an imaging system. Module II Image and Scene Radiance : Reflectivity functions,surface gradient,photometric stereo Module III Feature Extraction, Filtering and Edge Detection: Feature selection using parameter modeling, size measurements, shape, colour, texture measurements, feature correlation, class separation, dimension reduction. Examples of common filters,optimal filter design, digital filtering-template matching, histogram transform, background substraction. Finding local edges,types of edge operators,edge thresholding strategies,curve detection. Module IV Fourier Transformation: Texture; More features beyond filters: Fourier series, 1D Fourier transform, 2D Fourier transform, Discrete Fourier transform, examples and properties of DFT, correlation of power spectrum. What is texture? Texture primitives, structure models of texel placement, texture as a pattern recognition problem, texture gradient. Spatial filtering, spatial frequency filtering, nonlinear spatial filters based on order statistics, nonlinear mean filters, adaptive filters, homomorphic filter, morphological filters - dilation, erosion, edge detection, skeletonization, thinning, thickening, pruning, granulometrics and pattern spectrum Module V Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing: Image Pyramids, Subband coding, Harr Transform; Multiresolution Expansions – Series expansion, Scaling Functions, Wavlet Functions; Wavelet Transforms in 1D & 2D – Discrete and Continuous Wavelet Transform; Fast Wavelet Transform Colour Processing: color spaces, color perception, examples of color image processing, pseudo coloring and color displays Module VI Tutorial on Matlab platform & Project MEC-203/3: ROBOTICS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE Coordinator: J. Roy Choudhury Module I Artificial Intelligence, Computational Intelligence, Various Machine Learning Algorithms ,Pattern Reorganization, Computer Vision, Fuzzy Expert System, Fuzzy Automata.

Module II Fundamentals Of Robotics & Automation., Intelligent Robots, Control Systems and Components .

Module III Robot Motion Analysis and Control,Robot End Effectors,tactile and vision sensors in robotics

Module IV Cognitive system for Human machine interaction. Module V Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory

MEC- 203/4: INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION & DATA FUSION Coordinator: Dr. S. Majumdar

Module I Sensors, Sensing, Model of Sensors & Process, uncertainties Module II Introduction to Estimation, Estimation Methods & relation between different estimators Module III State Space Modelling, LTI Systems & Kalman Filter & Extended Kalman Filter Module IV Other Navigation Filters, Bayesian Filters, Information Filters, Particle Filter etc. Module V Various Sensors used in Robotics: Accelerometer, Gyro, Compass, Encoder, Laser, Ultrasonic Sensor, Camera, Sonar, InfraRed Sensor, Tactile Sensor etc. Module VI Multisensor Data Fusion Fundamentals; INS, GPS Aided Navigation & Data Fusion Module VII Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC-203/5: MICRO SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES Coordinator: Dr. Nagahanumaiah Module I Introduction: Precision engineering, precision manufacturing, historical developments, multi-scale product manufacturing paradigms Module II Micro machining technologies: micro manufacturing, MEMS, micro mechanical processes, micro milling, micro turning, micro-EDM, micro-ECM, laser machining

Module III Regenerative micro manufacturing technologies: micro injection molding, micro forming, hot embossing, rapid prototyping, micro tooling technologies Module IV Modeling of micro mfg. processes: material removal mechanics in micro milling, material erosion in micro EDM, laser ablation under ultra short pulsed laser, Applications of FEA and molecular dynamics based simulations Module V Design of ultra precision meso-micro machine tools: sources of error, Mechanical linkage error, Compliance and vibration error, Thermal error, error mapping, precision drives and selection of standard items and precision control systems Module VI Sensors for precision manufacturing: sensor systems for process monitoring, intelligent sensors, multi sensor approaches, acoustic sensor, signal processing and machine vision systems Module VII Precision Metrology: Definitions, laser interferometer, AFM, SEM, TEM, microscopes, material characterization techniques Module VIII Micro Factory concepts: micro assembly, composite molding, micro robots, geometric analysis, decision systems, process planning and micro factory layout designs; Module Applications of Precision Engineering: Micro-nano scale product design, applications in bio-medical, sensors, and nano technology. Module IX Tutorials and Lab MEC 203/6: ADVANCED MATERIALS Coordinator: A. Chaudhuri Module I Basics: Mechanics of materials, mechanical properties, dislocation theory, mechanical testing methods, creep and relaxation behaviour of common engineering materials Module II Advanced materials: Polymers, conductive polymers, ceramics, composites, nano-composites, smart materials, high temperature materials, bearing materials, materials for sensors and actuators Module III Material characterization: Optical and X-ray spectroscopy, diffraction methods (X-ray diffraction, Crystallographic texture measurements, electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, EBSD, etc.), Atomic probe micro analysis (AFM), Thermo gravity analysis

Module VI Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC- 203/7: OPTIMAL CONTROL Coordinator: S. Nandy Module I Introduction to optimal control: Problem formulation – Mathematical model – Physical constraints – Performance measure Optimal control problem. Form of optimal control. Performance measures for optimal control problem. Selection of a performance measure. Static optimization, Linear programming, Simplex methods. Module II Dynamic Programming and related topics: Introduction to Dynamic Programming –– Principle of optimality. An optimal control system. Hamilton – Jacobi – Bellman equation. Continuous linear regulator problems. Pontryagin’s maximum principle, control with constrains, time optimal control. Optimal tracking control problem. Module III Variational Approaches: Calculus of variations – Fundamental concepts, Functionals, Euler’s equation, Lagrangian, application to control problems, Piecewise – smooth extremals Constrained extrema. Variational approach to optimal control problems – Optimal control law - Necessary conditions for optimal control – Linear regulator problems. Linear tracking problems, Multi-variable Optimization problem, Linear Quadratic Regulator(LQR) for system with input derivatives. Module IV Optimization Methods: Minimum time problems – Minimum control – effort problems. Singular intervals in optimal control problems. Continuous Kalman Filter, Square root Kalman filter. Non-linear system optimization, Gradient optimization techniques, steepest ascent and decent in parameter plane, Rosenbrock’s conjugate gradient method, David-Fletcher-Power method, etc. Module V Applications, Tutorial & Labwork

MEC- 203/8: PRECISION MACHINE DESIGN Coordinator: N.C. Murmu Module I Introduction to machine design: The meaning of design, mechanical engineering design, design consideration, factor of safety, precision and rounding off quantities. Module II Stress Analysis preliminaries: stress, elastic strain, stress and strain relation, shear and moment, shear stresses in rectangular section beams, press and shrink fits, Hertz contact stress. Materials and their

properties: static strength, strength and hardness, impact properties, creep and temperature properties, plastics and elastomer. Module III Statistical considerations: Random variable, arithmetic mean, variance, standard deviation, normal distribution, dimensioning –definition and standards, statistical tolerancing, Weibull distribution. Module IV Design for static strength: Static loads and factor of safety, failure theories, maximum normal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, distortion energy theory, stress concentration, Principle of accuracy, repeatability and resolution: introduction, formulating system error, quasi-static mechanical errors, errors caused by dynamic forces, design case study-carriage straightness errors caused by lead screw misalignment. Module V System design consideration: Introduction, manufacturing considerations, materials, structural design, joint design, support system, kinematic coupling design. Module VI Bearing: Introduction, sliding contact bearing, rolling contact bearings, rolling element rotary motion bearings, flexural bearings, design to limit of thermal effects on bearing performance, case study: measurement of spindle errors motions. hydrostatic, aerostatic and magnetic bearings. Power generation and transmission: Introduction, dynamic matching of components, fluid power system, linear and rotary power transmission elements. Module VII Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC:203/9: NUMERICAL METHODS & COMPUTER PROGRAMMING Coordinator: Dr. Partha Bhattacharya Module I Numerical differentiation and integration of functions: Classical formula for equally spaced abscissa, Romberg integration, Gauss quadrature, Adaptive quadrature, Monte-Carlo method for multidimensional integrals. Module II Solution of differential equations: Ordinary first order differential equations. Difference equation. Single and multistep methods, Runga-Kurta method, Predictor corrector methods. Automatic error monitoring. Stability and solutions. Interpolation and approximation: Difference table, Polynomial interpolation – Newton, Lagrange etc, Piecewise polynomial and spline interpolation; Approximation of functions by Taylor’s series and Chebyshev’s polynomials. Module III Statistical Computing: Graphical representation of statistical data, Frequency distribution, Measures of central tendency and dispersion, Random variable and it’s expectation and variance, Probability models – Binomial, Poission and normal. Bivariate Frequency Distributions. Scatter Diagram, Product Moment,

Correlation coefficient and its properties (statements only), regression lines, correlation index and correlation ratio, Spearman rank correlation. Multiple linear regression, multiple correlation, partial correlation (without derivation). Random sampling (with replacement and without replacement), expectations and standard error of sampling mean (without derivation), expectation and standard error of sampling proportions. Point of estimation of parameters, Maximum likelihood estimation, interval estimate of parameters, test of significance based on t, F and CHI square distribution. Large sample tests, Tests based on Pearsonian frequency CHI-square. Module IV Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC-203/10: Digital Signal Processing & Applications Coordinators: J. Roy Choudhury Module I Introduction: Elements of a Digital Processing system, advantage of digital processing over analog processing, continuous time signals, discrete time signals, sampling of analog signals, sampling theorem. Discrete time signals and systems: Classification, block diagram representation, analysis of linear systems, response of LTI systems to arbitrary inputs, convolution, causal systems, stability, finite duration and infinite duration impulse response, recursive and non-recursive systems, description by difference equations. Z transform: Direct and inverse Z transform, properties, poles and zeros, techniques of finding inverse Z- transform, analysis of LTI systems in z-domain. Frequency Analysis: Fourier series of continuous and discrete-time signals, power density spectrum, Fourier transform, cestrum, frequency-domain characteristics of LTI systems, LTI systems as filters. Discrete Fourier Transform: Frequency domain sampling properties of DFT, Linear filtering methods based on the DFT, frequency analysis of signals using DFT, FFT algorithms. Design of digital filter: Characteristics & design of filters.DSP Hardware: Introduction to DSP processors, their architecture Module III Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Labwork MEC-204: PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Coordinator: Dr. B.N. Mondal Module I Concepts and techniques of project formulation.

Module II Project evaluation, planning, scheduling & implementation

Module III Resource allocation & time management

Module IV Project monitoring, control & documentation. MEC-301/1 : ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Coordinator: Ms. U. Datta Module I Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication-Functional architecture of coded and uncoded digital communication systems – Power bandwidth relation – Various bandwidth definitions- Signal – Noise ratio as performance criterion, Shannon’s capacity theorem – Signal space representation – M-ary signals Characterization of band limited Channel – ISI – Nyquist criterion for Zero ISI – Eye pattern –encoding – Equalization techniques zero forcing. M ary modulation – M ary PSK, QAM, FSK, - Comparison Power spectra QPSK, MSK, M ary – Bandwidth efficiency. Module II Light wave generation systems, System components, Optical fibers – Step Index & Graded index – Fiber modes – Dispersion in fibers, limitations due to dispersion – Attenuation – Non-linear effects,Light Sources: Basic concepts, LED’s structures – Spectral Distribution - Semiconductor lasers, structures – SLM and STM operation – Transmitter design. Light Detectors: Basic Concepts – PIN and APD diodes structures, Photo detector Noise, Amplifiers: Basic concepts – Semiconductor optical amplifiers ; Module III Principles of Cellular Networks. First Generation Analog. Second Generation TDMA. CDMA. Third Generation Systems. History and evolution of mobile radio systems. Types of mobile wireless services / systems - Cellular, WLL, Paging, Satellite systems, Standards, Future trends in personal wireless systems,Cellular concept and frequency reuse, Multiple Access Schemes, Channel assignment and handoff, Interference and system capacity, Trunking and Erlang capacity calculations Mobile Radio Propagation models, and their issues. Multipath fading and base band impulse response models, Parameters of mobile multipath channels: Mobile Radio signals. Attenuation Due to Distance. Slow Fading Due to Random Environmental Effects. Rayleigh Fading Due to Motion of Terminals. Intersymbol Interference Due to Different Signal Paths. Technology Implications, Detailed review of GSM,GPRS and 3G standards, Multiple Access Techniques – FDMA, TDMA and CDMA systems, Operational systems, Wireless networking, design issues in personal wireless systems. . Cordless Systems and Wireless Local Loop. Cordless Systems. Wireless Local Loop. IEEE 802.16 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Standard. Mobile IP and Wireless Access Protocol. Mobile IP. Wireless Application Protocol. Module IV Tutorial & Lab MEC- 301/2: ADVANCED COMPUTER VISION Coordinator: Dr. S. Majumdar Module I Review of Computer Vision Fundamentals, Computer Vision: Model Fitting: Bilinear models based on content and style parameters of the observed image, symmetric model, asymmetric model, classification, extrapolation, translation of the data set. Module II Stereo Vision: Range information from geometry, stereo & triangulation. Relaxation algorithm.

Module III Structure from Motion & Image Motion: Domain dependent & domain independent motion understanding. Understanding optical flow-adjacency, depth and collision, surface orientation and edge detection. Egomotion,understanding image sequences Module IV Probability Theory for Clustering, Review of Bayes Theorem: Statistical decision theory, Bayes Theorem, Classifier Types-Parametric, nonparametric. Classifier training-supervised,unsupervised. Maximum likelihood estimation, Bayesian estimation. Module V Object Recognition Pose Estimation: Basic concepts of pattern recognition, pattern classification using distance function, likelihood function, trainable pattern classifiers, pattern preprocessing, feature selection and verification. Methods for pose estimation-analytical or geometrical methods and learning based methods. Pose estimation using parameter sensitive hashing. Module VI Object Tracking: Adaptive background generation & shadow removal, single & multi camera tracking techniques, object-based summary generation using multi-camera tracking information. Accurate object segmentation and tracking under low computational complexity, camera motion estimation, examples of simple motion models, components of a visual tracking system - target representation & localization –Blob & Contour tracking, Kernel-based tracking, Visual feature matching, Common algorithms for Filtering and Data Association, - Kalman & Particle filter. Face Recognition: Brief history, predominant techniques – traditional, 3-D, Skin texture analysis, effectiveness. Module VII Lab. &Tutorial on Matlab platform MEC 301/3: DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM Coordinator: J. Roy Chaudhuri Module I Distributed controls system Basics of process dynamics Integral and instantaneous balances - Material and Energy balances -General form of dynamic models Module II Linearization of nonlinear systems in state space form Response of lead-lag modules -Self-regulating system –transfer function analysis of higher order systems. Review of computers in process control:

Module III Design of real time Data loggers, Data Acquisition Systems (DAS), Direct Digital Control (DDC). Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA),

Module IV Sampling considerations. Distributed control systems (DCS): Definition, Local Control (LCU) architecture, LCU languages, LCU - Process interfacing issues, communication facilities, configuration of DCS, displays, redundancy. Module V Future Trends, Lab and Tutorial MEC- 301/4: ADVANCED NAVIGATION & DATA FUSION Coordinator: Dr. S. Majumdar Module I Review of Navigation Sensors & Navigation methods Module II Probabilistic modeling & its applications to Navigation & Data Fusion (Bayes Filter) Module III Feature detection & Representation & Map building Module IV Data Association methods: Innovation Gate, Probabilistic Data Association, Joint Probabilistic Data Association, Multiple Tracking, Correlation based method Module V Simultaneous Localization and Map Building: Theory & Application to Navigation, Qualitative and Behaviour based Navigation Module VI Lab and Tutorial MEC-301/5: COMPUTER AIDED METROLOGY AND MACHINE VISION Coordinator: Dr. R. Sen Module I Modern Measurement Technique: Overview of modern measuring equipment & processes, improved precision & accuracy, modular strategy, contact and noncontact measurement, challenges of temperature, probes and environment. Module II Co-ordinate Measuring Machine: Introduction to CMM and its construction, Coordinate measuring process, probing and software, Qualification of probes, geometry alignment on parts, relations & GD&T measurements, trigger & scan probes, kinematics and strain gauge, laser and optical probes, prismatic component inspection, profile and surface measurement concepts, reverse engineering.

Module III Application of Laser Micrometer, interferometer & scanning gauges: Basics of laser, digital micrometers, Interference of two rays, Light sources for interferometry, interformetry applied to flatness testing, surface contour test, laser interferometers, heterodyne interferometry technique, scales and gratings, Moire scales and Moire fringes, Diffraction measurement technique Module IV Non-contact and in-process inspection: Introduction and advantages, airgauging, backpressure gage system, air gauge tool, laser systems, scanning, scanning operation, triangulation, triangulation operation, applications Module V Computer Aided Measurement Techniques: Custom software for measurement activities, software type and operation mode, calibration software, data acquisition software, gage repeatability and reproducibility software, procedure software, simulation software, Robotic gauging and inspection system, automatic inspection machines, expert knowledge based real time inspection system. Module VI Vision based inspection system: Introduction to vision system, principle of working, fields of machine vision system, development programmes, gray scale vs binary imaging, gray scale image processing techniques, mathematical morphology for shape analysis, circular scanning, photogrammetry, visual inspection. Module VII Lab and Tutorial MEC 301/6: Nanotribology and its application to MEMS/NEMS Coordinator: N. C. Murmu

Module I Introduction to Tribology: Overview of surface roughness, adhesion, friction, interface temperature, wear and lubrication Module II Adhesion and Stiction: Introduction, mechanisms, mechanisms of solid-solid adhesion, mechanism of liquid medicated contact, adhesion measurement techniques, lubrication approaches and typical stiction data Module III Experimental Techniques: Nano-tribology, nano-mechanics and material characterization studies using scanning probe microscopy. Overview of surface imaging, adhesion, friction, scratching, wears indentation/ local deformation, nanofabrication and lubrication. Nano-indentation techniques, nano-indenter and examples Module IV Application to MEMS/NEMS : Nano-tribology of MEMS/NEMS devices. Definition of MEMS/NEMS and characterizations, examples of with tribological issues. Nano-tribological studies of MEMS/NEMS

materials and lubricants, super-lubricity (Lotus effect), Reversible adhesion (Gecko Effect) etc. Nano-mechanics of Nanostructure: Importance of Mechanics in Nanostructure, measurement of mechanical properties of Nano-structure, FEM analysis of Nano-beams with roughness etc. Module V Future trends, tutorial & Lab MEC 301/7: HUIMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION (HCI) Coordinator: Avik Chatterjee Module I What is HCI? Difference of HCI and MMI (Man Machine Interface), Areas of HCI, Usability, Task & Machine Environment, Areas of Interface, Input & Outflow Flow, Feedback, Real Time Processing, Virtual & Augmented Reality, File Readers, Concepts of Scenes and Scene Graphs, Hierarchical Modeling Concepts, Creation of Graphical Objects, Manipulation of Graphical Objects, Creation of Virtual world, Navigation in Virtual World - Applications. Module II Interface Design, Types of Interfaces, Input and Output Flow Sensing, Sensors, Signal Processing, Signal Conditioning, Data Acquisition, Examples of multi sensor and multichannel data acquisition, Actuators, Overview of Control System. Overview of Tele-Operation. Module III Introduction to Haptics, Overview, Fundamentals in Haptic Rendering, Touch perception & design guideline, Haptic Algorithims, Collision detection principles, Elements of Contact Mechanics, Deformation Theory & Inelasticity, Modeling of Deformable objects, Design of real-time model for deformable objects, Wearable Haptics, Experimental Haptics, Fundamentals of Force feedback, Haptic Toolkits, Motion Tracking, Module IV Future Trends, Applications & Tutorials / Lab Sessions MEC 301/8: MOBILE ROBOTICS Coordinator: D. Banerjee Module I Overview: Review of conventional robotics, History of development of mobile robots, Types and Applications, Basic components of mobile robotic systems, Design considerations of mobile robots. Module II Sensor and Actuators: Sensors for mobile robots: Interoceptive sensors, Exteroceptive sensors. Sensor for dead reckoning, Heading sensors, Ground based beacons and GPS, Vision Sensor, INS (Gyros and accelerometer), URF, LRF, Bumpers and Contact switches.

Module III Modeling of Mobile robots: Degrees of freedom, constraints, Holonomic and Nonholonomic Systems, Vehicle kinematics, dynamics, example with two wheeled mobile robots. Module IV Systems and methods for mobile robot positioning: Navigation and guidance, Odometry and other dead reckoning methods, Active beacon navigation system, Land mark navigation, Map based positioning, Vision based positioning, Pose estimation through Kalman Filter. Module V Motion control: Path planning, Obstacle Avoidance, Classical control methods (PID, Feedback Linearization etc.), AI based methods (Fuzzy Logic, ANN etc.). Module VI Future Trends, Applications, Tutorial & Laboratory MEC 301/9: SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES Coordinator: D. Banerjee

Module I Introduction to soft Computing. Various soft computing tools. Advantages and disadvantages of soft computing tools over the classical tools, Applications. Module II Introduction to Fuzzy Sets, Operations on Fuzzy sets, Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Measures, Applications of Fuzzy Set Theory to different branches of Science and Engineering. Fuzzy Logic Based Control: Fuzzy Controllers: – simulation studies – case studies – fuzzy control for mobile robots.

Module III Neural Model and Network Architectures, Perceptron Learning, Supervised Hebbian Learning, Backpropagation, Associative Learning, Competitive Networks, Hopfield Network, Computing with Neural Nets and applications of Neural Network. Neural Networks Based Control: ANN based control: Introduction: Representation and identification, modeling the plant, control structures – supervised control, Model reference control, Internal model control, Predictive control. Module IV Introduction to Genetic Algorithm, Genetic Operators and Parameters, Genetic Algorithms in Problem Solving, Theoretical Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Implementation Issues. Module V Hybrid systems: Neuro – Fuzzy and Fuzzy – Neural Controllers: Neuro – fuzzy systems. Fuzzy-Neuro-GA based systems. Module VI Future Trends, Lab and Tutorial

Faculty List

Sl. Name Designation Discipline

1 Sh. S. N. Shome Scientist G Mechanical System Design, Mechatronics & Robotics

2 Dr. S. Majumder Scientist G Navigation, Guidance & Data Fusion, Computer Vision & AI

3 Dr. K.P. Roy Sarkar Scientist G Machine Design & Dynamics

4 Dr. R. Sen Scientist F Precision Measurement Science & Computer Aided Metrology

5 Smt. U. Datta Scientist F Electronics & Instrumentation, Communication

6 Dr. B.N. Mondal Scientist F Advanced Materials & Processing

7 Sh. A.K. Shukla Scientist F Material Science & RLA

8 Sh. A. J. Banerjee Scientist F CAD/CAM, Advance & Precision Manufacturing

9 Sh. A. Choudhury Scientist F Advanced Manufacturing & Materials

10 Sh. S. Sen Sharma Scientist EII Electrical Machines, Drives, Energy Systems

11 Sh. J. Roy Chaudhury Scientist EII Real Time Embedded Systems & Control

12 Dr. P. Bhattacharya Scientist EII Automation, Internet Technology

13 Sh. U.S. Ghosh Scientist EII Solid State Physics & Stress Analysis

14 Sh. U. Nandy Scientist EII Engineering Design & Dynamics

15 Sh. D. Banerjee Scientist EII Mobile Robotics, Navigation

16 Smt. S. Datta Scientist EII Computer Vision & Navigation

17 Sh. A. Chatterjee Scientist EII Simulation, Modelling & Visualization

18 Sh. P.S. Banerjee Scientist EII Applied Mechanics, CAD & RP

19 Smt. M. Nandy Sarkar Scientist EII Process Plant & Reliability Engineering

20 Dr. D. Chatterjee Scientist EII Chemical Sciences

21 Sh. A. Maity Scientist EI Machine Design, CAD, Modelling & Simulation

22 Dr. Nagahanumaiah Scientist EI Microsystems Technology, Precision Manufacturing

23 Sh. N.C. Murmu Scientist EI Tribology, Computational Techniques & CAD

24 Smt. M. Singh Scientist EI Near Net-shape Manufacturing & Materials

25 Sh. T. Gangopadhyay Scientist EI Design, CAE

26 Sh. S. Nandy Scientist EI Robotics, Mechanical System Design & Control

27 Sh. Sampath Kumar Scientist EI CAD & Production Technologies

28 Sh. A.K. Lohar Scientist C Foundry Technology

29 Dr. Ranjit Ray Scientist C Mechatronics, Computer Vision

ABOUT CMERI

AT THE INCEPTION

A recognized strategy for economic development of a country is the promotion of research anddevelopmental activities. In a country like India, limited availability of resources for R&D rendersimperative the provision of proper motivation and direction, so that these efforts can contributesignificantly to the overall economic growth of the country. Mechanical engineering technology accountsfor a significant portion of the import, in terms of process know-how, engineering hardware andequipment. It was to foster indigenous development of mechanical engineering technology for theindustry in attaining self-reliance that the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute wasestablished in Durgapur, West Bengal in 1958. The major task which the Institute addressed itself wasthe indigenization and effective development of mechanical engineering technology, through properindustrial orientation of R&D activities.

The economic and social reality of India in the first decade after independence was perhaps bestsymbolized by the legendary figure of Janus, the god of doors in ancient Roman mythology, one ofwhose profiles faced east while the other pointed to the west. The urban and industrialized face ofIndia looked eagerly towards an ambience of enhanced prosperity, while rural and underdevelopedIndia languished in darkness. Any comprehensive policy in this situation – be it at the national level orat the level of individual R&D institutes – had therefore to address both these realities and seek toameliorate the objective problems of the later strata, while paving the way for realizing the aspirationsof the former section.

This objective guided our decisions for orientating its R&D activities. Since its inception, CMERI hasbeen involved in R&D activities ranging from the design and development of products and systems tothe development of analytical and experimental methodologies involving a high degree of sophisticationfor supporting thorough and in-depth design evaluation. It combined under its aegis R&D efforts onhigh and technology intensive frontier areas with those directed towards the evolution of ‘soft’technological options in response to the demands and dictates of the rural sector and the small-scaleindustries. CMERI adopted a two-pronged strategy for achieving its goals: concentrating its best effortsfor keeping abreast of the developments in the emerging and sunshine areas of technology, and aimingtowards proper diffusion of end results of research and development for societal utilization.

SURGING SIXTIES

The decade of the sixties saw the Institute holding a unique position in the country considering thevast investments that a rejuvenating country had already made towards industrialization. The basicpriority at that period of time was indigenization and import substitution, since there existedinnumerable problems related to technology, materials, plants and processes, machinery, etc. for whichthe country had still to depend on foreign assistance and imports. In keeping with its objective, in lessthan a decade the Institute designed a number machinery and equipment, all of which reached theproduction stage. In addition, through its R&D inputs the Institute could successfully explode the mythof superiority of foreign know-how for which the country was being bled dry.

EIGHTIES

The decade of the eighties witnessed a tangible change in perception about the role of science andtechnology relative to society. In response to the dictates of the changing times, CMERI undertook amajor reorganization of the R&D activities to bridge the existing technology gap and reinforce the hightechnology supports in thrust and mission areas. The Institute structured new technological groupsand activities of immediate relevance and long-term viability were incorporated in the programmes ofthese groups to cater to the transitioning industrial requirements and trends. The areas of design

engineering, design analysis, reliability evaluation and advanced manufacturing technology werecombined to render more assistance to industries through collective efforts in these areas. The capabilityprofile of the Institute was augmented in the fields of electronics and automation to meet the challengingtasks on robotics, artificial intelligence, image-processing and manipulator development. Side by side,the Institute also geared its resources and human capital to undertake as lead laboratory the societaland mission-mode tasks in response to the-then requirements.

NINETIES

Research and development in India before the nineties was shrouded in mystery and appeared exoticand alien to the outsider. What the insular institutes did was strictly off-limits to the larger section ofthe society. This even included the industry, with who the R&D institutes were supposed to work inclose collaboration. Accountability at the individual or the collective level was noticeably absent. As aresult, the aggregate output from the laboratories, when weighed against the social cost towardsmanpower and resources, or when calibrated against industrial utility, fared rather poorly. This, to alarge extent, rendered the R&D efforts amateurish in nature and not keeping with the internationallyacceptable standards.

The move towards an open market economy during the nineties and concomitant alignment of thenational economy with the forces of the world market changed this scenario. This, in its turn, introducedyet another change in the perception about the role of research and development in the society, whichdemanded accountability of the R&D efforts. To sustain, survive and continue to grow in the face ofchallenges thrown up by the changed circumstances, where all outputs had to be quantified in terms oftangible assets and continuously benchmarked against global standards, CMERI thoroughly examinedits past and evolved explicit strategic and action plans to exploit to the best advantage the opportunitiesavailable. Renewed emphasis was laid on identifying niche areas of activity that could be best addressedwith the facilities already at the Institute’s disposal. A change was brought about in the overall policy indeciding upon expertise, infrastructure and resource addition. Previous policies relied exclusively uponthe development of infrastructure and expertise bases in response to and in terms of randomly chosenprojects. This gave rise to a high degree of ambivalence and contributed to the eventual non-utilizationof expertise whenever a project was concluded. The new policy took into account the resources availableand maximized its end-utilization through the proper selection of projects. Renewal efforts for forgingcloser ties with industries were also undertaken. Side by side a major component of its research activitieswas directed towards the provision of R&D inputs to society through participation in different missionmode and societal programmes.And in the new millennium, the Institute is continuing in the same vein.

The Mandates

Mandates of R&D institutes must change with time and must faithfully reflect the changes in theglobal economic scenario, the economic realities of the country, the industrial climate of the countryand the perception about R&D, its utility and social justification. This is evident in the charters andmandates of CMERI. Viewed chronologically in the order of its presentation, one might perceive thetransition of Indian industry through the reflections that are carried in these mandates.

1958- the year of foundation

The mandate of CMERI was in substance to:

* Serving industry* Developing mechanical engineering technology to reduce India’s dependence on foreign

collaborations* Developing innovations and inventions

* Establishing the claim of Indian talent in international fields where Indian products shallultimately compete

A decade after foundation

* Scientific research work in designing most economic and efficient machines and productionprocesses for the development of industries, especially heavy machines.

* Design, construction and operation of pilot plants for the processes and products developedand their commercial utilization

* Evolution of indigenous designs for the benefit of industrial units* Testing of indigenously manufactured machines and their components* Research on raw materials and substitutes, production techniques, precisionmeasurements, quality control, etc

1983- The Silver Jubilee Year

* New product & process development* Product and process innovation* Import substitution and export promotion* Waste recovery and utilization* Increasing productivity & reducing costs* Quality control of products & materials* Standardization

1998- The Year of ISO 9001 Accreditation

Design, development and manufacturing of:

* Industrial machines and automation products* Farm machinery and post harvest technology* Process plant and equipment* Manufacturing technology including rapid prototyping & tooling, precision casting and

foundry·* Testing, evaluation and assessment of engineering materials, components & selective

products, calibration instruments & gauges and manpower training.

CMERI AT THE GOLDEN JUBILEE YEAR

The Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) is the apex R&D institute for mechanicalengineering. As a constituent member under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, the ambitof the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) – a premier establishment dedicatedto research and development – extends over mechanical and allied engineering fields.

In India, mechanical engineering technology has accounted for nearly half of the total technologyimported. In terms of products, nearly one third of the value of total imports is for mechanicalengineering equipment. In order to develop indigenously mechanical engineering technology for theindustries so that R&D can play a key role in self-reliance, the Central Mechanical Engineering ResearchInstitute at Durgapur, West Bengal was established in February 1958 with the specific task ofdevelopment of mechanical engineering technology.

Besides conducting frontline research in the varied areas related to mechanical engineering, the Institutededicates it R&D efforts towards different mission mode programmes to disseminate appropriatetechnological solutions for poverty alleviation and societal improvement.

CMERI has developed as many as 150 products and processes. More than 120 licensees have obtainedknow-how for various products and processes developed by CMERI for commercial exploitation. CMERIhas filed more than 100 patents, and in recognition to its pioneering role, the Institute has been awarded26 prestigious national awards for product and process development.

CMERI has a dedicated team well balanced in terms of youth and experience of highly qualifiedprofessionals and supporting staff spanning the various disciplines under mechanical engineering. Themanpower at CMERI’s command is comparable to the very best available in this country.

The Institute employs around 400 scientific and technical staff with a rich blend of expertise andexperience in different disciplines of engineering sciences.

MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES

Mechanical Science and engineering is a vast domain for developing expertise and opportunities existin the sub disciplines of mechanical engineering and allied fields where CMERI has already ventured.

A major opportunity exists in MANUFACTURING, MECHATRONICS, CLEAN ENERGY, etc. where CMERIcan become the lead laboratory and conduct high-end cutting edge R&D

In addition, opportunities exist for CMERI to step into new core, subsidiary and interdisciplinary areas.

MISSION

* To constantly identify and create new niche and challenging domains* To develop and disseminate knowledge in core competence areas through well-directed,

multidisciplinary research programmes* To address the societal needs through appropriate research initiatives* To provide quality R&D services to industry with a view to enhancing their competitiveness

VISION

To emerge as an internationally recognized R&D laboratory in mechanical sciences and engineeringthrough excellence in research, fostering innovation and evolving integrated solutions

NICHE DOMAINS & KEY TECHNOLOGY AREAS

In order to concentrate research focus, the thrust areas of the Institute were revisited. The followingkey technology areas were defined afresh:

* Robotics & Mechatronics* Advanced Manufacturing* Clean Energy Technology* Microsystems Technology* Farm Machinery & Post Harvest Technology

INTERDSICIPLINARY RESEARCH AREAS

New interdisciplinary research areas are needed to complement, support and carry forward the mainR&D initiatives. Some areas have already emerged, and others have R&D thrusts. These are:

* Materials including polymers and composites* Electronics Instrumentation and Control

* Mechatronics & Robotics* Virtual Reality & Prototyping

THRUST AREAS

Mechatronics

CMERI has acquired expertise in the field of Robotic Systems, Control Engineering & Design Analysis inthe course of continued involvement with different project modules conducted under the PolymetallicNodule Programme of the Department of Ocean Development, Government of India. Even before suchlarge-scale involvement, CMERI had undertaken the development of a vacuum mopping system forspilled heavy water for atomic power plants. Subsequently, CMERI has developed ‘Remotely OperatedVehicles’ that are exploring marine-wealth in the depths of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea.CMERI has developed the requisite infrastructure and initiated human resource in the course of theseprojects. The specific areas where the expertise has been acquired includes design of underwater roboticcomponents, synthesis of intelligent control algorithms, navigational algorithms, software developmenton various platforms, distributed network systems, etc. Side by side, the experience was fed back forthe development of conventional robotic elements and the provision of tailored solutions for industrialautomation projects. Currently CMERI in undertaking extensive research in the design and developmentof All terrain Robots, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, Autonomous Mobile Robot for ManufacturingApplications, Subterranian Robots, etc.

Mechanical Design & Manufacturing

CMERI possesses a comprehensive CAD tools environment that supports collaborative design throughconcurrent consideration of trade-offs to satisfy contrary design and manufacturing requirements. Thisenvironment allows early insight into the constraints of downstream activities and enables the designerto control the total design process upfront.

With the help of the latest generation of CAD and associated facilities, it is possible to analysemechanisms, tolerances, interference of the designated parts and components in an assembly andverify the geometric and functional relationship between them. The object-oriented database enablesthe designer to simplify the design process by modifying, tracking, and assuming control of the complexrelationships existing between individual parts in a complex assembly. Further with these enablingtechnologies, automatic generation of tool paths, tool changes, table rotation and tool cycles is possible.

The activities carried out in the design group also include design analysis and process simulation throughstatic and dynamic analysis of the systems and optimization of the design parameters. It further coversthe simulation of some engineering processes to optimise design of components from themanufacturability angle such as tooling, methoding and process parameters. Finally, the hazard andsafety requirements are analysed using various tools including high end computer software.

Rapid Prototyping is a new and powerful tool for rapid product development. A class of technologieshas emerged during the last decade by which a CAD file of an object can be converted into a physicalmodel through special material sintering, layering or deposition techniques. The major application ofthis technology is for early verification of product designs and quick production of prototypes for testing.

Multiple prototypes can now be reproduced more economically by using the RP master as pattern forcreating moulded or soft tooling. It has been established that rapid prototyping technology, inconjunction with investment casting can substantially reduce the cost of producing a prototype metalcasting.

One of the best combinations of Layered Manufacturing System (LOM) and Stereolithography Apparatus(SLA-250) for direct conversion of CAD solid models into physical models has been installed at CMERI.Also available are downstream processes like Vacuum Casting for RTV Silicon Rubber Moulds, TAFAProcess, Spin Casting, Investment Casting, etc. to convert RP models into components of desiredmaterials. This combination has given CMERI a unique capability for bringing about large timecompression into the product development process. For Rapid Tooling, another very important andimperative feature, HEK Vacuum Casting and TAFA High Velocity Metal Arc Spraying System has beenintegrated with the existing facilities.Virtual Prototyping (VP) programs provides a means of rapidly developing system concepts and analyzingthem for form, fit, function, logistics, human factors integration, and general feasibility analysis. Theresulting models can be studied, viewed from different angles, and even “entered” (Integrating withVirtual Reality) by multidisciplinary design teams working in an integrated product developmentenvironment.

CMERI has a rich working background in Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Engineering(CAE), and its expertise in visualization is being augmented with the induction of state-of-the-art facilitiesin Virtual Prototyping and Virtual Reality, which facilitates working in the full 1:1 scale assembly levelrather than at the conventional component level.Simulation of the functional behavior of the full scale digital prototypes help in identifying the designflaws at the early stage of product development and has the direct effect on reducing the number ofdevelopment of actual physical prototypes, which, in its turn, reduces the lead time for productdevelopment and the time to market the product.The Advance Simulation and Immersive Visualization Facility is equipped with very powerful computingplatform for full-scale multi-physics analysis (fluid, structural or thermal) with integrated multi-pipedgraphics subsystem for real time rendering and visualization of large datasets.

Manufacturing of hard prototypes is an essential part of product development that requires high-gradecapability for manufacturing precision and reliable components. To facilitate this, CMERI has equippeditself with state-of-the-art machines such as CNC Lathes, EDM Die Sinking Machine, 3-Axis DRO System,Precision Cylindrical Grinder, Very High Speed Grinding and Milling Spindles, CNC Retrofits, Tool Presetter,Centre Hole Grinding Machine, Jig Grinder Attachment, etc. have been inducted in the PrototypeFabrication Workshop of the Institute to facilitate the downstream processes of product development.A modern and versatile Heat Treatment Furnace with fluidised heating media has also been installedfor carrying out different types of heat treatment and surface treatment of the components of prototypesand tooling.

CMERI boasts a modern foundry comprising facilities such as Induction Melting Furnace, Core BakingOven, Shot Blasting Machine, and advanced facilities for Investment and Spin Casting. SOFTCAST andAFS software have been introduced for complete computerisation of foundry methoding, namely gatingand sintering system, solidification simulation, etc.

From the technological point of view, prototypes help in verifying the form, fit and function of the part,and as models for assembly checks, stress analysis and wind tunnel testing. Prototypes are also usefulas masters for development of tooling.

To reduce product development lead-time and to impart greater flexibility in incorporating clientcustomisations, CMERI has replaced the traditional and wasteful methods of prototype developmentbased, to a large extent, on manual skills.

A Center for Advanced Materials Processing (CAMP) has been established at CMERI for dedicatingresearch efforts for the development of high-technology materials processing relevant to manufacturingaspects and is focused on industrial concerns and meeting industrial needs.

Presently CAMP involves itself in developing capabilities of Advanced Materials Processing Technologyfor manufacturing of engineering and biocompatible components through different materials processingtechniques. It caters to present scope of activities with future developmental work in the advancedmaterials processing in the following areas:

* Metals, alloys, and metal matrix composites through Investment casting /Rapid PrototypeIntegrated Investment Casting (RPIC)

* Ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, cermets etc for structural, cutting tools andother engineering applications.

* Net Shape processing of advanced ceramic engineering components / bio- implantsthrough RPIC / Gel Casting & Sol-gel process

* Sol-gel processing for coating application* Synthesis of ultrafine / nano-powders through wet chemical processing for development

of advanced engineering and bio-medical components.* Smart Materials Processing for self-adjustment of humidity and temperature

10th. FYP Initiative for Capability Development in Advanced Manufacturing Technology

The major R&D areas for this generic project comprises Manufacturing Automation, Virtual Prototypingand Near-net-shape Manufacturing Processes like squeeze casting, injection molding, and forging. Theyare important because of the large number of products passing through such manufacturing processes,and their superior efficiency with respect to time and material exploitation. The project consists ofnine sub projects as listed below enablimg CSIR to be in a position to address the major issues ofproduction and competitiveness of the Indian manufacturing sector:

* Autonomous Mobile Robots for Factory Environment* Customised bio-implants and engineering components from advanced ceramics and

metals* Near Net Shape manufacturing of Components of Al-Alloy by Squeeze Casting* Technology for Production of Wide Ferro magnetic Metallic Glass Ribbons* Development of process technology and manufacturing of Austemperd Ductile Iron

(ADI) components for engineering application* Technology of Metal Injection Moulding process for production of complex engineering

components* Net shape manufacturing of Ceramic Particulate Reinforced Al-alloy matrix composites

components by Investment Casting Process* Development of Robocasting (Mouldless Casting) Technology For Advanced Ceramic

Materials* Developing Rapid Tooling Methods for Injection Molding and Pressure Die Casting.

CLEAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

The Heat Power Engineering Group of CMERI is a major R&D group having wide experience in thebroad field of Thermal & Fluid Engineering. Credit of good standard of applied research and R&D workand publications in journals of national and international repute has endowed the Group with a strongexpertise base for offering quality research and technical support to the industries.

The Group has at its command quality manpower and state-of-the-art computational, experimentationand instrument facilities. The essential focus of the Group is on formulation of R&D solutions andmodeling and assessment of those solutions as appropriate to industrial applications. The R&D solutionsprovided by the Group embraces Power/Process Plants, Thermal/Fluid Systems, Agriculture basedprocess industries, advanced processing areas and Clean Energy Technologies.

The major areas where the Groups concentrate its activities are:

* Fluidization, Combustion Systems, Fluidized Bed Combustion/Gasification* Drying & Post-Harvest Processing* Thermal Systems, Heat Transfer, Heat Exchange, Insulation* Solar Refiregeration & Cooling* Fluid Engineering & Flow Systems* Assessment & Improvement of Thermo-Fluid Systems in Power & Process Plants* Energy Conservation & Management* Advanced Energy Systems & Processes* Alternate & Clean Energy Systems including energy from biomass* Waste Utilization for power generation

FARM MACHINERY & POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

The name of CMERI was integrally associated with farm mechanization from the post-independenceperiod, and more so after CMERI gifted to the nation its first indigenous tractor Swaraj that helpedusher in the Green revolution. CMERI further developed a number of agricultural implements for farmmechanization that includes Combine Harvester, Reaper Binder, Power Tiller, Disc Plough, SugarcaneHarvester, Knapsack Sprayer, Potato Digger, Mini Tractor, etc. CMERI is still adding to the list of agriculturalmachinery it has developed, the latest being the 10 HP Krishishakti Tractor for empowering the smallIndian farmer.

In the new millennium, the Institute is proud to be continuing its commitment for development ofagricultural machinery. Like in the past, a major component of R&D effort has gone in towards thedevelopment of appropriate machinery for productivity enhancement in the agricultural and the post-harvest processing sectors. ICMERI also undertook the optimisation of process parameters for yieldinga standardised class of expander-extruders for the production of edible oil.

INTEGRITY EVALUATION OF CRITICAL ENGINEERING COMPONENTS INCLUDING RLA

Most of the critical components of a power or process plant in operation are subjected to extremeenvironmental conditions that gradually degrade the components due to one or a combination of timedependent mechanisms like creep, fatigue, corrosion, erosion, etc. These components are thereforedesigned with respect to a target life usually based on a specified amount of allowable strain accumulatedin a specified span of operation. In actual conditions, however, the useful life of components in servicemay well exceed or fall considerably short of design life, the reasons for which might be ascribed todesign, operational, environmental and metallurgical factors. Residual Life Enhancement is the mostimportant step in knowing the present status of the components and adopting remedial actions. RLEhelps in preventing the premature retirement of plants and their components, which in turn hasimportant ramifications on the operational and financial aspects of plant performance.

CMERI has accumulated a wealth of knowledge and operational experience over the last three decadesin RLE services. The range of specialised services that CMERI offers in this area includes:

* Dynamic balancing of rotors* Detection of malfunction through signature analysis* Noise monitoring and control* Resonance and natural frequency determination* Quality assurance and metallurgical property determination of engineeing materials* Fault and failure mode analysis of materials* Contaminant & wear debris analysis* Bearing performance evaluation

* Friction & wear measurement* Shock-pulse measurements of rolling element bearings* Detection of cracks and voids* Corrosive thinning and crack-depth measurement* Tube thickness and coating measurement* Optimal examination of inaccessible surfaces* Investigation of weldments* Rotor stressing and residual stress measurement* Structural stability analysis.

SERVICE INTERFACES

CMERI possesses excellent multifaceted infrastructure for quality assurance through testing, evaluation,standardization and calibration. Over the years, the quality of the services rendered by CMERI in thisfield has improved and the breadth of the service interface augmented through the selective inductionof new facilities. Such periodic updates of the testing, evaluation, calibration and standardization facilitieshave now placed CMERI in a position where it can cater to the industrial sector through extension ofquality services for meeting such imperative conformance conditionalities as those pertaining to ISO9000 certification and NABL accreditation..

CMERI has excellent testing & service facilities in the following areas:

* Metrology* Mechanical testing* Non-destructive testing* Vibration & noise analysis* Metallurgical, chemical and spectrographic analysis* Tribological analysis* Pressure testing

National Testing Facility for Bearings

Antifriction bearings are very important components of all machines and equipment as theirmalfunctioning very adversely affects the performance of the system. Therefore, understanding andevaluation of the life of rolling element bearings is of great concern. In response to this need, CMERIhas established a National Test Facility for General Purpose Rolling Element Bearings at its premises inDurgapur in collaboration with Tata Bearings, a division of Tata Steel Limited. This facility, a unique onein this country, accommodates ten test rigs designed and developed at CMERI and can carry outaccelerated life testing of bearings under controlled conditions. The load and lubricants are chosen in amanner to retain a minimum lubricant film thickness to avoid the metal-to-metal contact during thetest run.

Research & Training Facility in Embedded Systems

CMERI is fast growing in stature as a solution provider in Embedded Technology Systems by virtue ofthe services it is extending through the Integrated Research & Training Centre in Embedded Systems.

For facilitating demands for design and development of products tailored to commercial and industrialrequirements in India, this centre is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities like:

* Embedded systems development tools for real-time application* Fuzzy logic based application-specific product development tools* Matlab software & simulator* Digital signal processing hardware and software

* Smart-card based product design facility

This centre is offering application-specific training courses in Embedded Systems Technology and hasstarted functioning as a technology support centre for embedded systems based product development.To emerge as a competence centre in embedded systems, the Centre has initiated industry-drivenneed-based research in the following focus areas:

* Embedded Fuzzy Control in Energy Management* Hardware Optimisation through FPGA* Smart-card based application specific research* Embedded web-server based technology development.

In addition to developmental work, the Centre shall act as a nodal body for research, human resourcedevelopment and entrepreneurship promotion in this emerging and very promising cutting-edgetechnology area.

SOCIETAL MISSIONS

Right from its inception, CMERI has aimed towards the proper diffusion of end results of research anddevelopment for societal utilisation. In fact, a continuing and major component of its research activitieshas been the provision of R&D inputs to the society through the participation in different mission-mode and societal programmes. This pledge the Institute has renewed throughout.

CMERI played a significant role in the different Mission Mode Programmes initiated by differentMinistries of the Government of India which includes the Immunization Mission Programme, the RajivGandhi National Drinking Water Mission, the Technology Mission on Oilseeds and Pulses and the LeatherTechnology Mission.

NEW INITIATIVES

The supra-institutional project on Capability Building in Mobile Robot Design for Industrial,Outdoor and Hazardous Applications emphasizes on indigenous capability building in design andmanufacture of Outdoor Mobile Robotic systems with necessary command, control & communicationarchitecture for development of flexible and versatile general-purpose mobile robot technology formultiple applications such as Industrial Automation, Safety & Security, Surveillance, Disaster mitigationetc.

The basic objectives of this programme is to develop capability, technology and expertise in MobileRobotics through field deployable prototypes for: The CSIR Network Programme on Modular Re-configurable Micro Manufacturing Systems (MRMMS) for Multi Material Desktop ManufacturingCapabilities was initiated with the primary objective of developing modular and flexible manufacturingsystems for multi material micro systems/devices.

The concept of Micro engineering using material removal, forming, molding and casting process haveoffered wider material range and found to be cost effective for the commercialization of micro products.However these technologies involve a gamut of issues ranging from micro machine tools, cutting tooland material interaction, micro mold filling, micro fixture, micro metrology, micro assembly, coatingsand suitable materials, to name a few areas. Hence, development of micro manufacturing systemshaving wider flexibility for multi materials and application has become the essential need in micro/nano domain.

The important components of the targeted micro factory test bed includes development of

• Miniature machine tool/s for micro milling, micro EDM and laser machining leading to micro factorytest bed.

• High speed air and magnetic bearings for micro machine tools• Micro Controllers and diagnostics systems• IPMC or SMA based handling system for micro factory manipulations

North Eastern states of the country produce some of the best spices and herbs in the country, but dueto lack of proper post-harvest processing and storage, a large part of present production perishes, andthe cultivators have little option than resorting to distress sale at very low prices at local markets.Proper drying, storage and packaging of the products after harvest add value to the produce and helpsin augmenting the rural economy of the states and generate surplus for eventual export at competitiveprices.

CMERI, under the RSWNET Programme of CSIR, is now contributing its mite for alleviation of this situationthrough the implementation of two projects - namely, Development of Post Harvest ProcessingTechnology for Ginger, Turmeric, Chilli and its implementation for augmenting regional economy ofMizoram and Development of Post Harvest Processing Technology & Enhancement of farmers’economy of Arunachal Pradesh. CMERI, in collaboration with two NGOs, is now installing integratedsystems starting from pre-treatment after harvest to packaging of dried ginger, turmeric, chilli, powderin various districts of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh.

PARTNERS FOR NETWORKING

Networking at the national level exists with the following laboratories and academic institutions

* North Western University, USA

* University of Illinois, Urbana Champaigh, USA

* University of New South Wales, Australia

* Department of Computer Science, Applied University of Brunsweig / Wolfenbuettel

* National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Japan

* National University of Singapore

* National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore

* National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi

* Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata

* National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur

* Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh

* Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai

* Advanced Materials & Process Research Institute, Bhopal

* National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram

* Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani

* Central Mining & Fuel Research Institute, Dhanbad

* Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi

* National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur

* Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai

* Bengal Engineering & Science University, Shibpur

* Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

* Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur

* Jadavpur University, Kolkata

INFRASTRUCTURE

Modern infrastructure for facilitating research and development has been built up at CMERI over thelast few years, the result being that CMERI can now boast of one of the finest facilities in MechanicalEngineering and allied disciplines. The foregoing section provides a pictorial overview of selected facilitiesand infrastructure available at the Institute.

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FACILITY FORMICORSYSTEMTECHNOLOGY

* National Institute of Technology, Durgapur

* All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

* Shri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore

* Central Mine Planning & Design Institute, Ranchi

CURRENT MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS

Government Agencies

* Ministry of Earth Sciences

* Ministry of New & Renewable Energies

* Ministry of Coal

* Department of Science & Technology

* Technology Mission for Oilseeds, Pulses & Maize

* Pollution Control Board, Government of West Bengal

* Fly Ash Mission

* West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency

* Department of Atomic Energy

* Indian Council of Agricultural Research

* Defence Research & Development Organisation

Power Sector

* Damodar Valley Corporation

* National Thermal Power Corporation

* Calcutta Electric Supply Limited

* State Electricity Boards: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal & Punjab

Engineering Sector

* Tata Motors Limited

* International Tractors Limited

* Puzzolana Tractors Limited

* Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited

* Tata Steel

* SAIL Units

* Ordnance Factory Board Units

* McNally Bharat Limited

* Crompton Greaves Limited

For more details, please visit http://www.cmeri.res.in

AMENITIES

Residential Complex& Football Ground

CMERI Staff Club Auditoriumwith indoor badminton courts

Medical Centre

Amenities, be it at the Institution or at the place of residence is a primary element supporting research and innovation. Over the years, CMERI has incrementally augmented the general amenities to support and nurture a peaceful and fulfilling life at the campus. The CMERI residential campus is one of the green spots in the Durgapur steel city. Adequately secured by guard walls all around with regulated gate operation, the CMERI colony is one of the safest places of stay in the city. The colony boasts of three multi-storied complexes that till a short while back used to be the hallmark of the residential campus. Compact Scientists’ Apartments provide the young Scientists a cosy ambience of stay during the formative years at the Institute.

The CMERI Staff Club is a meeting place for all members of the CMERI family. Be it the pursuit of recreation, or of an urge to take part in cultural activities, or simply for keeping fit through proper exercises, the Club premises serve as a desired destination. The Club houses two properly maintained badminton courts, has a Multigym facility, a Table Tennis board, and a horde of indoor games such as Carom, Cards, Chess, etc. The Club also has Library with a moderate holding. Adjacent to the Club Auditorium complex reposes a volleyball ground. Two fields are available at two corners of the Colony for outdoor games like football and cricket.

Cricket Field adjacent to theAcademic Hall of Residence

Volleyball Ground adjacent to theAcademic Hall of Residence

Academic Hall of ResidenceCMERI Guest House

CMERI has a small but adequately equipped Medical Centre that caters to the primary health needs of the denizens. The Medical Centre accommodates regular visits by practitioners and moreover serves as a distribution centre for prescribed medicines. CMERI has tie-ups with the local hospitals including a super-speciality hospital at Durgapur.

Life at the Academic Hall of Residence is perhaps ideal for young students and research scholars who are provided with secured, simple and comfortable residence and is released from the worry of arranging for their own meals, which is taken care of by a catering arrangement. CMERI is steadily adding to the existing amenities for making their lives even more enjoyable.

Accommodation for visiting scientists, guests and other stakeholders of research and development is provided in the Main Guest House and in the Executive Hostels in the Residential Campus.