Types of Government. Democracy Term: Direct Democracy Direct Democracy – first practiced in Athens. Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in decisions

Types of GovernmentTypes of Government

DemocracyDemocracy Term: Direct Democracy Term: Direct Democracy

Direct Democracy – first practiced in Direct Democracy – first practiced in Athens.Athens.

Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in decisionsdecisions

Thousands would gather in a forum and Thousands would gather in a forum and discuss issues.discuss issues.

At the end of discussions a vote At the end of discussions a vote happened, majority ruled. happened, majority ruled.

DemocracyDemocracyTerm: Representative DemocracyTerm: Representative Democracy

Decisions affecting the public are made by Decisions affecting the public are made by elected representatives.elected representatives.

Elections are usually mandated every so Elections are usually mandated every so many years.many years.

Allows many people to have their say Allows many people to have their say without being present.without being present.

Democracy Democracy Term: Representative DemocracyTerm: Representative Democracy

Two forms are the Two forms are the Constitutional Constitutional MonarchyMonarchy and the and the Republic.Republic.

Constitutional Monarchy usually has a Constitutional Monarchy usually has a hereditary ceremonial head of state.hereditary ceremonial head of state.

Elected officials run the government Elected officials run the government according to the constitution.according to the constitution.

Britain, Canada, NetherlandsBritain, Canada, Netherlands

DemocracyDemocracyRepresentative DemocracyRepresentative Democracy

In republics the people elect the head of In republics the people elect the head of state.state.

The head of state and the head of The head of state and the head of government might be the same person as government might be the same person as in the U.S.in the U.S.

Or two separate groups. France has a Or two separate groups. France has a head of state President and a head of head of state President and a head of government Prime Minister.government Prime Minister.

Democracy DevelopmentDemocracy Development3 stages 3 stages

Partial democracies have some elements Partial democracies have some elements of Democracy. of Democracy.

Emerging Democracy are trying to Emerging Democracy are trying to become Full democracy.become Full democracy.

Full Democracy has a constitution that Full Democracy has a constitution that guarantees equality of rights and guarantees equality of rights and freedoms. freedoms.

Indicators of Full DemocracyIndicators of Full Democracy11

Ensures majority rule while protecting Ensures majority rule while protecting minority rights.minority rights.

Agree to govern by the constitution or Agree to govern by the constitution or Charter. Charter.

For example Language rights of French For example Language rights of French Canadians are guaranteed. U.S Civil Canadians are guaranteed. U.S Civil Rights Act, Voters Rights Act.Rights Act, Voters Rights Act.


Full Democracies ensure the Rule of Law.Full Democracies ensure the Rule of Law.

This means that no one is above the Law This means that no one is above the Law and the law is applied equally.and the law is applied equally.

Applies to government officials as well.Applies to government officials as well.


Ensures a choice of partiesEnsures a choice of parties

Recognizes free and fair elections and Recognizes free and fair elections and responds to wishes of electorate.responds to wishes of electorate.

Citizens may join or form their own parties Citizens may join or form their own parties or can join interest groups or can join interest groups


Independent Judiciary – acts as a check to the Independent Judiciary – acts as a check to the power of government.power of government.

Can test laws passed by the government and Can test laws passed by the government and declare it unconstitutional.declare it unconstitutional.

The Canadian Supreme Court practiced this The Canadian Supreme Court practiced this when government made abortions illegal. (R.v. when government made abortions illegal. (R.v. Morgentaler)Morgentaler)

2003 Halpern v. Attourney General granted full 2003 Halpern v. Attourney General granted full marriage rights to all Canadiansmarriage rights to all Canadians


Government has full control over its Government has full control over its military and police.military and police.U.S. President had to relieve General U.S. President had to relieve General Macarthur of his duties in Korea for Macarthur of his duties in Korea for threatening China.threatening China.Ipperwash 1995 Ontario Police officer shot Ipperwash 1995 Ontario Police officer shot and killed Dudley George during a and killed Dudley George during a peaceful protest and was found guilty of peaceful protest and was found guilty of negligence. negligence.


Full Democracies are open to change from Full Democracies are open to change from its citizens.its citizens.

Divorce, Lesbian and Gay rights, abortion Divorce, Lesbian and Gay rights, abortion laws are all advancements made in the laws are all advancements made in the late 20late 20thth century. century.


Full Democracies allow for freedom of Full Democracies allow for freedom of information and freedom of the press, information and freedom of the press, expression and religion.expression and religion.

Laws for access to government Laws for access to government documents.documents.

Freedom of the press to ask questions Freedom of the press to ask questions without fear of arrest. without fear of arrest.

Freedom of expression allows. Freedom of expression allows.

Limits to Full DemocracyLimits to Full Democracy

Money – traditionally only rich and Money – traditionally only rich and educated vote and be elected.educated vote and be elected.

Intro to CommunismIntro to Communism

Marx’s View on CapitalismMarx’s View on Capitalism

Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to organize society fairly.a way to organize society fairly.

Marx saw that capitalism creates classes Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in society.in society.

Bourgeoisie are the owners Bourgeoisie are the owners

Proletariat are the workersProletariat are the workers


Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools etc)tools etc)

They also get all the profits.They also get all the profits.

They can reinvest the profits in the They can reinvest the profits in the company or remove it and pay company or remove it and pay themselves.themselves.


Proletariat – These are the workers and Proletariat – These are the workers and get paid a wage.get paid a wage.

They get no share in Company profits.They get no share in Company profits.

At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.

The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the costs of production and pay as little as the costs of production and pay as little as possible.possible.


Workers are dependant on the owners for Workers are dependant on the owners for their basic needs.their basic needs.

Wage SlaveryWage Slavery

People are only of value if they can be People are only of value if they can be used in work.used in work.


As technology advances the need for As technology advances the need for people decreases.people decreases.

This leads to unemployment and needs This leads to unemployment and needs not being met.not being met.

People forced to accept lower wages and People forced to accept lower wages and poor work conditions.poor work conditions.


Companies will be in direct competition.Companies will be in direct competition.

Self defeating system.Self defeating system.

As companies get more profit they buy As companies get more profit they buy other companies and take them over.other companies and take them over.

Share of wealth gets more concentrated in Share of wealth gets more concentrated in the hands of the few.the hands of the few.

Eventually working class (proletariat) will Eventually working class (proletariat) will revolt and overthrow the owners revolt and overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie).(bourgeoisie).

A Dictatorship of the Proletariat would lead A Dictatorship of the Proletariat would lead the government and redistribute wealth the government and redistribute wealth from the rich to the poor.from the rich to the poor.

DictatorshipsDictatorshipsLeftLeft

Term: DictatorshipTerm: Dictatorship

Form of government in which one person Form of government in which one person or small group holds absolute power.or small group holds absolute power.

Not held accountable to their citizens.Not held accountable to their citizens.

Originated in Rome and was only to be Originated in Rome and was only to be used in Emergency situations for 6 used in Emergency situations for 6 months.months.

In 44 BCE Caesar removed the 6 month In 44 BCE Caesar removed the 6 month limit and all limits to his power.limit and all limits to his power.

In 20In 20thth century left wing dictatorships arose century left wing dictatorships arose in USSR, People’s republic of China, in USSR, People’s republic of China, Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia.Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia.

Right Wing dictatorships arose in Italy, Right Wing dictatorships arose in Italy, Germany, Spain, Argentina and South Germany, Spain, Argentina and South Korea.Korea.

Stalin’s USSRStalin’s USSR

Secret Police and Labour Secret Police and Labour CampsCamps

Stalin created and expanded his secret Stalin created and expanded his secret police force to search out anyone in police force to search out anyone in opposition to his government.opposition to his government.Guilty people were sentenced to death, Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or hard labour.exile or hard labour.Labour camps called Gulags were set up Labour camps called Gulags were set up for prisoners.for prisoners.Millions of people were sent to do forced Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.labour.

PurgesPurges

Stalin was always fearful of losing power.Stalin was always fearful of losing power.

Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of any opposition.of any opposition.

This also helped with labour in minesThis also helped with labour in mines

Purges 1930-40Purges 1930-40

Managers and workers that did not meet Managers and workers that did not meet the five year plans or talked bad about the five year plans or talked bad about themthem

Kulaks that opposed collectivisationKulaks that opposed collectivisation

1934 Opposition party members1934 Opposition party members

1935 senior communists that may support 1935 senior communists that may support Other leaders (Trotsky)Other leaders (Trotsky)

PurgesPurges

Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected Ordinary citizens – if someone suspected a neighbour of not supporting the a neighbour of not supporting the government they could be arrested.government they could be arrested.

Children were encouraged to tell on their Children were encouraged to tell on their parents.parents.

People tortured to confession People tortured to confession

1 million people in Moscow killed1 million people in Moscow killed

Purges and ResultsPurges and Results1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers 1937 the Red Army – Most senior officers and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.and officials were killed or sent to Gulags.

Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s Left the army unprepared against Hitler’s invasion.invasion.

Executed = 1 millionExecuted = 1 million

Died in Camps = 2 millionDied in Camps = 2 million

In prison = 1 millionIn prison = 1 million

Gulags = 8 millionGulags = 8 million

These are figures form one year.These are figures form one year.

Results ContinuedResults Continued

Most of the advantages of Communism Most of the advantages of Communism was nullified after this.was nullified after this.Expert scientists, administrators and Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or Engineers were usually sent to “Gulags” or killed.killed.People would tell on each other for self People would tell on each other for self interest. interest. Stalin even killed members of his own Stalin even killed members of his own family.family.

People’s Republic of ChinaPeople’s Republic of China

1927 after the Manchu Dynasty collapsed 1927 after the Manchu Dynasty collapsed China fell into a civil war.China fell into a civil war.

U.S supported Kuomintang party fought U.S supported Kuomintang party fought against the Chinese Communist party led against the Chinese Communist party led by Mao Zedong.by Mao Zedong.

Conflict paused during WW2 as China is Conflict paused during WW2 as China is invaded by Japan.invaded by Japan.

After the war the conflict resumes.After the war the conflict resumes.

Communist seize controlCommunist seize control

Kuomintang goes to Taiwan while claiming Kuomintang goes to Taiwan while claiming to still rule China. to still rule China.

US supports this claim and refused to US supports this claim and refused to acknowledge Mao.acknowledge Mao.

MaoismMaoism

Mao redistributed land to all the poor Mao redistributed land to all the poor peasants.peasants.

All agricultural and industrial production All agricultural and industrial production was nationalised, owned by the country.was nationalised, owned by the country.

Started the Great Leap Forward Program Started the Great Leap Forward Program which merged all land and families into which merged all land and families into Communes.Communes.

When Production failed and people began When Production failed and people began to starve Mao encouraged his citizens to to starve Mao encouraged his citizens to “let a hundred flowers (ideas) bloom” and “let a hundred flowers (ideas) bloom” and come up with solutions.come up with solutions.

The flowers turned out to be forcing Mao The flowers turned out to be forcing Mao to step down.to step down.

Mao jailed executed and banished these Mao jailed executed and banished these people to labour camps.people to labour camps.

Mao became a cult like figure. Sent a Mao became a cult like figure. Sent a “Red Book” of his famous quotes to “Red Book” of his famous quotes to millions in Society including schools.millions in Society including schools.

Mao recruited millions of students and Mao recruited millions of students and formed the Red Guard.formed the Red Guard.

They would look for opposition and kill, They would look for opposition and kill, beat or imprison them.beat or imprison them.

““Politics is war without bloodshed, while Politics is war without bloodshed, while war is politics with bloodshed”war is politics with bloodshed”

Mao dies in 1976Mao dies in 1976

Deng Xiaoping becomes leader.Deng Xiaoping becomes leader.

Focuses on modernizing economy allows Focuses on modernizing economy allows market economy along side communism.market economy along side communism.

Term DengTerm DengOne Family, One Child PolicyOne Family, One Child Policy

Freedoms still limited under Deng.Freedoms still limited under Deng.

Families could only have one child to limit Families could only have one child to limit population and number of people to feed.population and number of people to feed.

If you obeyed you got better housing and If you obeyed you got better housing and salaries, defiance meant you loss your job.salaries, defiance meant you loss your job.

Females did not get paid a wage for work.Females did not get paid a wage for work.

Led to infanticide of female babies since Led to infanticide of female babies since they were liabilities. (made no money)they were liabilities. (made no money)

DengDeng

Political dissent was tolerated until 1989 Political dissent was tolerated until 1989 when the government crushed a student when the government crushed a student uprising wanting democracy.uprising wanting democracy.

Led to the killing of hundreds at Led to the killing of hundreds at Tiananmen Square.Tiananmen Square.

This eventually led to free elections This eventually led to free elections however the communist party still holds however the communist party still holds the majority of seats. the majority of seats.

Limits to FreedomsLimits to Freedoms

No school, factory, mayor can make a No school, factory, mayor can make a decision without party permissiondecision without party permission

No freedom of the Press.No freedom of the Press.

Internet is limited to mostly Chinese sites.Internet is limited to mostly Chinese sites.

Search engines (google) limit sites Search engines (google) limit sites available to people.available to people.

Cambodia – Left DictatorshipCambodia – Left Dictatorship

Pol Pot Pol Pot

People revolt against U.S installed People revolt against U.S installed government.government.

They sympathize with the Communist They sympathize with the Communist party and install the Khmer Rouge led by party and install the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot.Pol Pot.

To implement communism he began To implement communism he began persecuting any opposition and taking all persecuting any opposition and taking all private possessions.private possessions.

Pol PotPol Pot

Many groups threatened to take power Many groups threatened to take power from Pol Pot which led to brutal atrocities.from Pol Pot which led to brutal atrocities.

Creates enemies of his state which are Creates enemies of his state which are executed, or worked and starved to death executed, or worked and starved to death in forced labour camps.in forced labour camps.

Classification of EnemiesClassification of Enemies

Anyone with connections to former Anyone with connections to former governments.governments.

Professionals and intellectualsProfessionals and intellectuals

Anyone with glasses since it might mean Anyone with glasses since it might mean they could read and therefore educated.they could read and therefore educated.

Other ethnicitiesOther ethnicities

Economic saboteurs who were not Economic saboteurs who were not working hard enough.working hard enough.

Rural UtopiaRural Utopia

Pol Pot forced all residents out of cities as Pol Pot forced all residents out of cities as he believed this is how revolts are he believed this is how revolts are organized. organized.

Wanted everyone in rural areas to be Wanted everyone in rural areas to be farmers and peasants.farmers and peasants.

It would get rid of all classes in society.It would get rid of all classes in society.

Results of Pol PotResults of Pol Pot

In four years 2 million people killed by the In four years 2 million people killed by the Khmer Rouge.Khmer Rouge.

Used a school in the capital Phnom Phen Used a school in the capital Phnom Phen to house 1500 people at a time and to house 1500 people at a time and eventually executing them.eventually executing them.

End of Pol PotEnd of Pol Pot

Pol Pot regime collapsed after Vietnam Pol Pot regime collapsed after Vietnam invaded in 1979,invaded in 1979,

US helped Pol Pot fight the Vietnamese.US helped Pol Pot fight the Vietnamese.

1989 Vietnam withdraws from Cambodia 1989 Vietnam withdraws from Cambodia and the United Nations installed a and the United Nations installed a government free of Khmer Rouge government free of Khmer Rouge influence.influence.

1998 Pol Pot dies.1998 Pol Pot dies.

OligarchyOligarchy

Term: OligarchyTerm: Oligarchy

Plato stated that rule by the few could be Plato stated that rule by the few could be achieved through two systems.achieved through two systems.

Aristocracy and OligarchyAristocracy and Oligarchy

In Aristocracy the few rule for the common In Aristocracy the few rule for the common good of all.good of all.

In Oligarchy power is used by a wealthy In Oligarchy power is used by a wealthy minority to oppress a majority of the minority to oppress a majority of the population.population.

South African ApartheidSouth African Apartheid

South Africa is rich in resources including South Africa is rich in resources including diamonds and gold. diamonds and gold.

Throughout history the Dutch and British Throughout history the Dutch and British oppressed the native populations and oppressed the native populations and forced them in to slave labour in mines.forced them in to slave labour in mines.

This led to a group of white Dutch settlers This led to a group of white Dutch settlers called called AfrikanersAfrikaners in South Africa and in South Africa and made up 15% of population.made up 15% of population.

Apartheid LegislationApartheid Legislation

ElectionsElections

1948 the Afrikaner Party wins the general 1948 the Afrikaner Party wins the general election.election.

Ran on creating a policy of Apartheid Ran on creating a policy of Apartheid meaning separateness of the races.meaning separateness of the races.

They began passing legislation designed They began passing legislation designed to create separation and keep the power to create separation and keep the power and privilege of the Afrikaners.and privilege of the Afrikaners.

LegislationLegislation

1940 – Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1940 – Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act – made it illegal for people of different – made it illegal for people of different races to marry.races to marry.

1950 Population Registration act forced 1950 Population Registration act forced people to be identified into 4 racial groups. people to be identified into 4 racial groups. Black, White, Coloured, Indian. Black, White, Coloured, Indian.


Group Areas Act – Forced Blacks to Group Areas Act – Forced Blacks to vacate land in urban areas and move into vacate land in urban areas and move into much smaller townships.much smaller townships.

Forced Blacks to commute long distances Forced Blacks to commute long distances to work.to work.

Required non whites to carry a passbook.Required non whites to carry a passbook.


Bantu Authorities Act – Forced all Blacks Bantu Authorities Act – Forced all Blacks to live in designated homeland reserve to live in designated homeland reserve areas or areas or BantustansBantustans..

Bantu Education Act – forbid Blacks from Bantu Education Act – forbid Blacks from attending the White schools.attending the White schools.


Separate Amenities Act Separate Amenities Act – Segregated all public – Segregated all public amenities. Areas like amenities. Areas like public beaches, public beaches, playgrounds were playgrounds were reserved for Whites.reserved for Whites.


Bantu Homelands Citizenship ActBantu Homelands Citizenship Act – – took away citizenship and rights away took away citizenship and rights away from Blacks.from Blacks.

Were no longer South African as the Were no longer South African as the Bantustans were now considered separate Bantustans were now considered separate countries.countries.


Terrorism Act – anyone suspected of Terrorism Act – anyone suspected of being involved in Terrorism could be being involved in Terrorism could be detained without trial.detained without trial.

BanningBanning

Banning was a common practice for those Banning was a common practice for those that broke the law.that broke the law.

You were restricted to live in a certain You were restricted to live in a certain area, check in with police.area, check in with police.

Could not associate with more than one Could not associate with more than one person.person.

Could not have anything published.Could not have anything published.

Term: Sharpeville MassacreTerm: Sharpeville Massacre

During a protest march in Sharpeville During a protest march in Sharpeville police open fire and kill 69 Blacks.police open fire and kill 69 Blacks.

Soweto UprisingsSoweto Uprisings

20000 Black students took to the streets to 20000 Black students took to the streets to protest a new law requiring all schools to protest a new law requiring all schools to only teach in Afrikaner language.only teach in Afrikaner language.

Government forces kill 700 children and Government forces kill 700 children and wound 4000.wound 4000.

World sees the pictures and begin to World sees the pictures and begin to condemn the regime.condemn the regime.

Steve Biko “Black is Beautiful”Steve Biko “Black is Beautiful”

Term: BikoTerm: Biko

Steve Biko founded the Black Steve Biko founded the Black Consciousness movement.Consciousness movement.Its purpose was to empower Black people Its purpose was to empower Black people to think they were equal to Whites.to think they were equal to Whites.Started up education centres and inspired Started up education centres and inspired many young people.many young people.He was banned by the government and He was banned by the government and killed after suffering brain damage after an killed after suffering brain damage after an interrogation. interrogation.

Term: Nelson MandelaTerm: Nelson Mandela

Born 1918 of an advisor to the Chief of the Born 1918 of an advisor to the Chief of the Tembu Tribe in South Africa.Tembu Tribe in South Africa.

1941, Attended university in Johannesburg 1941, Attended university in Johannesburg law degree.law degree.

Set up South Africa’s first black legal Set up South Africa’s first black legal practice practice

Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in 1944.1944.Violent organization.Violent organization.Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in Joined the ANC to fight discrimination in 1944.1944.Early 1960s – he led attacks on military Early 1960s – he led attacks on military and government targets – arrested and and government targets – arrested and received 5 years in prison received 5 years in prison

1964 – Second trial – found guilty of 1964 – Second trial – found guilty of treason and sentenced to life in prison.treason and sentenced to life in prison.

Never gave up the fight while in jail Never gave up the fight while in jail

““Free Nelson Mandela “ became the rally Free Nelson Mandela “ became the rally cry for the anti apartheid struggle cry for the anti apartheid struggle

1982 – United Nations demanded 1982 – United Nations demanded Mandela’s freedom.Mandela’s freedom.

Imposed economic and cultural sanctions Imposed economic and cultural sanctions which forced countries to not trade with which forced countries to not trade with South Africa. (U.S. and Britain ignored it) South Africa. (U.S. and Britain ignored it)

1990 – Released from prison (72 years 1990 – Released from prison (72 years old) in jail for 27 years.old) in jail for 27 years.

1994 – Apartheid ended, Mandela elected 1994 – Apartheid ended, Mandela elected first black president of South Africafirst black president of South Africa

Documents

Types of Government. Democracy Term: Direct Democracy Direct Democracy – first practiced in Athens. Native-born Free Men over 18 involved in decisions