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Types of Ship and Port Material Handling Equipment & Technology
Introduction to Logistics
Discuss the various types of ship, material handling equipment and technology, including pictures.
Shui Zihan Karen (s10049300k), Teh Bangye (s10048975c)
Introduction
As time passes by, new things are invented, technology becomes more well-
infrastructure resulting in less manpower and labor work. Now, different
types of ship are created to provide more all-rounded service. It is also a
substitution for air transportation as the air fare is more expensive, whereas
travelling/transportation by sea is cheaper. Material handling equipments are
also invented to make shifting of the goods more efficient and effectively,
these has greatly been an advantage to every one of us. With such good
equipment, technology is also allows us to gain competitive advantage in the
market.
Here, our team will be discussing about the various types of ships, types of
materials handlings equipment and what technology, how did they
technology helped in port material handling.
Contents
Types of Shipso Bulk Carrierso Container Shipso Barge-Carrying Shipso Reeferso Ro-Ro Shipso Tankerso Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier and Liquified Petroleum Gas
(LPG) Carriero Chemical Carriero Other Ships
Types of Material Handling Equipmento Cranes
Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane (RTG) Rail Mounted Gantry Crane (RMG) Quay Cranes Mobile Harbour Cranes
o Reachstackerso Unloadero Grab Unloadero Continuous Ship Unloader (CSU)o Screw Unloadero Automated-Guided Vehicle (AGV)o Linkspans
Technologyo Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS)o Flow Through Gate Systemo Portnet Systemo General and Bulk Cargo Management System (GBMS)o Container Terminal Management System (CTMS)o Material-Handling Simulationo Material and Navigation Software
Opinions and Remarks Recommendations Conclusion Pictures for the Ships Pictures for the Material Handling Equipment
Types of Ships
Before the twenty century, most of the ships used are generally all
multi-purpose cargo ships with little specification. Now, with the
advancement in technology, ships are now design and build to carry out
specific cargo types. The names which are given to various ships types
reflect the type of cargo for which they are design and built to carry. For
example, a “bulk carrier” is specially design and build to hold “bulky” goods.
Freighter is a family name for ships which transport cargo which are
usually classified as liquid or dry. There are two main groups of ships, cargo
ships and passenger ships. Cargo ships are ships that carry cargo, in other
words, the goods, and passenger ships are ships that carry passengers. In
this assignment, we will be concentrating on the cargo ships. Different cargo
ships have different uses. Along the cargo ships, there are two sub-groups,
the dry cargo ships and tankers.
Some examples of dry cargo ships are Bulk Carriers, Container Ships,
Barge-Carrying Ship Reefers, and Ro-Ro ship. These ships carry dry cargo
such as, coal, cement, and wood chips.
While some examples of Tankers are, Liquid Petroleum Gas Carriers
and Chemical carrier. They carry liquid cargos such as oil and gasoline. Now,
we will begin with dry cargo ships.
Bulk Carriers
Bulk Carriers are designed and built to carry large load of cargo. The amount
of space before the deckhouse has to be empty so that loading and
unloading cargo would be convenient. Such carrier has a range of 25,500
Deadweight tons (DWT), to the medium size of 75,000 DWT, and the largest
size of 200,000 DWT. Its speed is 14-16 knots. Bulk carriers are used very
often, so their life-expectancy is rather short. The problem here is, freight
rates are rather high, many ship owners rather run their old bulk carriers
than get a new one, so using the old bulk carriers can be disastrous.
Furthermore, bulk carriers are usually one-deck.
Container Ships
Container ships are ships that carry the cargos in a fixed size, which is
usually the size of the truck. This type of ship is also known as “Boxship”.
The average carrying capacity for average size ships is 8,000 ton to 15,000
tons and 25,000 tons to 30,000 tonnes for big ships. They are designed in a
way that no space is wasted. Containerships usually have a large hatch on
the deck just above the hold to have minimal vibrations of the loaded
containers and to save time and effort. With this design, loading and
unloading is done much faster.
Barge-Carrying Ship
Barge-carrying ship is similar to Container ship. The only difference is that
the cargo it carries is in floating containers, known as barges or lighters, with
capacity of 375tons to 1050tons. These barges need to be tugged to a ship
as they cannot sail on their own. The advantage of this ship is that the
cargos can be carried in separate barges to and from smaller ports through
the rivers and canals.
Reefers
Reefers, also known as Refrigerated Cargo Ships, are used to carry
perishable goods like, fruits, meat and fishes. It has refrigerated system
attached so as to adjust a suitable temperature for the cargos and ensure
that they are kept fresh. Reefers have a carrying capacity of 8,000 tons to
12,000 tons and they sail at a speed between 18knots to 22 knots. This is
usually faster than any other cargo ships as the cargo need to be delivered
quickly.
Ro-Ro Ships
Ro-Ro ship also known is Roll-On Roll-Off ship are designed to carry wheeled
cargo such as cars. It has build-in ramp so that the cargoes can be “rolled
on” and “roll off” quickly. Such ship comes in number of shapes and sizes.
Also, it has average sailing speed of 22 knots, and 2 to 6 decks. Generally,
there as two types of Ro-Ro ships, Passenger Ro-Ro and Cargo Ro-Ro.
Passenger Ro-Ro is use to carry the passengers who want to travel over
water with their vehicles and Cargo Ro-Ro carries carriage of commercial
vehicles without passengers.
Tankers
As mentioned earlier, tankers carry liquid cargo. They carry liquid cargo in
bulk and the range in size of capacity for tankers range from several hundred
tons. Oil tankers, also known as Petroleum tankers are designed to carry oil
from one place to another. Oil tankers come in two basic flavors, the crude
carrier which carries crude oil and the clean products tanker which carries
refined products. The range of size for oil tankers begins with 1000 DWT to
over 300,000 DWT and the ship sails at an average speed of 12-20 knots.
Realize the size of the ship is so big? This is because, it is estimated that the
larger the ship, more profit would be made, however, they cannot access to
all sea ports, only smaller ones are able to do so.
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier and Liquified Petroleum Gas
(LPG) Carrier
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) carrier and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) are
built to carry liquid gases, either natural gases or products of oil processing
such as methane. They are considered as special carriers as they carry
liquified gases. The shape of the LNG carrier is Moss tanks. It looks like large
spherical flask and therefore had the nickname of “Dinosaur Eggs Carriers”.
The gas that the ship carries is explosive; therefore, the cargo must be kept
at extremely low temperature. Similarly, LPG carriers also keep the cargos at
extremely low temperature for the same reason. The average speed of the
sailing speed for LPG is 12-20 knots.
Chemical Carrier
Chemical Carrier also carries liquid cargo. It transports chemicals such as
sulfuric acid and ammonia. Such carrier has a range of size ranging from
5,000 DWT to 40,000 DWT. It is considered as small to other tankers as it has
specialized nature of their cargos and the size of restrictions of the port
terminals. In addition, they are usually coated with specialized coating to
determine what type of cargo the ship should carry. It is important to clean
the tank present in the ship well. This is to prevent any unnecessary effect of
the next cargo loaded, and the ship has to be properly ventilated.
Others
Others type of ships include heavy life vessel which is built to transport large
and unusual shaped cargo. Livestocks carriers, to carry the animals all over
the world.
Types of Material Handling Equipments
There are many types of material handling equipments aiding the
logistics operations to make movements of goods from the port to the ships
or from the ships to port more convenient and efficient. Material handling
equipments are designed in such a way that it can handle the different types
of goods which are packed in containers. Most of the equipments are
designed according to handle the different types of containers which contain
the goods. Such equipments include cranes, reach stackers, unloader,
automated guided vehicles and linkspans.
Similarly, as mentioned earlier, different ships have different its own
uses, so, the material handling equipments also have their own roles. We
shall now introduce some of these material handing equipments, beginning
with the cranes.
Cranes
What are cranes? Cranes are large machines with a long metal arm used to
lift heavy things and moving heavy weights in suspension. There are two
mains groups of cranes, mainly the yard cranes and quay cranes. Yard
cranes are cranes used in the yard to load or unload containers onto or from
the vehicles which transport the containers. Such vehicle is called prime
movers. Whereas quay cranes are cranes used along the quay side to load or
unload container onto or from the ships. Other cranes include, Mobile
Harbour Cranes.
There are several types of yard cranes, such as the Rubber Tyred
Gantry Cranes (RTGs), Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGs). These two
cranes are commonly used in Singapore, since Keppel is able to produce
them. Another crane which is not the production of Keppel is the Mobile
Habour Crane is also used in Singapore.
Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs)
RTG is designed for continuous operation at high handling rates. Most of
time, an electrical control system of “AC Inventor Control”, “DC Full Thyristor
control” or “Ward Leonard” is installed into RTGs to control the speed and
constant-power control. The hoisting and lowering speeds are adjusted
according to the weight if the containers automatically. There are 4-wheels,
8-wheels and 16-wheels of RTGs, but all of them operate the same way and
their purpose is the same. There are 3 separate motions for the
transportation of containers. Firstly, is the hoist, which raises or lowers the
containers. Next, is the trolley gear which allows the hoist to be position
directly above the material for placement. Lastly, is the gantry, which allows
the entire crane to move.
Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGs)
RMG is similar to the RTGs. However, the difference is that RMGs motions are
on rail while RTGs are on its wheels. RGMs do not have wheels. Furthermore,
RMGs is able to travel on a fixed gantry path, therefore facilitates
automation. Also, it works faster than the RTGs and has bigger lifting
capacity. It also has 3 separate motions for the transportation of containers.
The hoist, trolley gear and the gantry.
Quay Cranes
Also, there are different types of quay cranes, here; we will introduce
“Container Quayside Cranes” (CQC). Container Quayside Cranes (CQC) are
used to load and unload container ships. It has 4 separate motions of
transportation of containers. Firstly, is the hoist motion, than the trolley, next
the crane travel gear and finally the boom hoist. Its motions are similar to
RTGs and RMGs, just that this has the crane travel gear and boon hoist
whereas the RTG’s and RGMs is gantry for the last portion of motions. The
crane travel gear allows the entire crane to move alongside the pier and
boom hoist allows the arm of the crane to position at difference distances
from the crane to transport the container.
Mobile Harbour Cranes
Mobile Harbour Cranes are used in Jurong Island. Currently, there are 2 of
them there. It is able to do heavy lifts of the containers and is used to
loading and unloading containers with motor grabs, containers with
spreaders and bulk cargo, with 4 ropes grabs. Mobile Harbour Cranes are
designed in such a way that it is suitable for heavy life applications at long
operating radius. It is one of the world’s most powerful handling equipment
due to its in-house designed crane control system. In addition, it can handle
all sorts of containers.
Reach stackers
Reach stacker is a machine that helps in stacking the containers in container
yards. It also load containers onto trailers and unload containers from
trailers. The reach stacker allows the second and third row of the containers
to be easily removed without having to move any of the first’s rows of
containers as it is curved-shaped. Also, it is easy to operate it.
Unloaders
There are two common types of unloader. One is the Gantry Type Grab
Unloader; the other is the Continuous Ship Unloader.
Grab Unloader
The Grab Unloader is a universal machine which is able to unload a large
variety of different types of container. Their service lifetime is approximately
twenty years. It may be a rather useful machine; however, there are some
disadvantages to it. It may result spillage and environment pollution. This is
because, the Grab Unloaders use grab buckets hoisted by cranes which
remove the containers from the carrier and move it to a receiving hopper,
such unloading system will result in spillage. However, such spillage
incidents can be reduced by conducting regular maintenance for the
machine. Currently, there is 2 Grab Unloader at Jurong Port.
Continuous Ship Unloader (CSU)
The Continuous Ship unloaders unload barges and ships. They can also
unload rail cars or trucks. The difference between CSU and Grab Unloader is
that, CSU is more environmental-friendly, dust emission is less and noise
level is lower. In addition, if a jetty has to be build, CSU provides lower
budget. Also, there is less spillage because the unloader is feed with an
enclosed conveyor, whereas the Grab Unloader is not.
Screw Unloader
This unloader may not be as common; however, Singapore has 5 of it at
Jurong Island. The Screw Unloader is basically used for unloading goods
which are smaller grain sizes from trucks, rail cars, barges or ships. Since the
system is enclosed, its dust emission and spillage is minimal.
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
The main objective of the Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) is to transport
containers between the quay and stackyard. It can hold 20’, 40’ and even
45’ containers, probably around hundred tonnes. It works by itself, with the
computer control. The AGV is rather accurate in placing the containers in
place. It does not cause noise pollution and is as efficient as a man operates
it.
Linkspans
Linkspans is a family name for structures installed in the port which aid in
operation of moving vehicles on and off the vessels decks. Some examples of
such structures are, movable ramps, semi-floating ramps which are hinged
on the quay and passenger walkways which is the movable sections
connecting the terminal and the vessel.
Now that most of the materials handling equipments have been
introduced, we will now look at how the advancement of technology has
helped in the transshipments and reducing man’s workload.
Technology
With the vast improvement of the technology, cargoes can be moved
from one place to another place more conveniently and easily. Just by
scanning through a machine, almost all information of the good to be import
or export can be recorded within seconds. The technology has enabled us to
save time while transshipment takes place and less manual work for us to
do.
Since there is a lot of transshipment in Singapore, Singapore have to
be equipped with the latest or best technology. Singapore’s PSA have
developed some of the award-winning innovations which include, “Computer
Integrated Terminal Operating System” also known as CITOS®, “Flow-
Through Gate System” and “Portnet”.
Other then PSA, the Jurong Island also has technology to make work
easier. Systems are introduced to allow shipping community to declare the
goods details, perform enquires and even provide customer services. Such
system is called the “Container Terminal Management System” (CTMS).
Another similar system used on Jurong lsland is the “General and Bulk Cargo
Management System” (GBMS).This system enables greater efficiency and
convenience when handling the conventional and bulk cargo operations.
So far, I have been mentioning only about Singapore, what about other
countries? Of course, they too, have their technology and systems. Most
technology and systems are usually developed by their own countries. For
Singapore, we have the above examples. For North America, they have the
“Material-Handling Simulation”, for Germany, they have “Management and
Navigation Software”. Different countries have different systems but all
countries will have more than one of such technology. All of them work
similarly.
Now, we will discuss some of these technology and systems. Let us
start with Singapore’s technology with “Computer Integrated Terminal
Operating System” (CITOS®).
Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS®)
The Computer Integrated Terminal Operating System (CITOS®) is a
comprehensive Enterprise Resource Planning system. It coordinates and
integrates all material handling equipment as well as cargo at the port, from
prime movers, yard cranes and quay cranes to containers and drivers. The
CITOS® is developed in 1988 to provide shippers better service. In short the
CITOS® manage the containers coming in and going out Singapore. It is
same as other systems in other countries. It offers auto-planning features so
as to save the time of the planner’s. CITOS® has several functions, such as,
terminal planning, terminal operations, equipments maintenance,
performance reporting, invoicing, container number recognition. These
functions ensure that everything is in order and that the machines are
working perfectly and efficiently.
Flow Through Gate System
The Flow Through Gate System is one of the systems in CITOS®. It is an
award winning system where trucks are able to clear the in-gate in less than
25 seconds. Within the 25 seconds, the system will scan the truck and have
all information stored in the system. It is introduced in 1997 and is able to
handle about 8000 trucks a day with 700 of them during the peak hours. In
1999, it received the Innovation Award.
Portnet System
The Portnet system provides IT solutions for the port and shipping industry. It
handles all electronic container data which pass through the PSA Singapore
Terminals. In 1999, it became a website where customers can locate their
goods quickly at anytime, anywhere around the world. The functions of the
Portnet system includes, online ordering of services, fulfillment facilitation,
track & trace (the container location, status), seamless documentation flow
keyed once online (orders, government permit application), data repository
allowing easy access, multi-ports use of critical coordination data (the
detailed schedules and ship planning data) and financial functions. In short,
the system is enables ordering of berth and pilot services, documentation,
enquiry and tracking of containers, is a linkage to government and Port
Authorities’ systems, also the Post Users Existing Systems and finally, the
billing.
General and Bulk Cargo Management System (GBMS)
The General and Bulk Cargo System are similar to the Portnet system. It is
launch in 2002 which allows customers to go online and carry out the normal
procedures for berth applications, cargo declaration and bookings
conveniently. The system operates with greater efficiency and is less time-
consuming and also accurate billing.
Container Terminal Management System (CTMS)
The Container Terminal Management System (CTMS) is linked to the Port’s
web-based online portal- JP-Online which supports the full spectrum of
container terminal operations. This system allows the customers to declare
their cargo and containers details, perform enquiries and provide customer
services. It also allows the port to track and monitor the containers-handling
operations by the equipment. Also, it enables smooth transfer of the data
and containers movements between the two ports.
Material-Handling Simulation
The Material-Handling Simulation is a programmer that can figure out what
to do should there be any problems. It plans how are the goods are to be
transported to the users, across the complicated route. It is a great help to
the port as it prevents insufficient planning that may lead to delays.
Management and Navigation Software
The Management and Navigation Software is software present in the AGV. It
plans the route for the AGV and overcome the obstacles the AGV faces, and
constant make checks that everything is in order.
In conclusion, the advancement of technology has aided us in all ways.
Regardless if it is customers services or directing the cranes and other
material handling equipment.
Opinions and Remarks
In our opinions, we are glad that we have such material handling equipments
and technology. Again, it lightened the workload and is more efficient. The
cranes, reach stackers, unloaders and automated guided vehicles helps us to
transport the containers from one place to another. While the linkspans will
us to move the goods up and down the ships conveniently. However, not all
material handlings equipments environmental-friendly. We hoped that all the
equipments will be eliminated except the environmental-friendly ones.
With the advancement of technology, mankind is able now to build bigger
and larger vessels that are able to carry more specific cargo. This enable
mankind to transport more cargo at one single trip, saving both time and
fuel. Because of such enormous ship, ports are pressured to expand and
deepen their channel. The dredging of channels to accommodate the
container ships results in the destruction of the bay bottom habitat and the
aquatic life that depends on it. Thus resulting in these aquatic lives that may
never recover from the damage.
Recommendations
We recommend that technology advances should not focus only in better
handling equipment being invented. It should focus more on inventing not
only better but also environment friendly handling equipment. Also, material
handling equipment used, can be less “bulky”, this is because with less bulky
handling equipment, port can now store more cargo within a piece of land.
Which lead to more revenue for the ports.
For cargo ships, port can consider using ships which run on environmentally
friendly based fuel. As by using such ships, fuel exhaust from this ships
cause less pollution to the environment; such as water and air pollution. Also,
ports should consider investing money in area such as safety. As when a ship
is equipped with safety gadget, accident rate of the ships being lost or sank
can be minimized.
Conclusion
In conclusion, material handling equipment and ships used today is definitely
better than those used in the past. This is mainly due to the advancement of
technology, and also partly due to ever increasing demand of the world
consumers. With this advancement in technology, all process in the ports
more efficient and less time-consuming. It also made transportation of cargo
a much easier and less laborious task than the past. Although such
advancement in technology has lead to invention of better handling
equipment and ships, it on other side has also lead to a rise in pollution. In
our opinion, such problem can be solved if ports consider some of our
recommendations.
Here are the pictures of the different type of Ships and Material Handling Equipment. Beginning with the Ships.
Bulk Carrier
http://www.maybulk.com.my/images/index.jpg
Containerships
http://www.providence.edu/polisci/students/megaport/images/trein.jpg Barge-Carrying Ship
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html
Reefers (Refrigerated Cargo Ships)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.clydeshipping.co.uk/shipmanagers/images/89.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.clydeshipping.co.uk/shipmanagers/viewvessel.asp%3Fid
%3D89&h=280&w=400&sz=22&hl=en&start=14&um=1&tbnid=Mh7eNS8zjx1PBM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3DrEFRIGERATED%2Bcargo%2Bships%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rls%3DHPAB,HPAB:2007-01,HPAB:en
Ro-Ro Ships (Roll-On Roll-Off ship)
http://users.unitel.co.kr/~datrans/image/rorovsl.jpg
Passenger Ro-Ro Ship
http://sg.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fsg.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dpassenger%2Bro%2Bro%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-web%26x%3Dwrt&w=400&h=309&imgurl=www.pmc-
controls.com%2Fimages%2Fc_class.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmc-controls.com%2Fprojects%2Fc_class.html&size=23.9kB&name=c_class.jpg&p=passenger+ro+ro&type=jpeg&no=13&tt=281&oid=d23a3cfbce359ddc&ei=UTF-8
Oil Tanker-one of the tanker
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://thomko.squarespace.com/storage/vlcc%2520oil%2520tanker.jpg&imgrefurl=http://thomko.squarespace.com/display/ShowJournal%3FmoduleId%3D209208%26categoryId%3D35142&h=149&w=150&sz=5&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=AXGVs7lT56jJOM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Btankers%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Carrier
http://www.imageline.co.uk/files/MUSCATLNGdeliveredApril_702.JPG
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Carrier
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-3.html
Chemical Carrier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tanker
Heavy Lift Vessel
http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/heavy4.jpg
Livestock Carrier
http://www.solentwaters.co.uk/Vessel%20Types/Vessel%20Types%204/_wp_generated/wpa4cb883f.jpg
Equipments
Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs) (4-wheels)
http://www.felscranes.com/rtgrange5.htm
Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs) (8-wheels)
http://www.fantuzzi.co.uk/gallery/port_rtg_Gallery.asp
Rubber Tyred Gantry Cranes (RTGs) (16-wheels)
http://www.felscranes.com/rtgrange9.htm
Rail Mounted Gantry Cranes (RMGs)
http://www.felscranes.com/rmg.htm
Container Quayside Cranes (CQC)
http://www2.sea.siemens.com/Industry+Solutions/Production-Machines/Hoists+and+Cranes/Container-Quayside-Crane.htm
Mobile Habour Cranes
http://www.fantuzzi.co.uk/gallery/port_mhc_Gallery.asp
http://www.fantuzzi.co.uk/gallery/port_mhc_Gallery.asp
Reachstackers
http://www.liebherr.com/mc/en/56278.asp
http://www.mhi.co.jp/tech/pdf/e421/e421022.pdf
Grab Unloader
http://www.metsominerals.com/inetMinerals/mm_home.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/inetMinerals/mm_bulk.nsf/WebWID/WTB-041125-2256F-BB9C3
Continuous Ship Unloader (CSU)
http://www.metsominerals.com/inetMinerals/mm_home.nsf/FR?ReadForm&ATL=/inetMinerals/mm_bulk.nsf/WebWID/WTB-041125-2256F-BB9C3
Screw Unloader
http://www.macgregor-group.com/?id=4280
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV)
http://www.gottwald.com/gottwald/site/gottwald/en/products/agv.html
Linkspans
http://www.tritonsa.gr/images/poti2-web.jpg
References:http://www.tliap.nus.sg/tliap/Project_BerthManagement/terminology.htm (Definition)www.dictionary.comhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html (Freighter)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/bulk.html (Bulk Carrier)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html (Bulk Carrier)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/boxship.html (Containerships)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship (Containerships)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html (Barge-Carrying Ship) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reefer_%28ship%29 (Reefers)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html (Reefers)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RO-RO_ship (Ro-Ro)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/roro.html (Ro-Ro)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-2.html (Ro-Ro)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29 (Tanker)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_tanker (Oil Tanker)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/tanker.html (Oil Tanker)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-3.html (Oil Tanker)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-3.html (LPG)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNG_carrier (LNG)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/lng.html (LNG)http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/2ndsea/engineering/page/e-3.html (Chemical Carrier)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_tanker (Chemical Carrier)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/heavylift.html (Heavy Lift Vessel)http://www.geocities.com/uksteve.geo/livestock.html (Livestock Carrier)http://www.felscranes.com/rtg.htm (RTGs)http://en.zpmc.com/Product_List.asp?Column_ID=66 (RTGs)http://www.fantuzzi.co.uk/port_rubbertyredgantry.htm (RTGs)http://www2.sea.siemens.com/Industry+Solutions/Production-Machines/Hoists+and+Cranes/Rubber-Tyred-Gantry-Crane.htm (RTGs)http://www.felscranes.com/rmg.htm (RMGs)http://en.zpmc.com/Product_List.asp?Column_ID=67 (RMGs)http://www2.sea.siemens.com/Industry+Solutions/Production-Machines/Hoists+and+Cranes/ (RMGs)http://www2.sea.siemens.com/Industry+Solutions/Production-Machines/Hoists+and+Cranes/Container-Quayside-Crane.htm (CQCs)http://www.fantuzzi.co.uk/port_mobharbourcranes.htm (Mobile Harbour Crane)http://www.thpa.gr/en/nea/archives/nAug01MobileCrane.htm (Mobile Harbour Crane)http://www.liebherr.com/mc/en/21084.asp (Mobile Harbour Crane)http://www.gottwald.com/gottwald/site/gottwald/en/products/harbour-cranes/mobile-harbour-cranes.html (Mobile Harbour Crane)http://www.mhi.co.jp/tech/pdf/e421/e421022.pdf (Reachstackers) http://www.konecranes.com/magazine/spring1998/page3.htm (Unloader)http://www.rem.sfu.ca/FRAP/9619.pdf (Unloader)http://www.gottwald.com/gottwald/site/gottwald/en/products/agv.html (AGV)http://www.tts-marine.com/templates/Page.aspx?id=1314 (Linkspans)http://www.singaporepsa.com/html/technology/index.htm (Technology)http://www.jp.com.sg/news/archive/2001/text6.htm (JP)http://www.singaporepsa.com/html/technology/citos.htm (CITOS)http://www.portnet.com/03products/citos.htm (CITOS)http://www.portnet.com/03products/portnet.htm (PORTNET)http://www.singaporepsa.com/html/technology/portnet.htm (PORTNET)http://www.material-handling-simulation.com/ (Material Simulation)http://www.gottwald.com/gottwald/site/gottwald/en/system-solutions/software.html (Management and Navigation)
