Unification of ItalyNationalist Movements

Objective

•Students will identify the causes and major events of the unification of the Italian Peninsula by answering an exit ticket

Remember…

• Joan of Arc, the rise of Napoleon in France and Latin American Revolutions are all examples of what principle?

•Need a hint?

• Pride in their country and a desire to be free….

•Nationalism!

Effects…

•Napoleon and the Latin American Revolutions inspired the unification if Italy

• Countries in Europe had a desire to become strong, independent, proud nations with a sound economy and common culture

Nationalism

• Pride in one’s country and a desire to be free

• Common culture

• Culture: shared interests, language, holidays, history, and desires…

•What are some aspects of American culture we share?

Italy…

Italy review…

•What are some things we already know happened in Italy?

• Roman empire began there (and spread!)• Major trade centers during commercial

revolution• Gateway for black death entering Europe

(because of trade)• Renaissance began there (location and history)

Causes of Unification…

•Nationalism• Congress of Vienna•Napoleon• Latin American Revolutions

Italy after Napoleon

1815

Why unify?

•Unification: merger of politically divided but culturally similar lands

• Italians wanted to unify their country because they thought it made sense

•How can you unite separated areas under one government and become one country?

Nationalist Leaders

•Guiseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour

•Camillo di Cavour: Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia (northern Italy)

•Guiseppe Garibaldi: Led army of nationalists in southern Italy

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

King was Victor Emanuel II

Piedmont-Sardinia was located in Northern Italy and under the sphere of influence Austria

Nationalist

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Nationalist in Southern Italy

Accepted funds from Cavour to finance rebellions

Leader of “red shirts”

Unified southern Italy and then handed it over to Victor Emanuel II of the North to unify Italy

Nationalist Leaders

• Camillo Cavour allied with France to defeat parts of Austria so he could annex them to Italy

•While France was fighting Austria, Cavour was secretly funding a popular nationalist in Southern Italy – Garibaldi!

Nationalist Leaders

•Garibaldi and his army were known as the “red shirts” because that’s what they always wore

•Garbaldi won lots of battles and unified southern Italy, which Cavour was fighting battles and unifying northern Italy

•When all was said and done, Garibaldi offered southern Italy to the King of the Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel II) thus unifying Italy into the country we know today

Italy after Napoleon

Camillo di Cavour

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Italy today

Exit Ticket

• Identify two causes for Italian unification

• Who did Cavour ally with to help fight Austria?

• What was Garibaldi’s nickname in the south?

Unification of Germany

Objective

•Students will identify the causes and major events of the unification of Germany by answering an exit ticket

Germany 1815

Unification…

•What do you think inspired Germans to unify?

• Italian unification (beginnings of)•Napoleon in France• Latin American Revolutions• Congress of Vienna

After Napoleon and Congress of Vienna…

• Germany was a collection of small, loose, independent states (think a bunch of Rhode Islands)

• Congress of Vienna united some states under Austrian control so they could surround France with stronger powers (remember the three goals) – this was called the German Federation

• Prussia was a nemesis of Austria and they wanted to have some control over this area as well…

Otto Von Bismarck

•Otto Von Bismarck was Prime Minister of Russia under Wilhelm I

• Realpolitik: “politics of reality”; tough power politics with no room for idealism

• Realpolitik is all business, all the time

Otto Von Bismarck

Nickname: The Iron Chancellor

Earned nickname because of his no business, both barrels style of politics called Realpolitik and his blood and iron speech…

“Blood and Iron”

• With the approval of King Wilhelm I, Bismarck declared that he would rule without consent of Parliament and without a budget

• Blood and Iron speech: (most famous)

“It is not by the means of speeches and majority resolutions that the great issues of the day will be decided… but by blood and iron”

Unifying under Bismarck…

• Keep your enemies close – he made an alliance with Austria to fight Denmark and split the spoils (increased nationalism);

• Poke the bear – Seven Weeks war. Deliberately angered Austria with border disputes. Austria declared war and Prussia spanked them.

• Be desirable – he recognized that the remaining southern states needed a reason to join. He started a fight with France (spread rumors) and protected the south. They joined. Now there is a united Prussian power – named Germany.

Germany

•Now that Germany was a unified country they were a force to be had

• The five great powers at the Congress of Vienna were no more – Great Britain and Germany were hands down the world powers

• Balance of power was corrupted

What happened to Otto?

• He handed power back to King Wilhelm I (original Prussian King)

• King Wilhelm I declared himself Kaiser (emperor) of the second Reich (empire or realm)

• Otto retired while on top and made history

Exit Ticket

• Write a paragraph in which you describe to me how Otto Von Bismarck was able to unify Germany. You must use the terms “Realpolitik” and “Blood and Iron” in your response.