Unit 2 Glossary

• What is Manifest Destiny?

Westward ExpansionManifest Destiny - God’s will to expand from sea to sea

From Whom and How?Land From Whom? When? How?

Louisiana Territory France 1803 Pres. Jefferson purchased for $15 mil.

Florida Spain 1810-1819 Given by Spain

Red River Basin Great Britain 1818 Ceded in Convention of 1818

Texas Mexico 1845 Mexican-American War

Oregon Great Britain 1846 Treaty with Britain

Mexican Cession Mexico 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase Mexico 1853 Purchased for $10 mil.

Motivations

• California Gold Rush 1849– 1,000s head west to get

rich

• Mormons head to Utah – Escape from religious

persecution

• Land was very cheap and plentiful

• Oregon Trail

Transportation

Transportation Systems:– Rivers & Roads– Canals & Railroads

• Moved:– Travelers, Agricultural, Goods

• Connected:– Farms, Towns, Cities

Fueled the Civil War:• Created:

– Local & Regional Economies, and Sectional Jealousies & Rivalries

Native American Displacement

President Andrew JacksonPolicies:• Indian Removal Act– Provided Federal money

to move all Indians to the Great Plains

• Trail of Tears– Moving GA, SC, and NC

Cherokee Indians to Oklahoma Territory

Changing American Character

• State Pride National Pride NationalismPut state Put nation Put nation above nation above state above state

and self

Unit 2 EOC Practice

It roughly doubled the size of the United States at the time and meant that the US could focus on westward expansion rather than strictly depending on trade with foreign nations. What was it?

a. The Gadsden Purchaseb. Land Ordinance of 1785c. The Louisiana Purchased. Oregon Territory

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Divided Northwest Territory – IL, OH, IN, MI, WI

• Set up guidelines for states entering the Union

IL IN OH

MI

WI

MI

Missouri Compromise1819• Should MO be slave or

free?• MO slave with Maine

free

• 36˚30 ˚ N – Any new state above:

Free– Any new state below:

Slave

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823• President Monroe• Warning:– All outside powers stay

out of Western Hemisphere

– U.S. would stay outs of European issues

Native American Relations

• Assimilation-– Become a part of

American culture/society

• Revolt– Fight back against

persecution

• Black Hawk War– Aug. 1832– Illinois– 200 Native Americans

killed

Native American Relations

• Sand Creek Massacre– 1861– 270 Cheyenne killed

• Women and Children

• Battle of Little Big Horn– 1876– Sioux Warriors v. Gen.

Custer– Crazy Horse– “Custer’s Last Stand”– 200 Americans killed

Native American Relations

• Wounded Knee– 1890– Sitting Bull– “Ghost Dance”

• Return buffalo and banish Whites

– Sioux v. Americans• Gun fight• 14 killed (including Sitting

Bull)

– Mass fire• 150 men, women, children

killed• Unarmed

Native American Relations

• Dawes Act– Break up reservations– Divide land among N.A.

families– Become US citizens– Didn’t work

• N.A. wanted to remain a tribe

Trails West

• Santa Fe Trail– 780 miles – Independence, Missouri

to Santa Fe, New Mexico– Very dangerous– Attacks from Kiowa &

Comanche– Wagons worked

together to reach Santa Fe

Trails West

• Oregon Trail– Independence, Missouri

to Portland, Oregon– Took months– Fever, Diarrhea, Cholera– 5,000 Settlers (8 years)

Unit 2 EOC Practice

What was distinctive about the Battle of Little Bighorn?a. It was one of the few battles that ended with Native

Americans surrendering and being relocated to reservations.

b. It was the battle in which the famed chief, Sitting Bull, was killed.

c. It marked the Native American peoples’ largest and last victory over US military force in the West.

d. It inspired passage of the Dawes Act.

Unit 2 Review

• Name one danger/obstacle faced on the Santa Fe Trail and the Oregon Trail. (2 total)

Oregon• President Polk v. Great

Britain• “Fifty-Four Forty or

Fight”– Latitude 54”40’ – North Oregon line

Texas Revolution

1. Americans went to Texas– Land Grants

• Prevent border violations & N.A. attacks

• Sold cheap land to Americans

Texas Revolution

2. Revolt– Tariff on American

imports– Texans wanted Salutary

Neglect– Alamo – Pres. Santa

Anna lead attack• 187 Americans died

– Texans later defeated Mexican Army

Texas Revolution

3. Republic of Texas– Separate Country

4. Annexation– America absorbed

Texas– Issue- Slave or non-

Slave?

Mexican-American War

• Pres. James K. Polk– Wanted more land (NM

and CA)– Manifest Destiny

• US and Mexico disagreed about the Texas/Mexico border

• Congress declared war - 1847

Mexican-American War

• NM fell w/out a shot being fired

• CA fell after a small group of Americans seized Sonoma (Republic of California)

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo– US got NM, CA, TX (to Rio

Grande), NV, UT, AZ, CO, WY

• Gadsden Purchase – Small area south of Gila Rv.

Unit 2 Page 194 & 216

• What is sectionalism?

• What is the American System?

Industrial Revolution

• Social and economic reorganization– Machines replaced hand tools– Large-scale factory production

• Started in G.B.– 18th c.

• Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts– Exactly alike

• Mass Production – Large quantities

North v. South v. West

• Sectionalism– Different regional characteristics

North

• Manufacturing Centers– Women worked and

lived there– Family farms couldn’t

afford to keep them

• Textile Mills• No need for slaves– 1804 – Abolished

• Finance– Banks/Professionals

South

• Antebellum (before the Civil War)

• Eli Whitney-– Cotton Gin – “engine”– 1793– Removed seeds from fibers

• Plantations– VA, NC, SC, GA, AL, MS, LA,

TN, AR, MO

• Cash Crops– VERY dependent on slaves

SouthSlaves and Cotton

1790 1810Bales of Cotton 3,000 178,000

# of Slaves 700,000 1,200,000

• Fugitive Slave Law• 1850• Runaway slaves

would be returned

West

• Agriculture and Industry• John Deere

– Steel Plow– Faster farming techniques

• Windmill– Use wind to power machinery

• Corn, Wheat, Cattle• Cowtowns

– Herded cattle to railroads for transport

– Cowboys (most were Mexican and Black)

West

• Immigrants– Came on railroads

• Homestead Act– 160 acres free– Plant crops and improve land

• Oklahoma Land Rush– “Sooner” you get there, the better– Claim land

Unit 2 EOC Review

Which of the following statements is an example of sectionalism?

a. The South relied heavily on slaves and the plantation system, while the North relied on immigrant labor factories.

b. The south’s decision to fire on Fort Sumter.c. Lincoln’s decision to be a Republican.d. Many African-Americans moved west to become

cowboys, while others stayed in the South as farmers.

American System

• Unite Country• Transportation Systems– Transcontinental

Railroad• East coast to West coast

– Erie Canal• 363 miles• Connected Hudson River

with Lake Erie

American System– Protective tariff (buy

American)– Goal: Don’t depend on

other countries• South and West - Provide

food and cotton• North - Produce goods• South and West - Buy

goods

– National Currency• Same EVERYWHERE!!!!• Trade easier• Help boost the economy

by allowing people to buy American goods

Minorities

Women– Greater freedom– Flexible society

Immigrants– Chinese – West Coast– Irish – East Coast– Railroad labor

African Americans– Buffalo Soldiers - All

black regiments

Reform

• 2nd Great Awakening– Early 1800s– Social Responsibility

• Revival– Social meeting– “Awaken” religious faith

• African American Church– Sat in separate pews

Meanwhile:Missouri Compromise (1820)Monroe elected pres. (1820)J.Q. Adams elected pres. (1824)Jackson elected pres. (1828)Black Hawk War (1832)

Reform

Women’s Rights (mid 1800s)• Cult of Domesticity

– Home and family

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Lucretia Mott• Sarah & Angelina Grimké• Sojourner Truth (free black)• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

– Women’s rights convention– 300 women and men

• Temperance Movement– Prohibition of alcohol

Meanwhile:Van Buren elected pres. (1836)Deere’s Steel Plow (1837)Trail of Tears (1838)

Unit 2 EOC Practice

Leading up to the Civil War, the South had an economy based on agriculture and slave labor while the North had an economy based on

a. Industry and wage laborb. Agriculture and corporationsc. Plantations and indentured labord. Much more trade with other nations

Abolition

• Call to outlaw slavery• William Lloyd Garrison

– The Liberator– Emancipation

• Freeing of slaves w/ no payment to slaveholders

• David Walker (free black)– Fight for freedom

• Frederick Douglass (free black 1838) – Inspirational Speaker

Life Under Slavery

• Mid – late 1800sRural• Large plantations• Men, women, children• Dawn to duskUrban• Skilled laborers• Artisans

Life under Slavery

Revolt (1831)• Nat Turner• Preacher • 80 followers• Attacked 4 plantations• Killed 60 (men, women,

children)• Later captured by troops

– Whites killed 200 blacks

Resistance to Slavery

• Personal Liberty Laws– 9 Northern States– Runaways couldn’t be

imprisoned – Trials

• Underground Railroad– “Conductors” hid fugitive

slaves– Tunnels, hideaways to Canada– Food, clothing– Harriet Tubman

• 19 Trips to South• 300 slaves

Resistance to Slavery

• Harriet Beecher Stowe– Uncle Tom’s Cabin– 1852– Slavery = immoral