UNIT 5: ROAD TO CIVIL

WAR, THE WAR, AND

RECONSTRUCTION

I. A HOUSE DIVIDED

(1840-1861)

A. Fruits of Manifest Destiny

•What were the major factors

contributing to U.S. Territorial

expansion in the 1840’s?

A. Fruits of Manifest Destiny 1. Continental Expansion

2. The Mexican Frontier: NM

and CA

3. The Texas Revolt - 1836

4. The Election of 1844

5. The Road to War

6. The War and Its Critics

7. Combat in Mexico 1846-1848

8. Race and Manifest Destiny

9. Redefine Race

B. A Dose of Arsenic

•Why did the expansion of slavery

become the most divisive political

issue in the 1840’s and 1850’s?

B. A Dose of Arsenic 1. The Wilmot Proviso

- 1846

2. The Free Soil

Appeal - 1848

3. Crisis and

Compromise

4. The Great Debate

5. The Fugitive Slave

Issue 1850

6. Douglas and

Popular Sovereignty

a. Stephen A.

Douglas “The Little

Giant”, senator IL

b. Election of

Franklin Pierce –

Democrat (1852)

7. The Kansas-

Nebraska Act- 1854

a. Economic pressure-

Rail Roads

b. Split Nebraska

Territory into

Kansas and

Nebraska

c. Repeal 36’30” –

Missouri

Compromise

C. The Rise of the Republican Party

•What combination of issues and

events fueled the creation of the

Republican Party in the 1850’s?

C. The Rise of the Republican Party

1. The Northern

Economy

2. The Rise and Fall

of the Know

Nothings 1854

a. Anti-immigrant,

pro-temperance

3. The Free Labor

Ideology

4. Republican Party

a. Former Free-Soilers, Conscience Whig,

“Anti-Nebraska” Democrats

5. Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856

a. Kansas votes to decide slavery

b. Influx of outsiders – violence between pro

and anti slavery groups

D. The Emergence of Lincoln

•What enabled Lincoln to emerge

as president from the divisive part

politics of the 1850’s?

1. The Dred Scott Decision – 1857

a. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney

b. Blacks aren’t citizens (Free or slaves)

2. The Decision’s Aftermath

a. The Lecompton Constitution

3. Lincoln and Slavery

a. Not abolitionist – but realist

4. The Lincoln- Douglas Campaign

– 1858

5. John Brown at

Harpers Ferry, VA-

1859

a. Failed attack –

participated in

Bleeding Kansas

b. Convicted and

hung

6. The Rise of Southern Nationalism

7. The Democratic Split

8. The Nomination of Lincoln

Brooks Sumner

9. The Election of 1860

a. Split in Democratic

party – North

nominated Douglas,

South John C.

Breckinridge

b. Republicans –

Abraham Lincoln

c. Constitutional Union

Party

d. Lincoln wins but

does not have the

majority

E. The Impending Crisis

•What were the final steps on the

road to secession?

E. The Impending Crisis 1. The Secession movement

a. South Carolina first

2. The Secession Crisis

a. Crittenden Compromise: 36’30 as

constitutional amendment

3. And the War Came

A NEW BIRTH OF

FREEDOM: THE CIVIL

WAR (1861-1865)

A. The First Modern War

•Why is the Civil War considered

the first modern war?

A. The First Modern War

1. The Two combatants

2. The Technology of War

3. The Public and the War

4. Mobilizing

Resources

a. Leadership in

the beginning

•North: General

McClellan

•South: Robert E.

Lee

5. Military Strategies

6. The War begins

a. Fort Sumter -1861

b. Battle of Bull Run

7. The War in the east

a. Battle of Seven Pines

•Stonewall Jackson

b. Antietam

8. The War in the West

a. Shiloh – Ulysses S.

Grant

B. The Coming of Emancipation

•How did a war to preserve the

Union become a war to end

slavery?

B. The Coming of Emancipation

1. Slavery and

the War

2. The Unraveling

of Slavery

3. Steps Toward

Emancipation

4. Lincoln’s Decision

a. Making slavery

the focus worked

militarily and

would get the

support of

Europe

b. Goal to weaken

the enemy

REALLY?

5. The Emancipation Proclamation 1863

a. Did not free a single slave

b. Slaves in areas in rebellion are free!

c. Slaves would flee to the Union army

whenever it was close

• “The slaves who loved us best – as we

thought—were the first to leave us!” –

Plantation owner

6. Enlisting Black Troops

a. Massachusetts 54th

7. The Black Soldier

a. Segregated army, white officers

C. The Second American Revolution

•How did the Civil War transform

the National economy and create

a stronger nation state?

C. The Second American Revolution

1. Liberty and Union

2. Lincoln’s Vision

3. From Union to

Nation

4. The War and

American Religion

5. Liberty in Wartime

6. The North’s Transformation

a. Draft Riots 1863

7. Government and the economy

a. Government pass laws stopped by Democrats previously – Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act, National Banking Act (1863)

8. The War and native Americans

9. A new financial system

a. NBA – uniform currency

10. Women and the war

a. South: Women take larger

and more aggressive role

b. North:

• Women work in farms,

shops and factories

• Medical Care – United

States Sanitary

Commission, volunteer

nurses

11. The Divided North

a. Copperheads

b. Thaddeus Stevens

THE COPPER HEAD PARTY – IN FAVOR OF A

VIGOROUS PROSECUTION OF PEACE!

D. The Confederate Nation

•How did the war effort and

leadership problems affect the

society and economy of the

Confederacy?

D. The Confederate Nation

1. Leadership and

government

a. Jefferson Davis

2. The inner civil war

3. Economic Problems

a. Inflation

b. No industry

4. Southern Unionists

5. Women and the Confederacy

6. Black soldiers for the confederacy

E. Turning points

•What were the military and political

turning points of the war?

E. Turning points 1. Road to Gettysburg and Vicksburg 1863

a. Lincoln replaces McClellan with Burnside,

then Hooker, then Meade

b. Chancellorsville

c. Gettysburg

d. Vicksburg victory – Lincoln names Grant

supreme commander of the armies of the US

2. 1864

a. Grant and Sherman “He stood by me when I was crazy. And I stood by him when he was drunk.”

• Grant go after Richmond, Sherman go after Atlanta

• Battle in the Wilderness – 60,000 Union soldiers die in a couple weeks under Grant

• Sherman’s March

• “War is hell.” – psychological assault

• Appropriate or destroy everything they came across

F. Rehearsals for Reconstruction

•What were the most important

wartime “Rehearsals for

Reconstruction”?

F. Rehearsals for Reconstruction

1. The Sea Islands Experiment

2. Wartime Reconstruction in the West

3. The Politics of Wartime Reconstruction

4. Victory at Last

a. The Appomattox Court House

1865 – Lee surrenders

5. The War and the

World

6. The War in

American History

a. 600,000 dead

III. “WHAT IS FREEDOM?”:

RECONSTRUCTION (1865-

1877)

A. The Meaning of Freedom

•What visions of freedom did the former

slaves and slaveholders pursue in the

postwar South?

A. The Meaning of Freedom 1. Blacks and the

Meaning of Freedom

2. Families in Freedom

a. Church and School

3. Political Freedom

4. Land, Labor, and Freedom

4. Masters without

slaves

5. Free Labor

Vision

6. The Freedmen’s

Bureau

7. The Failure of

Land Reform

The Freedman’s Bureau

9. Toward a New

South

10. The White Famer

11. The Urban South

12. Aftermath of

Slavery

B. The Making of Radical Reconstruction

•What were the sources, goals and

competing visions for

Reconstruction?

B. The Making of Radical Reconstruction 1. Presidential

Reconstruction

a. Assassination of

Lincoln, Inauguration of

Andrew Johnson –

1865

b. Lincoln: “10 Percent

Plan” Loyalty Oath –

when a number equal

to 10% of those voting

in 1860 have sworn

then set up a state gov.

2. The Failure of Presidential

Reconstruction 1865-1867

3. The Radical Republicans

a. Wade-Davis Bill 1864 – Readmission to

union after a majority of voters swore

the oath

•Pocket Veto until Johnson

b. Perspective on blacks: land, political

equality, access to education – NOT

social equality

4. The origins of Civil Rights

a. Civil Rights Act – vetoed by Johnson,

passed by 2/3rd majority

5. The Fourteenth Amendment 1886

a. Everyone born here is a citizen of the

country and the state in which they reside

b. No state can take away rights without

due process

6. The Reconstruction Act 1867

a. Confederacy into five military districts

7. Impeachment of Johnson 1868 and the Election

of Grant 1869

a. Tenure of Office Act of 1867 violation

b. Impeached, but not removed from office

8. The Fifteenth

Amendment 1870

a. You can’t deny the

right to vote to

someone based on

“race, color, or

previous condition of

servitude”

9. The “Great

Constitutional Revolution”

10. Boundaries of Freedom

11. The Rights of Women

12. Feminists and Radicals

C. Radical Reconstruction in the South

1867-1877

• What were the social and political

effects of Radical Reconstruction

in the South?

C. Radical Reconstruction in the South

1867-1877 1. “The Tocsin of Freedom”

2. The Black Officeholder

3. Carpetbaggers and

Scalawags

a. Scalawag: White

southerner who helps

the Republicans

b. Carpetbagger:

Northerners who came

south to help the

freedmen

4. Southern Republicans in Power

a. Black Codes

b. Sharecropping and Crop Lien System

5. The Quest for Prosperity

a. Rebuilt and improved infrastructure

b. Built schools, hospitals and asylums

D. The Overthrow of Reconstruction

•What were the main factors, in

both the North and South, for the

Abandonment of Reconstruction?

D. The Overthrow of Reconstruction

1. Reconstruction’s Opponents

2. “A Reign of Terror”

a. Ku Klux Klan

3. The Liberal Republicans

a. Laissez-faire, weakened Republican party

4. The North’s Retreat

a. Grant’s Presidency and Scandals

b. Slaughterhouse Cases

5. The Triumph of the Redeemers

6. The Disputed Election and Bargain 1877

a. Republican nominee: Hayes, Democratic: Tilden

b. Republicans sabotage Democratic votes in south, but Democrats stopped black from voting

c. Hayes as president, withdraw troops from south

7. The End of Reconstruction

A TRUCE – NOT A COMPROMISE, BUT A

CHANCE FOR HIGH-TONED GENTLEMEN TO

RETIRE GRACEFULLY FROM THEIR VERY

CIVIL DECLARATION OF WAR.