Unit Two

Treaty of Paris through the Constitution

1763 - 1789

The Colonists History of Self-rule

• Colonial Legislatures• Albany Plan of Union (1754)

– Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Delaware

– The idea of one government over the colonies

Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Gains for Britain– Some West Indian islands– Most of India– Canada – All territory east of the Mississippi (doubled)

• Losses for Britain– Money– Need to get more from the colonists (???)– Resentful towards the colonists

• French Losses– New Orleans, territory west of the Mississippi

to Spain

• French Gains– They got to keep Guadeloupe and Martinique

Indian Loses

• All Indians sided with the French, except the Iroquois

• Lost respect of the English• Iroquois Confederacy crumbled• Never again an equal

Post 1763

• It is time to re-establish control over the colonies

• Not just commerce to be exploited, lets inhabit the land and reap in the tax revenues and take advantage of the colonies

• Colonists had suffered together, the beginnings of unity?, brotherhood?

Post 1763

• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Proclamation Line of 1763

• More needed to guard the western frontier• What is the economic reason for the

Proclamation Line?• George Greenville is now the Prime

Minister

Imperial Reorganization of 1763Lets bring back Mercantilism?

• Sugar Act of 1764• Currency Act of 1764• Mutiny Act of 1765• Stamp Act of 1765• Quartering Act of 1765• Declaratory Act 1766• Townshend Acts of 1767• Tea Act of 1773

Internal and External Taxes

• External taxes are duties placed on imports and exports to raise revenue

• Internal taxes are not related to imports and exports (virtual representation)

Sugar Act of 1764

• Placed heavy duties on – Sugar– Textiles– Coffee– Indigo– Wine

• Strictly enforced

Currency Act of 1764

• The colonies had to stop issuing their own money

Quartering Act

• Quartering of troops and providing of supplies was now mandatory

Stamp Act of 1765

• Tax on– Newspapers– Almanacs– Pamphlets– Deeds wills– Licenses

Sometimes you can’t always predict the outcomes of

decisions.

What was an intended outcome of the Stamp Act

The English did increase their tax revenue, with the first direct tax on

the colonists

What was the unintended outcome of the Stamp Act

The whole group of colonists agreed on something

What ended the Stamp Act

• London merchants• Stamp Act Congress (1765)• Conflicts about virtual representation• Can’t let the camel get his nose under the

tent

• Rebellion– Sons of Liberty

Repealing the Stamp Act

• Intended effect– Appeased the colonists

• Unintended effect– Made the residents of England mad

Declaratory Act (1766)

• Repealed the Stamp Act• But

– Reasserted their right to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Townshend Acts

• Disbanded the New York Assembly until they applied the Mutiny act

• Placing of customs officials in Boston• New customs boards commissioners• New taxes on

– Lead– Tea – Paint – Paper

The Parliament tried to just make an example of individual colonies

If you do it to him, how long before you do it to me?

Unintended effect

• A boycott of British goods by many of the colonies – non importation agreements

Lord North Prime Minister after Townshend

• Repealed the Townshend Acts, except for the tax on tea

Boston Massacre March 5th, 1770

• Increased presence of redcoats because of the harassment of government officials

• Soldiers were taking part time jobs from the locals

• Always friction, always a reminder of oppression when you saw the redcoats

• Five people were killed

Tea Act of 1773

• Granted a monopoly to the East India Company

• They would not have to pay the tax that the colonial businessmen would

• Excluded many businesses from the tea business

• Only the select few would be allowed to trade $$$$$$ (monopoly)

Unintended effect of the Tea Act of 1773

• Revived the no taxation without representation feelings

• Virtual representation is not fair• Boycotting of tea, mass protest

Boston Tea PartyDecember 16th, 1773

• 150 “Indians” dumped the tea• Refused to pay for the Damage

Coercive Acts (only against Boston)

• Closed Boston Harbor• Limited the powers of the colonial

legislatures• Permitted royal officers to be tried in other

colonies or in England – Vice-Admiralty Courts

• Quartering of troops

Quebec Acts

• Designed to help the Catholics• It is all a matter of timing• Subjugate the colonies to the pope and

the catholic church• Possibly hinder western expansion

Intolerable Acts

Coercive Acts and Quebec Act

Colonists Rebellion

• Boycotting• Virginia Resolves • Non-importation agreements• Harassing of officials• Paxton Boys (1763)• Regulator Movement (1765)• Sons of Liberty (1765)• Daughters of Liberty(1765)• Gaspee Affair (1772) – Way to go R.I.• Committees of Correspondence (1773)• Boston Tea Party (1773)

Colonial Attempts at Unity

• Albany Plan of Union (1754)• Committees of Correspondence (1773)• 1st Continental Congress (1774)• 2nd Continental Congress (1775)

1st Continental Congress

• Attempt at union• List of grievances• Suffolk Resolves

– Make military preparations for operations against the British

– Boycotting all trade with England• Agreed to meet the next Spring

William Dawes, Paul Revere, and Samuel Prescott

April 19th,1775

Supplies at Concord

1,000 British soldiers

The Revolution

2nd Continental Congress

• Olive Branch Petition• The congress that carried the states

through the war

The changing mindset

• Costs of war– Human – Financial

• British recruitment of Indians, Slaves, Mercenaries

• British government’s rejection of the Olive Branch Petition (what other choice do we have)

• Common Sense – Dec 1776

Declaration of Independence

• July 4th,1776• Declaration of Sovereignty• Started receiving support from other

nations• History of Wars

Who would you chooseColonies England

• 3.5 million people• No navy• No real army • No manufacturing• No money• Government?

• Fighting on their home turf

• 12 million people• Best navy• Best army• Lots of manufacturing• Money to hire mercenaries• Money system• Government• Fighting in a foreign land

Three phasesPhase I

• New England• Bunker Hill June 17th, 1775 (lost)• Fort Ticonderoga• March 17th, 1776 – Evacuation Day• Uprising in North Carolina (won) (1776)• Invasion of Canada by Benedict Arnold

(lost)– Ben Franklin’s attempt to get Canada on our

side

Phase II1776 - 1778

• British Land in New York• Had a plan, but didn’t stick with it • Divided their forces• Bourgoyne north• Howe to the south

Northern Battles

• Fort Ticonderoga July 5th, 1777• Oriskany Aug 6th, 1777• Bennington Aug 16th, 1777• Saratoga Oct 17th, 1777

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

• Won support from abroad• Won national recognition• 1778 – Formal Alliance with France

Phase III1778 - 1781

• Benedict Arnold betrays the cause• Battle of Waxhaws – Tarleton’s Quarter• Nathaniel Greene replaces Horatio Gates after

the Battle of Camden• King’s Mountain- American v. American – some

call the turning point• Cowpens (The Patriot)• Key battle was Guilford Court House March 15th,

1781• October 17th, 1781 battle of Yorktown

Benedict Arnold

Treaty of Paris

• September 3rd, 1783• Recognition of independence• Lots of territory – from Canada to Florida

Women in the War

• Molly Pitcher, Margaret Corbin• Deborah Samson• Cult of Domesticity• Republican Motherhood• Camp Followers• Divorce?• Married Women’s rights

Slaves during the war

• 5,000 fought for independence• Slaves freed for service• North begins the process of making

slavery illegal• Most slaves fought for the British, given

their freedom– Many to British territories in the Carribean,

Canada, or back to England• The South is tied to slavery

The biggest losers in the war

• The British• The loyalists• The Anglican Church• White Americans fought to preserve

freedom and slavery• Indians saw more whites wanting more

land• Women’s gender roles were confirmed

The New Country

• Much patriotism• Begin to think of ourselves as Americans• Start celebrating the 4th of July

The Government Side of the Revolutionary War

What did the colonists agree upon?

Republican Form of Government

What is a Republican Government?

• Power from the people• Elected representatives• Small landowners who agree to the

system is the key• Equality of opportunity

The creation of State Constitutions

Once the colonies chose independence they started calling

themselves states and drafted constitutions.

How were the State constitutions different then the British

Constitution?The colonists believed in a written

constitution

Other things the colonists agreed upon

• Weak executive initially, strong later• Executives could not come from the

legislature• Constitutional conventions (get rid of the

politics)

Articles of Confederation March, 1781-1789

A league of friendship

Characteristics

• No separate executive• Each state retained its sovereignty• Each state had one vote regardless of size• 9 of 13 had to agree to pass a measure• 13 of 13 to change the articles

What the government could not do

• Enforce treaties• Regulate trade• Draft troops• Tax

What the government could do

• Run the post office• Sign treaties• Appoint key army officers – but the

soldiers mainly came from the State militias

With no one in charge, problems developed

• Pennsylvania went to war with Virginia • Vermont threatened to become part of

Canada• John Adams served as a minister to

London. What could he not answer in England?

• Right of Deposit in New Orleans, the Mississippi River

Achievements of the Articles of Confederation Government

• Treaty of Paris 1783• Settled land disputes with Native American

tribes• Diplomatic relations with foreign countries• Settled the disputes over land claims by

the “colonies”• Land Ordinance of 1785• Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787

Land Ordinance of 1785

• System of surveying the western lands• 36 square miles• Revenue from the sale of four plots, goes

to the federal government• Revenue from the sale of one plot, goes to

support a school system• The grid

Metes and Bounds – North Carolina

Grid System - Illinois

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• The Northwest Territory would be divided into three to five separate territories

• A methodical process would advance each territory to statehood

• No slavery• Once the population reached 5,000 you could

organize as a territory• Once your population reached 60,000 you could

apply for statehood– Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin

A small group of men met at Washington’s Mt. Vernon home

to discuss trade regulationThey called for a meeting the next year in Annapolis, Maryland (Sept,

1786)

Not a well attended meeting

Let’s meet again next year, in May of 1787

What happened before they could meet, which helped with

the attendance?Shay’s Rebellion January 1787

“I hold, that a little rebellion now and then, is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as

storms in the physical.”

Thomas Jefferson

May 1787

• 55 delegates• Philadelphia, PA• Constitution Hall• All of the states except Rhode Island• Original intent was to amend the Articles of

Confederation

Who is considered the Father of the Constitution?

• James Madison• Delegate from Virginia• What plan did he write?

Virginia plan

• Ends up being called the Large State Plan• Creates a bicameral legislature• Representation based on population• Dealt with sovereignty and limited power

– Federalism– Separation of Powers– Checks and Balances

Virginia Plan(large states)

• Strong national legislature– Lower chamber chosen by the people– Upper chamber chosen by the lower chamber

• Strong national executive chosen by the legislature

• National judiciary appointed by the legislature

Did the small states have a right to be worried?

• Authored the New Jersey Plan (small state plan)• Attempted to revert back to revising the

Articles of Confederation• Equal representation

New Jersey Plan(small states)

• Based on the Articles of Confederation• Strengthened single-house legislature• Weak national executive elected by

Congress• National judiciary appointed by the

executive

The Great Compromise

• Representation in the House of Representatives based on population

• Representation in the Senate is based on geography

Other compromises

• Three-fifths• Commerce and slave-trade• Electoral College• Presidential term length

What were the names of the two groups associated with ratifying

the Constitution?Federalists and anti-federalists

Federalists

• Feared an unruly mob, passions• How do you control these?

• Strong National Government

Federalists

• James Madison• Alexander Hamilton• John Jay

• Wrote the federalist papers under the pseudonym – Publius

• the founder of republican government in ancient Rome

Anti-federalist

• Richard Lee• Thomas Jefferson• Patrick Henry• John Hancock• Feared a tyrannical government

– How do you stop a tyrant?• Provide for a weak government

What did the Anti-federalists say they wanted or they could not

vote for the Constitution?

A Bill of Rights

The Basic Disagreements

• Federalists – wanted obstacles between the people and government

• Anti-federalists – did not want obstacles between the people and government

Ratification Dates

• Delaware - Dec 7, 1787• Pennsylvania - Dec 12, 1787• New Jersey - Dec 18, 1787• Georgia - Jan 2, 1788• Connecticut - Jan 9 1788• Massachusetts - Feb 6,1788• Maryland - Apr 28,1788• South Carolina - May 23, 1788• New Hampshire - June 21, 1788

Ratification Dates

• Virginia - Jun 25,1788• New York (3 votes) - Jul 26, 1788• North Carolina (2nd) - Nov 21, 1789• Rhode Island - May 29, 1790