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Unit 7 Light and Optics Day 1 Introduction to Light
The Identities Crisis Light is made up of _________________ radiations; on one hand, it exhibits ______________ properties like waves, it has no ________ and it can travels with ________________. On the other hand, light acts like matter carrying _____________ and moving in discrete packets like particles called __________. This is called the Wave-‐Particle Duality. The Creation of Light
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Different Types of EMR aka Light aka Photons An electromagnetic wave is simply a light wave. However, we reserve the term light for the part of the spectrum we can see. This is called the _____________ of the spectrum. Other parts of the spectrum have different names. It is important to note that each type of wave is a light wave, but just has a different _________, _________, and behaviours/purposes. The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of wavelengths that light can exist in.
Radio Waves _____-‐energy, _____ wavelength. We use them to broadcast AM and FM radio signals, CB radio and
(back in the day) antenna TV signals. Microwaves Still quite low-‐energy. It is useful in a day-‐to-‐day basis because ___________ absorbs them very
efficiently. As such, adding ____________ to food makes it heats it up more quickly.
Infrared This type of radiation is emitted by hot objects (Heat‼) and is the basis for ____________________. Visible Light This tiny portion of the EMR spectrum that can be detected by human eyes. Visible light have
wavelengths from about 400nm (_______) to 700nm (______). White light is actually a mixture of many different colours ______________________________________________. (1𝑛𝑚 = 1×10!!𝑚)
Ultraviolet This type of radiation is emitted in abundance by the sun, but much of it is blocked by the ___________
(the ozone layer). It can cause damage to cells at the DNA level, which can in turn cause skin cancer. X-‐Rays These are high-‐energy EMR waves that can penetrate flesh but not _______, which is why we can use
them to produce x-‐ray images. The penetrative nature of x-‐rays compared to UV means that cell damage may occur in any ____________ in the body.
Gamma Rays The most energetic form of EMR. Emitted in ____________________ where a nucleus breaks apart;
some electrons undergo huge energy level drops in the process, emitting very energetic __________. With even better penetration than x-‐rays, gamma rays can be very useful in medicine, but similarly will increase the risk of ___________________with exposure.
Light Rays
When light travels through space, we generally represent it with an arrow showing the direction it moves in. We generally assume that light travels in _____________________
When a light ray hits a surface, it may be _________________ (bounce off), ________________ (the surface gains energy as it absorbs the light – think black surfaces in the sun) or ______________________ (go through) Transparent: transmit _______ of the light, __________________ gets absorbed or reflected Ex, ________________________________
Translucent: transmit light with _________________/scattering Ex) ____________________________
Opaque: doesn’t transmit light, light is ________________ or ______________ Ex)_____________________________
Speed of light • In vacuum, the speed of light is 𝑐 = ______________ • In other medium, light will slow down • In general, higher _____________ → ____________ speed of light
Equations:
Color • the color of an opaque object is due to the color that it ___________. • A black object ________ all color and a white object _______ all color. • The color of a transparent object is due to the combining of ____________ light colors. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/color-‐vision/latest/color-‐vision_en.html
Worksheet 1: Introduction to light 1. The wavelength of blue light is about 4.5𝑥10!! m. Convert this to nm. 2. As a spacecraft passes directly over Cape Canaveral, radar pulses are transmitted toward the craft and are then
reflected back toward the ground. If the total time interval was 3.00 × 10–! s, how far above the ground was the spacecraft when it passed over Cape Kennedy?
3. It takes 4.0 years for light from a star to reach Earth. How far away is this star from Earth? 4. The planet Venus is sometimes a very bright object in the night sky. Venus is 4.1 × 10!" m away from Earth when it
is closest to Earth. How long would we have to wait for a radar signal from Earth to return from Venus and be detected?
5. The distance from Earth to the moon is about 3.8×10! m. A beam of light is sent to the moon and, after it reflects, returns to Earth. How long did it take to make the round trip?
6. A baseball fan in a ballpark is 101 m away from the batter’s box when the batter hits the ball. How long after the batter hits the ball does the fan see it occur?
7. A radio station on the AM band has an assigned frequency of 825 kHz (kilohertz). What is the wavelength of the station?
8. What is the name given to the electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength slightly longer than visible light? 9. What is the name given to the electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength slightly shorter than visible light?
Physics 11 - Light and Optics Day 2 The Laws of Reflection and Refraction
Reflection
Law of Reflection: 𝜽𝒓 = 𝜽𝒊
_______________ Reflection
o _______________ light rays are reflected _______________
_______________ Reflection
o _______________ light rays are _______________ by irregularities in the surface.
Plane Mirror
o Image is _______________
o Image is _______________ size
o Image is _____________ as far ___________ the mirror as you are in ___________ of it
Since light rays appear to come from _______________
mirror, the image is called a _______________ image.
If light rays _______________ to come from a _______________
location, the image is called a _______________ image.
Real images can be _______________ on a screen, virtual
images _______________.
______________ mirrors only produce _____________ images.
How long must a plane mirror be to see your whole reflection?
Refraction
Speed of light in a vacuum: 𝑐 = 3.00 × 108𝑚
𝑠
Light travels ____________ through materials due to light
___________, absorbed by, emitted by, and scattered by ___________.
Index of Refraction
_______________to indicate relative _______________ of
light in a _______________
𝑛 =𝑐
𝑣
When light hits the surface of a material part of
it is _______________
The other part goes into the _______________
The transmitted part is __________ (_______________)
Snell’s Law (The Law of Refraction)
𝒏𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟏 = 𝒏𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐
Where 𝑛1 = index of refraction of incident medium, 𝑛2 = index of refraction of second
medium, 𝜃1 = angle of incidence (measured to normal), 𝜃2 = angle of refraction (measured to normal)
You shine a laser into a piece of clear material. The angle of incidence is 35°. You measure the angle of refraction as 26°. What
is the material?
What is the speed of light in the material?
Physics 11-Day 2 The Laws of Reflection and Refraction Name: ____________________________
Worksheet #2
1. Using the law of reflection, explain how powder takes the shine off of a person’s nose. What is the name of the opticaleffect?
2. Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is described in this chapter. Light can also be diffused by refraction. Describehow this occurs in a specific situation, such as light interacting with crushed ice.
3. Will light change direction toward or away from the perpendicular when it goes from air to water? Water to glass? Glass toair?
4. Explain why an object in water always appears to be at a depth shallower than it actually is? Whydo people sometimes sustain neck and spinal injuries when diving into unfamiliar ponds orwaters?
5. Suppose a man stands in front of a mirror. His eyes are 1.65 m above the floor, and the top of hishead is 0.13 m higher. Find the height above the floor of the top and bottom of the smallest mirrorin which he can see both the top of his head and his feet. How is this distance related to the man’sheight? (OpenStax 25.1) bottom 0.825 m, top 1.715 m; not related
6. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoingray is parallel to the incoming ray, as illustrated in figure 1. (OpenStax 25.2) See below
7. Light shows staged with lasers use moving mirrors to swing beams and create colorful effects. Show that a light rayreflected from a mirror changes direction by 2θ when the mirror is rotated by an angle θ. (OpenStax 25.3) See below
8. What is the speed of light in water? In glycerine? (OpenStax 25.5) 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s, 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s
9. Calculate the index of refraction for a medium in which the speed of light is 2.012 × 108 m/s, and identify the most likelysubstance based on Table 25.1. (OpenStax 25.7) 1.490, polystyrene
10. In what substance in Table 25.1 is the speed of light 2.290 × 108
m/s? (OpenStax 25.8) ice at 0° C
11. Components of some computers communicate with each otherthrough optical fibers having an index of refraction n = 1.55. Whattime in nanoseconds is required for a signal to travel 0.200 mthrough such a fiber? (OpenStax 25.11) 1.03 ns
12. (a) Using information in Figure 2, find the height of theinstructor’s head above the water, noting that you will first have tocalculate the angle of incidence. (b) Find the apparent depth of thediver’s head below water as seen by the instructor. (OpenStax25.12) 2.93 m, 1.37 m
13. Suppose you have an unknown clear substance immersed inwater, and you wish to identify it by finding its index of refraction.You arrange to have a beam of light enter it at an angle of 45.0°,and you observe the angle of refraction to be 40.3°. What is theindex of refraction of the substance and its likely identity?(OpenStax 25.13) 1.46, fused quartz
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 4 Answer
to #6 Figure 3 Answer to #7
Physics 11-Light and Optics Day 3 Total Internal Reflection Name: _____________________________
Total Internal Reflection
When light hits an _______________ between two types of _______________ with different indices
of _______________
o Some is _______________
o Some is _______________
Critical angle
o Angle of _______________ where _______________ angle is _______________
o Angles of incidence _______________ than this cause the _______________ angle to be
_______________ the material. This can’t happen, so _______________ refraction occurs.
o 𝜃𝑐 = sin−1𝑛2
𝑛1
Where 𝑛1 > 𝑛2
What is the critical angle from cubic zirconia (n=2.16) to air? Will an angle of 25° produce total
internal reflection?
Uses of total internal reflection
_______________ _______________ for
o Endoscopes
o Telecommunications
o Decorations
_______________ /telescopes
o Makes them shorter
Reflectors
Gemstones
o Cut so that light only _______________ at certain _______________
Dispersion
Each __________________ of light has a different _______________ of refraction
o Red — _______________
o Violet — _______________
o When light is refracted, the violet bends more than red, which
_______________ the colors
Rainbows
o __________________ by _______________ with internal _______________
o Rainbows are always the _______________ direction from the sun
Physics 11- Light and Optics Day 3 Total Internal Reflection Name: _____________________________
Worksheet 3
1. A high-quality diamond may be quite clear and colorless, transmitting all visible wavelengths with little absorption.Explain how it can sparkle with flashes of brilliant color when illuminated by white light.
2. The most common type of mirage is an illusion that light from faraway objects is reflected by a pool of water that is notreally there. Mirages are generally observed in deserts, when there is a hot layer of air near the ground. Given that therefractive index of air is lower for air at higher temperatures, explain how mirages can be formed.
3. Verify that the critical angle for light going from water to air is 48.6°. (OpenStax 25.20) 48.6°
4. (a) Verify that the critical angle for light going from diamond to air is 24.4°. (b) What is the critical angle for light goingfrom zircon to air? (OpenStax 25.21) 𝟐𝟒. 𝟒°, 𝟑𝟏. 𝟑°
5. An optical fiber uses flint glass clad with crown glass. What is the critical angle? (OpenStax 25.22) 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑°
6. At what minimum angle will you get total internal reflection of light traveling in water and reflected from ice? (OpenStax25.23) 𝟕𝟗. 𝟏𝟏°
7. You can determine the index of refraction of a substance by determining its critical angle. (a) What is the index ofrefraction of a substance that has a critical angle of 68.4° when submerged in water? What is the substance, based onTable 25.1? (b) What would the critical angle be for this substance in air? (OpenStax25.25) Fluorite, 𝟒𝟒. 𝟐°
8. A ray of light, emitted beneath the surface of an unknown liquid with air above it,undergoes total internal reflection as shown in Figure 1. What is the index of refractionfor the liquid and its likely identification? (OpenStax 25.26) 1.50, Benzene
9. (a) What is the ratio of the speed of red light to violet light in diamond, based on Table25.2? (b) What is this ratio in polystyrene? (c) Which is more dispersive? (OpenStax25.28) 1.020, 1.012, diamond
10. A beam of white light goes from air into water at an incident angle of 75.0°. At whatangles are the red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) parts of the light refracted? (OpenStax
25.29) 𝟒𝟔. 𝟓°, 𝟒𝟔. 𝟎°
11. By how much do the critical angles for red (660 nm) and violet (410 nm) light differ in a diamond surrounded by air?(OpenStax 25.30) 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏°
Figure 1
Physics 11 - Light and Optics Day 4 Image Formation by Mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
Concave: bends ______________
Convex: bends ______________
______________are always ___________________ to the
surface and pass through the ______________ of
curvature, C.
o Law of Reflection says that the ______________ to the ______________ is the
same for the ______________ and ______________ rays
Principal axis: imaginary line through _________ and the ____________ of the mirror.
Focal point (F): ______________ rays strike the mirror and ______________ at the focal
point.
Focal length (f): distance between ______________ and ______________
Concave mirrors: 𝑓 =1
2𝑅
Convex mirrors: 𝑓 = −1
2𝑅
Spherical aberration
Rays ________ from the principle axis actually cross between ______ and the __________.
Fix this by using a ______________ mirror.
Ray Diagrams
Concave Mirror
Ray 1 – ______________ to principal axis, strikes mirror and reflects through ___________
Ray 2 – Through __________, strikes mirror and reflects ______________ to principal axis
Ray 3 – Through __________, strikes mirror and reflects back through ______________
Object beyond C
Image is ______________, ______________ and ______________, between ______________ and ______________
Object between C and F
Image ______________, ______________, and ______________, beyond ______________
C F Object
C F Object
Physics 11-06 Image Formation by Mirrors Name: _____________________________
Object between F and mirror
Image ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________ mirror
Convex Mirrors
Image ______________, ______________, ______________, ______________ mirror between F and ______________
Mirror Equation
1
𝑓=
1
𝑑𝑜+1
𝑑𝑖
Where f = focal length (negative if ______________), d0 = object distance, di = image distance (negative if ______________)
Magnification Equation
𝑚 =ℎ𝑖ℎ𝑜
= −𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑜
Where m = magnification, ho = object height, hi = image height (negative if ______________), do = object distance, di = image
distance (negative if ______________)
A 0.5-m high toddler is playing 10 m in front of a concave mirror with radius of curvature of 7 m.
What is the location of his image?
What is the height of his image?
A 0.5-m high toddler is playing 10 m in front of a convex mirror with radius of curvature of 7 m.
What is the location of his image?
What is the height of his image?
C F Object
C F Object
Physics 11-04 Image Formation by Mirrors Name: _____________________________
Homework
1. What are the differences between real and virtual images? How can you tell (by looking) whether an image formed by asingle lens or mirror is real or virtual?
2. Can you see a virtual image? Can you photograph one? Can one be projected onto a screen with additional lenses ormirrors? Explain your responses.
3. Is it necessary to project a real image onto a screen for it to exist?
4. Under what circumstances will an image be located at the focal point of a lens or mirror?
5. What is meant by a negative magnification? What is meant by a magnification that is less than 1 in magnitude?
6. What is the focal length of a makeup mirror that has a power of 1.50 D? (OpenStax 25.53) +0.667 m
7. Some telephoto cameras use a mirror rather than a lens. What radius of curvature mirror is needed to replace a 800 mmfocal length telephoto lens? (OpenStax 25.54) +1.60 m
8. (a) Calculate the focal length of the mirror formed by the shiny back of a spoon that has a 3.00 cm radius of curvature. (b)What is its power in diopters? (OpenStax 25.55) −𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m, -66.7 D
9. Electric room heaters use a concave mirror to reflect infrared (IR) radiation from hot coils. Note that IR follows the samelaw of reflection as visible light. Given that the mirror has a radius of curvature of 50.0 cm and produces an image of thecoils 3.00 m away from the mirror, what is the magnification of the heater element. Note that its large magnitude helpsspread out the reflected energy. (OpenStax 25.56) -11.0
10. What is the focal length of a makeup mirror that produces a magnification of 1.50 when a person’s face is 12.0 cm away?Solve with both a ray diagram and the mirror equation. (OpenStax 25.57) 0.360 m
11. A shopper standing 3.00 m from a convex security mirror sees his image with a magnification of 0.250. (a) Where is hisimage? (b) What is the focal length of the mirror? (c) What is its radius of curvature? (OpenStax 25.58) -0.750 m, -1.00 m,2.00 m
12. An object 1.50 cm high is held 3.00 cm from a person’s cornea, and its reflected image is measured to be 0.167 cm high. (a)What is the magnification? (b) Where is the image? (c) Find the radius of curvature of the convex mirror formed by thecornea. (Note that this technique is used by optometrists to measure the curvature of the cornea for contact lens fitting.The instrument used is called a keratometer, or curve measurer.) (OpenStax 25.59) +0.111, -0.334 cm, -0.752 cm
Physics 11 - Light and Optics Day 5 Image Formation by Lenses
Lenses
Lens - Made from ___________________ material,
usually with a ______________ edge.
Converging Lens – ______________ middle,
______________ edge (______________)
Diverging Lens – ______________ middle, ______________ edge (______________)
Power of lens
o 𝑃 =1
𝑓
o Unit: ______________ (D)
Ray Diagrams
Converging Lenses
Ray 1 – ______________ to principal ______________, bends through ______________
Ray 2 – Through ______________, bends ______________ to principal axis
Ray 3 – Goes through ______________ of lens, does ______________ bend
Object beyond 2F (case 1)
Image ______________, ______________, ______________, between ______________ and ______________
Object between F and 2F (case 2)
Image ______________, ______________, ______________, beyond ______________
Object between F and lens (case 3)
Image ______________, ______________, between ______________ and ______________ on side with ______________
2F F Object F 2F
2F F Object F 2F
2F F Object
F 2F
Physics 11-05 Image Formation by Lenses Name: ____________________________
Diverging Lens
Ray 1 now bends ______________ from axis so that it looks like it came ______________ F
Ray 2 starts by aiming at ______________ F
Ray 3 same as ______________
Image ______________, ______________, ______________, between ______________ and ______________
Thin-lens equation
1
𝑓=
1
𝑑𝑜+1
𝑑𝑖
Where f = focal length, do = object distance, and di = image distance
Converging Lens
o f ______________
o do ______________ if real (left side)
o di ______________ if real (right side)
Diverging Lens
o f ______________
o do ______________ if real (left side)
o di ______________ if virtual (left side)
Magnification equation
𝑚 =ℎ𝑖ℎ𝑜
= −𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑜
Lens Reasoning Strategy
1. Examine the situation to determine that ______________ formation by a lens is ______________.
2. Determine whether __________ tracing, the __________ lens equations, or __________ are to be employed. A sketch is very
______________ even if ray tracing is not specifically required by the problem. Write symbols and values on the sketch.
3. Identify exactly what needs to be _________________ in the problem (identify the ________________).
4. Make a list of what is ______________ or can be ______________ from the problem as stated (identify the ______________). It is
helpful to determine whether the situation involves a case ______________, ______________, or ______________ image. While
these are just names for types of images, they have certain characteristics that can be of great use in solving problems.
5. If ray tracing is ______________, use the ray tracing ______________ listed near the beginning of this section.
6. Most __________________ problems require the use of the ______________ lens equations.
7. Check to see if the answer is _________________: Does it make ______________? If you have identified the type of image (case
1, 2, or 3), you should assess whether your answer is ________________ with the type of image, magnification, and so on.
A child is playing with a pair of glasses with diverging lenses. The focal length is 20 cm from the lens and his eye is 5 cm from
the lens. A parent looks at the child’s eye in the lens. If the eye is the object, where is the image located?
If his eye is really 3 cm across, how big does it appear?
2F F Object F 2F
Physics 11-05 Image Formation by Lenses Name: ____________________________
Homework
1. When you focus a camera, you adjust the distance of the lens from the film. If the camera lens acts like a thin lens, why canit not be a fixed distance from the film for both near and distant objects?
2. A thin lens has two focal points, one on either side, at equal distances from its center, and should behave the same for lightentering from either side. Look through your eyeglasses (or those of a friend) backward and forward and comment onwhether they are thin lenses.
3. Will the focal length of a lens change when it is submerged in water? Explain.
4. Your camera’s zoom lens has an adjustable focal length ranging from 80.0 to 200 mm. What is its range of powers?(OpenStax 25.37) 12.5 D, 5.00 D
5. What is the focal length of 1.75 D reading glasses found on the rack in a pharmacy? (OpenStax 25.38) 57.1 cm
6. How far from the lens must the film in a camera be, if the lens has a 35.0 mm focal length and is being used to photographa flower 75.0 cm away? Solve using both a ray diagram and the thin lens equation. (OpenStax 25.40) 36.7 mm
7. A certain slide projector has a 100 mm focal length lens. (a) How far away is the screen, if a slide is placed 103 mm fromthe lens and produces a sharp image? (b) If the slide is 24.0 by 36.0 mm, what are the dimensions of the image? (OpenStax25.41) 3.43 m, 80.0 cm × 120 cm
8. A doctor examines a mole with a 15.0 cm focal length magnifying glass held 13.5 cm from the mole (a) Where is the image?(b) What is its magnification? (c) How big is the image of a 5.00 mm diameter mole? (OpenStax 25.42) -1.35 m, +10.0,50.0 mm
9. A camera lens used for taking close-up photographs has a focal length of 22.0 mm. The farthest it can be placed from thefilm is 33.0 mm. (a) What is the closest object that can be photographed? (b) What is the magnification of this closestobject? (OpenStax 25.45) 6.60 cm, -0.5
10. Suppose your 50.0 mm focal length camera lens is 51.0 mm away from the film in the camera. (a) How far away is anobject that is in focus? (b) What is the height of the object if its image is 2.00 cm high? (OpenStax 25.46) 2.55 m, 1.00 m
11. (a) What is the focal length of a magnifying glass that produces a magnification of 3.00 when held 5.00 cm from an object,such as a rare coin? (b) Calculate the power of the magnifier in diopters. (c) Discuss how this power compares to those forstore-bought reading glasses (typically 1.0 to 4.0 D). Is the magnifier’s power greater, and should it be? (OpenStax 25.47)7.50 cm, 13.3 D, lots stronger
12. (a) Where is the image that will be produced by a lens of power –4.00 D (such as might be used to correct myopia) if anobject is held 25.0 cm away? Solve by using both a ray diagram and the thin lens equation. (b) What is themagnification?(OpenStax 25.48) -12.5 cm, +0.500