Upstr_unit4

8/3/2019 Upstr_unit4

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Unit 4 “Upstream” Advanced

A modicum of sth – a small amount of sth, especially a good qualityA pillar of community – someone who is important and respected within a group

Absolve – to state officially that someone is free of any blame or responsibility in a particular matter Access to sth – the right or opportunity to have or use sth that will bring you benefits

Alert – to warn; to tell someone in authority about a danger or problem so that they can take action to dealwith it (inform)Alleged – claimed to be true, even though this has not been provedAnticipate – to think that sth will probably happen; guess that sth will happen and be ready to deal with it

Acquit – to state officially that someone is not guilty of the crime they were accused of Articulate – able to express your thoughts and arguments clearly and effectively

At the rear – in a part of a place or thing that is at the back Assassination – the murder of a famous or important person especially for political reasons

Assault – a physical attack on someone or the crime of physically attacking someoneAssignment – work that you must do as part of a course of study or as part of your jobAssimilation – the process of becoming part of a community or cultureAttempted murder – killing that sb tries to do but does not succeed in doing

Baffling – sth you cannot understand

Bail – money that is given to a court when someone is allowed to stay out of prison until their trialBarrister – a lawyer in England and Wales who is allowed to speak in the higher law courtsBeneficial – sth that has a good effect or influence on someone or sth

Blithely – in a way that does not consider the real problems or possible disadvantages of sth; happily,

especially because you do not realize that sth is wrongBoom – to flourishBrandish – to wave a weapon or other object around in your hand so that other people can see it

Brawler – a person who fights in a noisy way, especially in a public placeBridge the gap – to reduce the differences that separate two things or groups

Capital punishment – death penaltyCharge sb with sth – accuse someone officially of committing a crime

Civil liberties – the basic rights that all citizens have to do or say what they want, as long as they do not

break the law or affect other people’s rightsClaim – statement without proof; say sth is true: right to sthClerical – connected with the ordinary work that people do in officesConfer – to discuss sth with other people in order to reach a decisionCongestion – a situation in which a place is crowded with people or vehicles

Contempt of court – a failure to show appropriate respect for courtCommunity service – work that someone does as a punishment instead of going to prison

Compatible – ideas or systems that can exist together; likely to have good relations because of being similar Creed – a set of religious beliefs

Crook – someone who is dishonest, especially someone who uses their position of power for their personal

advantageCross reference – a note in a book that tells you to look tat another page for more informationCulprit – someone who is responsible for doing sth bad or illegal

Delinquent – someone, especially a young person, who behaves in a way that is criminal or antisocialDeportation – sending someone out of a country, usually because they do not have a legal right to be there

Deputy head – someone whose job is the second most important in a department or organisationDetain – to keep someone in a police station or prison and not allow them to leave

Deter – to make someone decide not to do sthDigit – one of the written numbers from 0 to 9Discharge – a situation in which someone who has been accused of a crime is judged to be not guilty and

officially allowed to leave prison or a court of law

Dismiss – to refuse to accept that sth might be true or important; a judge officially decides that the case

should not continue, to officially tell people that they can leave a place

Displace – to force someone to leave their own country and live someone else



Diversity – the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or placeDomestic violence – violence that takes place in the home between family members, especially adults

Donation – money or goods that you give to an organization especially one that helps peopleDo sth against one’s better judgment – do sth even though you are not sure that it is a good idea

Eliminate – to get rid of sth that is not wanted or needed, to remove someone from a competitionEmbezzlement – stealing money from a company where you work

Eminently– very or very muchEncapsulate – to express something in a short clear form that gives the most important facts or ideas

Exceed – to be greater than a number or amountFaulty – not working correctly or made correctly

Felony – serious crime such as murder or robberyFile – to take official action, for example to make an official complaint

Fiscal year – financial year Foot the bill – pay for sth that is expensive or that someone else should be paying

Foster parents – the people who look after a child in their home for a period of timeFraud - gaining money through dishonest meansFringe – the outer edge of sth (on the fringes of society); people or activities that are considered strange or

extremeGauge traffic speed – to measure speed using a piece of equipmentGenocide – the murder of large numbers of people belonging to a particular race

Heritage – the art, buildings, traditions and beliefs that a society considers important to its history andculture

Hold in custody – keep someone in prison until they go to court for trialHomicide – the crime of killing someone

Idiosyncratic – unusual or strange and not shared by other peopleImminent – likely or certain to happen very soonImpartial – not connected to or influenced by one particular person or groupImplement – to make sth such as an idea, plan or law start to work and be used (carry out)

Inadequacy – the failure to be of the quantity or quality needed for a particular purposeIncentive – sth that makes you want to do sth or to work harder, because you know that you will benefit by

doing thisInmate – someone who is kept in a prison, mental hospital or other institution

Intelligence – information collected about the secret plans and activities of a foreign government, enemy,

etc.; a government organization that collects such informationIn the interim – during the time between one thing happening and another, or while waiting for sth

permanent of final to become available

Indigenous people – people who lived in a place for a very long time before other people came to liveIntegrity - the quality of always behaving according to the moral principles that you believe in so that

people respect and trust you; the quality of being complete and whole without any missing parts; the qualityof being in a good condition without any damage or mistakes

Invariably – always or almost alwaysInvasion of privacy – an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life,

especially illegallyInvasive – intrusive; annoying because of being too close, too noisy, or too involved in people’s personal

lifeIssue – a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics, etc

Jaywalking – crossing the street in a wrong placeJuror – one of a jury

Juvenile delinquency – crimes committed by young peopleKeep tabs on sb – to watch someone carefully to see what they do or watch sth carefully

Kidnapping – holding sb against their will in order to gain sthLegislation – a law or a set of lawsLenient punishment – less severe punishment than it could beLiability – legal responsibility for causing damage or injury, or for paying sth; someone or sth that causes

problems to someone; (usually plural) the amount of money that a company owesLibel – publishing lies about someone



Littering – leaving rubbish in a public placeLoitering with intent – remaining in a public place without an obvious reason

Make a killing – to make a lot of money very quicklyMandatory – ordered by a law or a rule

Manslaughter – unintentionally causing someone’s deathMisdemeanour – an action that is bad or wrong but not in a serious way; a crime that is not serious (US)

Mitigation– a reduction in the harmful effects of sth; things that are said in the court of law to explain whysomeone committed a crime so that it seems less bad

Monitor – to regularly check sth or watch someone in order to find out what is happeningMoot – to suggest sth as a subject for discussion

Mortality – the number of deaths within a particular area; the fact that your life will endMotion – a formal proposal that people discuss and then vote on in a meeting or debate

Mugging – robbing someone in the streetNet income – the total amount of money after taxes or costs have been removed

Nick – to steal sth, to pinchOption – sth that you can choose in a particular situationOut-of-court settlement – an agreement between the people involved in a legal argument that an amount

of money will be paid without the case being decided officially in a law courtOverwhelmingly – used for emphasizing the amount of strength of sth; largelyPerjury – the crime of lying when you give evidence in a court of law

Perpetrate – to do sth that is harmful, illegal or dishonestPersistent – continuing to do sth in a determined way; continuing to exist

Persuasion – a set of political or religious beliefsPlead guilty or innocent – to say in a court of law whether you are guilty of a crime or not

Plight – sad, serious or difficult situation

Precision – accuracy; the quality of being accurate and exactPresumption of innocence – the belief that a person is innocent until proved guiltyProbation – a system by which someone who has committed a crime is not sent to prison but has to agree

not to break the law again and let a probation officer check their behaviour for a specific period of timePromote – to support or encourage sth; to attract people’s attention to a product or event by advertising

Prosecutor – a lawyer whose job is to prove in court that someone accused of a crime is guiltyProven track record – shown to be true, real or effective

Prompt action – immediate or quick action

Proverbial – well known or typicalRaise money – collect money for a particular purposeReckless - not thinking about the possible bad effects of your actions

Reckless driving – in the US, the crime of driving a vehicle in the way that is likely to hurt or kill peopleRelevant – important and directly connected to what is being discussed or considered

Remand – to tell someone who has committed a crime to return to court for trial on a particular dayRetain – to keep someone or sth; to remember ideas or information

Revocation – officially saying that sth is no longer legal, for example a law or a documentRiot – violent protest by a crowd of peopleRoad hog – someone who drives in a dangerous way, often making it difficult for other cars to passRule – to make and announce a decision, usually about a legal matter Scuffle – to have a short fight that is not very violentSentence – a punishment given by a judge, usually involving a period of time in prison

Slander – publicly lying about sbSolicitor – in the UK, a lawyer who gives legal advice, writes legal contracts and represents people in the

lower courts of lawSpokesperson – someone whose job is to officially represent am organisation, e.g. in dealing with

journalistsSquat building – wide and not very tall or high buildingStaggering – extremely surprisingStay put – to remain in one place or position

Stigmatize – to treat a particular type of behaviour as wrong or embarrassing and to try to make people

who behave in this way feel ashamed



Stray – a pet that is lost or has left its homeSubmit – to formally give sth to someone so that they can make a decision about it

Suborn – to persuade someone to lie in a court of law, or do sth else that is illegalSubstantial – large in amount and degree; considerable

Sufficient – enough; as much as is neededSurveillance – the process of carefully watching a person or place that may be involved in a criminal

activitySuspended sentence – time that someone will have to spend in prison only if they commit another crime

within a fixed periodSustain – to support or prove an idea, theory, statement, etc; give someone strength, energy or hope

The car stalls – the car suddenly stops working because not enough power is reaching the engineTight budget – a small amount of money

The dock – the part of a court of law where the person who is accused of a crime stands or sitsTo pose objections – to express your disagreement with sth

To subject sb to sth – to make someone experience sth unpleasantTrafficking - the business of buying and selling things such as weapons and drugs illegallyTrespassing – illegally entering somebody’s propertyTrouble spot – a place where there is often trouble, especially a country or region where fighting between

opposing groups often happensTruncheon – a short thick stick carried by a police officer as a weapon

Unprecedented – never having happened or existed before; the greatest in size, degree, etc. that has ever been known

Urgent – very important and needing to be dealt with immediatelyUsher – to lead someone politely somewhere, e.g. into a room or towards a seat

Valid – reasonable and generally acceptedVandalism – destruction of public propertyVerdict – an official statement made in court (whether someone is guilty or not)Violation – an action that is in opposition to a law, agreement, principle, etc

Voice – to express your opinions or feelings about sth, especially negative feelingsWholeheartedly – enthusiastically and completely

Woman in labour – the woman who is in the process of giving birth to a child

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Upstr_unit4