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Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline and Romet-30 R in the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). By Trevor 0. Jones B.Sc, University of Victoria, 1986 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Animal Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1990 fj) Trevor Owen Jones, August 20, 1990

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Page 1: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n o f t h e A n t i b i o t i c s ,

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 R

i n t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) .

By

T r e v o r 0 . J o n e s

B . S c , U n i v e r s i t y o f V i c t o r i a , 1986

A T H E S I S SUBMITTED I N P A R T I A L F U L F I L L M E N T OF

T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR T H E DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF S C I E N C E

i n

T H E F A C U L T Y OF GRADUATE S T U D I E S

( D e p a r t m e n t o f A n i m a l S c i e n c e )

We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s a s c o n f o r m i n g

t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d

THE U N I V E R S I T Y OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA

A u g u s t 1990

fj) T r e v o r Owen J o n e s , A u g u s t 2 0 , 1990

Page 2: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced

degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it

freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive

copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my

department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or

publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written

permission.

Department

The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada

DE-6 (2/88)

Page 3: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

i i

A b s t r a c t

U s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y f o r

t h e c o n t r o l o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i n s a l m o n h a s l e d t o

p u b l i c c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n s a l m o n

t i s s u e a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h r i s k t h i s p o s e s t o h u m a n s .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a r e two common a n t i b a c t e r i a l

a g e n t s u t i l i z e d t o c o n t r o l d i s e a s e i n t h e l o c a l f i n f i s h

a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , C a n a d a . Many f i s h

f a r m s i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a a r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y

t o e x i s t i n g s h e l l f i s h s t o c k s . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r a n t i b i o t i c

b i o c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l r e s i s t a n c e

t o t h e d r u g s i n b i v a l v e s i s a c o n c e r n . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a

s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e s e two d r u g s f r o m

P a c i f i c o y s t e r s , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s was a c c o m p l i s h e d .

A n a l y s i s o f w h o l e o y s t e r s v i a H P L C r e v e a l e d d e t e c t a b l e

l e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 up t o 4 weeks a f t e r

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m s i t e . O y s t e r s

s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n n e t p e n s a n d s u r r o u n d i n g w a t e r s w e r e

s a m p l e d o v e r a 5 m o n t h p e r i o d . C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e r e s i d u e s i n o y s t e r t i s s u e r e a c h e d a maximum

o f 0 . 1 1 ppm ( n = 2 ) . L e v e l s o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e i n o y s t e r

t i s s u e r e a c h e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

Maximum d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f o r m e t o p r i m i n o y s t e r s

w e r e 0 . 2 6 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

A c o n t r o l l e d s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t i n g u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n

o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r

r e v e a l e d r e s u l t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e s a l m o n

Page 4: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

i i i

f a r m . A f l o w t h r o u g h d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m f o r t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r was u t i l i z e d o v e r a t e n d a y u p t a k e a n d t h i r t y d a y

d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d . L e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n w h o l e a n i m a l

t i s s u e i n c r e a s e d i n a l i n e a r f a s h i o n ( r 2 = 0 . 9 8 4 ) o v e r t h e

u p t a k e p e r i o d . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d r u g was

b i o a c c u m u l a t e d i n t h e o y s t e r r e a c h i n g a maximum

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 0 . 7 2 — 2 . 4 s . e . ppm (n= 3) o n d a y 10 o f

u p t a k e . D e p u r a t i o n o f t h e d r u g was r a p i d . A f t e r t h i r t e e n

d a y s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 0 . 2 1 — 0 . 0 4 s . e . ppm (n=7) was

d e t e c t e d . T h e d e t e c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e u p t a k e a n d

d e p u r a t i o n i n t h e o y s t e r was more e r r a t i c . Day 7 o f u p t a k e

r e v e a l e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t o p r i m o f 1 .092 — 0 . 2 4 s . e . ppm (n=7) a n d 0 . 2 1 ppm (n=3)

r e s p e c t i v e l y . D e p u r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 was r a p i d . T h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e c r e a s e d t o 0 . 0 2 9 ppm (n=3) b y d a y 1 3 .

C o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s o f o y s t e r s s a m p l e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r

a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t i n d i c a t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) i n c o n d i t i o n i n d e x a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h m e d i c a t e d

f e e d .

A q u a n t i t a t i v e s u r v e y o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e

g u t o f t h e o y s t e r was p e r f o r m e d . R e l a t i v e n u m b e r s o f

e n d o g e n o u s b a c t e r i a w e r e c o m p a r e d t o o y s t e r s b e f o r e a n d

a f t e r a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t . Numbers o f b a c t e r i a

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d (p< 0 . 0 5 ) f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t .

Page 5: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

i v

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

A b s t r a c t i i

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s i v

L i s t o f T a b l e s v i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s v i i

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s i x

G e n e r a l I n t r o d u c t i o n 1

C h a p t e r 1

T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f E x t r a c t i o n M e t h o d s f o r O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r a n d t h e D e t e c t i o n o f

A n t i b i o t i c R e s i d u e s i n P a c i f i c O y s t e r s S u s p e n d e d i n

S a l m o n N e t - C a g e s T h r o u g h H P L C 5

I n t r o d u c t i o n 5

M e t h o d s 7

R e s u l t s 15

D i s c u s s i o n 24

C h a p t e r 2

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n i n

t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r 29

I n t r o d u c t i o n 29

M e t h o d s 30

R e s u l t s 36

D i s c u s s i o n 48

Page 6: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

G e n e r a l C o n c l u s i o n s

B i b l i o g r a p h y

A p p e n d i c e s

Page 7: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

L i s t o f T a b l e s

v i

L i s t o f T a b l e s

1. T a b l e 1. A b s o l u t e r e c o v e r i e s o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ,

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d O r m e t o p r i m i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( U B C ) . E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a s i n g l e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h s a m p l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n 16

2 . T a b l e 2 . A b s o l u t e r e c o v e r i e s o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ,

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d O r m e t o p r i m i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( S Y N D E L ) . E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s a s i n g l e

d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h s a m p l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n 3 7

3 . T a b l e 3 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i z a t i o n o n

s e v e r a l m e d i a a s d e t e r m i n e d b y mean p r o b a b l e n u m b e r ( M P N ) .

E a c h v a l u e r e p r e s e n t s t h e mean o f 6 i n d i v i d u a l

o y s t e r s 46

Page 8: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

v i i

L i s t o f F i g u r e s

1 . F i g u r e 1 . L o c a t i o n o f s a l m o n f a r m s t u d y s i t e , J e r v i s

I n l e t , B . C 12

2 . F i g u r e 2 . D e t a i l o f s t u d y s i t e , i n d i c a t i n g p o s i t i o n o f

l a n t e r n n e t s i n r e f e r e n c e t o n e t - p e n s 13

3 . F i g u r e 3 . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h d a t a p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d r u g

( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 8 ) 17

4 . F i g u r e 4 . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i n

t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h d a t a p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a

s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a t e a c h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d r u g

(SDM, r 2 = 0 . 9 9 0 ; OMP, r 2 = 0 . 9 9 2 ) 18

5 . F i g u r e 5 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t

2 . 0 ppm 19

6 . F i g u r e 6 . D e t e c t i o n o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n

t h e P a c i f i c O y s t e r s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n f a r m .

C o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e t h e mean o f 2 o y s t e r s f r o m e a c h

s a m p l i n g p e r i o d 20

Page 9: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

7 . F i g u r e 7 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a n d OMP

a t 2 . 0 ppm 22

8 . F i g u r e 8 . D e t e c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c

O y s t e r s u s p e n d e d i n t h e s a l m o n f a r m . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s

a r e t h e mean o f 2 o y s t e r s a t e a c h s a m p l i n g p e r i o d 23

9 . F i g u r e 9 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t

2 . 0 ppm ( S y n d e l ) 38

1 0 . F i g u r e 1 0 . P l o t o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e u p t a k e v e r s u s

t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 39

1 1 . F i g u r e 1 1 . P l o t o f O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d e p u r a t i o n v e r s u s

t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 39

1 2 . F i g u r e 1 2 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h

SDM a t 2 . 0 ppm ( S y n d e l ) ? . 41

Page 10: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

i x

1 3 . F i g u r e 1 3 . P l o t o f R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM a n d OMP) u p t a k e

v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t

r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) ,

e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d b y a * , t h e n n=7 43

1 4 . F i g u r e 1 4 . P l o t o f R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM a n d OMP) d e p u r a t i o n

v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s

a p o o l e d s a m p l e o f 5 a n i m a l s ( n = 3 ) , e x c e p t w h e r e d e n o t e d

b y a * , t h e n n=7 43

1 5 . F i g u r e 1 5 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h

2 . 0 ppm o f OMP ( S y n d e l ) 44

1 6 . F i g u r e 1 6 . H i s t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n

i n d e x f o r p r e a n d p o s t a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t 47

Page 11: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

X

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

A . F l e t c h e r , D . S a x b y , T e c h n i c i a n s a t H a r d y S e a f a r m s ,

D e p a r t m e n t o f O c e a n o g r a p h y , U B C , * R . A o y a m a , * J . W a l i s s e r

a n d * D r . K . M c E r l a n e ( * F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

UBC) w e r e p a r a m o u n t t o t h e c o m p l e t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e

S a l m o n F a r m S t u d y .

T h e c o n t r o l l e d s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t i n g a n t i b i o t i c u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r was made p o s s i b l e b y a

c o n t r a c t a w a r d e d t o S y n d e l L a b o r a t o r i e s b y t h e B . C . M i n i s t r y

o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d F i s h e r i e s . A g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t i s

made o f t h e c o o p e r a t i v e w o r k d e m o n s t r a t e d b y M . L i t t l e

( S y n d e l ) a n d E . B l a c k ( B . C . M . A . F ) i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d

f r u i t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y . G . O h a r a ( S y n d e l ) was r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r a l l o f t h e R o m e t - 3 0 e x t r a c t i o n s f o r t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e

s t u d y , h e r e f f o r t was v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e d .

T h e s u p p o r t a n d c r e a t i v e e n e r g y p r o v i d e d b y t h e

s u p e r v i s i n g s c i e n t i s t , D r . G . K . Iwama was e s s e n t i a l t o t h i s

w o r k . T h e a s s i s t a n c e o f N . B e r n i e r a n d J . M c G e e r i s

t h o u g h t f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d . A g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t i s made

o f t h e s u p p o r t i v e g u i d a n c e p r o v i d e d b y t h e R e s e a r c h

C o m m i t t e e m e m b e r s . T o my f a m i l y , who a l w a y s p r o v i d e d me w i t h

a c o n s t a n t s e n s e o f h u m o u r , e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d a b o a t l o a d

f u l l o f p a t i e n c e . T h a n k y o u .

Page 12: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

1

G E N E R A L INTRODUCTION

T h e u s e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y f o r

t h e c o n t r o l o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s i n s a l m o n h a s l e d t o

p u b l i c c o n c e r n r e g a r d i n g a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n s a l m o n

t i s s u e a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h r i s k t h i s p o s e s t o

h u m a n s . Due t o t h e n a t u r e o f s a l m o n c u l t u r e i n B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a ( B . C . ) many o f t h e n e t p e n s y s t e m s a r e l o c a t e d

w i t h i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o e x i s t i n g s h e l l f i s h s t o c k s . A

common m e t h o d o f d r u g d e l i v e r y u t i l i z e d a t a s a l m o n f a r m

s i t e i s t h e u s e o f p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d . T h i s p r a c t i c e h a s b e e n

t h e f o c u s o f much a t t e n t i o n m a i n l y p r o m p t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t

t h e d e s t i n y o f many a n t h r o p o g e n i c s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e m a r i n e

e c o s y s t e m i s n o t w e l l u n d e r s t o o d . T h e p o t e n t i a l f o r

c h e m o t h e r a p e u t a n t s t o e v e n t u a l l y b i o a c c u m u l a t e i n s h e l l f i s h

i s t h e f o c u s i n t h i s s t u d y . I n r e c e n t s t u d i e s , l e v e l s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e w e r e d e t e c t e d i n t h e s e d i m e n t f o r u p t o

n i n e t y d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t a t a s a l m o n c u l t u r e s i t e

( S a m u e l s e n e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ; J a c o b s e n a n d B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 R a r e two a n t i b i o t i c s t h a t h a v e

b e e n a p p r o v e d f o r u s e i n t h e a q u a c u l t u r e i n d u s t r y i n B . C .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e h a s b e e n u s e d a s a n a n t i b a c t e r i a l a g e n t f o r

o v e r 25 y e a r s ( J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) , i t i s a w i d e s p e c t r u m

a n t i b i o t i c e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t b o t h g r a m p o s i t i v e a n d g r a m

n e g a t i v e b a c t e r i a . I t i s w a t e r s o l u b l e a n d i s q u i c k l y

d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e t i s s u e s a n d b o d i l y f l u i d s o f f i s h

when a d m i n i s t e r e d o r a l l y ( H e r w i g , 1 9 7 9 ) . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e h a s

b e e n u s e d i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f F u r u n c u l o s i s , V i b r i o s i s ,

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2

E n t e r i c r e d m o u t h d i s e a s e a n d C o l u m n a r i s d i s e a s e . R o m e t - 3 0 i s

a p o t e n t i a t e d s u l p h o n a m i d e c o n t a i n i n g s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t o p r i m i n a 5 :1 r a t i o . T h i s a n t i b i o t i c i s l i p i d s o l u b l e

a n d i s e f f e c t i v e a g a i n s t many b a c t e r i a l p a t h o g e n s o f w h i c h

a r e i n c l u d e d V i b r i o o r d a l i a n d V i b r i o a n g u i l l a r u m , t h e

c a u s a t i v e a g e n t s o f V i b r i o s i s , a d i s e a s e common t o f a r m e d

r a i s e d s a l m o n ( B r o w n a n d G r a t z e k , 1 9 8 0 ) .

T h e o b j e c t i v e i n t h i s s t u d y was t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t

o f a n t i b i o t i c a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r ,

C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) s u s p e n d e d i n a s a l m o n n e t p e n

s y s t e m a n d i n a c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 .

T o a c h i e v e t h i s , m o d i f i c a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g a n t i b i o t i c

e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d s f o r s a l m o n i d s w e r e n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e c t

d r u g r e s i d u e s i n w h o l e o y s t e r t i s s u e . A p a s t s t u d y f o c u s e d

o n t h e e f f e c t s o f i n t e n s i v e f i s h c u l t u r e o n o y s t e r

p e r f o r m a n c e ( J o n e s a n d Iwama, I n p r e s s ) . S a m p l e s c o l l e c t e d

d u r i n g t h a t s t u d y p e r i o d w e r e u t i l i z e d t o c o n f i r m t h e

s u c c e s s o f e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d h e r e . T h e d e t e c t i o n

o f a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s i n t h e s e o y s t e r s c o m p r i s e d t h e f i e l d

e x p e r i m e n t s f o r t h i s s t u d y .

V a r i o u s m e t h o d s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n f i s h

t i s s u e h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d . Two b i o a s s a y s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d

f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t r i m e t h o p r i m i n t h e t i s s u e s o f

t r o u t ( M c C a r t h y e t a l . , 1 9 7 4 ; M c C r a c k e n e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) .

M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l m e t h o d s o f t e n l a c k t h e s e n s i t i v i t y r e q u i r e d

t o q u a n t i f y a n t i b i o t i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n f i s h t i s s u e a n d a r e

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u s u a l l y n o n s p e c i f i c . T h e B r a t t o n - M a r s h a l l , ( B r a t t o n a n d

M a r s h a l l , 1939) c o l o u r i m e t r i c a s s a y h a s b e e n u s e d

e x t e n s i v e l y t o m e a s u r e s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e r e s i d u e l e v e l s i n

t h e b l o o d a n d t i s s u e s o f d i f f e r e n t t r o u t s p e c i e s ( H a r a a n d

I n o u e , 1 9 6 7 ; H a r a e t a l . , 1 9 6 7 ; S n i e s z k o a n d F r i d d l e , 1 9 5 1 ) .

C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d s o f f e r t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f s p e c i f i c i t y

a n d i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y o v e r many o t h e r a n a l y t i c a l

p r o c e d u r e s . T r i m e t h o p r i m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s k i n , m u s c l e a n d

b l o o d o f r a i n b o w t r o u t h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y

H P L C ( J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e

a l s o b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y H P L C u s i n g s o l i d p h a s e

e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i n r a i n b o w t r o u t a n d A t l a n t i c s a l m o n

( R o g s t a d e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ; J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . R o m e t - 3 0

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e r e c e n t l y b e e n m e a s u r e d i n P a c i f i c s a l m o n

b y H P L C u s i n g a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( W a l l i s e r

e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) . T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n a n y m e t h o d s

r e p o r t e d f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n o y s t e r t i s s u e

u s i n g H P L C . T h e t e c h n i q u e s p o r t i o n o f t h i s s t u d y a t t e m p t e d

t o d e v e l o p a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r O T C , SDM

a n d OMP f r o m w h o l e o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e m e t h o d s d e s c r i b e d h e r e

w e r e m o d i f i e d f r o m e x t r a c t i o n s s u c c e s s f u l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d

p e r f o r m e d o n s a l m o n t i s s u e .

I n s h e l l f i s h , i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e o f a r a n g e o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a n t s h a v e

p r i n c i p a l l y f o c u s e d o n t h e common m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s

( F o n g , 1 9 7 6 ; F o s s a t o a n d C a n z o n i e r , 1976 ; F r i e d r i c h a n d

F i l i c e , 1 9 7 6 ; S i m p s o n , 1 9 7 9 ) . U p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s f o r

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a v a r i e t y o f c h e m i c a l s i n f i n f i s h h a v e a l s o b e e n d e t e r m i n e d

( K e c k e t a l . f 1 9 8 4 ; S a l t e a n d L i e s t o l , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f a n t i b i o t i c c h e m i c a l s i n s h e l l f i s h h a v e

n o t b e e n p r e v i o u s l y d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e n e e d

f o r a c o n t r o l l e d d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e s t u d y f o r

s h e l l f i s h .

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Chapter 1:

The Development of Extrac t ion Methods for Oxytetracyc l ine

and Romet-30 i n the P a c i f i c Oyster and the Detection of

A n t i b i o t i c Residues i n P a c i f i c Oysters Suspended i n Salmon

Net-Cages Through HPLC.

Introduct ion

I t h a s b e e n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e s a l m o n f a r m i n g i n d u s t r y i n

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t o p e r i o d i c a l l y t r e a t f i s h w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s

t o c o n t r o l b a c t e r i a l d i s e a s e s . T h e u s e o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a s a n t i b a c t e r i a l a g e n t s i n f i n f i s h c u l t u r e h a v e

p r o v e n t o b e t h e m o s t w i d e l y i m p l e m e n t e d ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) . A

r e s u l t a n t e f f e c t o f w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f c h e m o t h e r a p e u t i c s i n

t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t h a s b e e n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f

r e s i s t a n c e s t r a i n s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e d i m e n t

a n d i n some i n s t a n c e s t h e g u t o f b i v a l v e s . S t r a i n s r e s i s t a n t

t o o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 h a v e b e e n i d e n t i f i e d f r o m

t h e s t o m a c h c o n t e n t s o f t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r ( K e l l y , 1 9 9 0 ) .

C o r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e u s e o f d r u g s a n d t h e f r e q u e n c y o f

r e s i s t a n t b a c t e r i a i s o l a t e d f r o m f i s h h a v e a l s o b e e n

r e p o r t e d ( A o k i e t a l . f 1 9 8 1 ; T a k a s h i m a e t a l . , 1 9 8 5 ) .

I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e n e g a t i v e s i d e e f f e c t s , t h e n e e d f o r

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a s i m p l e , r a p i d e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d f o r

a n t i b i o t i c s i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r s , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s , was

p r o p o s e d . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e b e e n

s u c c e s s f u l l y m e a s u r e d b y H P L C u s i n g s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n

t e c h n i q u e s i n r a i n b o w t r o u t a n d A t l a n t i c s a l m o n ( R o g s t a d e t

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a l . , 1988 ; J a c o b s e n , 1 9 8 9 ) . R o m e t - 3 0 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a v e

a l s o r e c e n t l y b e e n m e a s u r e d i n P a c i f i c s a l m o n b y H P L C u s i n g

a s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) .

T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e n o t b e e n a n y m e t h o d s r e p o r t e d f o r t h e

a n a l y s i s o f R o m e t - 3 0 a n d o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n o y s t e r t i s s u e

u s i n g H P L C . A l i m i t e d number o f o y s t e r s p r e v i o u s l y s u s p e n d e d

i n a s a l m o n f a r m n e t - p e n ( J o n e s a n d Iwama, 1990) w e r e

o b t a i n e d . T r e a t m e n t w i t h a n t i b i o t i c s h a d o c c u r r e d a t t h e

f a r m s i t e a n d t h e t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e h a d b e e n r e c o r d e d .

T h e s e s a m p l e s a l l o w e d f o r s u c c e s s f u l c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h e

d e v e l o p e d e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s .

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M e t h o d s a n d M a t e r i a l s

S o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

a n d R o m e t - 3 0 w e r e m o d i f i e d f r o m e x i s t i n g m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d

f o r s a l m o n i d s i n t h e F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

U . B . C . ( W a l i s s e r e t a l . 1990)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was o b t a i n e d f r o m H o f f m a n n - L a R o c h e

L t d . T h e e q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a Beckman s y s t e m w h i c h

i n c l u d e d : H P L C pump, m o d e l 110A s o l v e n t m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; a

m o d e l 160 d e t e c t o r ; a m o d e l 210 s a m p l e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e

e q u i p p e d w i t h a 20 u L l o o p . U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t

365 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e c o n s i s t e d o f 0 . 0 2 M

N a 2 H P 0 4 pH 2 . 2 5 a n d 25% MeOH. T h e H P L C c o l u m n was a 250 mm x

4 . 6 mm I . D . U l t r a s p h e r e I o n - P a i r 5 urn c o l u m n . F i l t r a t i o n o f

t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o u s e was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t

c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 urn membrane

f i l t e r s . P e a k i n t e g r a t i o n s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d m a n u a l l y .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e

a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d t o w e l l d r i e d . W h o l e

a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d i n a b l e n d e r a n d a 5 . 0 g

s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o e a c h 5 . 0 g s a m p l e

w e r e a d d e d 1 5 . 0 mL p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a n d 1 .0 mL 50% T C A

( t r i c h l o r o a c e t i c a c i d ) . E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a

5 0 . 0 mL p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e t u b e f o r t h i r t y s e c o n d s a t medium

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s p e e d u s i n g a B r i n k r a a n P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l PT 1 0 / 3 5 .

T h e s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d f o r t w e n t y f i v e m i n u t e s a t 7800

g a n d 4 . 0 ° C ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d

t o a 5 0 . 0 mL t u b e , a n d a n o t h e r 1 5 . 0 mL p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r a n d

1 .0 mL T C A a d d e d t o t h e r e m a i n i n g r e s i d u e . T h e s a m p l e was

h o m o g e n i z e d a n d c e n t r i f u g e d a g a i n u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s ,

t h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d a n d c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e f i r s t

a l i q u o t . T h e c o m b i n e d e x t r a c t s w e r e t h e n p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n

a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8 c a r t r i d g e . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k

c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y

p a s s i n g 5 . 0 mL o f m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d by 5 . 0 mL o f w a t e r . 7 . 0

mL o f m e t h a n o l was u s e d t o e l u t e t h e C-*- 8 c o l u m n a n d t h e

e l u a t e s c o l l e c t e d . T h e e l u a t e s w e r e e v a p o r a t e d u n d e r

n i t r o g e n i n a 4 0 . 0 ° C w a t e r b a t h . T h e r e s i d u e was

r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n 1 .0 mL o f m e t h a n o l .

Romet 30 (SDM & OMP)

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM) a n d o r m e t o p r i m (OMP) w e r e o b t a i n e d

f r o m H o f f m a n - L a R o c h e L t d . E q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a Beckman

s y s t e m w h i c h i n c l u d e d : H P L C pump, m o d e l 110A s o l v e n t

m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; a m o d e l 210 s a m p l e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e e q u i p p e d

w i t h a 20 u l l o o p , a H i t a c h i M o d e l 155 v a r i a b l e w a v e l e n g t h

d e t e c t o r w i t h a S h i m a d z u C - R I A C h r o m a t o p a c d a t a p r o c e s s o r .

U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 280 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s .

T h e H P L C c o l u m n was a 250 mm x 4 . 6 mm I . D . U l t r a s p h e r e I o n -

P a i r 5 um c o l u m n . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e , a c e t o n i t r i l e / m e t h a n o l /

0 . 1 M p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r , pH 4 . 0 , was d e l i v e r e d i s o c r a t i c a l l y

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a t 1 . 0 l a L / m i n . F i l t r a t i o n o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o u s e

was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P

V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 urn membrane f i l t e r s .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

T h i s p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n m o d i f i e d f r o m W a l i s s e r e t a l .

( 1 9 9 0 ) . I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t r o o m

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d t o w e l l

d r i e d . W h o l e a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d up i n a b l e n d e r a n d

a 5 . 0 g s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o e a c h 5 . 0 g

s a m p l e w e r e a d d e d 1 5 . 0 mL a c e t o n i t r i l e a n d 0 . 5 mL 50% T C A .

E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a 50 mL p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e

t u b e f o r 30 s e c o n d s a t medium s p e e d u s i n g a B r i n k m a n

P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l PT 1 0 / 3 5 . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e

c e n t r i f u g e d ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) f o r 25 m i n u t e s a t 7800 g a n d 4 . 0

° C . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o a 5 0 . 0 mL t u b e , a n d

e v a p o r a t e d u n d e r n i t r o g e n i n a 4 0 . 0 ° C w a t e r b a t h . T h e

r e s i d u e was r e c o n s t i t u t e d i n 5 . 0 mL o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a n d

v o r t e x - m i x e d f o r 30 s e c o n d s . T h e e x t r a c t s w e r e p a s s e d

d i r e c t l y i n t o a 5 . 0 mL L u e r - l o k M u l t i f i t B - D g l a s s s y r i n g e

w i t h a n a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8 c a r t r i d g e ( W a t e r s A s s o c i a t e s )

a t t a c h e d . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o

l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p a s s i n g 5 . 0 mL o f

m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y 5 . 0 mL o f w a t e r . T h e e x t r a c t s w e r e t h e n

p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e a n d t h e e l u e n t was

d i s c a r d e d . SDM a n d OMP w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y e l u t e d f r o m t h e

c a r t r i d g e i n t o a 1 5 . 0 mL c u l t u r e t u b e w i t h 5 . 0 mL o f

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10

m e t h a n o l . S a m p l e s w e r e d r i e d u n d e r n i t r o g e n i n a w a t e r b a t h

a t 40 ° C a n d s t o r e d a t - 2 0 ° C u n t i l r e q u i r e d f o r a n a l y s i s .

J u s t p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s e a c h s a m p l e was r e c o n s t i t u t e d w i t h

1 .0 mL o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e a n d v o r t e x m i x e d f o r t h i r t y

s e c o n d s . A 2 0 . 0 u L a l i q u o t was i n j e c t e d o n t o t h e H P L C

c o l u m n . T h e i n j e c t i o n v a l v e was f l u s h e d w i t h 1 . 0 mL m o b i l e

p h a s e b e t w e e n e a c h a n a l y s i s .

C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

A c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e was p r e p a r e d f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e

s a m p l e s (5g) s p i k e d w i t h 1 .0 mL o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e SDM/OMP,

OTC s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s t o g i v e f i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0 . 2 ,

0 . 4 , 0 . 5 , 0 . 7 , 1 . 0 , 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 a n d 1 0 . 0 u g / g o f t i s s u e f o r

Romet a n d 0 . 2 5 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 5 , 2 . 5 a n d 5 . 0 u g / g o f t i s s u e f o r

O T C . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s w e r e p l o t t e d .

T h e r e c o v e r y o f R o m e t - 3 0 a n d OTC f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e was

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f 1 . 0 m l o f e a c h o f t h e p r e p a r e d

s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g 1 . 2 5 , 2 . 5 , 5 . 0 , 1 0 . 0 , 2 5 . 0 u g

o f d r u g t o 5 . 0 g s a m p l e s o f c o n t r o l o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e

s a m p l e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d a n d a n a l y z e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e .

R e c o v e r y was d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a r e a o f O T C , SDM

a n d OMP f o r e x t r a c t e d t i s s u e s a m p l e s a n d c o m p a r i n g t h e s e t o

t h e a r e a s o b t a i n e d f r o m u n e x t r a c t e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o f

i d e n t i c a l q u a n t i t i e s .

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11

F i e l d S t u d y

S a m p l e s o f o y s t e r s u t i l i z e d i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e

a n t i b i o t i c a s s a y s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m a p r e v i o u s s t u d y o n t h e

e f f e c t s o f i n t e n s i v e f i s h f a r m i n g o n o y s t e r p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h i s s t u d y was p e r f o r m e d i n J e r v i s I n l e t , B . C . s i t u a t e d 110

Km. N . W . o f V a n c o u v e r ( F i g . 1 ) . T h e r e w e r e two a r e a s o f

s t u d y ; t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a a n d t h e c o n t r o l a r e a ( F i g . 2 ) .

I n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a r e a , 3 s t a t i o n s w e r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e

n e t c a g e s a n d 1 s t a t i o n was l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e n e t

c a g e s . Two f u r t h e r s t a t i o n s w e r e s i t u a t e d 200m f r o m t h e p e n

s y s t e m a n d a n o t h e r a t 500m. T h e c o n t r o l a r e a c o n s i s t e d o f 2

c o m m e r c i a l o f f b o t t o m o y s t e r o p e r a t i o n s . One c o n t r o l

s t a t i o n , 6 k i l o m e t r e s e a s t o f t h e s a l m o n f a r m , was a n

e s t a b l i s h e d o y s t e r l e a s e w i t h e x i s t i n g b a s e l i n e g r o w t h d a t a .

T h e o t h e r c o n t r o l , 4 k i l o m e t r e s s o u t h e a s t o f t h e f a r m was a

n e w l y e s t a b l i s h e d o p e r a t i o n w h e r e p e r f o r m a n c e was u n k n o w n .

L a n t e r n n e t s w e r e s t o c k e d w i t h 2 0 - 1 y e a r o l d o y s t e r s a n d

s u s p e n d e d t o a d e p t h o f 2 m. S a m p l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d e v e r y

two weeks o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f f i v e m o n t h s b e g i n n i n g i n

J u n e , 1 9 8 9 .

T h e a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e a t t h e f a r m s i t e was

r e c o r d e d . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was a d m i n i s t e r e d f o r a p e r i o d o f

t e n d a y s c o m m e n c i n g o n 0 6 / 0 7 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g o n 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 .

R o m e t - 3 0 was a d m i n i s t e r e d i n a p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d f o r t e n

d a y s c o m m e n c i n g o n 2 0 / 0 6 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g o n 3 0 / 0 6 / 8 9 . O y s t e r s

w e r e s a m p l e d a t b o t h t h e c o n t r o l a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t e s

e v e r y f o u r t e e n d a y s c o m m e n c i n g 0 1 / 0 7 / 8 9 a n d e n d i n g 1 5 / 0 9 / 8 9 .

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F i g u r e 1 . L o c a t i o n o f s a l m o n f a r m s t u d y s i t e , J e r v i s I n l e t ,

B . C .

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13

Study Site C o n t r o l S i t e s

0 © 4 Kn 6 Kn

LI

Salmon

Farm

H 500 m

+-» 200 m

S t n . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.6 Stn.6

F i g u r e 2 . D e t a i l o f S t u d y s i t e , i n d i c a t i n g p o s i t i o n o f l a n t e r n n e t s i n r e f e r e n c e t o n e t p e n s .

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S t a t i s t i c s

A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was c o m p u t e d f o r a l l a n t i b i o t i c d a t a

c o l l e c t e d a t t h e f a r m s i t e . T u k e y s t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n

a l l d a t a t o d i s c e r n d i f f e r e n c e s , d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e j u d g e d t o

be s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 95% l e v e l ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

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R E S U L T S

C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

T h e c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e ( F i g . 3)

i n d i c a t e s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 8 ) o v e r t h e d r u g

c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e o f 0 . 2 5 , 0 . 5 , 1 . 5 , 2 . 5 a n d 5 . 0 u g / g o f

t i s s u e a n d p e a k a r e a . T h e mean r e c o v e r y f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

o v e r t h e same c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e was 9 2 . 4 — 1 .54 s . e . %

( n = 5 ) . C a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e s f o r SDM a n d OMP a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

F i g u r e 4 . T h e a r e a r a t i o m e a s u r e m e n t s a p p r o x i m a t e d a l i n e a r

r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r OMP ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 2 ) a n d SDM ( r 2 = 0 . 9 9 0 ) b e t w e e n

t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e 0 . 2 - 10 u g / g t i s s u e a n d p e a k a r e a .

T h e mean p e r c e n t r e c o v e r y o f SDM a n d OMP o v e r t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e 0 . 5 - 6 . 0 ppm was 4 7 . 8 — 0 . 8 5 s . e . %

(n=5) f o r SDM a n d 6 6 . 8 ± 0 . 3 9 s . e . % (n=5) f o r OMP.

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a n o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t

c o n t a i n i n g OTC i s shown i n F i g u r e 5 . S a m p l e s o f o y s t e r s

c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h e m o n t h o f J u l y r e v e a l e d d e t e c t a b l e

l e v e l s o f O T C . F i g u r e 6 i n d i c a t e s t h e s t a t i o n s a n d s a m p l i n g

p e r i o d s a t w h i c h d r u g was i d e n t i f i e d . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

d r u g i d e n t i f i e d a t s t a t i o n 2 o n 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 was 0 . 1 1 ppm ( n = 2 ) .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y two weeks l a t e r ( 0 1 / 0 8 / 8 9 ) o y s t e r s s a m p l e d

f r o m s t a t i o n 1 a n d 2 w e r e f o u n d t o c o n t a i n OTC a t 0 . 0 8 ppm

( n = 2 ) . O y s t e r s a t s t a t i o n 3 o n t h e same d a t e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d

t o c o n t a i n OTC a t 0 . 0 6 ppm a n d a t s t a t i o n 4 o y s t e r s w e r e

d e t e c t e d w i t h OTC a t 0 . 0 5 4 ppm. T h e s e l e v e l s o f a n t i b i o t i c

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16

i n o y s t e r s c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y t e n o f t r e a t m e n t t o t h e s a l m o n

a t t h e f a r m s i t e a n d f o u r t e e n d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t

r e s p e c t i v e l y . No d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f OTC w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a t

s t a t i o n s 5 a n d 6 o r a t t h e c o n t r o l s i t e s a t a n y t i m e d u r i n g

t h e s t u d y p e r i o d .

T A B L E 1.

RECOVERY OF O T C , OMP AND SDM FROM WHOLE P A C I F I C OYSTER T I S S U E ( V a l u e s r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n )

S a m p l e OTC OMP SDM C o n c e n t r a t i o n % R e c o v e r y % R e c o v e r y % R e c o v e r y (ppm)

0 . 2 5 0 . 5 1 .0 2 . 0 5 . 0

8 0 . 2 9 0 . 1 9 5 . 0 9 8 . 3 9 8 . 4

6 4 . 0 7 8 . 0 . 9 6 . 0 9 6 . 1

0 4 8 . 0 5 0 . 0 6 4 . 0 7 5 . 2

0

Mean R e c o v e r y 9 2 . 4 6 6 . 8 4 7 . 4

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CALIBRATION CURVE FOR OXYTETRACYL1NE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER

DRUG CONCENTRATION (ppm)

Figure 3. C a l i b r a t i o n curve for oxyte tracyc l ine i n the P a c i f i c Oyster . Each data po int represents a s i n g l e determination at each concentrat ion of drug. ( r 2 = 0.998)

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CALIBRATION CURVE FOR ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER

CONCENTRATION OF DRUG (ppm)

Figure 4. C a l i b r a t i o n curve for Romet-30 i n the P a c i f i c Oyster . Each data point represents a s ing l e determination at each concentrat ion of drug. (OMP, r 2 = 0.992; SDM, r 2 = 0.990)

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19

i

V

F i g u r e 5 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o i b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h OTC a t 2.0 p p m .

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SAMPLING DATES 1983: A-15/07

DRUG: OXYTETRACYCLINE ( n = E ) -

B-01/08 C-15/08

B B

B B

PPM _ . 100

050

A 500

+-—200

Stn . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.5 Stn.B Controls

Figure 6. Detect ion of oxyte tracyc l ine i n the P a c i f i c oyster suspended i n the salmon farm. Concentrations are the mean of 2 oysters from each sampling p e r i o d .

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21

Romet-30

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM)

F i g u r e 7 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f R o m e t - 3 0

s p i k e d o y s t e r t i s s u e . F i g u r e ' 8 i n d i c a t e s t h e s t a t i o n s a n d

s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s a t w h i c h R o m e t - 3 0 was d e t e c t e d i n o y s t e r s .

A maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm was d e t e c t e d f o r SDM a t

s t a t i o n 4 o n 0 1 / 0 7 / 8 9 . SDM was s t i l l p r e s e n t i n r e l a t i v e l y

h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e o y s t e r s (n=2) s a m p l e d two weeks

l a t e r ( 1 5 / 0 7 / 8 9 ) . F o u r weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t r e v e a l e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s o f SDM i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m

s t a t i o n 4 ( 1 . 2 3 p p m ) .

O r m e t o p r i m (OMP)

OMP i n c o m p a r i s o n was d e t e c t e d i n s m a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n

t h e o y s t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y ( F i g u r e 8 ) . O y s t e r s s a m p l e d

a t s t a t i o n 4 o n J u l y 1 r e v e a l e d l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 5 ppm

( n = 2 ) . On J u l y 15 o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m s t a t i o n 5 h a d

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 2 6 ppm ( n = 2 ) . F o u r weeks p o s t

t r e a t m e n t r e v e a l e d o n l y t r a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e d r u g i n

o y s t e r s f r o m S t a t i o n 1 ( 0 . 1 0 p p m ) .

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22

BL£NK EXTRAZT

F i g u r e 7 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m s o f b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t s a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a n d OMP a t 2 . 0 p p m .

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23

SAMPLING DATES 1989: A-01/07 B-15/07

DRUG: ROMET-30 ( OMP SDM ) ( n = 2 )

B C

B

C- 01/08

PPM

1 .00

-f- 0.50 A

500

-H 200 m

Stn . l Stn.2 Stn.3 Stn.4 Stn.5 Stn.6 Contro ls

Figure 8. Detection of Romet-30 i n the p a c i f i c oyster suspended i n the salmon farm. Concentrations are the mean of 2 oysters from each sampling p e r i o d .

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24

D I S C U S S I O N

T h e s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r OTC was

m o d i f i e d f r o m a m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d f o r s a l m o n i d s a t t h e

F a c u l t y o f P h a r m a c e u t i c a l S c i e n c e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a . T h e m e t h o d p r o v e d t o be r a p i d a n d r e p e a t a b l e .

R e c o v e r y o f a n t i b i o t i c f r o m s p i k e d o y s t e r t i s s u e was g r e a t e r

t h a n 9 2 . 0 % . . D u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e x t r a c t i o n a

s m a l l i m m i s c i b l e l a y e r w o u l d f o r m a f t e r t h e s a m p l e was

p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e s e p p a k c a r t r i d g e . T h i s l a y e r was

b e l i e v e d t o b e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f p i g m e n t a n d l i p i d n a t u r a l l y

f o u n d w i t h i n t h e o y s t e r t i s s u e . P u r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e e l u e n t

by c h a r c o a l f i l t r a t i o n p r o v e d u n s u c c e s s f u l . T h e i m m i s c i b l e

l a y e r was i n j e c t e d a l o n e o n t h e HPLC t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h i s

l a y e r c o n t a i n e d a n y a n t i b i o t i c r e s i d u e s . No p e a k s w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d a n d r e s u l t a n t l y t h e r e m o v a l o f t h i s l a y e r f r o m

t h e r e m a i n i n g e x t r a c t i o n s o c c u r r e d . T h i s g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d

t h e c l e a n l i n e s s o f t h e c h r o m a t o g r a m r e d u c i n g t h e

i n t e r f e r e n c e c o n s i d e r a b l y .

T h e e x t r a c t i o n f o r R o m e t - 3 0 was m o d i f i e d f r o m t h e

m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d b y W a l l i s e r e t a l . (1990) f o r P a c i f i c

s a l m o n . T h i s e x t r a c t i o n a l l o w e d f o r t h e s i m u l t a n e o u s

q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d o r m e t o p r i m i n w h o l e

P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s f o r b o t h

SDM a n d OMP f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e a r e c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e

r e p o r t e d f o r s a l m o n t i s s u e ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e

p r e s e n c e o f p i g m e n t s a n d l i p i d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o y s t e r

t i s s u e may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r e l a t i v e l y l o w e r r e c o v e r i e s .

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I t h a s b e e n p r e v i o u s l y d o c u m e n t e d t h a t i n c r e a s e s i n t o t a l

l i p i d c o n t e n t o f t i s s u e may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t a n t i b i o t i c

e x t r a c t i o n e f f i c i e n c i e s ( W a l l i s e r e t a l . f 1 9 9 0 . T h e minimum

q u a n t i f i a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 d e t e c t e d i n w h o l e

o y s t e r t i s s u e was 0 . 1 0 ppm. T h i s m e t h o d was d e t e r m i n e d t o

s u c c e s s f u l l y q u a n t i f y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP

t h r o u g h a s i n g l e e x t r a c t i o n .

Many s t u d i e s h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t s u s p e n s i o n f e e d e r s

i n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t c o n c e n t r a t e a w i d e r a n g e o f

a n t h r o p o g e n i c s u b s t a n c e s ( S t e n n e r a n d N i c k l e s s , 1 9 7 4 ;

P h i l l i p s , 1976 ; P r i n g l e e t a l . , 1 9 6 8 ; B o y d e n , 1 9 7 7 ; B r o o k s

a n d R u m s b y , 1 9 6 5 ) . B a s e d o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d a t t h e f a r m s i t e i t

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t u p t a k e o f t h e d r u g was q u i t e r a p i d i n

r e s p o n s e t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d t o

t h e s a l m o n . T r e a t m e n t a t m o s t s a l m o n f a r m s i t e s t y p i c a l l y

l a s t s f o r a p e r i o d o f t e n d a y s b u t may v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n

t y p e o f d r u g a n d s p e c i e s o f f i s h b e i n g t r e a t e d . J u l y 1 5 ,

1989 c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y 3 o f t r e a t m e n t a t t h e f a r m s i t e , t h e

h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( O . l l p p m ) o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was

d e t e c t e d a t s t a t i o n 2 o n t h e f a r m s i t e ( r e f e r t o F i g . 6 ) .

S t a t i o n 2 was t h e c l o s e s t i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e p e n o f f i s h

b e i n g t r e a t e d .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d i s s o l v e s r e a d i l y i n s e a w a t e r , i s w a t e r

s o l u b l e a n d i s v e r y s u s c e p t i b l e t o o x i d a t i o n ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) .

O t h e r s t u d i e s h a v e shown t h a t o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e m a r i n e

e n v i r o n m e n t i s s l o w t o d e g r a d e a n d e x h i b i t s a c h r o n i c

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p e r s i s t e n c e i n t h e s e d i m e n t ( J a c o b s e n a n d B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) .

T h e s e s t u d i e s h a v e n o t i n d i c a t e d t h e c h e m i c a l f o r m o f t h e

a n t i b i o t i c . Due t o t h e d r u g ' s h i g h a f f i n i t y f o r c o m p l e x a t i o n

w i t h a v a i l a b l e i o n s , l e v e l s o f OTC may be d e t e c t e d b u t

r e m a i n u n a v a i l a b l e f o r u p t a k e b y o t h e r b i o t a ( J a c o b s e n a n d

B e r g l i n d , 1 9 8 8 ) . I t i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h i s s t u d y t h a t a f t e r 7

d a y s p o s t t r e a t m e n t ( A u g u s t 1 , 1989) t h e r e w e r e s t i l l

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s

s u s p e n d e d w i t h i n t h e n e t c a g e s . I n a r e c e n t s t u d y ( J a c o b s e n

, 1 9 8 9 ) c l e a r a n c e t i m e s o f f r e s h w a t e r r a i n b o w t r o u t a f t e r

t r e a t m e n t w i t h o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o b e ; 90

d a y s f o r a m b i e n t w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w 6 ° C , 70 d a y s f o r

a m b i e n t w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n 6 a n d 12 ° C a n d 60 d a y s

f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 12 ° C . F r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s i t i s

e v i d e n t t h a t a n t i b i o t i c s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y b e i n g r e l e a s e d

t h r o u g h t h e common r o u t e s o f m e t a b o l i c e x c r e t i o n i n

s a l m o n i d s ( g i l l s , f a e c e s , m o u t h ) . T h e p h a r m a c o - k i n e t i c s o f

t h e d r u g i n t h e f i s h may p r o d u c e t h i s t i m e r e l e a s e m e c h a n i s m

o f d r u g i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s m e c h a n i s m i s

h y p o t h e s i z e d t o b e a p o s s i b l e s o u r c e o f t h e p r o l o n g e d d r u g

l e v e l s i n t h e o y s t e r s o n A u g u s t 1 , 1 9 8 9 .

R o m e t - 3 0 was i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e o y s t e r s o n J u l y 1 , 1989

i n s t a t i o n s 3 , 4 a n d 5 . T h i s c o i n c i d e d w i t h d a y 1 o f p o s t

t r e a t m e n t . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f SDM w e r e a t t h e i r maximum

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s . S t a t i o n 4 , t h e p e n c l o s e s t t o t h e t r e a t e d

f i s h e x h i b i t e d t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 . 2 7 ppm (n=2,

F i g . 8 ) . I n a r e c e n t s t u d y t h e r a t e o f t i s s u e u p t a k e a n d

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d e c l i n e o f SDM a n d OMP was shown t o d i f f e r i n s a l m o n i d s

( W a l i s s e r e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ) . SDM was d e t e c t a b l e i n s a l m o n t i s s u e

f o r up t o 7 d a y s a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t , w h i l e OMP

c o u l d be d e t e c t e d u p t o d a y f o u r t e e n p o s t t r e a t m e n t .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y two weeks a f t e r c e s s a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c

t r e a t m e n t t o t h e s a l m o n , d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f b o t h OMP a n d

SDM w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m o y s t e r s i n s t a t i o n s 4 a n d 5 . B o t h o f

t h e s e s t a t i o n s w e r e o u t s i d e o f t h e n e t c a g e s y s t e m a n d a s

F i g u r e 5 i n d i c a t e s , s t a t i o n 5 was l o c a t e d 200 m away f r o m

t h e f i s h f a r m . By A u g u s t 1 5 , 4 weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t ,

d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f SDM w e r e r e c o r d e d i n o y s t e r s s a m p l e d

f r o m s t a t i o n s 1 a n d 4 . T h e h i g h ( 1 . 2 3 ppm) c o n c e n t r a t i o n

d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s a t s t a t i o n 4 i s o f n o t e . A s was

i n d i c a t e d i n t h e s t u d y b y W a l l i s s e r e t a l . ( 1 9 9 0 ) , c l e a r a n c e

o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n e x p e r i m e n t a l f i s h was up t o two weeks p o s t

t r e a t m e n t . T h e l e v e l s o f d r u g i n t h e o y s t e r s w e r e n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) f r o m t h o s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

d e t e c t e d o n J u l y 1 5 , o ne d a y p o s t t r e a t m e n t . T h i s w o u l d

s u g g e s t t h a t e i t h e r t h e o y s t e r i s s l o w t o d e p u r a t e SDM f r o m

i t s t i s s u e s o r t h a t a s o u r c e o f R o m e t - 3 0 o t h e r t h a n t h a t

d i r e c t l y e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e f i s h i s p r e s e n t . I t i s

c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t m e d i c a t e d f e e d was c a u g h t i n t h e mesh o f

t h e s a l m o n n e t a n d o r d o c k s t r u c t u r e a n d was r e l e a s e d i n t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n o v e r t i m e , no m e t h o d was d e v i s e d t o t e s t t h i s

t h e o r y . U n l i k e t h e s a l m o n i d s i n t h e u p t a k e e x p e r i m e n t

( W a l i s s e r e t a l . f 1990) SDM was d e t e c t a b l e i n t h e g r e a t e s t

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n o y s t e r s o v e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . A l t h o u g h

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n o t e v i d e n t i n t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y o n o y s t e r s , t h e

l e v e l s o f OMP t h a t m i g h t h a v e b e e n e x c r e t e d f r o m t h e f i s h

c o u l d h a v e b e e n s u f f i c i e n t l y l o w e n o u g h t o e s c a p e d e t e c t i o n

b y t h e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d u s e d . V e r y l o w l e v e l s o f OMP w e r e

d e t e c t e d u p t o 4 weeks p o s t t r e a t m e n t ( F i g . 8 ) .

I n s u m m a r y , t h e HPLG m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d f o r b o t h

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 a l l o w f o r s u c c e s s f u l

q u a n t i f i c a t i o n i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r s . T h e H P L C a n a l y s e s f o r

b o t h d r u g s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e r e l i a b l e a n d r e s u l t e d

i n t h e d e t e c t i o n o f O T C , SDM a n d OMP a t l e v e l s down t o 0 . 0 5

a n d 0 . 1 0 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e r e s u l t s o f e x t r a c t i o n s

p e r f o r m e d o n t h e o y s t e r s s u s p e n d e d a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m

s u g g e s t s t h a t u p t a k e o f t h e d r u g s o c c u r r e d . T h e s e

p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s d i c t a t e d t h e n e e d f o r a c o n t r o l l e d

u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f OTC a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r .

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C h a p t e r 2:

D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c U p t a k e a n d D e p u r a t i o n i n t h e

P a c i f i c O y s t e r .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f a r a n g e

o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a n t s h a v e p r i n c i p a l l y f o c u s e d o n

t h e common m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s ( F o n g , 1 9 7 6 ; F o s s a t o a n d

C a n z o n i e r , 1 9 7 6 ; F r i e d r i c h a n d F i l i c e , 1 9 7 6 ; S i m p s o n , 1 9 7 9 ) .

T h e s e o r g a n i s m s c a n a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e a v a r i e t y o f

c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s ( R i s e b r o u g h e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 ) , a r o m a t i c

h y d r o c a r b o n s ( D i S a l v o e t a l . . 1 9 7 5 ; F o s s a t o a n d C a n z o n i e r ,

1976) a n d m e t a l i o n s (Lowe a n d M o o r e , 1979) w i t h i n t h e i r

t i s s u e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y r e p r e s e n t g o o d i n d i c a t o r s o f

x e n o b i o t i c b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n . I n v i e w o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y

r e s u l t s o b s e r v e d a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m , a more c o n t r o l l e d

e x p e r i m e n t was u n d e r t a k e n t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n t

o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e i n o y s t e r s . I t i s e s s e n t i a l

t h a t t h e u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e r a t e s o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s u n d e r

i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e d e t e r m i n e d f o r o y s t e r s t o a i d i n t h e

e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f h a r v e s t i n g g u i d e l i n e s . T o d a t e t h e r e h a v e

b e e n n o p u b l i s h e d s t u d i e s r e g a r d i n g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e o f

a n t i b i o t i c s i n s h e l l f i s h . A n e f f o r t was a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o

d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h c h e m i c a l s , o n a m e a s u r e o f

o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n a n d o n e n d o g e n o u s l e v e l s o f b a c t e r i a

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e g u t o f t h e o y s t e r .

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METHODS AND M A T E R I A L S

A m a r i n e h o l d i n g f a c i l i t y e q u i p p e d w i t h a f l o w t h r o u g h s e a

w a t e r s y s t e m was u t i l i z e d a t E . V . S . C o n s u l t a n t s L t d . i n

N o r t h V a n c o u v e r , B . C . N i n e 25 l i t r e h o l d i n g t a n k s w e r e

s t o c k e d w i t h 70 - one y e a r o l d o y s t e r s s u p p l i e d b y F a n n y B a y

O y s t e r s L t d . T h e o y s t e r s w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o two t r a y s t h a t

w e r e s u s p e n d e d one o v e r t h e o t h e r i n t h e t a n k . T h e t r a y s

w e r e r e v e r s e d e a c h d a y s o a s t o r e d u c e p o s i t i o n i n g e f f e c t s .

E a c h t a n k was s u p p l i e d w i t h f i l t e r e d a m b i e n t s e a w a t e r a t a

f l o w r a t e o f 0 . 7 5 L / m i n . A d j u s t m e n t o f f l o w r a t e s t o e a c h

t a n k was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y i n d i v i d u a l v a l v e s . O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

was d e l i v e r e d v i a a c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d f i s h f e e d t h a t was

g r o u n d t o a f i n e mash ( 0 . 0 5 mm d i a m . ) . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a d m i n i s t e r e d was 1 .33 gm / t a n k / 2 4 h r s .

R o m e t - 3 0 was a l s o d e l i v e r e d v i a a m a s h e d c o m m e r c i a l l y

p r e p a r e d p r e m e d i c a t e d f e e d , d e l i v e r e d a t a d o s a g e o f 1 . 1 1 3

gm / t a n k / 2 4 h r s . U n m e d i c a t e d f i s h f e e d was u s e d f o r t h e

c o n t r o l . T h e f e e d was i n t r o d u c e d c o n t i n u o u s l y o v e r e a c h

t w e n t y f o u r h o u r p e r i o d i n t o s e p a r a t e h e a d e r t a n k s b y

a u t o m a t e d f e e d e r s . F e e d d e l i v e r y t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l

e x p e r i m e n t a l a n d c o n t r o l t a n k s was b y s u s p e n s i o n i n w a t e r .

T h e a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t a n d c o n t r o l w e r e r u n i n t r i p l i c a t e .

T o d i f f e r e n t i a t e a n y v a r i a t i o n i n h e r e n t i n t h e s y s t e m

p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s w e r e p e r f o r m e d o n t h e p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s o f

t h e d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m . I t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e

m e d i c a t e d f e e d h a d a r e s i d e n t t i m e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30

s e c o n d s i n t h e h e a d e r t a n k s .

Page 42: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

T h e u p t a k e p e r i o d l a s t e d t e n d a y s a n d s a m p l e s w e r e

c o l l e c t e d o n d a y s 1 , 3 , 7 a n d 1 0 . F i v e o y s t e r s w e r e r a n d o m l y

c h o s e n f r o m e a c h t a n k , s t o r e d i n p l a s t i c z i p l o c k b a g s ,

l a b e l l e d a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f r o z e n o n d r y i c e . W a t e r

t e m p e r a t u r e (— 0 . 0 5 0 C ) , s a l i n i t y •(— 0 . 0 5 ° / o o ) , d i s s o l v e d

o x y g e n (— 0 . 0 5 m g / L ) a n d f l o w r a t e s ( — 5 . 0 m L / m i n . ) w e r e

r e c o r d e d d a i l y o v e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . S a m p l i n g f o r t h e

d u r a t i o n o f t h e d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was s e t f o r d a y s 1 , 3 , 23

a n d 30 p o s t u p t a k e .

HPLC a n d E x t r a c t i o n T e c h n i q u e s

A n a l y s i s f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d R o m e t - 3 0 i n o y s t e r

t i s s u e s was p e r f o r m e d f o r t h i s p a r t o f t h e s t u d y a t S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s L t d . i n V a n c o u v e r , B . C . T h e e x t r a c t i o n

t e c h n i q u e f o r o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was m o d i f i e d f r o m Oka e t a l .

( 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d u t i l i z e d f o r R o m e t - 3 0 was

d e v e l o p e d b y a n d i s t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r o p e r t y o f S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s L t d .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e (OTC)

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e was o b t a i n e d f r o m H o f f m a n n - L a R o c h e L t d .

T h e e q u i p m e n t u t i l i z e d was a M i l l i p o r e s y s t e m i n c l u d i n g :

H P L C pump, m o d e l 501 s o l v e n t m e t e r i n g s y s t e m ; u n i v e r s a l

l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h i n j e c t o r , m o d e l U 6 K a ; d e t e c t o r m o d e l

4 5 0 ; B a s e l i n e 810 c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i n t e g r a t i o n s o f t w a r e .

C h r o m a t o g r a p h y was p e r f o r m e d w i t h a c o m m e r c i a l l y p r e p a r e d

U B o n d a p a k C18 c o l u m n . T h e i n j e c t i o n v o l u m e was 2 5 u L .

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32

U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 340 nm f o r a l l a n a l y s e s .

T h e m o b i l e p h a s e c o n s i s t e d o f 80 % 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d

20% a c e t o n i t r i l e . F i l t r a t i o n o f t h e m o b i l e p h a s e p r i o r t o

u s e was d o n e u s i n g a H P L C s o l v e n t c l e a n - u p a s s e m b l y a n d F P

V e r i c e l 47 mm, 0 . 4 5 um membrane f i l t e r s .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

A s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d was m o d i f i e d f r o m t h a t o f

Oka e t a l . ( 1 9 8 3 ) . I n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s a m p l e s w e r e t h a w e d a t

room t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e t i s s u e r e m o v e d a s e p t i c a l l y a n d

t o w e l l d r i e d . A t * t i m e s ( d e n o t e d i n r e s u l t s ) t h e 5 a n i m a l s

f r o m e a c h r e p l i c a t e w e r e c o l l e c t i v e l y h o m o g e n i z e d a n d t h e

s a m p l e t r e a t e d a s a p o o l e d r e s u l t ( N = l ) . T o d e t e r m i n e t h e

v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o u p t a k e a n d

d e p u r a t i o n o f d r u g , e x t r a c t i o n s o f i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s w e r e

a l s o p e r f o r m e d . W h o l e a n i m a l s a m p l e s w e r e g r o u n d i n a

b l e n d e r a n d a 2 0 . 0 g s u b s a m p l e o f t h e s l u r r y was r e m o v e d . T o

e a c h 2 0 . 0 g s a m p l e , 50 m l o f b u f f e r was a d d e d . T h e b u f f e r

u s e d was 38.5% 2 8 . 4 1 g / L N a 2 H P o 4 a n d 61.5% 1 9 . 2 1 g / L c i t r i c

a c i d f i x e d t o a pH o f 4 . 0 . E a c h s a m p l e was h o m o g e n i z e d i n a

75 m l p l a s t i c c e n t r i f u g e t u b e f o r 30 s e c o n d s a t medium s p e e d

u s i n g a B r i n k m a n P o l y t r o n h o m o g e n i z e r M o d e l P T 1 0 / 3 5 . T h e

s a m p l e s w e r e c e n t r i f u g e d f o r t w e n t y f i v e m i n u t e s a t 6500 g

a n d 4 . 0 ° C ( J A - 2 0 r o t o r ) . T h e s u p e r n a t a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o

a 50 m l t u b e a n d p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n a c t i v a t e d S e p - P a k C 1 8

c a r t r i d g e . A c t i v a t i o n o f t h e S e p - P a k c a r t r i d g e p r i o r t o

l o a d i n g t h e s a m p l e was a c c o m p l i s h e d b y p a s s i n g 5 . 0 m l o f

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33

m e t h a n o l f o l l o w e d b y 5 . 0 m l o f w a t e r . 2 0 . 0 m l o f m e t h a n o l

was u s e d t o e l u t e t h e C 1 8 c o l u m n . T h e e l u a t e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d

i n 100 m l r o u n d b o t t o m f l a s k s a n d r o t o - e v a p o r a t e d a t room

t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e r e s i d u e s w e r e t h e n f i x e d t o 1 .0 m l w i t h

m e t h a n o l a n d i n j e c t e d .

R o m e t - 3 0 (SDM & OMP)

T h e H P L C c o n d i t i o n s a n d e q u i p m e n t a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e f o r

O T C . U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t i o n was s e t a t 270 nm f o r a l l

a n a l y s e s . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e f o r t h e S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e

e x t r a c t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f 75% 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d 25%

a c e t o n i t r i l e . T h e m o b i l e p h a s e f o r o r m e t o p r i m e x t r a c t i o n s

was 88% 50 mM N a H 2 P 0 4 pH 2 . 5 a n d 12% a c e t o n i t r i l e .

E x t r a c t i o n P r o c e d u r e

T h e R o m e t - 3 0 e x t r a c t i o n i s a n o r g a n i c l i q u i d - l i q u i d

e x t r a c t i o n a n d i s t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r o p e r t y o f S y n d e l

L a b o r a t o r i e s . T h e two a n t i b i o t i c c o m p o n e n t s i n t h e

c o m m e r c i a l p r e p a r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 a r e o r m e t o p r i m a n d

s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e . E a c h c o m p o n e n t was e x t r a c t e d a n d i n j e c t e d

s e p a r a t e l y .

R e c o v e r y

T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e , s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e a n d

o r m e t r o p r i m f r o m o y s t e r t i s s u e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e

a d d i t i o n o f 1 mL o f e a c h o f t h e p r e p a r e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s

c o n t a i n i n g 2 . 0 , 5 . 0 , 1 0 . 0 a n d 3 0 . 0 u g o f d r u g t o 20 g

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34

s a m p l e s o f c o n t r o l o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e e x t r a c t e d

a n d a n a l y z e d a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . R e c o v e r y ( T a b l e 2) was

d e t e r m i n e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a r e a o f O T C , SDM a n d OMP f o r

e x t r a c t e d t i s s u e s a m p l e s a n d c o m p a r i n g t h e s e t o t h e a r e a s

o b t a i n e d f r o m u n e x t r a c t e d s t a n d a r d s o l u t i o n s o f i d e n t i c a l

q u a n t i t i e s .

S e n s i t i v i t y

T h e s e n s i t i v i t y o r l o w e r d e t e c t i o n l i m i t was d e t e r m i n e d b y

t h e s o f t w a r e i n t e g r a t i o n s y s t e m . I t a s s u m e s a l i n e a r

c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e f o r a l l a n t i b i o t i c s t e s t e d .

C o n d i t i o n I n d e x

O y s t e r s w e r e s a m p l e d a t r a n d o m a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e

u p t a k e p e r i o d a n d c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s d e t e r m i n e d (n=10)

( A l d r i c h a n d C r o w l e y , 1986) b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

DRY MEAT WEIGHT g

DRY S H E L L WEIGHT g X 1000

A t t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e p e r i o d o y s t e r s

w e r e s a m p l e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p (n=12) t o

d e t e r m i n e i f a d i e t s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h m e d i c a t e d f e e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a n i m a l .

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l A n a l y s i s

C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e l a t i v e b a c k g r o u n d c o m p o s i t i o n o f

t h e n a t u r a l b a c t e r i a l f l o r a o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

p o p u l a t i o n o f o y s t e r s was d e t e r m i n e d a c c o r d i n g t o

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35

m e t h o d s a d o p t e d f r o m K e l l y , ( 1 9 9 0 ) . S i x o y s t e r s e a c h ,

f r o m t h e c o n t r o l , OTC a n d R o m e t - 3 0 e x p e r i m e n t a l t a n k s

w e r e a n a l y z e d . P l a t i n g m e d i a a n d m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d i n t h e

q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

B l o o d a g a r b a s e n o . 2 w i t h 5% s h e e p b l o o d

M a k c o n c h e y a g a r

T h i o s u l p h a t e c i t r a t e b i o s a l t s s u c r o s e a g a r ( T C B S )

T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s w e r e e m p l o y e d u s i n g a l l

t h r e e m e d i a . S t r e a k i n g o f t h e p l a t e s was p e r f o r m e d

a s e p t i c a l l y w i t h a g a s t r i c c r o s s s e c t i o n o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e . A c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e number o f c o l o n i e s o b t a i n e d

o n c o u n t p l a t e s p r e p a r e d f r o m t h e s h e l l f i s h a t r o o m

t e m p e r a t u r e ( c i r c a 20 t o 25 ° C ) was made .

S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s e s

One way a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was u s e d t o a n a l y z e a l l d a t a

f o r s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s . S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n mean v a l u e s o f d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r

b o t h u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n s a m p l i n g p e r i o d s w e r e d i s c e r n e d

u s i n g T u k e y s t e s t s . T u k e y s t e s t s w e r e a l s o e m p l o y e d t o

d i s t i n g u i s h s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s a n d b a c t e r i a l c o u n t s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r

m e d i c a t i o n . T h e l e v e l o f r e j e c t i o n was s e t a t p < 0 . 0 5 f o r a l l

d e t e r m i n a t i o n s .

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36

R E S U L T S

W a t e r p a r a m e t e r s

A v e r a g e w a t e r p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d w e r e :

t e m p e r a t u r e , 1 2 . 0 ° C ± 1 .3 s . e . ( n = 4 0 ) ; s a l i n i t y , 2 8 . 0 ° / o o

( n = 4 0 ) ; d i s s o l v e d 0 2 , 8 . 7 m g / L (n=40) a n d f l o w r a t e 0 . 7 5

L / m i n . — 0 . 2 s . e . ( n = 3 6 0 ) .

C a l i b r a t i o n C u r v e a n d R e c o v e r y

T h e c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e " B a s e l i n e 810" i n t e g r a t e s t h e p e a k

a r e a s a n d a s s u m e s a l i n e a r c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e b a s e d o n

e n t e r e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e s . T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f t h e t h r e e

d r u g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 2 . F r o m t h i s a s s u m p t i o n o f

l i n e a r i t y t h e d e t e c t i o n l i m i t s o r s e n s i t i v i t i e s a r e

c a l c u l a t e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g ; 0 . 2 ppm f o r O T C , 0 . 0 5 ppm f o r

O r m e t o p r i m a n d 0 . 0 3 ppm f o r S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e .

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

U p t a k e

F i g u r e 9 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c

o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e . S a m p l i n g o f o y s t e r s d u r i n g t h e t e n d a y

u p t a k e t r i a l i n d i c a t e d i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a n t i b i o t i c , r e a c h i n g a maximum o f * 1 0 . 7 2 ppm + 2 . 4 s . e .

(n=7) o n d a y 1 0 . F i g u r e 10 i n d i c a t e s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e f r o m o y s t e r s s a m p l e d o n d a y s ; 1 , 3 , 7 , a n d

1 0 .

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T A B L E 2 .

RECOVERY OF O T C , OMP AND SDM FROM WHOLE P A C I F I C O Y S T E R T I S S U E ( V a l u e s r e p r e s e n t a s i n g l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n )

S a m p l e C o n c e n t r a t i o n (ppm)

OTC % R e c o v e r y

OMP % R e c o v e r y

SDM % R e c o v e r y

0 . 2 3 8 . 0 3 6 . 0 0 . 5 4 2 . 0 4 2 . 0 1 .0 4 0 . 0 4 0 . 0 5 4 . 0 2 . 0 5 9 . 0 5 2 . 0 5 . 0 5 3 . 0 1 0 . 0 6 4 . 0

Mean R e c o v e r y 5 2 . 3 4 4 . 8 4 6 . 0

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38

BUNK EXTRACT

\ \

\ .00 2.00 3.00 4.00

ninu-tes 5.00

2.20

2.00 H

1.80 -j

1.S0

1 .AO

1 .20 -i

1.00-1

0.00 1.00 0 0 3.00 4.00 ' 5.00'

F i g u r e 9 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g f a m o f b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f O T C .

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UPTAKE OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas

( + / - 1 s.e.) 14.0 39

12.0-2 a. a.

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7 10

F i g u r e 10. P l o t o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e u p t a k e v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d sample o f .5 a n i m a l s (n=3) , e x c e p t where d e n o t e d by a * , t h e n n=7.

DEPURATION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas ( + / - 1 s.e.)

8.O-1

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F i g u r e 11 . P l o t o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e d e p u r a t i o n v e r s u s t i m e i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . E a c h p o i n t r e p r e s e n t s a p o o l e d sample o f 5 a n i m a l s (n=3) , e x c e p t where d e n o t e d by a * , t h e n n=7.

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40

D e p u r a t i o n

F o l l o w i n g a t h i r t y d a y d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d d u r i n g w h i c h t i m e

no m e d i c a t e d f e e d was a d m i n i s t e r e d , a n a s y m p t o t i c d e p u r a t i o n

c u r v e r e s u l t e d , F i g u r e 1 1 . T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a n t i b i o t i c

d e t e c t e d i n w h o l e a n i m a l t i s s u e d e c l i n e d s t e a d i l y f r o m a

maximum o f 6 . 0 7 ppm — 1 .08 s . e . (n=3) o n d a y 1 o f d e p u r a t i o n

t o a min imum q u a n t i f i a b l e l e v e l o f * 0 . 2 1 ppm — 0 . 0 4 s . e .

(n=7) o n d a y 13 o f d e p u r a t i o n . S a m p l i n g o n d a y t h i r t y o f

d e p u r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n no d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l o f OTC i n a n y o f

t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d .

R o m e t - 3 0

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM)

U p t a k e

F i g u r e 12 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM. D u r i n g t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e

p e r i o d , SDM r e a c h e d a maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n w h o l e a n i m a l

t i s s u e s o f 1 . 0 9 ppm — 0 . 2 4 s . e . (n=3) o n d a y 7 a n d d e c r e a s e d

t o * 0 . 5 0 3 ppm ± 0 . 2 1 s . e . (n=7) o n d a y 1 0 , s e e F i g u r e 1 3 .

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41

BL2NK ECIR^Cr

1.50 -

l .40 -

1.30-

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1.00 !.00 3.00 4.00

Minutes

5.00

1 .20 -

T " : : J - - - - ' ^ — i

I i,

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.30 1.00 1.20

x ID1 ninutes

F i g u r e 1 2 . R e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h SDM a t 2 . 0 ppm.

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42

D e p u r a t i o n

T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f SDM o n d a y 1 o f d e p u r a t i o n was 0 . 0 3

ppm — 0 . 0 0 5 s . e . ( n = 3 ) . T h e d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s o f t h e d r u g

t h e n i n c r e a s e d o n d a y 3 o f t h e s t u d y t o 0 . 1 1 ppm + 0 . 0 0 2

s . e . ( n = 3 ) . On d a y t h i r t y o f d e p u r a t i o n no d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s

o f d r u g w e r e i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p ( F i g . 1 4 ) .

O r m e t o p r i m (OMP)

U p t a k e

OMP was d e t e c t e d i n s m a l l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o n d a y t h r e e i n

one o f t h e t h r e e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e p l i c a t e s . A s F i g u r e 13

i n d i c a t e s 0 . 0 3 ppm ( n = l ) was t h e minimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n

d e t e c t e d a n d o n d a y 7 o f u p t a k e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m one o f

t h e t h r e e r e p l i c a t e s r e v e a l e d l e v e l s o f OMP o f 0 . 2 1 ppm

( n = l ) . F i g u r e 15 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f o y s t e r

t i s s u e e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f OMP.

D e p u r a t i o n

A t no p o i n t i n t h e t h i r t y d a y d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was OMP

d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s s a m p l e d f r o m t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

p o p u l a t i o n s .

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UPTAKE OF ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas

2 a. a. o

pi o | i s _ 54 0.6

UJ o z o o

1.6

1.4-

1.2-

1.0

0.8H

0.4

0.2 H

0.0 - i r

(+/- 1 M.)

~i 1 r

DAYS

T 1 1 1

10 > SDM A OMP

43

Figure 13. P l o t of Romet-30 (SDM&OMP) uptake versus time i n the P a c i f i c oys ter . Each po int represents a pooled sample of 5 animals (n=3), except where denoted by a * , then n=7.

DEPURATION OF ROMET-30 IN THE PACIFIC OYSTER, C. gigas (+/- 1 ••«-)

0.12

2

&. 0.09 o

O o

o z o o 0.03-

0.00 1 3 13

DAYS 30

SDM OMP not detected

Figure 14. P l o t of Romet-30 (SDM&OMP) depuration versus time i n the P a c i f i c oys ter . Each po int represents a pooled sample of 5 animals (n=3), except where denoted by a * , then n=7.

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44

.00 3.00

n i n u i s s

I . I S H

1 .10

1.05 -4

0.95

.'.... —

• r • I ' ' ' I 1 ' 1 I ' ' 1 I ' ' ! I ' I 0.00, 0.20 0.10 0.60 O.aO l.OO 1.20 1.40

x 10* ninutes

F i g u r e 1 5 . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e c h r o m a t o g r a m o f a b l a n k P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e e x t r a c t a n d a e x t r a c t s p i k e d w i t h 2 . 0 ppm o f OMP.

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45

C o n d i t i o n I n d e x

F i g u r e 16 i n d i c a t e s t h e c h a n g e i n c o n d i t i o n i n d e x f o r t h e

t e n d a y u p t a k e s t u d y . T h e i n d e x a t t h e commencement o f t h e

t e n d a y s t u d y was 3 5 . 0 — 4 . 2 2 s . e . (n=10) a n d u p o n

c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e u p t a k e s t u d y was 4 1 . 7 — 1 .94 s . e . ( n = 1 2 ) .

T h e s e v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t

( p < 0 . 0 5 ) .

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l Q u a n t i f i c a t i o n

T a b l e 3 s u m m a r i z e s t h e a v e r a g e c o u n t s o f 6 i n d i v i d u a l

o y s t e r s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h b o t h a n t i b i o t i c s .

T h e b l o o d a g a r medium a p p e a r e d t o g i v e t h e maximum c o u n t i n

t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . T h e b a c t e r i a o n t h e s e p l a t e s w e r e v e r y

m u c o i d a n d t e n d e d t o p r o d u c e v e r y c o n f l u e n t c o l o n i e s . T h e r e

was a s i g n i f i c a n t d e c r e a s e i n c o l o n i e s c o u n t e d o n t h e R o m e t -

30 b l o o d a g a r medium p o s t t r e a t m e n t . T h i s was t h e g r e a t e s t

d e c r e a s e i n g r o w t h o b s e r v e d . M a k c o n c h e y a g a r w h i c h

s e l e c t i v e l y c u l t u r e s g r a m p o s i t i v e b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

sewage o u t f a l l p r o d u c e d 145 c o l o n i e s i n t h e c o n t r o l o y s t e r s

a n d f a i l e d t o p r o d u c e a n y c o l o n i e s p o s t t r e a t m e n t .

T h i o s u l f a t e C i t r a t e B i o s a l t s S u c r o s e a g a r ( T C B S ) w h i c h

s e l e c t i v e l y c u l t u r e s t h o s e s p e c i e s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h s a l t w a t e r a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r V i b r i o c a u s a t i v e b a c t e r i a ,

p r o d u c e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 398 c o l o n i e s i n t h e c o n t r o l o y s t e r s .

T C B S medium p r o d u c e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r number ( p < 0 . 0 5 )

o f c o l o n i e s i n t h e R o m e t - 3 0 ( 1 2 3 . 6 ) a n d O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e

( 1 7 8 . 2 ) t r e a t e d o y s t e r s c o m p a r e d t o c o n t r o l s .

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T A B L E 3 . D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i z a t i o n o n s e v e r a l m e d i a a s d e t e r m i n e d b y mean p r o b a b l e number ( M P N ) .

MEDIUM CONTROL R O M E T - 3 0 OTC

Mean c o u n t o f 6 o y s t e r s

B l o o d a g a r c o n f l u e n t 9 3 . 7 * 1 5 9 . 0 *

M a c k o n c h e y 1 4 5 . 0 0* 0* a g a r

T C B S a g a r 3 9 8 . 4 1 2 3 . 6 * 1 7 8 . 0 *

* D e n o t e s s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e f r o m c o n t r o l v a l u e (p< 0 . 0 5 )

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CONDITION INDEX OF PACIFIC OYSTERS P R E AND POST TREATMENT

(+ / - 1 s.e.) 50-n

o o o X

x ^

Z © — JC O £

O * O o

E T3

40 A

30 -4

20 J

10H

PRE TREATMENT POST TREATMENT

F i g u r e 1 6 . H i s t o g r a m o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r c o n d i t i o n i n d e x f o r p r e a n d p o s t a n t i b i o t i c t r e a t m e n t . ( * d e n o t e s s i g n i f i c a n t s t a t i s t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e )

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D I S C U S S I O N

I n v i e w o f t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o b s e r v e d a t t h e

s a l m o n f a r m , a more c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t was u n d e r t a k e n t o

d i s t i n g u i s h t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n t o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e

i n o y s t e r s . A n e f f o r t was a l s o u n d e r t a k e n t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e

t h e e f f e c t s o f s u c h c h e m i c a l s , o n a m e a s u r e o f o y s t e r

c o n d i t i o n a n d o n e n d o g e n o u s l e v e l s o f b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h e g u t o f t h e o y s t e r . I n t h i s c o n t r o l l e d e x p e r i m e n t

t h e u p t a k e o f a n t i b i o t i c s i n o y s t e r s r e v e a l e d r e s u l t s t h a t

w e r e n o t u n l i k e t h o s e f r o m t h e s a l m o n f a r m s i t e . W i t h

r e s p e c t t o o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e t h e u p t a k e r a t e o v e r a p e r i o d o f

10 d a y s r e s e m b l e d a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p ( F i g u r e 1 0 , r 2 =

0 . 9 7 5 ) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n o f OTC

o c c u r r e d i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r . D u r i n g t h e u p t a k e p e r i o d ,

t h e r e was no d a t a t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a s a t u r a t i o n t h r e s h o l d

was r e a c h e d f o r OTC i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r .

D e p u r a t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w e d t h e u p t a k e p e r i o d a n d

c o n c l u d e d o n d a y 30 when no d e t e c t a b l e r e s i d u e s w e r e

i d e n t i f i e d . D e p u r a t i o n s y s t e m s f o r s h e l l f i s h h a v e b e e n

u t i l i z e d , b y many c o u n t r i e s whose w a t e r s a r e c h r o n i c a l l y

p o l l u t e d b y f e c a l c o l i f o r m s ( N e i l s o n e t a l . , 1 9 7 8 ; S o u n e s s

e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ; L e d o e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ) . T h e r a p i d r a t e o f

b a c t e r i a l d e p u r a t i o n i n s h e l l f i s h i n e n g i n e e r e d d e p u r a t i o n

f a c i l i t i e s , s o m e t i m e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n 48 h o u r s f o r some

s p e c i e s o f b a c t e r i a , h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d ( T h i S o n a n d

F l e e t , 1 9 8 0 ) . W i t h i n 13 d a y s o f d e p u r a t i o n t h e mean

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n t h e o y s t e r s h a d

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49

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d b y 1 0 . 5 ppm. T h i s w o u l d i n d i c a t e a

r a p i d c l e a r a n c e o f d r u g f r o m t h e t i s s u e s o f t h e o y s t e r . T h e

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s o f o y s t e r s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d i n p r e v i o u s

s t u d i e s f o r a s p e c t r u m o f s e a w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s ( L o o s a n o f f

a n d T o m m e r s , 1948 ; W a l n e , 1 9 7 2 ; B r a n d a n d T a y l o r , 1974;

B a y n e e t a l . , 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e f o r t h e 30 d a y

d e p u r a t i o n p e r i o d was 12 ° C a n d t h e mean d r y w e i g h t o f t h e

e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p o f o y s t e r s was 2 . 0 g ( b a s e d o n c o n d i t i o n

i n d e x d a t a , n = 1 2 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e amount o f

w a t e r f i l t e r e d b y a n o y s t e r w o u l d be e s t i m a t e d a s 60 mLs p e r

m i n u t e ( W a l n e , 1 9 7 2 ) . By e x t r a p o l a t i o n t h e mean amount o f

t i m e r e q u i r e d b y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p o p u l a t i o n t o d e p u r a t e a

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f OTC o f 1 0 . 5 ppm i n 13 d a y s c a n b e

t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n e d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i l t r a t i o n r a t e

r e p o r t e d b y W a l n e , (1972) t h e amount o f d r u g d e p u r a t e d i n

t h i s t i m e i n t e r v a l w o u l d b e 0 . 0 0 9 p p m / L i t r e . B a s e d o n t h e

same p a r a m e t e r s o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f OTC

f i l t e r e d a n d c o n c e n t r a t e d f o r t h e t e n d a y u p t a k e was 0 . 0 1 2

p p m / L i t r e . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r a t e o f u p t a k e i s q u i t e

c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e r a t e o f d e p u r a t i o n f o r t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r ( F i g . 1 1 ) .

S u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e (SDM) was one o f t h e two c o m p o n e n t s

o f R o m e t - 3 0 t h a t was p r e s e n t i n s u f f i c i e n t l e v e l s t h r o u g h o u t

t h e u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n p h a s e s o f t h e s t u d y t o p r o d u c e a

d e s c r i p t i v e t r e n d . OMP was n o t a s p r e d i c t a b l e i n i t s u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e b y t h e o y s t e r s . I n c o m p a r i s o n t o

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e , s u l p h a d i m e t h o x i n e i s much more s t a b l e i n

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50

t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t ( L i t t l e , 1 9 9 0 ) . R o m e t - 3 0 i s a l i p i d

s o l u b l e d r u g a n d t h e r e f o r e m u s t be d i g e s t e d b y t h e a n i m a l

f o r a b s o p r t i o n t o o c c u r . T h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c may be

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o d u c i n g t h e v a r i e d r a t e s o f u p t a k e a n d

c l e a r a n c e o b s e r v e d f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r .

A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e f a c t o r i n p r o d u c i n g t h i s a n o m a l y may b e

t h a t SDM a n d OMP w e r e n o t e v e n l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n t h e h e a d e r

t a n k a n d d r u g d e l i v e r y s y s t e m . U p o n i n t r o d u c t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0

m a s h e d f e e d p e l l e t s t o t h e h e a d e r t a n k a r e s i d u e was

o b s e r v e d t o f o r m o n t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e , t h i s may h a v e b e e n

t h e d r u g c o m i n g o u t o f s o l u t i o n . I n t h e c a s e o f OTC no s u c h

o b s e r v a t i o n was r e c o r d e d .

T h e o y s t e r s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e r e s u p p l i e d b y a

c o m m e r c i a l g r o w e r who s e l e c t e d o y s t e r s w i t h i n a one y e a r o l d

s i z e r a n g e . T h i s p r o d u c e d a p o p u l a t i o n o f o y s t e r s t h a t w e r e

f a i r l y u n i f o r m i n s i z e . I t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

r a t e s o f m o s t p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e s a r e d e p e n d e n t o n

i n d i v i d u a l b o d y s i z e ( r e v i e w e d b y B a y n e e t a l . , 1 9 7 6 a ) . T h e

e f f e c t s o f s i z e a r e r e m o v e d f r o m p h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s

b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e a l l o m e t r i c m o d e l r e l a t i n g t h e r a t e o f

t h e p r o c e s s (F) t o b o d y mass ( W ) . A c c o r d i n g t o W a l n e , (1972)

t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s p e c i f i c f i l t r a t i o n r a t e , F , a n d

t h e d r y meat w e i g h t , W, c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e e q u a t i o n :

F = a W b

a i s t h e i n t e r c e p t o f t h e l i n e a n d b t h e s l o p e . T h e v a l u e o f

b s h o u l d a p p r o x i m a t e 0 . 6 6 7 when W i s d r y meat w e i g h t . T h i s

f o r m u l a a s s u m e s t h a t d r y meat w e i g h t i s 20% o f t h e l i v e wet

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w e i g h t . D r y meat w e i g h t was d e t e r m i n e d f o r a s u b s a m p l e o f 2 2

i n d i v i d u a l s . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n , t h e f i l t r a t i o n

r a t e s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l o y s t e r s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o be

q u i t e v a r i a b l e . I f t h e two c o m p o n e n t s o f R o m e t - 3 0 (OMP a n d

SDM) w e r e n o t e q u a l l y s u s p e n d e d i n t h e d e l i v e r y s y s t e m t h e n

c o u p l e d w i t h t h e v a r i a t i o n o b s e r v e d i n o y s t e r s i z e a n d

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e s may h a v e b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e i n p r o d u c i n g s u c h

v a r i e d d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e a n i m a l s . T h e d e g r e e t o

w h i c h c l e a r a n c e r a t e i s m a i n t a i n e d a t a s t e a d y s t a t e i s

l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e s p e c i e s b e i n g s t u d i e d . I n many

i n t e r t i d a l b i v a l v e s , p u m p i n g r a t e i s m a i n t a i n e d a t a

c o n s t a n t l e v e l o v e r c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d s o f t i m e ( B a y n e e t

a l . , 1 9 7 7 ; B r a n d a n d T a y l o r , 1 9 7 4 ) . Y e t i n c o n t r a s t ,

s u b t i d a l b i v a l v e s h a v e b e e n shown t o e x h i b i t a v e r y

i n t e r m i t t e n t p a t t e r n o f p u m p i n g a c t i v i t y ( B r a n d a n d T a y l o r ,

1 9 7 4 ) . B a s e d o n a mean w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e o f 12 ° C a n d mean

f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f 60 m l / m i n u t e , t h e o y s t e r s i n e a c h t a n k

(n=70) w o u l d f i l t e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 252 l i t r e s p e r h o u r . W a t e r

was f l o w i n g t o t h e t a n k s a t a r a t e o f 750 m l / m i n u t e , i n one

h o u r , 45 l i t r e s o f w a t e r f l o w e d t h r o u g h e a c h t a n k . What i s

e v i d e n t h e r e i s t h a t d e p e n d e n t o n t h e o y s t e r s p o s i t i o n i n

t h e t a n k some a n i m a l s w o u l d b e f i l t e r i n g t h e same b o d y o f

w a t e r o r a m i x t u r e t h e r e o f , a s much a s 7 t i m e s . I f t h e d r u g s

b e i n g a d m i n i s t e r e d w e r e n o t u n i f o r m i n t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n

t h e n i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s sume t h a t some i n d i v i d u a l s c o u l d

p o s s i b l y f i l t e r a n d come i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h v a r i a b l e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f d r u g .

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T h e e f f e c t s o f p o o l i n g s a m p l e s o n d r u g d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n

t h e o y s t e r w a r r a n t s d i s c u s s i o n . F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 r e p r e s e n t

t h e u p t a k e a n d d e p u r a t i o n o f R o m e t - 3 0 i n t h e o y s t e r a n d

r e f e r e n c e i s made t o t h e s a m p l e s i z e s i n t h e p l o t s . D u r i n g

u p t a k e t h e g r e a t e s t mean c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e r e o b s e r v e d i n t h e

o y s t e r s t h a t w e r e n o t p o o l e d . T h e r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e s t a n d a r d

e r r o r s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h o s e d a t a w h e r e t h e s a m p l e s i z e i s

7 , i n d i c a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n o f d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

w i t h i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l s . When t h e s a m p l e s a r e p o o l e d

t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r i s g r e a t l y r e d u c e d . I t may be t h a t t h e

p o o l e d s a m p l e s mask t h e t r u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c h e m i c a l s

w i t h i n i n d i v i d u a l o y s t e r s . F o r a n a n t i b i o t i c l i k e OTC t h a t

i s w a t e r s o l u b l e a n d u b i q u i t o u s i n i t s d i s p e r s i o n i n t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n , t h e p o o l i n g o f s a m p l e s may n o t h a v e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d i t s d e t e c t i o n . Y e t i n t h e c a s e o f

r o m e t - 3 0 t h a t was d e t e c t e d i n much l o w e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , t h e

e f f e c t s o f p o o l i n g may h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d i t s

d e t e c t i o n .

C o n d i t i o n i n d e x a s a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e c o p h y s i o l o g i c a l

s t a t u s h a s b e e n w e l l d o c u m e n t e d i n b i v a l v e s ( M a n n , 1 9 7 8 ;

L u c a s a n d B e r r i n g e r , 1 9 8 5 ; Brown a n d H a r t w i c k , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h e

e f f e c t s o f v a r y i n g f e e d l e v e l s a n d c h a n g e s i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l

w a t e r p a r a m e t e r s o n t h e b i o l o g i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f b i v a l v e s

i s a n a r e a t h a t h a s b e e n i n t e n s e l y s t u d i e d ( L o o s a n o f f a n d

T o m e r s , 1 9 4 9 ; L i p o v s k y a n d Chew, 1 9 7 2 ; T e n o r e a n d D u n s t a n ,

1 9 7 3 ; M o r i , 1 9 7 9 ) . T h e m a s h e d f i s h f e e d ( a p p r o x . 0 . 0 0 5 mm

d i a m . ) i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e o y s t e r h o l d i n g t a n k s was

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p o s t u l a t e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u s p e n d e d

o r g a n i c s made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e o y s t e r a s a n e n e r g y s o u r c e .

I n b i v a l v e s , t h e g i l l s f i l t e r a n d r e m o v e f r o m t h e

v e n t i l a t i o n c u r r e n t a l l s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c l e s g r e a t e r t h a n 2 - 5

urn i n d i a m e t e r w i t h 100% r e t e n t i o n e f f i c i e n c y ( J o r g e n s e n ,

1 9 7 5 ; M o h l e n b e r g a n d R i i s g a r d , 1 9 7 8 ) . T h e i n c r e a s e d o r g a n i c

l o a d i n g a p p e a r e d t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e (p< 0 . 0 5 )

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l o y s t e r s w i t h i n a p e r i o d o f

10 d a y s . T h e r e s u l t s f r o m t h i s s t u d y a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h

p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s o n b i v a l v e s ( B a y n e a n d T h o m p s o n , 1 9 7 0 ;

G a b b o t t a n d S t e p h e n s o n , 1 9 7 4 ; J o n e s a n d Iwama, 1 9 9 0 ) .

S h e l l f i s h i n m o s t p a r t d u e t o t h e i r i n h e r e n t a b i l i t y t o

a c c u m u l a t e a v a r i e t y o f o r g a n i s m s c o u p l e d w i t h t h e i r

i m p o r t a n c e a s a c o m m e r c i a l f o o d f i s h e r y h a v e b e e n t h e f o c u s

o f many b a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s ( C o l w e l l a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 1 ;

B a r o s s a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 0 ; L i p o v s k y , 1 9 7 1 ; L i p o v s k y a n d Chew,

1 9 7 2 ; M e t c a l f e t a l . , 1 9 7 9 ) . I t h a s b e e n a s s u m e d b y many

b a c t e r i o l o g i s t s t h a t t h e b a c t e r i a l p o p u l a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a q u a t i c a n i m a l s s u c h a s o y s t e r s , a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d

t o t h e b a c t e r i a l c o n t e n t o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g w a t e r ( C o l w e l l

a n d L i s t o n , 1 9 7 1 ) . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e t y p e s o f b a c t e r i a

o c c u r r i n g i n o y s t e r s w i l l v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n t h e f l o r a o f t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t . I n t h e c a s e o f f i n f i s h e s i t i s now b e l i e v e d

t h a t a d e f i n i t e " f i s h c o m m e n s a l f l o r a " e x i s t s . T h e w o r k b y

C o l w e l l a n d L i s t o n , (1971) s u p p o r t s t h e v i e w t h a t o y s t e r s do

i n f a c t h a r b o r b a c t e r i a l c o m m e n s a l f l o r a , w h i c h i s c o m p o s e d

o f t y p i c a l l y m a r i n e p s y c h r o p h y l i c b a c t e r i a w e l l a d a p t e d

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p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y t o l i f e w i t h i n t h e m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e

s h e l l f i s h .

I n t h i s s t u d y , t h e b a c t e r i a t h a t f o r m e d t h e g r e a t e s t

number o f c o l o n i e s w e r e t h o s e t h a t showed a p a r t i a l o r

c o m p l e t e s a l t d e p e n d e n c e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e g r o w t h

s t i m u l a t i n g e f f e c t o f t h e T C B S m e d i u m . T h e number o f

b a c t e r i a l c o l o n i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l l t h r e e m e d i a u s e d

s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e d ( p < 0 . 0 5 ) a f t e r t h e 10 d a y a n t i b i o t i c

u p t a k e p e r i o d . T h e M a c k o n c h e y medium ( a s e l e c t i v e medium f o r

b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h sewage) i n p a r t i c u l a r p r o d u c e d no

b a c t e r i a l g r o w t h a f t e r t h e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d . T h i s w o u l d

s u g g e s t t h a t i n i t i a l l y t h e a n t i b i o t i c s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e

w a t e r c o l u m n c o u l d h a v e some d e g r e e o f e f f e c t o n t h e

c o m m e n s a l f l o r a o f t h e o y s t e r . R e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d

t h a t t h e b a c t e r i a a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s h e l l f i s h w i l l d i s p l a y

r e s i s t a n c e t o a n t i b i o t i c s ( L e d o e t a l . , 1 9 8 3 ; K e l l y , 1 9 9 0 ) .

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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

T h e H P L C m e t h o d s d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s i n t h i s s t u d y a l l o w

f o r s u c c e s s f u l q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f b o t h o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d

R o m e t - 3 0 i n P a c i f i c o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e a s s a y f o r R o m e t - 3 0 i s

p a r t i c u l a r l y a d v a n t a g e o u s i n t h a t i t r e q u i r e s o n l y a s i n g l e

e x t r a c t i o n f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP i n

o y s t e r t i s s u e . T h e r e c o v e r i e s o f b o t h SDM a n d OMP f r o m

o y s t e r t i s s u e w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e r e p o r t e d f o r s a l m o n i d s .

I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e h i g h p i g m e n t a n d l i p i d c o n t e n t

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o y s t e r t i s s u e was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e

l o w e r r e c o v e r y .

W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e w h o l e a n i m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

a n t i b i o t i c s d e t e c t e d i n t h e o y s t e r s a t t h e s a l m o n f a r m , i t

w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e e f f e c t s w e r e l o c a l i z e d t o w i t h i n 200 m

o f t h e f a r m s i t e . T h e d i s p e r s a l o f c h e m i c a l s i n t h e m a r i n e

e n v i r o n m e n t a r e m o s t l i k e l y s u b j e c t t o s i t e s p e c i f i c

h y d r o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s .

T h e c o n t r o l l e d u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e s t u d y c o n f i r m e d t h e

p r e m i s e o f d r u g u p t a k e a n d b i o a c c u m u l a t i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c

o y s t e r . T h e u p t a k e o f o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e s i g n i f i c a n t l y

i n c r e a s e d o v e r t i m e p r o d u c i n g a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e

d e p u r a t i o n o f t h e d r u g i n t h e o y s t e r i s b e s t d e s c r i b e d b y a n

a s y m p t o t i c c u r v e , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t c l e a r a n c e o f d r u g

o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e f i r s t 13 d a y s . R o m e t - 3 0 d i d n o t p r o d u c e

s u c h a d e f i n e d r e l a t i o n s h i p o f u p t a k e a n d c l e a r a n c e w i t h i n

t h e o y s t e r . T h e u p t a k e o f b o t h c o m p o n e n t s o f R o m e t - 3 0 , SDM

a n d OMP was s p o r a d i c i n i t s d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . SDM

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was c l e a r l y t h e more d e t e c t a b l e o f t h e two t h r o u g h o u t u p t a k e

a n d c l e a r a n c e . C l e a r a n c e o f R o m e t - 3 0 was c o m p l e t e b y d a y

t h i r t e e n .

I t i s r ecommended t h a t i f s h e l l f i s h a r e t o b e h a r v e s t e d

w i t h i n 500 m o f a s a l m o n g r o w o u t s i t e t h a t a r e c o r d o f t h e

s a l m o n i d d r u g t r e a t m e n t s c h e d u l e be c o n s u l t e d s o a s t o

a s s u r e o f s u f f i c i e n t (30 d a y s ) a n t i b i o t i c c l e a r a n c e i n t h e

b i v a l v e s . I n a p o l y c u l t u r e s i t u a t i o n , a s i m i l a r p e r i o d o f

c l e a r a n c e s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d a n d / o r movement o f t h e

s h e l l f i s h t o a c l e a n s i t e t o a l l o w f o r a c o m p l e t e d e p u r a t i o n

p e r i o d .

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R e f e r e n c e s

A l d r i c h , J . C . a n d M . C r o w l e y . 1 9 8 6 . C o n d i t i o n a n d

v a r i a b i l i t y i n M y t i l u s e d u l i s ( L . ) f r o m d i f f e r e n t

h a b i t a t s i n I r e l a n d . A q u a c u l t u r e 5 2 : 2 7 3 - 2 8 6 .

A o k i , T . , K i a t o , T . a n d K . K a w a n o . 1 9 8 1 . C h a n g e s i n d r u g

r e s i s t a n c e o f V i b r i o a n g u i l l a r u m i n c u l t u r e d a y u ,

P l e c o g l o s s u s a l t i v e l i s T e m m i n c k a n d S c h l e g e l , i n J a p a n .

J . F i s h D i s e a s e s 4 : 2 2 3 - 2 3 0 .

B a r o s s , J . a n d J . L i s t o n . 1 9 7 0 . O c c u r e n c e o f V i b r i o

p a r a h a e m o l y t i c u s a n d r e l a t e d h e m o l y t i c v i b r i o s i n

m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t s o f W a s h i n g t o n S t a t e . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l 2 0 : 1 7 9 - 1 8 6 .

B a y n e , B . L . , L i v i n g s t o n e , D . R . , M o o r e , M . N . a n d J . W i d d o w s .

1976 a . A C y t o c h e m i c a l a n d B i o c h e m i c a l I n d e x o f S t r e s s

i n M y t i l u s e d u l i s . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 7 : 2 2 1 - 2 2 4 .

B a y n e , B . L . a n d R . J . Thompsom. 1 9 7 0 . Some p h y s i o l o g i c a l

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f k e e p i n g M y t i l u s e d u l i s i n t h e

l a b o r a t o r y . H e l g o l a n d e r w i s s . M e e r e s u n t e r s . 2 0 : 5 2 6 -

5 5 2 .

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B a y n e , B . L . , W i d d o w s , J . W . a n d R . I . E . N e w e l l . 1 9 7 7 .

P h y s i o l o g i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s o n e s t u a r i n e b i v a l v e

m o l l u s c s i n t h e f i e l d . I n : B i o l o g y o f b e n t h i c

o r g a n i s m s , E d . B . K . K e e g a n , P . O ' C e i d i g h a n d P . J . S .

B o a d e n , Pergammon, N . Y . : 5 7 - 6 8 .

B o y d e n , C . R . 1 9 7 7 . E f f e c t o f s i z e u p o n m e t a l c o n t e n t o f

s h e l l f i s h . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U K . 5 7 : 6 7 5 - 7 1 4 .

B r a n d , A . R . a n d A . C . T a y l o r . 1 9 7 4 . P u m p i n g a c t i v i t y o f

A r t i c a i s l a n d i c a a n d some o t h e r common b i v a l v e s . M a r .

B e h a v . P h y s i o l . 3 : 1 - 1 5 .

B r a t t o n , A . C . a n d E . K . M a r s h a l l . 1 9 3 9 . A new c o u p l i n g

c o m p o n e n t f o r s u l f a n i l a m i d e d e t e r m i n a t i o n . J . B i o l .

Chem. 1 2 8 : 5 3 7 - 5 5 0 .

B r o o k s , R . R . a n d M . G . R u m s b y . 1 9 6 5 . T h e b i o g e o c h e m i s t r y o f

t r a c e e l e m e n t u p t a k e b y some New Z e a l a n d b i v a l v e s .

L i m n o l . O c e a n o g r . 1 0 : 5 2 1 - 5 2 8 .

B r o w n , E . E . a n d J . B . G r a t z e k . 1 9 8 0 . F i s h F a r m i n g H a n d b o o k .

T h e A V I P u b l i s h i n g C o . I n c . , C o n n e t i c u t . 3 9 1 p p .

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B r o w n , J . R . a n d E . B . H a r t w i c k . 1 9 8 8 b . I n f l u e n c e s o f

t e m p e r a t u r e , s a l i n i t y a n d a v a i l a b l e f o o d u p o n s u s p e n d e d

c u l t u r e o f t h e P a c i f i c o y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s : I I .

C o n d i t i o n i n d e x a n d s u r v i v a l . A q u a c u l t u r e 7 0 : 2 5 3 - 2 6 7 .

C o l w e l l , R . R . a n d J . L i s t o n . 1 9 7 1 . M i c r o b i o l o g y o f

S h e l l f i s h . B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l s t u d y o f t h e n a t u r a l f l o r a

o f P a c i f i c O y s t e r s ( C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ) . A p p l .

M i c r o b i o l . 8 : 1 0 4 - 1 0 9 .

D i S a l v o , L . H . , G u a r d , H . E . a n d L . H u n t e r . 1 9 7 5 . T i s s u e

h y d r o c a r b o n b u r d e n o f m u s s e l s a s p o t e n t i a l m o n i t o r s o f

e n v i r o n m e n t a l h y d r o c a r b o n i n s u l t . E n v i r o n . S c i .

T e c h n o l . 9 : 2 4 7 - 2 5 1 .

F o n g , W . C . 1 9 7 6 . U p t a k e a n d R e t e n t i o n o f K u w a i t C r u d e o i l

a n d i t s E f f e c t s o n O x y g e n U p t a k e b y t h e S o f t S h e l l

C l a m , Mya a r e n a r i a . J . F i s h R e s . b d . C a n . 3 3 : 2 7 7 4 - 2 7 8 0 .

F o s s a t o , V . U . a n d W . J . C a n z o n i e r . 1 9 7 6 . H y d r o c a r b o n u p t a k e

a n d l o s s b y t h e m u s s e l M y t i l u s e d u l i s . M a r . B i o l .

3 6 : 2 4 3 - 2 5 0 .

F r i e d r i c h , A . R . a n d F . P . F i l i c e . 1 9 7 6 . U p t a k e a n d

a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e n i c k e l i o n b y M ; y t i l u s e d u l i s .

B u l l . E n v i r o n . C o n t a m . T o x i c o l . 1 6 : 7 5 0 - 7 5 5 .

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G a b b o t t , P . A . a n d R . R . S t e p h e n s o n . 1 9 7 4 . A n o t e o n t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e d r y w e i g h t c o n d i t i o n i n d e x a n d

t h e g l y c o g e n c o n t e n t o f a d u l t o y s t e r s ( O s t r e a e d u l i s L )

k e p t i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y , j . C o n s . i n t . E x p l o r . M e r .

3 5 : 3 5 9 - 3 6 1 .

H a r a , T . a n d S . I n o u e . 1 9 6 7 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f V a r i o u s

S u l f o n a m i d e s i n t h e T i s s u e s o f R a i n b o w T r o u t a f t e r O r a l

D o s a g e . B u l l . J p n . S o c . S c i . F i s h . 3 3 : 6 1 8 .

H a r a , T . , I n o u e , S . a n d N . S a i t o . 1 9 6 7 . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

V a r i o u s S u l f o n a m i d e s i n t h e T i s s u e s o f R a i n b o w T r o u t

a f t e r O r a l D o s a g e o f t h e S o d i u m S a l t s . B u l l . J p n . S o c .

S c i . F i s h . , 3 3 : 6 2 4 .

H e r w i g , N . 1 9 7 9 . H a n d b o o k o f D r u g s a n d C h e m i c a l s U s e d i n

T r e a t m e n t o f F i s h D i s e a s e s . C h a r l e c C . T h o m a s ,

I l l i n o i s . 2 7 2 p p .

J a c o b s e n , M . D . 1 9 8 9 . W i t h d r a w l t i m e s o f f r e s h w a t e r r a i n b o w

t r o u t , S a l m o g a i r d n e r i R i c h a r d s o n , a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h

o x o l i n i c a c i d , o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e a n d t r i m e t o p r i m . J o u r n .

o f F i s h D i s e a s e s 1 2 : 2 9 - 3 6 .

J a c o b s e n , P . a n d L . B e r g l i n d . 1 9 8 8 . P e r s i s t e n c e o f

O x y t e t r a c y c l i n e i n S e d i m e n t s f r o m F i s h F a r m s .

A q u a c u l t u r e 7 0 : 3 6 5 - 3 7 0 .

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J o n e s , T . O a n d G . K . Iwama, 1 9 9 0 . P o l y c u l t u r e o f t h e P a c i f i c

O y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) w i t h C h i n o o k

S a l m o n , O n c o r h y n c h u s t s h a w y t s c h a . A q u a c u l t u r e : I n P r e s s

J o r g e n s e n , C . B . 1 9 7 5 . On g i l l f u n c t i o n i n t h e m u s s e l ,

M y t i l u s e d u l i s . O p h e l i a , 1 3 : 1 8 7 - 2 3 2 .

K e c k , G . , M a r t e l l , C . a n d J . P . G e r a r d . 1 9 8 4 . P h a r m a c o l o g i e

d e s p o i s s o n s . R e v u e de M e d e c i n e V e t e r i n a i r e , 1 3 3 : 2 1 7 -

2 2 8 .

K e l l y , M . 1 9 9 0 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . D e p a r t m e n t o f

M i c r o b i o l o g y , S h a u g h n e s s y H o s p i t a l , U n i v e r s i t y o f

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a .

L e d o , A . , G o n z a l e z , E . , B a r j a , J . L . a n d A . E . T o r a n z o . 1 9 8 3 .

E f f e c t o f D e p u r a t i o n o n t h e R e d u c t i o n o f

B a c t e r i o l o g i c a l I n d i c a t o r s i n C u l t u r e d M u s s e l s ( M y t i l u s

e d u l i s ( L i n n a e u s ) ) . J o u r n . o f S h e l l f i s h R e s . 3 : 5 9 - 6 4 .

L i p o v s k y , V . P . 1 9 7 1 . M o r t a l i t y o f P a c i f i c o y s t e r s ,

C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ( T h u n b e r g ) . I . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f

T e m p e r a t u r e a n d E n r i c h e d S e a w a t e r o n t h e O y s t e r -

B a c t e r i a R e l a t i o n s h i p . M a s t e r s T h e s i s U n i v . W a s h . ,

C o l l . F i s h . , S e a t t l e , W a h i n g t o n : 4 5 p p .

Page 73: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

62

L i p o v s k y , V . P . a n d K . K . Chew. 1 9 7 2 . M o r t a l i t y o f P a c i f i c

O y s t e r s ( C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s ) : T h e I n f l u e n c e o f

T e m p e r a t u r e a n d E n r i c h e d S e a w a t e r o n O y s t e r s u r v i v a l .

P r o c . N a t . S h e l l F i s h . A s s o c . 6 2 : 7 2 - 8 0 .

L i t t l e , M . 1 9 9 0 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o n . S y n d e l L a b o r a t o r i e s

L t d . V a n c o u v e r , B . C .

L o o s a n o f f , V . L . a n d F . D . T o m m e r s . 1 9 4 8 . E f f e c t o f s u s p e n d e d

s i l t a n d o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s o n t h e r a t e o f f e e d i n g o f

o y s t e r s . S c i e n c e 1 0 7 : 6 9 - 7 0 .

L o w e , D . M . a n d M . N . M o o r e . 1 9 7 9 . T h e c y t o c h e m i c a l

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f z i n c ( Z n l l ) a n d i r o n ( F e l l l ) i n t h e

common m u s s e l , M y t i l u s e d u l i s . a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p

w i t h l y s o s o m e s . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s . U . K . 5 9 : 8 5 1 - 8 5 8 .

L u c a s , A . a n d P . G . B e r r i n g e r . 1 9 8 5 . T h e u s e o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l

c o n d i t i o n i n d i c e s i n m a r i n e b i v a l v e a q u a c u l t u r e .

A q u a c u l t u r e 4 4 : 1 8 7 - 2 0 0 .

M a n n , R . , 1 9 7 8 . Some b i o c h e m i c a l a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s

o f g r o w t h a n d g a m e t o g e n e s i s i n C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s a n d

O s t r e a e d u l i s g r o w n a t s u s t a i n e d e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s .

J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U . K . 5 8 : 9 5 - 1 1 0 .

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63

M c C a r t h y , D . H . , S t e v e n s o n , J . P . a n d A . W . S a l s b u r y . 1 9 7 4 . A

C o m p a r a t i v e P h a r m a c o - K i n e t i c S t u d y o f t h e

S u l p h o n a m i d e s a n d a S u l p h o n a m i d e P o t e n t i a t o r ,

T r i m e t h o p r i m i n R a i n b o w T r o u t . A q u a c u l t u r e 4 : 2 9 9 - 3 0 3 .

M c C r a c k e n , A . , F i d g e o n , S . , O ' B r i e n , J . J . a n d D . A n d e r s o n .

1 9 7 6 . A n I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f A n t i b i o t i c a n d D r u g R e s i d u e s

i n F i s h . J o u r n a l A p p l . B a c t . 4 0 : 6 1 .

M e t c a l f , T . G . , B . M u l l i n , D . E r i c k s o n , E . M o u l t o n a n d E .

L a r k i n . 1 9 7 9 . B i o a c c u m u l a t i o n a n d d e p u r a t i o n o f

e n t e r o v i r u s e s b y t h e s o f t - s h e l l e d c l a m Mya a r e n a r i a .

A p p l . E n v i r o n . M i c r o b i o l . 3 8 : 2 7 5 - 2 8 2 .

M o h l e n b e r g , F . a n d H . U . R i i s g a r d . 1 9 7 8 . E f f i c i e n c y o f

p a r t i c l e r e t e n t i o n i n 13 s p e c i e s o f s u s p e n s i o n f e e d i n g

b i v a l v e s . O p h e l i a 1 7 : 2 3 9 - 2 4 6 .

M o r i , K . 1 9 7 9 . E f f e c t s o f A r t i f i c i a l E u t r o p h i c a t i o n o n t h e

M e t a b o l i s m o f t h e J a p a n e s e o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a g i g a s .

M a r i n e B i o l o g y . 5 3 : 3 6 1 - 3 6 9 .

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64

N e i l s o n , B . J . , H a v e n , D . S . , P e r k i n s , F . O . , M o r a l e s - a l a m o ,

R . , a n d M . W . R h o d e s . 1 9 7 8 . B a c t e r i a l d e p u r a t i o n b y t h e

A m e r i c a n o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a v i r g i n i c a u n d e r c o n t r o l l e d

c o n d i t i o n s . I I . P r a c t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d p l a n t

d e s i g n . V a . I n s t . M a r . S c i . S p e c . R e p . N o . 8 8 : 4 8 p p .

O k a , H . , U n o , K . , H a r a d a , K . a n d M . S u z u k i . 1 9 8 3 .

I m p r o v e m e n t o f C h e m i c a l a n a l y s i s o f A n t i b i o t i c s . I I .

E v a l u a t i o n o f P r e p a c k e d C 1 8 C a r t r i d g e f o r E x t r a c t i o n o f

T e t r a c y c l i n e s . Y a k u g a k u Z a s s h i . 5 : 5 3 1 - 5 3 7 .

P h i l l i p s , D . J . H . 1 9 7 6 . T h e common m u s s e l , M y t i l u s e d u l i s , a s

a n i n d i c a t o r o f p o l l u t i o n b y z i n c , c a d m i u m , l e a d a n d

c o p p e r . I . E f f e c t s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a r i a b l e s o n u p t a k e

o f m e t a l s . M a r . B i o l . 3 8 : 5 9 - 6 9 .

P r i n g l e , B . H . , H i s s o n g , D . E . , K a t z , E . L . a n d M . G . M u l a w k a .

1 9 6 8 . T r a c e m e t a l a c c u m u l a t i o n b y e s t u a r i n e m o l l u s k s .

J . S a n i t . E n g . D i v . , Am. S o c . C i v i l E n g . 9 4 : 4 5 5 - 4 7 5 .

R i s e b r o u g h , R . W . , D e L a p p e , B . W . a n d T . T . , S c h m i d t . 1 9 7 6 .

B i o a c c u m u l a t i o n f a c t o r s o f c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n s

b e t w e e n m u s s e l s a n d s e a w a t e r . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 7 : 2 2 5 -

2 2 8 .

Page 76: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

R o g s t a d , A . , H o r m a z a b a l , V . a n d M . Y n d e s t a d . 1 9 8 8 .

O p t i m i z a t i o n o f s o l i d p h a s e e x t r a c t i o n o f

o x y t e t r a c y c l i n e f r o m f i s h t i s s u e a n d i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n

b y H P L C . J o u r n a l o f L i q u i d C h r o m a t o g r a p h y 1 1 : 2 3 3 7 - 2 3 4 7

S a l t e , R . a n d K . L i e s t o l . 1 9 8 3 . D r u g w i t h d r a w a l f r o m f a r m e d

f i s h . A c t a V e t e r i n a r i a S c a n d i n a v i c a 2 4 : 4 1 8 - 4 3 0 .

S a m u e l s e n , O . , T o r s v i k , V . , H a n s e n , P . K . , P i t t m a n , K . a n d A

E r v i k . 1 9 8 8 . O r g a n i c W a s t e a n d A n t i b i o t i c s F r o m

A q u a c u l t u r e . I C E B S , C M . 1988 F : 1 4 , S e s s . W.

M a r i c u l t u r e C o m m i t t e e .

S i m p s o n , R . D . 1 9 7 9 . U p t a k e a n d L o s s o f Z i n c a n d L e a d b y

M u s s e l ( M y t i l u s e d u l i s ) a n d R e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h b o d y

W e i g h t a n d R e p r o d u c t i v e c y c l e . M a r . P o l l . B u l l . 1 0 : 7 4 -

7 8 .

S n i e s z k o , S . F . a n d S . B . F r i d d l e . 1 9 5 1 . F u r t h e r S t u d i e s o n

F a c t o r s D e t e r m i n i n g T i s s u e L e v e l s o f S u l f a m e r a z i n e i n

T r o u t . T r a n s . Am. F i s h . S o c . 8 1 : 1 0 1 .

S o u n e s s , R . A . , B o w r e y , R . G . a n d G . H . F l e e t . 1 9 7 9 . C o m m e r c i a l

d e p u r a t i o n o f t h e S y d n e y r o c k o y s t e r C r a s s o s t r e a

c o m m e r c i a l i s . F o o d T e c h n o l . A u s t . 3 1 : 5 3 1 - 5 3 7 .

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66

S t e n n e r , R . D . a n d G . N i c k l e s s . 1 9 7 4 . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f some

h e a v y m e t a l s i n o r g a n i s m s i n H a r d a n g e r f j o r d a n d

S k j e r s t a d f j o r d , N o r w a y . W a t e r A i r S o i l P o l l u t . 3 : 2 7 9 -

2 9 1 .

T a k a s h i m a , N . , A o k i , T . a n d T . K i a t o . 1 9 8 5 . E p i d e m i o l o g i c a l

s u r v e i l l a n c e o f d r u g - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n s o f P a s t e u r e l l a

p i s c i c i d a . F i s h P a t h o l o g y 2 0 : 2 0 9 - 2 1 7 .

T e n o r e , K . R . a n d W . M . D u n s t a n . , 1 9 7 3 . C o m p a r i s o n o f f e e d i n g

a n d b i o d e p o s i t i o n o f t h r e e b i v a l v e s a t d i f f e r e n t f o o d

l e v e l s . M a r . B i o l . 2 1 : 1 9 0 - 1 9 5 .

T h i S o n , N . a n d G . H . F l e e t , 1 9 8 0 . B e h a v i o u r o f p a t h o g e n i c

b a c t e r i a i n t h e o y s t e r , C r a s s o s t r e a c o m m e r c i a l i s d u r i n g

d e p u r a t i o n , r e l a y i n g a n d s t o r a g e . A p p l . E n v i r o n .

M i c r o b i o l . 4 0 : 9 9 4 - 1 0 0 2 .

W a l n e , P . R . 1 9 7 2 . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f c u r r e n t s p e e d , b o d y s i z e

a n d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e o n t h e f i l t r a t i o n r a t e o f f i v e

s p e c i e s o f b i v a l v e s . J . M a r . B i o l . A s s o c . U . K . 5 2 : 3 4 5 -

3 7 4 .

W a l i s s e r , J . A . , H . M . B u r t , D . D . K i t t s , T . A . V a l g a n d K . M .

M c E r l a n e . 1 9 9 0 . H P L C A n a l y s i s o f R o m e t - 3 0 R i n s a l m o n

f o l l o w i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f m e d i c a t e d f e e d . J o u r n a l o f

C h r o m a t o g r a p h y : I n P r e s s .

Page 78: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

67

A P P E N D I X

Page 79: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

68

A p p e n d i x 1

OTC E x t r a c t i o n s - U.B.C.

Page 80: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

69

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70

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71

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72

7

Page 84: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

73

Page 85: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

74

Page 86: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

75

Page 87: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

76

Page 88: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

77

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78

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79

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80

Appendix 2

ROMET-30 E x t r a c t i o n s - U.B.C.

Page 92: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 93: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

82

Page 94: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

-2ER0 iCfcO

2.«» U ?

tftl

i

Page 95: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 96: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 97: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

86

Page 98: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 99: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 100: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

89

• Si 1 £ ! O 6 O

» 2

I T

— »s.

I

, 2 i iliiiiiiiiiiliii

III I - — - = « - - • - =

Page 101: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

?0

Page 102: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

91

r

Page 103: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

92

I

Page 104: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

4.8

CHROMA TOG RAN i ncnOfti2CD

CHfcOtlATOPAC C-ftfcA TILE 0 no b DC THOli

iCFOfcT no 169 PKHO Tint AREA UK IDHO CUMC

1 7.6809 2 6.872 1 1622 0.4324 3 9.638 2147650 83.3901 4 212649 8.2767

TOTAL 2369263 180 START 6A/0I/90STOP 06i401 01 CHROnAIOGRAfl 2 flEMORUEB UAfcntMTttO PEftK TirtEI-'UMhOlOdi * AITCH<8>-3 J ANAL I . /

|08̂ 01/90 16t 06i 38

3 9.630

Page 105: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

94

X t W M u w a a.

Page 106: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

95

CHROtlf lTOPAC C - R 6 A S A M P L E no a R E P O R T MO 112

PKNO

I 2 3

T i n e

5.633 9. 632

12.187 13.928 22.732

A R E A NK I D N O

F I L E METHOD

C O M C

41

M A R E

T O T A L -TEN<3>=3

AMAL 00 '0' /99

219324 2263413

13234 13324

225567

2724336

16:39:34

6. 998 7. 825

7.7835 83. 1472

3.3764 9.439 8.2739

199

3. 667

"] 9 . 6 5 3

=» 22 .775

CHROflfrTOPAC C-R6A SANPLE (10 9 REPORT NO 113

— F I L E " "' METHOD 41

P K N O TIME A R E A MK IDNO CONC N A M E

667 998 633 775

197211 12169

2147367 212442

7. 676 9.4733

33.5313 3.2639

Page 107: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

96

Page 108: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

START

STftRT

Page 109: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

98

Page 110: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

26 . a

CHROHATOPAC c -SAtiPLE NO e REPORT HO 638

F 1LE IIETHOb

PKNO T 1IIC AREA IIK 1 tillO

1 4 . 9 3 3 5278 7 9851 2 £ . 0 2 9 9722 14 7882 3 6 . 9 8 3 16623 V 25 1483 4 7 . 6 0 2 7742 V 1 1 7123 5 10 .142 9812 14 844 6 1 1 . 7 5318 8 8451 ? 2 6 . 6 3 1 1605 17 55?

TOTAL 66098 108 STOP.Th<8 )=3 l START 9 6 / 8 5 / 6 ? .

928

5? 888

1 7 . 6 3 5

VO

Page 111: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

REPORT HO 63c.

AREA It K IDHO

1 4 .952 3979 18. 0o67

2 6 .862 7*54 :<o. 1 154 3 6. 97S 4 5 15 V 20 . 4393 4 10 .755 ;<S4 s 1 5. 17 68 5 1 1.782 22 35 1 0. 14 9 3

TOTAL 2 2 * 2 5 106 START J~ i

CHROMATOPAC C -SAHPLE Nti 0 REPORT NO 637

r u e MET Hull

PKHO TIME AREA Ml' 1 UNO COIIC

1 4. 96 4 2 2 ! 7 . 8 1 7 5 2 6. 026 6S99 1 2 . 7 7 2 5 3 S . 2 6 7 2 64 04 4 s . S S 8 2 4 j a ^ 2 s 1 204 5 2 2 . 2 9 9 4 o o

Page 112: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

18.612

24.863

CHROHATOPAC C-R6A SAMPLE NO 6 REPORT NO 632

FILE NETHOD

PKNO TINE AREA I1K I UNO

1 3.233 18695 9.3887 2 3.92 7825 V 6.8694 3 6.927 18418 16.1614 4 7.483 9822 V 8.6221 S 8.268 71 IS 6.2463 6 11.383 6845 6.688? 7 12.467 6S31 5.7333 8 13.34 12899 V 11.3235 8 18.612 24467 21.4791

18 24.863 9304 8.167S

TOTAL 113912 186 START 88/86/01

Page 113: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

£8.34?

CHRONATOPAC jSftnplSiJto REPORT NO" 648

C-R6A

AKFH m rtrte

6. 187 •^4.483

7.463 18.983 12.533 15.745 28.63 28.347

4476 12785 4682

16794 18825 15484 18216 29283

FILE METHOD

COHC

11.3682 4.163?

14.9339 16.7395 13.6975 9.8785

26.6387

START TOTAL 112458

Page 114: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

103

•s -a *

o a. o a c i X •! W

© - ftJ «

Page 115: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

m o 9 « <7> r. 9> ^ "» »-) r> » is, ff> •» — — .7. f> o i> r> « r»

« I <o *..> • « i .j J ^ K- ^ U X •_>"

o

X > > > > >

w — "J - 0> — T III t I\I «

i — — — — _ —

_ T =* ^ ir>'T><»fs,isirtrvto'«»

^ O X X - - - <y <u

, / V I s ;

Page 116: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline
Page 117: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

106

Page 118: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

START

V

•M • ,

,27.86 MOP

CHROHATOPAC C-S AMPLE 110 B REPORT HO 653

FILE HETHOD

KNO Ti n s AREA UK IDNO CONC

1 S. 192 14372 6.8527 2 5. 627 6462 2.7214 3 6.82 191 IS 8.8499 4 7.412 24423 10.2855 3 8. 17 15372 V 6.4736 6 9. 383 3565 1.5814 7 10.313 44 1 1 1.8373 e 11.267 19678 V 8.2873 » •» - 12.387 13143- v 5.3332

10 13.112 36378 V 15.317 11 14.388 13671 V 5.7576 12 19.327 S369 2.2612 13 21.723 21683 9.1317 14 23.6 28565 12.8297 IS 27.86 1 1252 4.7385

.:il!t'i:

Page 119: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

! ' ! ! ! "3Mnri.t n o . REPORT NO

! (

i :

.ii:

m

•lil: • |-;>i:

1 ,

n

» to 11 2 3

II 14 12 13 14

. IS

TINE

S. 192 3.627 6.82 7.412 8.17 .383 .313 267 387„ 112

.588

.327

.723

.6

.86

TOTAL START 88/88/81

AREA UK IDNO

14372 6462

19115 24423 15372 3565 4411

19678 „,I3143

36378 13671 5369

21683 28565 I 1252

• i o l i t '•

CONC

6.6327 2.7214 8.8499

18.2833 . 6.4736 > 1.5614 1.8573 8.2873

, 3.5332,, 15.317 5.7576 2.2612 9.1317

12.6297 4.7383

NANE

237451 188

92144123

.733

o 00

Page 120: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

• 1H.

11

-.- - S t ' i !

i l l •i,l '

•ii.iM-?i

CHROHATOPAC C-R6A SAMPLE REPORT

NO 0 NO 658

METHOD 41

PKHO TIME AREA MK IDNO CONC NAME

1 e 3

6.218 6.717

21.937

3336 7743 V

219336

1 . 4 4 4

3.3373 9 3 . 1 9 8 3

:

TOTAL START 98/08/08

236629

2 3 1 3 4 1 5 9

108 i

28.373

v

O VO

Page 121: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

110

Page 122: Uptake and Depuration of the Antibiotics, Oxytetracycline

WWW '?»

If!

I N 1 :

•m i i

• . , , , 1 - . , . ,

CHRONATOPAC j 1 SAMPLE NO 0 NETHOD

r *.

REPORT NO 632 >• J. PKNO TINE AREA NK •UNO CONC

1 3.233 18693 9.3887 .' £ 3.92 7823 V 6.8694

; ' i 3 6.927 18418 16.1614 4 7.483 9822 V 8.6221 5 8.268 71 IS 6.2463

: 6 11.383 6843 6.6667 i i 7 12.467 6531 3.7333

9 13.34 12699 V 11.3233 9 18.612 24467 21.4791

i s 24.863 9304 8.1673

TOTAL 113912 186

INANE

START e e / B O ' e i

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6 S I 5 8 1 4 3

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CHRONATOPAC C-R6A SAHPLE NO 8 REPORT NO 657

FILE METHOD 41

1 5. 15? 3843 4.3414 2 6.63 16366 18.4211 3 7.382 2486 V 2.717? 4 8.18 3233 3.6521 5 8.645 5167 V 5. 8378 6 11.367 13827 15.6281 7 13.892 3963 4.412 8 21.623 39831 44.9978

TOTAL 88517 START 86/88/61 03148132 £ 3 M 5- f!

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