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www.ivl.se
Urban air quality and abatement measures in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden
Karin Sjöberg
Transport and Clean Air
Moscow, December 11-12, 2013
www.ivl.se
Research Institute IVL Swedish Environmental
• Sweden's leading organisation for applied environmental research
• independent, non-profit research institute, owned by a foundation jointly established in 1966 by the Swedish Government and Swedish industry
• around 200 employees
• six major theme areas: Climate and energy, Sustainable building, Air and transport, Sustainable production, Resource-efficient products and waste, and Water
• responsible for the national air quality networks on behalf of the Swedish EPA
• runs an urban air quality network in cooperation with small and medium sized municipalities
• data host for the national air quality database
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Trend of NO2 in Swedish cities
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European emission standards – heavy duty vehicles
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City of Gothenburg ~ 550 000 inhabitants Port of Gothenburg is the largest port in Scandinavia > EU limit values for NO2 and PM10
Air quality plans for NO2 (2004) and PM10 (2006)
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Annual means
NO2 levels in Gothenburg
Number of hours > 200 µg/m3, 2012
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Annual means
PM10 levels in Gothenburg
Monthly means of PM10, 2012
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Local abatement measures in Gothenburg
• Environmental zone within the city centre
• Reduced number of studded tires
• Reduced speed
• Cleaning with water
• Sweeping
• Water drenching
• Dust-binding agents
• Congestion charge
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Environmental zone
Regulation of heavy duty vehicles
• Euro IV allowed until 2016
• Euro V allowed until 2020
• Old vehicles can be adjusted to meet new, stricter requirements
• Regulated emissions of CO, HC, NOX and PM
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Reduced number of studded tires
PM10- 90 percentil dygnsmedelvärde mellan 9 feb till 15 april
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Gårda Haga Friggagatan
Stationer
PM
10-
lokalb
idra
gen
(µg
/m3)
2008 2012
5%
-2% -48%
Dubbdäcksförbud
gatan
PM10- 90 percentil dygnsmedelvärde mellan 16 april till 9 maj
0
5
10
15
20
Gårda Haga Friggagatan
Stationer
PM
10-l
okalb
idra
gen
(µg
/m3)
2008 2012
17%27%
-35%
Dubbdäcksförbud
gatan
16 April – 9 May 2012
9 February – 15 April 2012
Local contribution to PM10 90 percentile of daily mean value
• Studded tires reduction approx. 60% 20% in Friggagatan between
2008 and 2012
• Estimated decrease ~13% of local PM10 contribution to the 90 percentile of daily mean values
• Other factors
• Meteorological variations
• Different local ventilation conditions due to reconstruction
• Different vehicle mileage
• Different dust-binding measures
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Speed reduction (50 40 km/h)
3-5 km/h in reality
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
12-feb 22-feb 04-mar 14-mar 24-mar 03-apr 13-apr 23-apr 03-maj
PM
10 (
µg
/m3)
Haga
Frigga
Hastighetssänkning
No clear results – indicated decrease of 5% for PM10 in Friggagatan
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Effect of dust-binding measures
Monitored (green) and simulated (red) concentrations if no measures, Feb–Apr 2012
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Number of days above the EU limit value
and avoided days of exceedance
17
8
0
9
2
1
Gårda Haga Vasaparken
PM10
Effect of dust-binding measures 2012
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Congestion charge - NO2 in Gothenburg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Femman
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Gårda
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
Haga
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Congestion charge - PM10 in Gothenburg
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Femman
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Gårda
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Haga
Monday - Friday
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Conclusions
• NO2 levels have decreased
• Introduction of TWC
• Emission regulations
• Environmental zone
• PM10 measures
• Dust-binding
• effective to lower high PM concentrations, the effect remains ~ 2 days
• during unfavourable conditions and high PM concentrations not enough to keep the levels below the limit value
• Effects of other measures more uncertain
• Congestion charge
• Decreased vehicle mileage, decreased NOX emissions
• NO2 concentrations lower at noon, increased levels during rush hours
• PM10 concentrations lower
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Thanks for your attention!