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10-05-2016
1
Urban and Territorial Ecology Ecologia Territorial e Urbana
Joana Mourão (Arch. PhD)
Doutoramento em Urbanismo
Módulo 0 – Introduction/Introdução
Conceitos e Enquadramento
Módulo 1 – Ecological Buildings and Territories/ Edificação e Territórios Ecológicos
Edifícios, Bairros e Territórios
Módulo 2 – Low Carbon Urban Planning/ Planeamento Urbano Baixo Carbono
Freguesias, Cidades e Municípios
Módulo 3 – Urban Environmental Asessment/ Avaliação de Impactes da Urbanização
Bairros e grandes urbanizações
Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano
Regiões e Áreas metropolitanas
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Territorial and Urban Ecology – All Contents:
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Módulo 4 – Urban Metabolism Evolution/ Evolução do Metabolismo Urbano
• Urban Metabolism Concept
• Urban Metabolism Interrelations
• Sustainability and closed Metabolism
• MEMO Research Project (Lisbon Region) – An exemple of interdisciplinar research
– Main Goal and Objectives
– Study area definition
– Sources and Methodology
– Identification of water elements and territorial units under analysis
– GIS analysis - Water and Urban Form in Settlements and Royal Farms
– The specific case of Lisbon City – Adittional Sources and Methods
3
Territorial and Urban Ecology – M4 Contents:
M4. Urban Metabolism Evolution
Research Question/Questão de investigação
− How has been the urban metabolism evolution in Lisbon Region?
Como evoluiu o metabolismo Urbano na região de Lisboa desde o século XIX?
Methodology/Metodologia
− Comparation of cartography and historical statistic/ Elaboração de uma
análise comparativa com base em cartografia e estatística histórica
Results/Resultados
− Scientific articles about Water History and Enviornmental Change and
Atlas/ Publicação de artigos e de um Atlas
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LAND MATERIALS
ORG WASTE
EMISSIONS
WASTE
EFLUENTS
STEEL, CEMENT
URBAN
METABOLISM
BIOMASS
FOOD
DEMOLITIONS
CLIMATE
CHANGE
COMPOST P, N, K, C
REUSING
GLASS, CERAMICS.
HEAVY METALS
ORGANIC M.
P, N, K, C
RECYCLING
ENERGY
ELECTRICITY
FUELS
RENEWABLES
WATER
RAIN WATER
DRINK WATER
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Urban Metabolism Concept
Measuring contamination will allow a better control of the impacts of the social metabolism
RESOURCES
CONTAMINATION METHAN
METHAN
Research questions:
• Which flows to select?
Que fluxos selecionar?
• How to inter connect the flows?
Como interligar ciclos naturais?
• Which sources to use?
Que fontes consultar?
• Which results to look for?
Que resultados procurar?
Water (H2O)
Biomass (C)
Nitrogen (N,P,K)
Urban Metabolism – Water Flow Interrelations
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Research purposes:
• Traditional vs. Industrial
resource management models
• Search solutions for ecological sustainability
- Resource security for future generations
- Natural capital conservation
- Contamination restrictions
- Restitution from waste to resources
• Linear metabolism vs. closed metabolism
• Knowing the past to create a better future
Sustainability and closed Metabolism
MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Sources and Methodology
4. Identification of water and crops elements
and territorial units
5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and Urban
Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
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Evolution of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area Metabolism.
Lessons towards a Sustainable Urban Future
Main goal
Evaluate the relationship between urban form and access to water and to food
Objectives
- To visualize the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon Region, in 1900
- To develop a comparative analysis of the metabolic behaviour of Lisbon
- To discuss the role of urban metabolism in urban and land use planning.
https://memoproject.wordpress.com/
http://arcst.tagus.ist.utl.pt/umsc/memo/
MEMO Framework
Access to water has always been of strategic importance for urban areas, agricultural
purposes and other economic activities.
Rapid population growth and urbanization and the subsequent increase in the demand
for water have made access to water an important environmental and social issue.
Currently, water management is dependent on industrial technological models related
to energy consumption and competition for management, therefore the analysis of how
former water systems were organized is relevant.
MEMO Framework
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Cartographic sources and surveys on water quality and water availability showed:
(1) the complexity of the identified traditional water system in the Lisbon region in 1900
(2) the diversity of the water elements of the identified water system
(3) the relative reliability of such water system
(4) the value of using historical data to enhance our understanding of the connections
between the human and physical world, within specific temporal and spatial settings.
A high number of traditional water elements were identified and geo-referenced,
enriching our knowledge of the history of water and allow us to tackle sustainability
issues.
MEMO Framework
MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Sources and Methodology
4. Identification of water and crops
elements and territorial units
5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and
Urban Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
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Study Area
Geographic Units:
Natural River Basins
Which is the research scale/unit?
• Region/Muncipality/City
• Natural (river basin) unit?
• Political-Administrative unit?
• Socio-Economic unit?
14
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Lisbon Metropolitan Area in
2010 Source – Atlas AML (2010)
The territory under
analysis agrees with
present LMA
administrative limits,
which did not exist yet in
1900. Thus, this project
has designated such
territory in 1900 as
Lisbon Study Area
Land Uses Chart AML (2002) – CARTUS AML’90
MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Sources and Methodology
4. Identification of water and crops
elements and territorial units
5. GIS analysis - Water Agriculture and
Urban Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
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Sources and Methodology
SOURCES
1. Cartography
• Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa(CEM, 1893-1932) Scale 1:20 000.
• Carta Militar de Portugal (SGE,1937-1951) Scale 1:25 000.
• Casa da Fazenda Real (CFR) (1905) Noticia acerca das aguas que abastecem os
almoxarifados das reaes propriedades, quer proprias quer nacionaes no usufructo da
coroa: 1904 (Typographia da "A Editora", Lisboa).
2. Water Surveys
• 1903 survey on the hygienic conditions of the most important Settlements of Portugal
(CMSMOPCI, 1903)
• 1935 survey on the water provision of Portugal Municipalities (CEMOPC, 1935-1936)
3. Agriculture Surveys
1900
Carta dos Arredores de
Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932)
1940
Carta Militar de Portugal
(SGE,1937-1951)
1893 -1932
2002 - 2015
1936 -1949
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GIS analysis
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Historical Data Analysis Surveys Agriculture, water and sewers – Examples:
METHODOLOGY
1. Crossing data information
Selected data and information for the period under analysis, aimed to identify
and characterize water elements, water volumes, population and urban form
2. Defining scales/units for analysis
From the analyzed sources and cartography it was possible to identify three
territorial scales, according to the availability of data:
• Municipality
• Settlement
• Farm
3. Tools and databases
• Geo-referencing a mosaic map in Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• Database of water supply and crops typologies
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MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Used sources and applied methodology
4. Identification of water and crops
elements and territorial units
5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and
Urban Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis
Water Elements:
Aqueducts, Fountains, Springs, Tanks, Tide-mills, Water Mills, Water Mines, Water
Reservoirs, Wells
Crops:
Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice
Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums
Municipalities and Settlements:
Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Oeiras,
Palmela, Seixal, Setúbal, Sesimbra, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira
Royals Farms:
Ajuda, Alfeite, Belém, Caxias, Mafra, Necessidades, Pena, Queluz, Sintra and Tapada
da Ajuda
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• Wells (1604)
• Aqueducts (84)
• Underground Aqueducts (70)
• Fountains (428)
• Springs (31)
• Tanks (344)
• Water mines (552)
• Water / Tide mills (154)
Cartography Analysis Water elements:
Cartography Analysis Water elements:
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31
Cartography Analysis Agriculture:
• Vineyards
• Olive trees
• Pine trees
• Rice Fields
• Ploughed Land
• Vegetable Gardens
Identification of water and crops elements and territorial units under analysis
Water Elements:
Aqueducts, fountains, springs, tanks, tide-mills, water mills, water mines, water
reservoirs, and wells
Crops:
Vineyards, Olive Groves, Ploughed Lands, Pine Woods, Vegetable gardens, Trees, Rice
Fields, Salt Basins, Aquariums
Municipalities and Settlements:
Alcochete, Almada, Barreiro, Cascais, Lisboa, Loures, Mafra, Moita, Montijo, Oeiras,
Palmela, Seixal, Setúbal, Sesimbra, Sintra and Vila Franca de Xira
Royals Farms:
Ajuda, Alfeite, Belém, Caxias, Mafra, Necessidades, Pena, Queluz, Sintra and Tapada
da Ajuda
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Municipalities (1900)
Identification of territorial units
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Rural Territory
Settlement
Farms Water
Identification of territorial units
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MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Used sources and applied methodology
4. Identification of water and crops
elements and territorial units
5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture
and Urban Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
http://arcst.tagus.ist.utl.pt/umsc/memo/
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1900
Carta dos Arredores de
Lisboa (CEM,1893-1932)
1940
Carta Militar de Portugal
(SGE,1937-1951)
1893 -1932
1936 -1949
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In the Lisbon region, in 1900, the water elements
were used for different purposes (drinking,
irrigation and washing) according to the traditional
technological model that prevailed.
In some settlements, a water network that supplied
dwellings was emerging
The co-existence of the two identified technological
models (traditional and industrial) that served
water supply in Lisbon region in 1900 was
confirmed.
The geographical location of all water elements
obtained from GIS with historical sources allows
further research to verify if these identified water
elements have persisted over time and what are their
current uses.
The results of this study call for the value of Portugal’s
rural heritage, to which the study of water history is
compulsory - Research provides new knowledge and
promote the preservation of traditional water
technologies (urban and rural)
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Break!
MEMO Research Project
1. Framework and Objectives
2. Research Challenges - Study area
3. Sources and Methodology
4. Identification of water and crops
elements and territorial units
5. GIS analysis – Water, Agriculture and
Urban Form
6. The specific case of Lisbon City
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The specific case of Lisbon City
– Historical account of specific Lisbon’s statistical and cartographical information,
produced for Lisbon between 1898 and 1911.
– Outlook over the territorial shapes that assured urban agricultural and
water provision at the period of time under analysis.
– Lisbon municipality had urban agriculture in the beginning of twentieth century
but food was also supplied by other territories.
Finding a legend for 1900 charts...
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Atlas da Carta Topográfica de Lisboa Carta dos Arredores de Lisboa Levantamento da Planta de Lisboa 1856-1858 1893-1932 1904-1911
Filipe Folque
Corpo do Estado-Maior
Júlio António Vieira da Silva Pinto
Alberto Sá Correia
Sources
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Análise comparativa de fontes cartográficas
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Árvores
Water
Elements
Aquedutos
Fontes
Chafarizes
Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1
Aquedutos Subterrâneos
Tanques
Poços
Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells
Mães de água
Nascentes
Water Reservoirs Springs
Crops
Olival
Árvores
Olive groves Trees Vinhas
Terras Lavradas
Hortas Vineyards
Ploughed Lands Vegetable
Gardens
Terras Lavradas
Water
Elements
Aquedutos
Fontes
Chafarizes
Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1
Aquedutos Subterrâneos
Tanques
Poços
Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells
Mães de água
Nascentes
Water Reservoirs Springs
Crops
Olival
Árvores
Olive groves Trees Vinhas
Terras Lavradas
Hortas Vineyards
Ploughed Lands Vegetable
Gardens
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Vinhas
Water
Elements
Aquedutos
Fontes
Chafarizes
Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1
Aquedutos Subterrâneos
Tanques
Poços
Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells
Mães de água
Nascentes
Water Reservoirs Springs
Crops
Olival
Árvores
Olive groves Trees Vinhas
Terras Lavradas
Hortas Vineyards
Ploughed Lands Vegetable
Gardens
Olivais
Water
Elements
Aquedutos
Fontes
Chafarizes
Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1
Aquedutos Subterrâneos
Tanques
Poços
Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells
Mães de água
Nascentes
Water Reservoirs Springs
Crops
Olival
Árvores
Olive groves Trees Vinhas
Terras Lavradas
Hortas Vineyards
Ploughed Lands Vegetable
Gardens
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Hortas
Water
Elements
Aquedutos
Fontes
Chafarizes
Aqueducts Fountains 2 Fountains 1
Aquedutos Subterrâneos
Tanques
Poços
Underground Aqueducts Tanks Wells
Mães de água
Nascentes
Water Reservoirs Springs
Crops
Olival
Árvores
Olive groves Trees Vinhas
Terras Lavradas
Hortas Vineyards
Ploughed Lands Vegetable
Gardens
1
2
3
4
5 Hortas
Árvores
Olivais
Terras Lavradas
Vinhas
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• In Lisbon city, in 1900 water elements and land uses were detaily
represented by Silva Pinto, offering an importat source of knowledge
• However, the water network that supplied dwellings which was emerging is
not represented in none of these charts
• The geographical location of all water elements obtained from GIS with
historical sources allows further research to compare cartographic
sourcesCo-existence of the two identified technological models (traditional
and industrial) of water supply is not possible to confirm only through
charts
• Research provides new knowledge and promotes the understanding of
traditional water technologies