Urie Bronfenbrenner's

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Urie Bronfenbrenner’sUrie Bronfenbrenner’sEcological Perspective ofEcological Perspective of

Human DevelopmentHuman Development


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Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological ModelBronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model

Ecological Systems TheoryEcological Systems Theory, also, also

called "Development in Context" orcalled "Development in Context" or

"Human Ecolog" t!eor, species"Human Ecolog" t!eor, species

four tpes of nested environmentalfour tpes of nested environmental

sstems, #it! bi$directionalsstems, #it! bi$directional

in%uences #it!in and bet#een t!ein%uences #it!in and bet#een t!e

sstems&sstems&


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'!e (our )stems* '!e (our )stems* Microsstem*Microsstem* Immediate environments (Immediate environments (familyfamily,, schoolschool,,peer grouppeer group,, neighborhoodneighborhood, and, and childcarechildcare environments)environments)

Mesosstem*Mesosstem* A system comprising connectionsA system comprising connectionsbetween immediate environments (i.e., a child’s homebetween immediate environments (i.e., a child’s home

and school)and school)Exosstem*Exosstem* External environmental settings which onlyExternal environmental settings which onlyindirectly affect development (such as parentsindirectly affect development (such as parentswor!place)wor!place)

Macrosstem*Macrosstem* "he larger"he larger culturalcultural context (context (EasternEastern vs.vs.

#estern culture#estern culture, national economy, political culture,, national economy, political culture,subculturesubculture))

$ater a fifth system was added%$ater a fifth system was added%

C!ronosstem*C!ronosstem* "he patterning of environmental events"he patterning of environmental eventsand transitions over the course of life.and transitions over the course of life.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childcarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family


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'!e Microsstem '!e Microsstem

An adolescent belongsAn adolescent belongsto a number ofto a number ofdifferent microsystems.different microsystems.&epicted are a family&epicted are a family

microsystem, a friendsmicrosystem, a friendsmicrosystem, and amicrosystem, and asports'teamsports'teammicrosystem.microsystem.

ne person can play ane person can play a

role in more that onerole in more that onemicrosystem. ormicrosystem. orexample, friend * isexample, friend * isalso player *.also player *.


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'!e Mesosstem '!e Mesosstem+elations bet#eenmicrosstems,connections bet#eencontexts

+elation of familexperiences to sc!oolexperiences, sc!ool toc!urc!, famil to peers

Example* c!ild #!o

experiences parentalreection ma !avedi-cult #it! sc!ool.certain peer in%uencesma cause famil turmoil


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'!e Exosstem '!e Exosstem"he +oard of education,"he +oard of education,local government, locallocal government, localtransportation systems,transportation systems,and parents’ employerand parents’ employerexemplify the exosystem.exemplify the exosystem.

ome exosystem decisionsome exosystem decisionsaffect the individualaffect the individualadolescent. -owever, theseadolescent. -owever, theseinfluences are primarilyinfluences are primarilyimpersonal, indirect, andimpersonal, indirect, andone way.one way.

"he exosystem decision"he exosystem decisionma!er usually does notma!er usually does not!now the individual!now the individualadolescent, and vise versa.adolescent, and vise versa.


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'!e Macrosstem '!e Macrosstem '!e indavidual is part of '!e indavidual is part ofseveral microsstems,several microsstems,and several microsstemsand several microsstemsfrom t!e mesosstem&from t!e mesosstem&/nteractions at t!e/nteractions at t!e

mesosstem level aremesosstem level arepersonal and direct&personal and direct&

'!e mesosstem is '!e mesosstem isembedded in t!eembedded in t!eexosstem and t!e moreexosstem and t!e more

general social culturalgeneral social culturalmacrosstem. e0ects atmacrosstem. e0ects att!is level are impersonalt!is level are impersonaland often indirect&and often indirect&


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Ecological '!eor 1ia +esearc!Ecological '!eor 1ia +esearc!

to Public Policto Public Polic

Ecological model ofEcological model ofc!anges in earlc!anges in earladolescence&adolescence&

'!e t!e common '!e t!e commonmicrosstems 2famil,microsstems 2famil,

peers and sc!ool3 interactpeers and sc!ool3 interact#it! primar development#it! primar developmentc!anges of earlc!anges of earladolescence 2indentiedadolescence 2indentied!ere as a biological,!ere as a biological,cognitive and social3 andcognitive and social3 andbot! contribute tobot! contribute tosecondar c!anges insecondar c!anges insuc! area as identit,suc! area as identit,sexualit, andsexualit, andac!ievement as #ell asac!ievement as #ell asot!ers not depicted !ere&ot!ers not depicted !ere&


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5!o /n%uenced5!o /n%uenced

Bronfenbrenner6Bronfenbrenner6

7ev 1gots87ev 1gots8

4eorge Herbert Mead4eorge Herbert Mead

9ean Piaget 9ean Piaget)igmund (reud)igmund (reud

Ed#ard 'olmanEd#ard 'olman

:urt 7e#in:urt 7e#in


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7ev 1gots87ev 1gots8

Lev SemenovichLev Semenovich

VygotskyVygotsky 22

;ovember


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4eorge Herbert Mead4eorge Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert MeadGeorge Herbert Mead 22

(ebruar =(ebruar =,, @@ AA

pril @pril @,,


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9ean Piaget 9ean Piaget

Jean Piaget Jean Piaget 22ugust ?ugust ?,,

?@?@ AA )eptember


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)igmund (reud)igmund (reud

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud bornborn SigismundSigismund

Shlomo FreudShlomo Freud

2Ma @, G@ A2Ma @, G@ A)eptember ,)eptember ,


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Ed#ard 'olmanEd#ard 'olman

Edard !haceEdard !hace

TolmanTolman 2>@ $2>@ $


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:urt 7e#in:urt 7e#in"urt #adek Lein"urt #adek Lein 2?F $2?F $


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Development 2


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resu o ron en renner sresu o ron en renner sgroundbrea8ing #or8 in "!umangroundbrea8ing #or8 in "!uman

ecolog"ecolog"

'!ese environments, from t!e famil to economic '!ese environments, from t!e famil to economic

and political structures, !ave come to be vie#edand political structures, !ave come to be vie#ed

as part of t!e life course from c!ild!ood t!roug!as part of t!e life course from c!ild!ood t!roug!

adult!ood&adult!ood& '!e "bioecological" approac! to !uman '!e "bioecological" approac! to !uman

development bro8e do#n barriers among t!edevelopment bro8e do#n barriers among t!e

social sciences, and built bridges bet#een t!esocial sciences, and built bridges bet#een t!e

disciplines t!at !ave allo#ed ndings to emergedisciplines t!at !ave allo#ed ndings to emergeabout #!ic! 8e elements in t!e larger socialabout #!ic! 8e elements in t!e larger social

structure, and across societies, are vital forstructure, and across societies, are vital for

optimal !uman development&optimal !uman development&


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Urie Bronfenbrenner’s #ardsUrie Bronfenbrenner’s #ards

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