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Figure 25.1 The urinary system.

Hepatic veins (cut)

Esophagus (cut)

Inferior vena cava

Adrenal gland

Aorta

Iliac crest

Rectum (cut)

Uterus (part of female reproductive system)

Renal artery

Renal hilum

Renal vein

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladder

Urethra

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Figure 25.2b Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.

12th rib

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Figure 25.2a Position of the kidneys against the posterior body wall.

Peritoneum

Renal vein

Renal artery

Body of vertebra L2

Body wall

Anterior

Peritoneal cavity (organs removed)

Posterior

Inferior vena cava

Aorta

Supportive

tissue layers

Renal fascia anterior

posterior

Perirenal fat capsule

Fibrous capsule

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Figure 25.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney.

Renal

hilum

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Major calyx

Papilla of pyramid

Renal pelvis

Minor calyx

Ureter

Renal pyramid in

renal medulla

Renal column

Fibrous capsule

Diagrammatic view Photograph of right kidney, frontal section

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Figure 25.4a Blood vessels of the kidney. Cortical radiate vein

Cortical radiate artery

Arcuate vein

Interlobar vein

Interlobar artery

Segmental arteries

Renal vein

Renal artery

Renal pelvis

Ureter

Renal medulla

Renal cortex

Arcuate artery

Frontal section illustrating major blood vessels

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Figure 25.4b Blood vessels of the kidney.

Aorta

Renal artery

Segmental artery

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Cortical radiate artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerulus (capillaries)

Efferent arteriole

Inferior vena cava

Renal vein

Interlobar vein

Arcuate vein

Cortical radiate vein

Peritubular

capillaries

or vasa recta

Nephron-associated blood vessels (see Figure 25.7)

(b) Path of blood flow through renal blood vessels

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Ureter Kidney

Renal corpuscle

Glomerular capsule Glomerulus

Proximal

convoluted

tubule

Cortex

Medulla

Thick segment Thin segment

Nephron loop

Descending limb Ascending limb

Collecting duct

Glomerular capsule: parietal layer

Basement membrane

Podocyte

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus

Glomerular capsule: visceral layer

Apical microvilli

Mitochondria

Highly infolded basolateral membrane

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Apical side

Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells

Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells

Principal cell

Intercalated cell

Collecting duct cells

Distal

convoluted

tubule

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (2 of 7)

Glomerular capsule: parietal layer

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (3 of 7)

Basement membrane

Podocyte

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus

Glomerular capsule: visceral layer

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (4 of 7)

Apical microvilli Mitochondria

Highly infolded basolateral membrane

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (6 of 7)

Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (5 of 7)

Apical side

Basolateral side

Distal convoluted tubule cells

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. (7 of 7)

Principal cell Intercalated cell

Collecting duct cells

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Figure 25.5 Location and structure of nephrons. Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Renal pelvis

Ureter Kidney

Renal corpuscle

Glomerular capsule Glomerulus

Proximal

convoluted

tubule

Cortex

Medulla

Thick segment Thin segment

Nephron loop

Descending limb Ascending limb

Collecting duct

Glomerular capsule: parietal layer

Basement membrane

Podocyte

Fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus

Glomerular capsule: visceral layer

Apical microvilli

Mitochondria

Highly infolded basolateral membrane

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Apical side

Basolateral side Distal convoluted tubule cells

Nephron loop (thin-segment) cells

Principal cell

Intercalated cell

Collecting duct cells

Distal

convoluted

tubule

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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Cortical nephron

Short nephron loop Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

Juxtamedullary nephron

Long nephron loop Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

Renal corpuscle

Glomerulus (capillaries)

Glomerular capsule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Peritubular

capillaries

Ascending limb of nephron loop

Kidney Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Nephron loop

Efferent

arteriole

Descending limb of nephron loop

Cortical radiate vein

Afferent arteriole

Distal convoluted tubule

Efferent

arteriole

Vasa recta

Cortex-medulla junction

Cortical radiate artery

Collecting duct

Afferent

arteriole

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Figure 25.7a Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons. Cortical nephron

Short nephron loop Glomerulus further from the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

Juxtamedullary nephron

Long nephron loop Glomerulus closer to the cortex-medulla junction Efferent arteriole supplies vasa recta

Renal corpuscle

Glomerulus (capillaries)

Glomerular capsule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Peritubular

capillaries

Ascending limb of nephron loop

Kidney Arcuate vein

Arcuate artery

Nephron loop

Efferent

arteriole

Descending limb of nephron loop

Cortical radiate vein

Afferent arteriole

Distal convoluted tubule

Efferent

arteriole

Vasa recta

Cortex-medulla junction

Cortical radiate artery

Collecting duct

Afferent

arteriole

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Figure 25.8 Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) of a nephron.

Glomerular capsule

Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Juxtaglomerular

complex

Macula densa

cells of the ascending limb of nephron loop

Extraglomerular

Granular cells

Afferent arteriole

Parietal layer of glomerular capsule

Capsular space

Foot processes of podocytes

Podocyte cell body (visceral layer)

Red blood cell

Proximal tubule cell

Lumens of glomerular capillaries

Endothelial cell of glomerular capillary

Glomerular mesangial cells

Renal corpuscle Juxtaglomerular complex

mesangial cells

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Figure 25.9 A schematic, uncoiled nephron showing the three major renal processes that adjust plasma composition.

Cortical radiate artery

Afferent arteriole Glomerular

capillaries

Efferent arteriole

Glomerular capsule

Renal tubule and collecting duct containing filtrate

Peritubular capillary

To cortical radiate vein

Three major

renal processes: Urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption

Tubular secretion

1

2

3

1

2

3

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Figure 25.10a The filtration membrane.

Efferent arteriole

Afferent arteriole

Glomerular capillary covered by podocytes that form the visceral layer of glomerular capsule

Parietal layer of glomerular capsule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Glomerular capsular space

Cytoplasmic extensions of podocytes

Filtration slits

Podocyte cell body

Fenestrations (pores)

Glomerular capillary endothelium (podocyte covering and basement membrane removed)

Foot processes of podocyte

Glomerular capillaries and the

visceral layer of the glomerular

capsule

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Figure 25.10b The filtration membrane. Filtration slits

Podocyte

cell body

Foot

processes

Filtration slits between the podocyte foot processes

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Figure 25.10c The filtration membrane.

Capillary

Fenestration (pore)

Filtration membrane

Capillary endothelium

Basement membrane

Foot processes of podocyte of glomerular capsule

Filtration slit

Slit diaphragm

Three layers of the filtration membrane

Foot processes of podocyte

Filtrate in capsular space

Plasma

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Figure 25.11 Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP).

Efferent arteriole

Glomerular

capsule

Afferent

arteriole

NFP = Net filtration pressure

= outward pressures inward pressures = (HPgc) (HPcs + OPgc) = (55) (15 + 30) = 10 mm Hg

HPgc = 55 mm Hg

OPgc = 30 mm Hg

HPcs = 15 mm Hg