-
7/26/2019 Us 3231365
1/6
United S t a t e s Patent
l
3
231
365
.
PLANT
GRGWTH
w r r H F E R T I L I Z E R INCLUDING
NONIONlC WETTING AGENT
N i l s G i i s t a
W a h l b e r g ,
O r n s k o l d s v i k ,
S w e d e n ,
a s s i g n o r
t o
M0 c h Domsjo A k t i e b o l a g , O r n s k o l d s v i k , S
w e d e n , a
l i m i t e d
company o f
Sweden
N0
D r a w i n g . F i l e d
F e b .
1 2 ,
1 9 6 3 ,
S e r .
N o . 2 5 7 , 8 8 8
5 C l a i m s . ( C l . 71-64)
T h i s i n v e n t i o n r e l a t e s
t o
a f e r t i l i z e r c o m p o s i t i o n which
i m p r o v e s p l a n t g r o w t h , and t o a p r o c e s
s
o f
g r o w i n g
p l a n t s
u s i n g
t h e
s a m e ,
and more
p a r t i c u l a r l y
t o a e r t i l i z e r
c o m p o s i t i o n c o m p r i s i n g a f e r t i l i z e r
and
a
n o n i o n i c wet
t i n g
a g e n t ,
and t o
a p r o c e s s o f u s i n g
t h e
s a m e .
When
f e r t i l i z i n g
e a r t h o r s o i l w i t h , f o r e x a m p l e ,
a r t i
? c i a l
f e r t i l i z e r s
o f d i f f e r e n t
k i n d s
i t i s o f
g r e a t
i m p o r t a n c e
t h a t t h e f e r t i l i z e r s
s h o u l d
be s p r e a d
o u t
i n
s u c h
a
Way
t h a t
t h e y
w i l l b e e v e n l y
d i s t r i b u t e d i n
t h e
s o i l , s o
t h a t
t h e
r o o t s o f t h e p l a n t s
g e t a c h a n c e d u r i n g
t h e
whole
p e r i o d o f
g r o w t h
t o
grow
i n l a y e r s
o f
s o i l ,
where
t h e
n u t r i e n t s a l t s o f t h e f e r t i l i z e r s a r e
a v a i l a b l e .
The most common w a y o f s p r e a d i n g
t h e f e r t i l i z e r s
i s
t o s p r e a d t h e s a m e by means
o f
a
f e r t i l i z e r
d i s t r i b u t o r a s
e v e n l y
a s p o s s i b l e on
t h e
s u r f a c e o f t h e s o i l . I n some
c a s e s
t h i s i s f o l l o w e d by p l o u g h i n g o r
h a r r o w i n g
t h e f e r
t i l i z e r s i n t o
t h e
s o i l . I t i s
o f t e n
a d v a n t a g e o u s t o l e t
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r s
s t a y on
t h e
g r o u n d ,
a p r o c e s s c a l l e d t o p
d r e s s i n g .
> Another way of spreading f e r t i l i z e r s c o n s i s
t s i n
spray
i n g
t h e ground w i t h
a
s o l u t i o n
o f
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r .
I n c e r
t a i n c a s e s
i t
i s
an
advantage
t o
add f e r t i l i z e r
t o t h e
s e e d ,
s o t h a t t h e young germs w i l l q u i c k l y c o m e i n
t o c o n t a c t
w i t h t h e n u t r i e n t s .
I t i s a l s o
c o m m o n p r a c t i c e t o s u p p l y
w i t h f e r t i l i z e r t h e r o o t
s y s t e m s
o f
p l a n t s
which a r e t o
b e p l a n t e d
o u t i n
o r d e r t o
g i v e
them a
good
s t a r t .
T h e r e
a r e a l s o o t h e r ways o f s p r e a d i n g f e r t i l i
z e r s .
I t h a s n o w been f o u n d ,
i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n v e n
t i o n ,
t h a t
t h e
a c t i o n o f
f e r t i l i z e r s
c a n be c o n s i d e r a b l y en
hanced i n
t h e
p r e s e n c e
o f
an
o r g a n i c
n o n i o n i c
W e t t i n g
a g e n t .
An
n c r e a s e d
r a t e o f g r o w t h o f
t h e
p l a n t s
i s
o b
s e r v e d , w h i c h r a t e
o f
g r o w t h i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o b t a i n
a b l e
e i t h e r
w i t h t h e
f e r t i l i z e r
o r w i t h t h e n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g
a g e n t
a l o n e , s o t h a t t h e
e f f e c t
o f t h e n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g
a g e n t
c a n
b e s a i d t o be
s y n e r g i s t i c .
The e f f e c t i s ' t h e
more s u r p r i s i n g
b e c a u s e
t h e
w e t t i n g a g e n t i t s e l f d o e s n o t
h a v e a n y
f e r t i l i z i n g a c t i o n .
I t i s t h o u g h t t h a t
t h e w e t t i n g
a g e n t m a y enhancein some w a y
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f t h e
f e r t i l i z e r components
i n t h e
s o i l , s o a s t o
make t h e
f e r
t i l i z e r s
more q u i c k l y
a v a i l a b l e t o
t h e
r o o t
s y s t e m o f t h e
p l a n t .
After
r a i n f a l l o r w a t e r i n g , o r b o t h , a s a r e s
u l t
o f
which t h e n u t r i e n t
s a l t s
i n t h e
f e r t i l i z e r
a r e d i s s o l v e d
t o
form an a q u e o u s s a l t s o l u t i o n , t h e n o n i o
n i c
w e t t i n g
a g e n t
i s a l s o d i s s o l v e d
w i t h
t h e f e r t i l ' m e r , and i n c r e a s e s
t h e a b i l i t y
o f
t h e s a l t
s o l u t i o n t o s i n k q u i c k l y a n d
s p r e a d
i n t h e e a r t h ,
d u e t o
t h e l o w e r i n g o f t h e s u r f a c e t e n s i o n
o f t h e s o l u t i o n . The
e a r t h
m a y be more r e a d i l y w e t t e d
by t h e s o l u t i o n
s o t h a t
t h e s a l t s o l u t i o n
i s
e f f e c t i v e l y s p r e a d
more h o m o g e n e o u s l y
t h r o u g h o u t
t h e a r e a .
T h u s ,
t h e
r o o t h a i r s o f
t h e
p l a n t s
a r e
b e t t er a b l e t o
grow
i n e a r t h
o r
ground a r e a s
having a
c o n t i n u o u s s up p l y
o f such
s a l t
s o l u t i o n
t h a n
w he n t h e
r o o t h a i r s
grow i n
e a r t h o r ground
v a r e a s i n
which
t h e s a l t
s o l u t i o n s do
n o t
containa
w e t t i n g
a g e n t . B e t t e r
g r o w t h
c o n d i t i o n s a r e c r ea t e d f o r t h e p l a n t
s
t a k i n g u p o f
n o u r i s h m e n t ,
a n d
t h u s
t h e p l a n t s grow b e t t e r
and
more q u i c k l y
t h a n when
f e r t i l i z e r a l o n e i s a d d e d .
The
above
e x p l a n a t i o n
i s
o f f e r e d ,
s o
t h a t
t h e i n v e n t i o n
m a y b e
t h e
b e t t e r u n d e r s t o o d , b u t
i t i s
e m p h a s i z e d
t h a t
t h i s h a s n o t
b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d c o n c l u s i v e l y by
e x p e r i
m e n t , and
may, i n f a c t ,
b e i n c o r r e c t . The
a c t u a l
mecha
n i s m
by
w h i c h
t h e n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g a g e n t
i n c r e a s e s t h e
e f f e c t i v e n e s s
o f t h e f e r t i l i z e r i s ,
i n
f a c t ,
u n k n o w n .
A c c o r d i n g l y ,
t h e f e r t i l i z e r
c o m p o s i t i o n s
o f t h e
p r e s e n t
i n v e n t i o n c o m p r i s e a f e r t i l i z e r o f c o
n v e n t i o n a l t y p e
a n d
_ a n o r g a n i c
n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g
a g e n t .
10
15
25
30
35
50
55
7 0
3 , 2 3 1 , 3 5 5
P a t e n t e d J a n . 2 5 ,
1966
2
B r i t i s h P a t e n t N o . 8 2 8 , 8 9 1 s u g g e s t s a
d d i n g
a n o n i o n i c
w e t t i n g a g e n t
t o f e r t i l i z e r s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e
m a n u f a c t u r
i n g
p r o c e s s
a n d
i m p r o v e
t h e
p h y s i c a l
p r o p e r t i e s
o f t h e
p r o d u c t , b u t t h e
q u a n t i t y o f
w e t t i n g a g e n t
a d d e d
f o r
t h i s
p u r p o s e i s
v e r y s m a l l , l e s s
t h a n
0.1%
o f t h e
f e r t i l i z e r
c o m p o n e n t , and t h i s amount i s , i n f a c t , t o o
s m a l l t o i n
c r e a s e t h e
e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f
t h e f e r t i l i z e r
a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n
t o t h e s o i l . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n v
e n t i o n i t has
been d e t e r m i n e d t h a t
t h e
amount o f n o n i o n i c W e t t i n g
a g e n t
r e q u i r e d
f o r t h e e n h a n c e d
g r o w t h o b s e r v e d
i n ' t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n s o f t h e i n v e n t i o n
i s
a t l e a s t 0.5%, c a l c u l a t e d
on
t h e d r y
w e i g h t
o f
t h e f e r t i l i z e r component, and can
r a n g e t o 10% o r more
by
w e i g h t o f t h e f e r t i l i z e r . I n
f a c t ,
t h e u p p e r l i m i t
o f
10% m e n t i o n e d i s m e r e l y s u g g e s t e d ,
s i n c e
l a r g e r amounts c a n b e
u s e d ,
i f d e s i r e d , b u t l a r g e r
amounts a r e u s u a l l y n o t
r e q u i r e d ,
and w i l l n o t , i n most
c a s e s , g i v e an enhanced e s u l t .
In
a d d i t i o n
t o
t h e a c t i v e f e r t i l i z e r
component or
com
p o n e n t s , and
t h e
n o n i o n i c
w e t t i n g
a g e n t ,
t h e
c o m p o s i
t i o n
can i n c l u d e t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l a d j u n c t
s
f o r
such
com
p o s i t i o n s ,
i n c l u d i n g
i n a c t i v e
s u b s t a n c e s o r e x t e n d e r s s u c h
a s
p e a t
and k i e s e l g u h r . Such a d j u n c t s a r e p a r t i c
u l a r l y
d e s i r a b l e when t h e f e r t i l i z e r i s t o
b e
a p p l i e d i n d r y f o r m .
The
f e r t i l i z e r c a n
a l s o
b e a p p l i e d
i n
a q u e o u s
s o l u t i o n s ,
i n
which
e v e n t
t h e f e r t i l i z e r components w i l l be w a t e r
s o l u b l e o r
w a t e r - d i s p e r s i b l e .
Emulsi?ers can be added
t o
i n c r e a s e t h e e a s e
o f
d i s p e r s i o n
o f
t h e c o m p o n e n t s ,
when
t h e s e a r e w a t e r i n s o l u b l e , b u t u s u a l l
y t h e o r g a n i c
n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g a g e n t e m p l o y e d h a s e
m u l s i f y i n g
p r o p e r
t i e s , s o t h a t
no a d d i t i o n a l
emulsi?er w i l l b e
n e c e s s a r y .
The
f e r t i l i z e r c o m p o s i t i o n s
o f t h e
i n v e n t i o n c a n
b e
a p p l i e d
a s a s u r f a c e
c o a t i n g
t o s o i l e i t h e r i n t h e
d r y
f o r m ,
b y d u s t i n g o r
s p r e a d i n g , o r i n a q u e o u s
s o l u t i o n b y
s p r a y
i n g
or
? owing
o n .
I t
can
a l s o
b e
a p p l i e d
a s
a s u r f a c e
c o a t i n g
t o s e e d s which
a r e
ready t o be sown,
o r
t o
t h e
r o o t s o f
p l a n t s which a r e
t o be
p l a n t e d o u t .
I n many c a s e s , t h e g r o u n d
o r
e a r t h i s s u p p l i e d w i t h
p e a t o r o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s f o r
t h e
p u r p o s e s o f f o r m i n g
e a r t h m o l d . The d e c a y o f t h e s e
s u b s t a n c e s
i s a c c e l e r a t e d
a n d i m p r o v e d i f
t h e y c o n t a i n
n u t r i e n t
s u b s t a n c e s n e c e s
s a r y f o r t h e d e c a y i n g p r o c e s s , i n
c o m b i n a t i o n
w i t h
non
i o n i c w e t t i n g
a g e n t s , w h i c h
a i d i n m a i n t a i n i n g a s u i t a b l e
moisture
content
during
the decay. Y 1 v
The f e r t i l i z e r
e m p l o y e d
i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e ~ i n v e n
t i o n can
be
a ny
o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l f e r - t i l i z e r s or
combina
t i o n s o f f e r t i l i z i n g
c o m p o n e n t s
w h i c h a r e employed i n
t h i s
a r t . The f e r t i l i z e r
i s
f o r m u l a t e d t o
p r o v i d e
t h e
n u t r i e n t b a l a n c e r e q u i r e d
by t h e p l a n t s
which
a r e t o
b e
grown
a n d
t h e
s o i l
t o
which
i t
i s
t o
b e
a p p l i e d .
The
p r o p e r n u t r i e n t s f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f
p l a n t s and c r o p s a r e
W e l l
known,
and form
no
p a r t o f
t h e i n s t a n t
i n v e n t i o n .
. T h e f e r t i l i z e r components
w i l l i n c l u d e s o u r c e s
o f n i t r o
g e n , p h o s p h o r u s ,
s u l f u r ,
a n d v a r i o u s m e t a l s s u c h a s c o b a l t ,
i r o n ,
and
t h e
l i k e , where
r e q u i r e d .
-
F e r t i l i z e r s i n
commercial
u s e
a r e
formulated
t o
t h e
d e s i r e d
n u t r i e n t
balance with
one
or
a mixture
of
s e v e r a l
i n o r g a n i c s a l t s , t h e
e x a c t
p r o p o r t i o n s u s e d d e p e n d i n g
upon
t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
t h e ' p l a n t s a n d
t h e
s o i l . R e p r e
s e n t a t i v e i n o r g a n i c s a l t s
u s e f u l
i n f e r t i l i z e r s , w h e t h e r i n
t h e s o l i d s t a t e or
d i s s o l v e d
i n a
s u i t a b l e
s o l v e n t
such
a s
w a t e r , i n c l u d e ammonium
s u l f a t e , ammonium
c h l o r i d e ,
ammonium n i t r a t e , ammonium d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p
h a t e ,
a m m on i u m a c i d p h o s p h a t e , a m m on i u m c a r
b o n a t e ,
a m
m o n i a ,
p o t a s s i u m
s u l f a t e ,
p o t a s s i u m
c h l o r i d e ,
p o t a s s i u m
n i t r a t e , p o t a s s i u m d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p
h a t e , p o t a s s i u m a c i d
p h o s p h a t e , p o t a s s i u m p h o s p h a t e p o t a
s s i u m p h o s p h i t e , p o
t a s s i u m
c a r b o n a t e , c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e , c a l c i
u m s u l f a t e ,
c a l c i u m
c h l o r i d e ,
c a l c i u m n i t r a t e ,
c a l c i u m m e t a p h o s p h a t e ,
c a l c i u m
a c i d
p h o s p h a t e , c a l c i u m p h o s p h a t e ,
c a l c i u m
c a r
b o n a t e , c a l c i u m
c y a n a m i d e , m a g n e s i u m h y d r o x i d e ,
mag
n e s i u m s u l f a t e ,
m a g n e s i u m
c h l o r i d e ,
m a g n e s i u m n i t r a t e ,
m a g n e s i u m c a r b o n a t e , s o d i u m
s u l f a t e ,
s o d i u m c h l o r i d e ,
-
7/26/2019 Us 3231365
2/6
s o d i u m
n i t r a t e ,
s o d i u m d i a c i d
p h o s p h a t e ,
s o d i u m
a c i d
p h o s p h a t e , sodium p h o s p h a t e , sodium c a r b o
n a t e and s o
diu m b o r a t e .
These
can be used i n t h e f o rm o f t h e
hydrates. '
I n
m a n y i n s t a n c e s , t h e f o r e g o i n g s a l t s a
r e
e m p l o y e d
i n d i v i d u a l l y
a s
f e r t i l i z e r s ,
b u t
f o r
m a n y
p u r p o s e s ,
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r should
c o n t a i n
a mixture
of s e v e r a l components.
R e p r e s e n t a t i v e
m i x e d
f e r t i l i z e r s i n c l u d e Leuna s a l t p e t e r
( a b l e n d
o f
a m m o nium
s u l f a t e and a m m on i u m n i t r a t e ) ,
mixed
a m m on i u m d i h y d r o g e n p h o s p h a t e a n d a m m
on i u m
s u l f a t e , mixed diammonium
a c i d
p h o s p h a t e
and
a m
monium s u l f a t e ( L e u n a p h o s ) , b a s i c B e s s e
m e r s l a g
( c o n
t a i n i n g
a b o u t
18%
P 2 O 5 , ~ 4 7 CaO, 4%
MgO,
0 . 5
S 0 3 ) , b a s i c o p e n h e a r t h s l a g
( c o n t a i n i n g
a b o u t
12%
P 2 0 5 , 45 %
C 2 1 0 ,
5 %
MgO,
0 . 5 S 0 3 ) , c a l c i u m
n i t r a t e
u r e a ( c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13%
CaO),
c a l c i u m
a m
monium i t r a t e
(15%
CaO, 2 % MgO , 20% N ) , c a r n a l l i t e
(10% K 2 0 , 10% MgO), k a i n i t e (18%
K 2 0 , 5 %
MgO,
10%
S 0 3 ) , N i t r o p h o s k a (12% N , 12% P 2 0 5 ,
2 2%
K 2 0 ,
9%
C a t ) , 1 . 5
MgO
a n d
3% S 0 3 ) , p h o s p h a t e
r o c k ,
n a t u r a l p o t a s h ,
n i t r a t e
o f
soda
p o t a s h
( m i x e d
p o t a s s i u m
and
s o d i u m n i t r a t e s
c o n t a i n i n g
a b o u t 1 5 %
K20),
k a l i
m a g n e s i a ( m i x e d p o t a s s i u m a n d
magnesium
s u l f a t e c o n
t a i n i n g 2 5 % K 2 0 ,
12% MgO,
2% CaO, 4 5
%
0 3 ) , P o t a
z o t e ( m i x e d
p o t a s s i u m
a n d
a m m on i u m c h l o r i d e s c o n t a i n
i n g
13%
N , 2 2 %
K 2 0 ) ,
m i x e d
p o t a s s i u m
a n d ammonium
p h o s p h a t e s
( c o n t a i n i n g 5 . 5
N ,
5 4%
P 2 0 5 , 18%
K 2 0 ) ,
20% s u p e r p h o s p h a t e
(20%
P 2 0 5 ,
2 5 %
C 2 1 0 , 0 . 5 MgO,
30%
S 0 3 ) ,
40%
s u p e r p h o s p h a t e (40%
P 2 0 5 , 20% C a O ,
0 . 5
MgO,
2.5%
5 0 3 ) , a m m o n i a t e d 20% s u p e r p h o s
p h a t e (4%
N ,
15% P 2 0 5 , 2 5 % C a O ,
0 . 5 MgO
a n d
30% S 0 3 ) , a m m r o n i a t e d 40% s u p e r - p h o s p h
a t e (6% N ,
4 5 % P 2 0 5 , 18% CaO, 0.5%
MgO
n d 2.5% S 0 3 ) ,
s u p e r
p h o s p h a t e - u r e a
(7%
N , 15%
P 2 0 5 ,
15% C a O , 0 . 3
MgO,
2 5 % S 0 3 ) , C h i l e
s a l t p e t e r , b o n e a s h e s
( 3 5 P 2 0 5 ,
46%
CaO, 1 %
MgO,
0 . 5
S 0 3 ) ,
c o t t o n
s e e d h u l l a s h e s
( 5 . 5 P 2 0 5 , 27%
K 2 0 ,
9 . 5 C a O , 5 %
MgO,
2 . 5
S 0 3 ) ,
s u n
?ower a s h e s (2.5%
P 2 0 5 , 36% K20
and 18%
C a O ) ,
t o b a c c o a s h e s (3% P 2 0 5 ,
23% K 2 0 ,
2 2 % C a O ,
6 %
MgO,
5 5 % S 0 3 ) , a n d
wood a s h e s ( 2%
P 2 0 5 ,
5%
K 2 0 ,
32% C a O , 3 . 5
MgO,
1% S 0 3 ) .
I n a d d i t i o n
t o
t h e f o r e g o i n g ,
u r e a i s
u s e d a l o n e
o r l i n
c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h
o t h e r
m a t e r i a l s a s
f e r t i l i z e r s .
Also u s e d
a r e a n i m a l
m e a l s ,
a i r d r i e d s e a w e e d a n d v e g e t a b l e r e s i d
ue s
such a s
c a s t o r
bean pomace,
cocoa s h e l l s ,
c o t t o n s e e d
meal.
l i n s e e d m e a l , r a p e s e e d m e a l , s o y b e a n
m e a l , t o b a c c o s t e m s ,
and wool
w a s t e s .
Further d e t a i l s
on t h e
amounts of f e r
t i l i z e r
a n d v a r i o u s
t y p e s e m p l o y e d f o r
p a r t i c u l a r a p p l i c a
t i o n s
c a n
b e f o u n d by
r e f e r e n c e
t o t h e f o l l o w i n g
b o o k s ,
t h e
d i s c l o s u r e s
o f
w h i c h i s
i n c o r p o r a t e d
b y
r e f e r e n c e :
The S o i l
a n d I t s F e r t i l i t y , b y T e u s c h e r a n d
A d l e r
( R e i n h o l d ,
1 9 6 0 ,
New
Y o r k ) .
C o m m e r c i a l F e r t i l i z e r s , b y
C o l l i n g s ( 5 t h
E d i t i o n ,
Mc
G r a W - H i l l , New Y o r k , 1 9 5 5 ) .
U s i n g C o m m e r c i a l F e r t i l i z e r s , b y M c V
i c k a r
( 2 n d
E d i
t i o n ,
I n t e r s t a t e , D a n v i l l e , I l l i n o i s , 1 9 6
1 ) .
The f e r t i l i z e r w i l l c o m p r i s e
from
a b o u t 2 5 % t o a b o u t
99.5%
b y w e i g h t
o f
t h e
c o m po s i t i o n . I n f a c t , when t h e
o n l y components a r e w e t t i n g a g e n t a n d
f e r t i l i z e r ,
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r u s u a l l y w i l l c o m p r i s e f r o
m 90% t o 99.5%
b y
w e i g h t o f
t h e c o m p o s i t i o n .
When
t h e f e r t i l i z e r c o m p o s i
t i o n
c o n t a i n s
i n a c t i v e
components,
s u c h
a s
p e a t
and k i e s e l
g u h r ,
t h e amount o f f e r t i l i z e r
w i l l
b e
c o n s i d e r a b l y
l e s s
and m a y
b e
a s
l i t t l e a s
25%
by w e i g h t o f t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n
w i t h t h e a d j u n c t s i n a n
a m o unt
w i t h i n
t h e
r a n g e from
0
t o .
7 5 %
b y
w e i g h t
o f
t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n ,
t h e
r e m a i n d e r
b e i n g n o n i o n i c
w e t t i n g
a g e n t , i n
a n amount
w i t h i n
t h e
r a n g e from 0 . 5 t o about
10%.
Any o f t h e o r g a n i c n o n i o n i c W e t t i n g
a g e n t s ,
which
a r e
w e l l
known
i n t h e , w e t t i n g a g e n t
or
e m u l s i f y i n g
a r t ,
c a n
b e e m p l o y e d i n
t h e i n v e n t i o n . P r e f e r a b l y t h e w e t t i n
g
a g e n t i s w a t e r - s o l u b l e , b u t w a t e r - d i
s p e r s i b l e
w e t t i n g
a g e n t s
' c a n a l s o
b e
u s e d .
By
w a t e r - s o l u b l e i t i s meant t h a t
t h e a g e n t i s s o l u b l e i n
w a t e r i n
t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d
f o r an aqueous
f e r t i l i z i n g
s o l u t i o n .
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
5 5
60
65
7 0
3 , 2 3 1 , 3 6 5
4
E x e m p l a r y
o r g a n i c
n o n i o n i c
w e t t i n g a g e n t s i n c l u d e
a l k y l
a n d a r a l k y l amino a n d a m i d o a n d a l k y l o x y
e t h e r
and
e s t e r
and t h i o e t h e r and
e s t e r
w e t t i n g
a g e n t s
h a v i n g
t h e
f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l f o r m u l a :
where R i s a
s t r a i g h t or branched
chain s a t u r a t e d o r
u n s a t u r a t e d
hydrocarbon group h a v i n g from
8 t o
1 8
carbon atoms, or a n
a r - a l k y l
group having a s t r a i g h t
o r
b r a n c h e d
c h a i n
s a t u r a t e d o r u n s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o
n
group
o f from
8
t o 1 8
carbon
atoms a t t a c h e d
t o
t h e a r y l
n u c l e u s ,
a n d a t t a c h e d t o A
h r o u g h t h e
a r y l
n u c l e u s ,
A
i s s e l e c t e d from t h e g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g o f
e t h e r e a l oxygen
a n d s u l f u r , a m i n o , a m i d o ,
c a r b o x y l i c
e s t e r a n d t h i o c a r
b o x y l i c e s t e r groups and
x i s a nu m b er
f r o m 8 t o 2 0 .
R a n , f o r e x a m p l e , be a s t r a i g h t
o r branched c h a i n a l k y l
g r o u p , s u c h
a s
o c t y l , n o n y l ,
d e c y l , l a u r y l ,
m y r i s t y l , c e t y l ,
or s t e a r y l ,
o r
a n
a l k y l a r y l
group such a s a c t y l p h e n y l ,
n o n y l p h e n y l , d e c y l p h e n y l , s t e a r y l p
h e n y l , e t c .
Where R s a l k y l , i t w i l l
b e
e v i d e n t
t h a t
t h e w e t t i n g
a g e n t can be regarded a s d e r i v e d
fro m
an a l c o h o l , mer
c a p t a n ,
a m i n e ,
oxy o r t h i o f a t t y a c i d o f h i g h m o l e c u l a
r
w e i g h t , b y c o n d e n s a t i o n w i t h e t h y l e n
e o x i d e . T y p i c a l
o f
t h i s
t y p e o f a l k y l
p r o d u c t
a r e
t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n
p r o d
n e t s o f
o l e y l
o r
l a u r y l
( d o d e c y l ) . a l c o h o l ,
m e r c a p t a n ,
o r
a m i n e , o r
o l e i c o r l a u r i c a c i d , w i t h
from 8 t o 1 7 . moles
o f e t h y l e n e o x i d e , s u c h a s E m u l f o r ON. T
y p i c a l a l k y l
e s t e r s
a r e
Renex
( p o l y o x y e t h y l e n e
e s t e r
o f
t a l l o i l
a c i d s )
a n d
N e u t r o n y l
3 3 1 ( h i g h e r f a t t y a c i d e s t e r o f p o l y e t
hy l
e n e g l y c o l ) .
Where
R s
a r a l k y l , t h e w e t t i n g
a g e n t s c a n b e
d e r i v e d
f r o m a n a l k y l
p h e n o l o r
t h i o p h e n o l .
T h e e t h o x y l a t e d
a l k y l
p h e n o l s a n d t h i o p h e n o l s
h a v e
t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l f o r m u l a :
where R
s a
s t r a i g h t
or
branched chain s a t u r a t e d or u n
s a t u r a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n
g r o u p
h a v i n g a t l e a s t 8 c a r b o n
atoms
up t o
a p p r o x i m a t e l y
1 8 carbon a t o m s , A
s oxygen
or s u l f u r ,
x s
a
nu m b er f r o m 8 t o 2 0 . R a n , f o r e x a m
p l e ,
b e
a
s t r a i g h t
o r b r a n c h e d c h a i n o c t y l , n o n y l , d e c y l
,
l a u r y l ,
c e t y l , m y r i s t y l o r
s t e a r y l
g r o u p . T y p i c a l a r e t h e
c o n d e n s a t i o n
p r o d u c t s
o f o c t y l
a n d
n o n y l
p h e n o l
a n d
t h i o
p h e n o l w i t h from
8
t o
1 7 m o l e s
o f e t h y l e n e
o x i d e , a v a i l
a b l e
c o m m e r c i a l l y
u n d e r t h e t r a d e name I g e p a l CA.
A l s o u s e f u l
a r e
t h e p o l y o x y a l k y l e n e compounds d e
s c r i b e d i n U S. P a t e n t s
N o s . 2 , 6 7 4 , 6 1 9
and 2 , 6 7 7 , 7 0 0 ,
which a r e o f t h e t y p e :
Where
Y
s
t h e
r e s i d u e
o f a n
o r g a n i c
compound c o n t a i n i n g
therein x a c t i v e hyd roge n atoms,
n
i s
a n i n t e g e r ,
x i s an i n t e g e r g r e a t e r t h a n 1 ,
The v a l u e s of n
and
x
r e
such
t h a t t h e
molecular
w e i g h t o f t h e compound, e x c l u s i v e o f E ,
i s
a t
l e a s t
9 0 0 ,
a s
d e t e r m i n e d b y h y d r o x y l
n u m b e r ,
E
s
a p o l y o x y a l k y l e n e c ha i n
w h e r e i n t h e
o x y g e n /
a r b o n
atom
r a t i o i s a t l e a s t
0 . 5 ,
and E o n s t i t u t e s
2090%,
b y w e i g h t , o f t h e compound
o r o f t h e
t y p e :
Y
s
t h e
r e s i d u e
o f an o r g a n i c
compound
c o n t a i n i n g
t h e r e i n
a
s i n g l e h y d r o g e n
atom c a p a b l e o f
r e a c t i n g
w i t h
a 1 , 2 a l k y l e n e
o x i d e ,
R 1 ,
R 2 , R 3 a n d
R 4
a r e s e l e c t e d
f r o m
t h e
g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g
o f H, a l i p h a t i c r a d i c a l s a n d a r o m a t i c r
a d i c a l s . a t l e a s t
-
7/26/2019 Us 3231365
3/6
3 , 2 3 1 , 3 6 5
5
o n e s u c h s u b s t i t u e n t
b e i n g
a r a d i c a l o t h e r t h a n
hy
drogen,
n i s g r e a t e r t h a n
6 . 4 a s
d e t e r m i n e d by
h y d r o x y l
number,
and
X s a w a t e r - s o l u b i l i z i n g
g r o u p .
Those s k i l l e d i n
t h e
a r t w i l l r e c o g n i z e o t h e r t y p e s
o f
n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g
a g e n t s t h a t
c a n be
u s e d .
A d d i t i o n a l
t y p e s w i l l b e
f o u n d
i n S c h w a r t z a n d P e r r y , S u r f a c e Ac
t i v e
A g e n t s ,
S e c o n d
E d i t i o n , I n t e r s c i e n c e
P u b l i s h e r s ,
t h e
d i s c l o s u r e o f w h i c h i s i n c o r p o r a t e d b
y r e f e r e n c e .
The f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e s i n
t h e
o p i n i o n o f t h e i n v e n t o r
r e p r e s e n t p r e f e r r e d e m b o d i m e n t s o f t
h e
i n v e n t i o n .
E x a m p l e
1 . E x p e r i m e n t s
w i t h
p e a s
E x p e r i m e n t s W e r e p e r f o r m e d t o d e t e r m
i n e
t h e
i n c r e a s e
i n g r o w t h
f o r
t w e l v e
p l o t s ,
d i v i d e d i n
f o u r
g r o u p s o f t h r e e
e a c h , o f
p e a s
w h i c h
had b e e n
grown
i n e a r t h u s i n g t h e
v a r i o u s t r e a t m e n t s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w ,
w i t h an
a d d i t i o n
o f
f e r t i l i z e r
t r e a t e d w i t h a n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g a g e n t
.
The t h r e e
p l o t s
f o r m i n g p l o t ( 1 ) were t r e a t e d w i t h a n
a d d i t i o n
o f f e r t i l i z e r t r e a t e d w i t h n o n i o n i c w
e t t i n g
a g e n t .
The
t h r e e p l o t s f o r m i n g p l o t ( 2 ) w e r e t r e a
t e d o n l y
with
a f e r t i l i z e r o f t h e
s ame kind
and i n
t h e s ame
q u a n t i t y
a s
i n p l o t
( 1 ) .
The
t h r e e
p l o t s f o r m i n g p l o t ( 3 ) w e r e t r e a t e d o n
l y
with a w e t t i n g
a g e n t
o f t h e same kind and
i n
t h e same
q u a n t i t y a s
i n p l o t
( 1 ) .
The
t h r e e
p l o t s f o r m i n g p l o t ( 4 ) w e r e
grown w i t h o u t
any a d d i t i o n o f
a w e t t i n g a g e n t o r f e r t i l i z e r i n
any
f o r m .
I n a l l c a s e s , t h e pea p l a n t s
were
grown i n
r e c t a n g u l a r
p l a s t i c
b o x e s ,
e a c h
? l l e d w i t h
t h e same
amount o f ' s a n d y
s o i l .
The sandy
s o i l was
s t i r r e d
i n
a s o i l m i x e r b e f o r e
t h e
e x p e r i m e n t s
were
b e g u n , s o
t h a t
t h e
s t r u c t u r e ,
t h e
m o i s t u r e
and
t h e n u t r i e n t
c o n d i t i o n s were
t h e s ame i n a l l
t h e p l a s t i c b o x e s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t
h e t e s t .
In
o r d e r t o
o b t a i n c o n t r o l l ed
c o n d i t i o n s ,
t h e
p l o t s
w e r e
grown
i n
c l i m a t e chambers
w i t h
i d e n t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r a l l t w e l v
e
p l o t s . The
p e a p l a n t s i n a l l
t h e
p l o t s t h u s grew
up
i n
t h e
same
c o n d i t i o n s o f
l i g h t ,
h u m i d i t y , a i r t e m p e r a t u r e ,
a i r
m o v e m e n t , a n d a t m o s p h e r e ,
a n d r e c e i v e d p e r
p l a s t i c
b o x t h e s ame amount
of
water o f t h e s a m e s o r t
and
o f
t h e s a m e
t e m p e r a t u r e ,
and t h e w a t e r i n g was c a r r i e d
o u t
a t t h e same i n t e r v a l s . The s o w i n g o f t h e
s e e d s
i n a l l t h e
p l a s t i c
b o x e s t o o k p l a c e a t
t h e same
t i m e and t h e
p e a s
were dibbled t o the s a m e d e p t h .
Number
o f sown p e a s i n each
p l a s t i c b o x :
1 0 .
S o i l
a r e a per
box:
2 . 1 d m . 2 .
The f o l l o w i n g
a r e
t h e
d e t a i l s
o f
t h e t r e a t m e n t s f o r
t h e
t h r e e
b o x e s
o f
e a c h
p l o t :
P l o t ( 1 ) .
A d d i t i o n o f
f e r t i l i z e r : 0 . 5 g .
N P K - f e r t i l i
z e r 1 + 0 . O 3 l 5
g . w e t t i n g
a g e n t
B e r o l VMA-092 p e r
p l a s t i c
box ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o 2 3 . 8
g .
N P K f e r t i l i z e r - +
1 . 5 g . B e r o l
VMA-09
p e r
m . 2
s o i l a r e a ) .
In order t o
o b t a i n
a n even d i s t r i b u t i o n of
t h e
wetted
f e r t i l i z e r o v e r t h e s o i l
s u r f a c e ,
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r was d i s s o l v e d
i n t h e
w a t e r u s e d
f o r
w a t e r i n g
t h e s o i l s u r f a c e on t h e
? r s t w a t e r i n g
o c c a s i o n . No
f u r t h e r
w e t t i n g
a g e n t
o r
f e r t i l i z e r
was added d u r i n g t h e
t e s t
p e r i o d .
P l o t ( 2 ) .
A d d i t i o n
o f f e r t i l i z e r : 0 . 5 g . N P K - f e r t i l i z e
r
p e r
p l a s t i c box
( c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o 2 3 . 8 g .
N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
p e r
m? o i l s u r f a c e ) .
In order t o o b t a i n an even d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f t h e f e r t i l i z e r
over t h e
s o i l
s u r f a c e
i t
w a s d i s s o l v e d i n
t h e
water used
f o r
t h e ? r s t
w a t e r i n g o f
t h e s o i l s u r f a c e . No f u r t h e r f e r t i l i z e
r
Was a d d e d d u r i n g t h e
t e s t
p e r i o d .
P l o t
( 3 ) .
Addition
o f
w e t t i n g a g e n t :
0 . 0 3 1 5 g . B e r o l
VMA-09
p e r
p l a s t i c
box
( c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o
1 . 5
g .
B e r o l
VMA-09
p e r
r n . 2 s o i l
a r e a ) .
In o r d e r
t o
o b t a i n
an
even d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e w e t t i n g
a g e n t ,
i t was
added t o
t h e
water used
f o r t h e ? r s t
water
1A commercially a v a i l a b l e
a r t i ? c i a l
f e r t i l i z e r c o n t a i n i n g
n i t r o g e n , phosphorus and
p o t a s s i u m .
Z
A
commercially
a v a i l a b l e , n o n - i o n i c
wetting
a g e n t , a nonyl
phenol
e t h y l e n e o x i d e condensation product
having a molecu
larweight f
bout
50. . . .. v . .
1 O
20
30
35
40
45
50
6 5
7 0
6
i n g o f t h e s o i l s u r f a c e .
No
f u r t h er a d d i t i o n o f w e t t i n g
a g e n t was
made
d u r i n g t h e t e s t
p e r i o d .
P l o t
( 4 ) .
C o n t r o l :
no a d d i t i o n o f a
w e t t i n g
a g e n t o r
f e r t i l i z e r was m ade d u r i n g t h e
t e s t
p e r i o d . The amounts
o f water and
nu m b er
o f w a t e r i n g s
were
t h e s ame a s i n t h e
o t h e r t e s t s .
I n
o r d e r
t o o b t a i n a
c o r r e c t r e s u l t t h e
d r y
w e i g h t s o f
t h e pea
p l a n t s were
d e t e r m i n e d a t t h e
end
o f t h e t e s t
p e r i o d . The i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s w e r e t h e
n c u t o i f a t t h e
s o i l
s u r f a c e . T h e
d e t e r m i n a t i o n
o f t h e d r y w e i g h t t h u s
c o n c e r n s t h e
p a r t s
o f t h e p l a n t s a b o v e t h e g r o u n d .
I t i s i m p o s s i b l e
t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e
w e i g h t o f t h e r o o t b e
cause one does not kno w how
much
a r t h t h e r e i s on
t h e
r o o t s .
As
t o
t h e
r o o t s i t can b e s a i d , h o w e v e r , t h a t
t h e
same W e i g h t t e n d e n c y h o l d s good
f o r t h e
r o o t s a s
f o r t h e
p a r t o f
t h e p l a n t a b o v e
t h e
g r o u n d .
TABLE I.DRY WEIGHT FOR THE PART OF THE PLANT
ABOVE THE
GROUND
P l o t
No.
( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )
Dry Weight
i n
g r a m s , a v e r a g e p e r
plastic
b o x
______________________ _ 1 . 30
0.87 0.
93
0.
79
Relation
number
_ _ _ _ _ _ 165
110 118
100
Growing time
in
d a y s _____________ _ 45 45 45 45
T a b l e I
s h o w s
t h a t p l o t ( 1 ) i s f a r s u p e r i o r
t o
t h e o t h e r
p l o t s .
The
b e s t
e f f e c t
i s
t h u s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e combina
t i o n o f n u t r i e n t s a l t s and w e t t i n g a g e n
t . N e i t h e r t h e same
q u a n t i t y o f f e r t i l i z e r a l o n e
nor
o f w e t t i n g a g e n t a l o n e a s
i n pl o t ( 1 ) had
a n y
s i g n i ? c a n t e f f e c t on t h e g r o w t h , e v e
n
t h o u g h p l o t
( 2 ) a s w e l l a s ( 3 ) a r e s u p e r i o r
t o ' p l o t
( 4 ) .
I t
i s o n l y when
a
c o m b i n a t i o n
o f f e r t i l i z e r
and w e t t i n g
a g e n t i s u s e d
t h a t
t h e g r o w t h i s s y n e r g i s t i c a l l y
i n c r e a s e d ,
compared
w i t h
t h e o t h e r t e s t s . T h i s i s m o s t
l i k e l y
d u e
t o
t h e
f a c t
t h a t t h e r o o t
h a i r s
do
n o t
need
t o
p a s s
t h r o u g h
a n y d r y a r e a s , where t h e r e
m a y
b e n u t r i e n t
s a l t s butwhere
t h e r o o t h a i r s
c a n n o t make
u s e o f them
owing
t o l a c k
o f
m o i s t u r e . By a d d i n g
w e t t i n g
a g e n t s t o t h e n u t r i e n t s a l t s
i t h a s been e n s u r e d t h a t t h e
c o n d i t i o n s
n e c e s s a r y
f o r t h e
a s s i m i l a t i o n b y t h e p l a n t a r e m a i n t a i
n e d , v i z . t h e c o m b i n e d
p r e s e n c e
o f
n u t r i e n t s a l t s and m o i s t u r e .
E x a m p l e 2 . E x p e r i m e n t s
w i t h b a r l e y
A r o w t h t e s t was
s t a r t e d b y s o w i n g
b a r l e y (Hordeum
h e x a s t i c h u m )
on ? a t
f a r m i n g
l a n d a t Back v i l l a g e i n t h e
p a r i s h o f
S a t r a w h e r e
t h e
e a r t h
c o n s i s t e d
o f ? n e
s a n d y
s o i l .
Within t h e t e s t a r e a s t h e e a r t h w a s
o f t h e s a m e
kind and
had r e c e i v e d t h e same
b a s i c
amount
o f
f e r t i l i z e r .
The two p l o t s had each an a r e a o f
7
X 7 m.=49 . 2 ,
and were p l a c e d i n
such
a r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
one another
t h a t
t h e y
had
a
c o m m o n
b a s e
t o
which
t h e
s i d e s o f
t h e
p l o t s
were p e r p e n d i c u l a r .
The
p l o t s
were
s e p a r a t e d by
a
s a f e t y
z o n e ,
which was
1 . 5
m.
w i d e ,
i n
o r d e r t o a v o i d
edge
e f f e c t s .
B a r l e y (Hordeum h e x a s t i c h u m i )
was
sown w i t h
an o r d i
nary r i l l i n
such a
way, t h a t t h e sowing rows were p a r a l l e l
w i t h t h e b a s e
l i n e .
I n t h i s w a y
e a c h s o w i n g
row p a s s e d
t h r o u g h b o t h
p l o t s . P r e v i o u s f e r t i l i z i n g r u n s
h a d
a l s o
been c a r r i e d
o u t i n
t h e same d i r e c t i o n .
Immediately
a f t e r t h e s o w i n g
a
t o p - d r e s s i n g o f t h e p l o t s was c a r r i e
d
out i n
t h e f o l l o w i n g
manner:
P l o t ( 3 ) ,
t h e
c o n t r o l
a r e a ,
was
s u p p l i e d
w i t h a t o t a l
amount o f 1 . 2 2 5 k g ' s . o ' f N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
,
a
c o m m e r c i a l l y
a v a i l a b l e a r t i ? c i a l f e r t i l i z e r c o n t
a i n i n g n i t r o g e n , p h o s
p h o r u s a n d p o t a s s i u m , i n p o w d e r f o r
m
c o r r e s p o n d i n g
t o
250
k g s . / h a .
The f e r t i l i z e r
was
d i s t r i b u t e d
e q u a l l y
o v e r
t h e
whole a r e a . I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n
t h e
s u r f a c e was s p r a y e d w i t h 1 2 . 5 l i t e r s o
f
w a t e r ,
by means o f
a p r e s s u r e s p r a y e r p r o v i d e d w i t h an a t o
m i z i n g n o z z l e s o
t h a t
t h e f e r t i l i z e r
and t h e
s o i l s u r f a c e
were a d e q u a t e l y
m o i s t e n e d .
P l o t ( 4 ) ,
t h e
t e s t
a r e a ,
was s u p p l i e d w i t h 1 . 2 2 5
k g s .
o f
N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
inpowder form from
t h e same f e r t i l i z e r
-
7/26/2019 Us 3231365
4/6
3 , 2 3 1 , 3 6 5
7
package
a s
was
u s e d
on p l o t
( 3 ) .
The
q u a n t i t y c o r r e
s p o n d s t o
250
k g s . / h a .
P r i o r t o
t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e f e r t i
l i z e r
was homogenously mixedwith 7 3 . 5
g . ,
i . e . , 6%
a l c u
l a t e d on t h e
w e i g h t o f
t h e
f e r t i l i z e r ,
o f t h e
w e t t i n g
a g e n t
8
w e i g h t s
p e r
1 0 0 0 g r a i n s
b y d r y i n g
t h e
s a m p l e s f o r 1 8
h o u r s a t a t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n
+100 and
+105 C .
The r e s u l t s
o b t a i n e d a r e
shown
i n
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
T a b l e I V :
VMA 0 9 ,
which
c o r r e s p o n d s
t o
1 5 k g s . / h a . The d i s t r i - 5 TABLE
I V
bution
of
f e r t i l i z e r
w a s
t h e
s a m e
over
the
whole
area
and
w a s
performed
i n t h e
s ame m a nner a s on p l o t
( 3 ) . Im- Plow
( c o n t r o l o r e o )
P 1 0 9 4
( T e s t o r e a )
m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e
d i s t r i b u t i o n
t h e s u r f a c e
was s p r a y e d - ~ _
w i t h
1 2 . 5
l i t e r s
o f
w a t e r . T h e s p r a y i n g
w a s
c a r r i e d
o u t w g g g l g s o i f n l i g o o
D r y S u b _ w g g l i l s t g f n 2 2 0 0
D r y s u b
with
t h e
s a m e s p r a y e r , with t h e s a m e nozzle and i n t h e
1 0
S t a n c e ,
s m n c e i n .
s a m e
m a n n e r
a s
o n p l o t (3) so that
f e r t i l i z e r
a nd s o i l MP
D r i e d
P e r c e n t Am
D r i e d
P e r c e n t
s u r f a c e
were
moistened.
d r y d r y
No
u r t h e r
f e r t i l i z e r
o r w e t t i n g a g e n t was
a d d e d - d u r i n g
the t e s t p e r i o d a nd no
further
a r t i ? c i a l
i r r i g a t i o n
w a s 3 1 . 5 3 2 5 . 1 2 7 9 , 6 7 3 5 , 8 4 2 9 . 1 5 8 1 . 3
3
c a r r i e d o u t 1 5 3 ? : 2 2 5 2 : 3 9 3 3 3 ? ? 3 3 : 9 3
3 3 : 1 3 2 8 : 3 5
RESULTS 3 2 . 0 1 2 5 . 2 4 7 8 . 8 5 3 8 . 1 5 3 0 . 8 5 8 0 .
8 7
3 1 . 4 9 2 5 . 1 4 7 9 . 8 3 3 5 . 9 2 2 8 . 5 3
7 9 .
4 2
F o r t y - ? v e
d a y s l a t e r
i t
w a s
f o u n d
b y
m e a s u r i n g t h e
3 2 3 2 3
3 1 2 2
3 2 : 2 ?
9 3 : 3 4
l e n g t h o f s a m p l e s o f t h e
b a r l e y s t r a w
t h a t t h e s t r a w s
i n
g ; 3 3 : 2 2 3 : :
i }
3 9 : 2 3
p l o t
( 4 )
were 15% o n g e r
than
1 I 1 P 1 0 t
( 1 ) -
20
3 2 . 5 4 2 5 . 7 3
7 9 .
0 7 3 6 . 8 1 2 9 . 7 6 8 0 . 8 5
F o u r
m o n t h s
l a t e r ,
the
barley i n
bot h
p l o t s
w a s
h a r ~ A v e r a g e
_ _ _
n
3 2 '
1 8
2 5 . 5 4
7M7
3 6 . 8 1
29 8M0
v e s t e d and t h e s t r a w and b a r l e y g r a i n s were
w e i g h e d .
R e l a t i o n
The
ollowing
r e s u l t s
were obtained: number-n 100-0 100*) --------- - 114-4 1192
---------
TABLE
H 2 5 Table IV
shows
t h a t t h e
w e i g h t
o f
1000
g r a i n s
was
n o t
( 3 )
P l o t
( 4 )
c o n s i d e r a b l y
h i g h e r
i n
p l o t ( 4 ) t h a n
i n
p l o t ( 3 ) f o r
b o t h
C o n t r o l
T e s t
A r e a t h e a i r - d r y b a r l e y a n d t h e a b s o l u
t e l y
d r y
s a m p l e . P l o t
A r e a ( 4 ) gave a n
a v e r a g e
w e i g h t o f 1000 g r a i n s , which was
14.4% h i g h e r f o r t h e a i r - d r y { b a r l e y
and
16.2%
h i g h e r
i t i f f l h ? f a n ' s ; a n s - { r e a r r a n g e * 9
9
3 0 f o r t h e c o m p l e t e l y d r y o o m t h a n
i n
p l o t
( 3 ) ( t h e c o n t r o l
barley e a r s , kg ___________________________ _ 6 2 . 2 7 6
-
4
a r e a ) ,
R e l a t i o n number 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 ' s All the
experiments
c l e a r l y
s h o w
t h a t
t h e
y i e l d has
i n c r e a s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n p l o t ( 4 ) ( t
h e s u r f a c e
p r o v i d e d
Table I I
shows t h a t t h e w e i g h t v o f - t h e
s t r a w
w i t h e a r s w i t h a t o p - d r e s s i n g
o f N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
and
an a d d i t i o n
o f
i n p l o t ( 4 ) w a s 22.8% h i g h e r
t h a n
i n
p l o t
( 3 ) .
3 5 B e r o l
VMA-09)
i n c o m p a r i s o n
w i t h p l o t ( 3 ) w h i c h w a s
T w o
w e e k s a n d
two d a y s l a t e r t h e
b a r l e y was
t h r e s h e d o n l y p r o v i d e d
w i t h
t h e
same
amount o f N P K - f e r t i l i z e r .
a n d
t h e
t h r e s h e d
g r a i n from t h e p l o t s was w e i g h e d s e p a - I t i
s
a l r e a d y
known t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d g i v e s
a
r a t e l y . The f o l l o w i n g
r e s u l t s
w e r e o b t a i n e d :
g r e a t e r
h a r v e s t
i f
a r t i ? c i a l f e r t i l i z e r , f o r e x a m p l e o f
t h e
t y p e
N P K ,
i s
added a s
. a
t o p - d r e s s i n g . I t was
t h u s
i n t e r
TABLE I I
40
e s t i n g
t o
i n v e s t i g a t e whether t h i s w a s a l s o t h e . c a
s e on
t h e t y p e o f l a n d
where
t h e t e s t was c a r r i e d o u t , a n d , a
g l g t g l T 1 2 1 5 ?
8 2 3 a
t h i r d p l o t
( 5 )
w a s
g r o w n
f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . 1 0 0 m u t u a l l y
A r e a e q u i v a l e n t
f u l l
e a r s were
t a k e n
fro m
each
of t h e two
4 r p l o t s ( ' 3 )
and
( 4 )
and from
t h e p l o t
grown
on t h e
Area f
p l o t , 1 1 1 . 2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4 9 4 2 J
i n i t i a l l y f e r t i l i z e d
soilplot (5)-for dry weight d e t e r
i b g i g m i n a t i o n . T h e s a m p l e s
w e r e
t a k e n j u s t b e f o r e t h e h a r v e s t ,
and were
d r i e d i n d o o r s .
A f t e r
t h r e s h i n g t e n s a m p l e s
were
T a b l e
I I I s h o w s
t h a t
t h e raw
w e i g h t
o f t h r e s h e d b a r l e y t a k e n
a t
r a n d o m
f l ' o m ' e a c h
o f
t h e
t h r e e
d i f f e r e n t P 1 0 1 8
was 1 1 1 %
h i g h e r
i n p l o t
( 4 )
t h a n i n p l o t ( 3 ) , 5 0 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e w e
i g h t
o f
1 0 0 0 g r a i n s i n a i r - d r y
c o n
I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
t h e t h r e s h i n g o f
t h e b a r l e y ,
t e n
s a m p l e s
were
t a k e n
a t
random
from each
l o t
o f b a r l e y
( f r o m p l o t ( 3 ) . a n d p l o t ( 4 ) )
. f o r
d e t e r m i n i n g
t h e v d r y
d i t i o n and
i n
a
c o m p l e t e l y
d r y
c o n d i t i o n .
The
r e s u l t
o f
t h e
w e i g h t
d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a p p e a r
from
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
t a b l e :
TABLE
V.EQ,UIVALENT
INITIAL FERTILIZATION
P l o t ( 3 ) P l o t ( 4 )
P l o t
( 5 )
_ Top-dressing
with NPK- Top-dressing
with
NPK
No t o p - d r e s s i n g f e r t i l i z e r , p r o v i d e
d
w i t h
6 % f e r t i l i z e r 2 5 0
k g s . / h a .
B e r o l VMA-OQ,
t o t a l l y 2 6 5 (N0 w e t t i n g a g e n t )
k g s . / h a .
A i r - d r y D r i e d A i r - d r y
D r i e d
A i r - d r y D r i e d
s a m p l e a m p l e Dry
s u b -
s a m p l e s a m p l e
D r j , 7
s u b -
s a m p l e s a m p l e Dry s u b
1 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
s t a n c e ,
1 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
s t a n c e ,
1 , 0 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
s t a n c e ,
g r a i n s ,
g r a i n s ,
p e r c e n t g r a i n s ,
g r a i n s ,
p e r c e n t g r a i n s , g r a i n s , p e r c e n t
grams grams grams grams grams grams
2 9 . 2 2 2 6 . 8 3 9 1 .
8 2
3 5 . 8 6 3 2 . 4 8 9 0 .
5 7
3 5 .
1 2
3 0 . 9 2 8 8 .
0 4
2 9 . 9 4 2 7 .
5 1
9 1 . 8 8 3 8 .
6 7
3 5 .
0 4
9 0 .
6 1
3 3 .
0 8
2 9 .
0 7
8 7 .
8 8
3 0 .
0 1
2 7 .
5 8
9 1 .
9 0
3 7 . 4 1 3 3 .
8 5
9 0 .
48 3 4 . 1 5
2 0 .
9 7
8 7 .
7 6
- 3 2 . 0 6
2 9 .
44
9 1 .
8 3
3 5 .
4 9
3 2 .
1 7
9 0 .
6 5
3 4 .
1 2
3 0 .
32
8 8 .
8 6
3 0 .
4 0
2 7 .
9 9
9 2 .
0 7
3 8 .
O 0
3 4 .
4 8
9 0 .
7 4
3 4 .
7 2
3 0 .
9 1
8 9 .
0 3
3 0 . 7 2 2 8 . 1 9 9 1 . 7 6 3 7 . 4 8 3 3 . 9 2 9 0 . 5 0 3 3
. 3 1 2 9 . 2 0 8 7 . 6 6
3 2 . 4 7 2 9 . 8 0 9 1 .
7 8
3 7 . 2 5 3 3 .
3 1
8 9 . 3 4 . 2 6 3 0 . 4 2 8 8 .
7 9
2 9 . 3 0 2 6 . 9 2 9 1 . 8 8 3 6 . 3 8 3 2 . 5 7 8 9 . 5 3 3 6
. 5 1 3 2 . 4 9 8 8 . 9 9
2 9 . 8 8 2 7 . 9 2 9 3 . 4 4 3 8 . 2 0
3 4 .
2 2 8 9 . 5 8 3 5 . 2 7 3 1 .
0 3
8 7 .
9 8
3 2 .
79
3 0 .
1 5 9 1 . 9 5 3 6 . 32 3 2 . 50 8 9 . 4 8 3 5 . 1 0
3 0 .
80
8 7 .
75
A ve r a ge
_ _ _ _
- _
3 0 . 6 8 2 8 . 23 9 2 . 0 1 3 7 . 1 1 3 3 . 45 9 0 . 14 3 4 . 5
6 3 0 . 5 1 8 8 . 2 8
Relation
number_-__. 100. 0 100.
0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ 121.
0
118.
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__ 112.
6
108. 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_
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7/26/2019 Us 3231365
5/6
3 , 2 3 1 , 3 6 5
T h e t a b l e
s h o w s
t h a t p l o t ( 3 ) , t h e
o n l y i n i t i a l l y
f e r t i l i z e d p l o t ,
g i v e s t h e
p o o r e s t r e s u l t .
P l o t ( 5 ) ,
i . e . ,
t h e i n i t i a l l y
f e r t i l i z e d
p l o t
w i t h
a t o p - d r e s s i n g o f
o n l y
N P K - f e r t i l i z e r ,
g i v e s d r y
w e i g h t r e s u l t s
w h i c h a r e
8 . 1
b e t t e r t h a n t h e
o n l y
i n i t i a l l y
f e r t i l i z e d
p l o t ( 3 ) .
P l o t ( 4 ) , i . e . , t h e p l o t
w h i c h
W a s
i n i t i a l l y
f e r t i l i z e d
and p r o v i d e d w i t h a t o p - d r e s s i n g
o f
N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
con
t a i n i n g
B e r o l
VMA-09,
g a v e
t h e b e s t
r e s u l t ,
o r 18.5%
b e t t e r
t h a n
p l o t
( 3 ) .
E x a m p l e
3
I n
t h e
f o r e g o i n g g r o w t h
e x p e r i m e n t s ,
g r o w t h
e f f e c t s
have
been
d e s c r i b e d
on p l a n t s
f e r t i l i z e d w i t h NPK
f e r t i l i z e r
t o
which an a d d i t i o n
o f
t h e
w e t t i n g
a g e n t B e r o l
VMA-09 h a s b e e n
m a d e ,
t h e f e r t i l i z e r b e i n g a p p l i e d t o
t h e
s o i l
s u r f a c e .
I n
t h e
f o l l o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t s ,
which
w e r e c a r r i e d
o u t
i n d o o r s , t h e r e
was used
a s
a f e r t i l i z e r calcium
cyanamide
i n
g r a i n
f o r m ,
w i t h an a d d i t i o n o f
B e r o l VMA-09 n
an
amount o f
3%
o f
t h e
d r y
w e i g h t
o f
t h e f e r t i l i z e r .
The
f e r t i l i z e r was
worked i n t o t h e
s o i l
t o a depth o f 2 ems.
S i n c e
i t
was
o f
i n t e r e s t t o
?nd
o u t
i f
b e t t e r
growth
e f f e c t s
c o u l d
b e
a c h i e v e d
a l s o
w i t h p l a n t s h a v i n g t h e
same
h e r e d i t a r y d i s p o s i t i o n
and f e r t i l i z e d
w i t h a n
a r t i
? c i a l f e r t i l i z e r p r o v i d e d w i t h a n a d d
i t i o n o f
w e t t i n g a g e n t ,
t h e
e x p e r i m e n t was
c a r r i e d o u t w i t h s h o o t s t a k e n from
t h e same p l a n t .
The begonia was
chosen a s
. a
s u i t a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l
o b j e c t b e c a u s e o f
t h e r e a d i n e s s
w i t h
which
i t forms
a
g r e a t
number
o f s h o o t s
from t h e s t e m .
The s h o o t s
a l s o
form r o o t s v e r y e a s i l y a f t e r i m m e r s i o n i
n w a t e r .
10
1 5
25
30
10
i n
g r a i n form w i t h
an
a d d i t i o n o f
B e r o l VMA-09
t o
an
amount
o f
3% o f i t s d r y W e i g h t . The o t h e r two p o t s
( 3 )
and ( 4 ) w h i c h w e r e
c o n t r o l p o t s
w e r e e a c h
s u p p l i e d
w i t h
o n l y 0 . 7 g .
c a l c i u m
c y a n a m i d e
i n g r a i n f o r m . The
calcium cyanamide i n t h e
t e s t
p o t s was
o f
t h e s a m e s o r t
a s
i n
t h e c o n t r o l p o t s . The
o n l y
d i f f e r e n c e was t h a t t h e
c o n t r o l p o t s had r e c e i v e d
c a l c i u m cyanamide w i t h
an
a d d i t i o n o f
t h e w e t t i n g a g e n t
B e r o l
VMA-09. The
f e r
t i l i z e r s
w h i c h w e r e
e q u a l l y
d i s t r i b u t e d i n a l l t h e p o t s
w e r e ,
b e f o r e p l a n t i n g , worked
down
n t o t h e same
amount
o f
e a r t h s o t h a t t h e f e r t i l i z e r l a y
2 c m s .
under t h e
s o i l
s u r f a c e i n a l l
t h e
p o t s .
At t h e t i m e o f p l a n t i n g t h e r e
was no
v i s i b l e
d i i f e r e n c e
between t h e
four
shoots
a s
f a r
a s
stem or root w ere
c o n c e r n e d .
D u r i n g t h e
w h o l e
t e s t p e r i o d
a l l
t h e f o u r
p l a n t s had
t h e same l i g h t , h e a t and h u m i d i t y c o n d i t i
o n s and W a t e r
i n g
w a s
c a r r i e d
out a t t h e s ame
time with
t h e s ame s o r t
and
q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r
a t
t h e
same
t e m p e r a t u r e .
No
f e r t i l i z e r , w e t t i n g
a g e n t
o r
o t h e r
s u b s t a n c e a p a r t from
t h e water
Was added.
A f t e r 1 0 d a y s
i n
t h e p o t s t h e p l a n t s i n t h e
t e s t
p o t s
( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) showed
a t e n d e n c y
t o
b e
s u p e r i o r t o t h e
p l a n t s
i n t h e c o n t r o l
p o t s
( 3 ) a n d ( 4 ) . T h i s t e n d e n c y
became more
and
more obvious
a s time
p a s s e d .
A f t e r 5 0 d a y s
i n t h e p o t s t h e t e s t was i n t e r r u p t e d i
n
o r d e r
t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e
w e i g h t s .
The
p l a n t s
were t h e n
c u t o f f a t t h e s u r f a c e .
The w e i g h t d e t e r m i n a t i o n
was
c a r r i e d o u t on t h e
p a r t
above ground and t h e r e s u l t s
a r e shown n t h e f o l l o w i n g
T a b l e V I :
TABIIE VI.WEIGHT DETERMINATION
OF
THE
PART
ABOVE GROUND OF BEGONIAS
FERTILIZED WITH CALCIUM
CYANAMIDE WITH
AN
ADDITION
F BEROL
l l f A - U Q
OR WITH
THE
SAME ANIOUNT OF ONLY CALCIUM
CYANAMIDE
W e i g h t
b e f o r e d r y i n g W e i g h t a f t e r d r y i n g
Pot
No.
M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t ,
p e r c e n t
Raw
R e l a t i o n
Dry
R e l a t i o n
w e i g h t , number w e i g h t , number
g r a m s g r a m s
Test p o t ( 1 ) _______________ _ 3 0 . 5504 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ . 1.1388 __________ . 9 6 . 27 }With an ddition of
Test
pot ( 2 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 29.1467 _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _
__
1 . 0 6 3 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 96. 35 BerolVMA OQ.
Tot al ______________
_
5 9 . 6971
1 3 6 .
6 2 . 2027
1 3 2 .
8 9 6 . 31
Contr ol pot ( 3 ) _ _ _ _
_ _ 1 8 . 6388 .......... _ 0. 7600 ..........
.
9 5 . 92 }No ddition ofwet
Control pot
( 4 )
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25. 0535
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-_
0 . 8 9 8 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 96.
41
ting
agent.
Total ______________
_ 4 3 .
6923
1 0 0 .
0 1 . 6585
1 0 0 .
0 9 6 .
20
Fr o m 1 4 s h o o t s t a k e n from t h e same mother
p l a n t ,
4
s h o o t s o f
t h e
same
w e i g h t ,
w i t h
t h e
same
number
( 5 )
o f d e v e l o p e d
l e a v e s
and with a t o t a l l e a f a r e a f o r each
s h o o t
w i t h i n
t h e l i m i t s 5 4 . 0
t o 5 6 . 5
c m . 2 were s e l e c t e d .
The Weight o f each s h o o t w as
4 . 7 g . ,
which
was
o b t a i n e d
by
c u t t i n g
o f f t h e s t e m s o
t h a t
e a c h o f t h e f o u r i n d i v i d u a l
s h o o t s had t h e same W e i g h t . The l e a f a r e a s
were d e t e r
mined
by
c o p y i n g
t h e
l e a v e s o n t o a
p i e c e
o f p a p e r a n d
m e a s u r i n g t h e
a r e a o f t h e p i c t u r e s .
A f t e r
w e i g h t and
a r e a
d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h e
s h o o t s
were put
i n t h e s ame beaker
w i t h
w a t e r
w h e r e
t h e y r e m a i n e d i n o r d i n a r y t a p w a t e r
f o r 22 days
t o
a l l o w r o o t
f o r m a t i o n .
On l a n t i n g , e a c h s h o o t was
p u t
i n a s e p a r a t e
p l a s t i c
p o t
c o n t a i n i n g
7 4 2 g . e a r t h ,
c a l l e d
G a r a n t i j o r d Normal
h a v i n g a pH a l u e o f 6 . 5 . T h i s e a r t h i s a
c o m m e r c i a l l y
a v a i l a b l e
t y p e
w h i c h i s s u i t a b l e f o r g r o w i n g p o t
p l a n t s
o f v a r i o u s
k i n d s , f o r
e x a m p l e ,
b e g o n i a s .
E a r t h from
t h e
same p a c k a g e
was u s e d f o r
p l a n t i n g
a l l t h e
f o u r
p l a n t s . B e f o r e
t h e e a r t h
was a d d e d
t o t h e p o t s i t
was
mixed i n
a f a s t
s o i l mixer f o r 1 5
minutes s o
t h a t
m o i s t u r e
c o n d i t i o n s ,
e a r t h s t r u c t u r e
and
amount o f n u t r i e n t s were
t h e
s ame
f o r
t h e whole a m o u nt
f
e a r t h .
B e f o r e p l a n t i n g , t h e
p o t
i n t o
which e a c h p l a n t was
t o
b e
p l a n t e d was
d e c i d e d
by l o t . T w o o f t h e po t s ( 1 )
a n d
( 2 )
w e r e e a c h s u p p l i e d
w i t h
0 . 7 g .
c a l c i u m
c y a n a m i d e
5 5
60
65
7 5
The
d r y
w e i g h t s
were
o b t a i n e d
a f t e r
d r y i n g
a t
a tem
p e r a t u r e
o f
+100
t o
+105
c e n t i g r a d e f o r
1 8
h o u r s .
The
t e s t
shows t h a t
t h e
p l a n t s
which
were f e r t i l i z e d
w i t h c a l c i u m cyanamide
t o
which B e r o l VMA-09 had
been
added and
which had b e e n worked i n t o t h e e a r t h
s o
t h a t i t l a y under t h e s u r f a c e
o f t h e s o i l
a c h i e v e d a
c o n s i d e r a b l y
f a s t e r
s p e e d o f g r o w t h
t h a n p l a n t s f e r t i l i z e d
under i d e n t i c a l
c o n d i t i o n s
w i t h
t h e
same amount
o f
c a l
cium
c y a n a m i d e b u t
w i t h o u t
an
a d d i t i o n
o f
t h e
w e t t i n g
a g e n t
B e r o l VMA-09.
The w e i g h t
i n c r e a s e
f o r
t h e t e s t
p l a n t s ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 )
was
a
36.6%
h i g h e r
raw and
a
32.8% h i g h e r dry w e i g h t
a s compared W i t h t h e c o n t r o l p l a n t s ( 3 )
a n d ( 4 ) .
The N P K - f e r t i l i z e r
u s e d
i n
t h e
f o r e g o i n g e x p e r i m e n t s
c o n t a i n s 6.5% N
s
n i t r a t e , 3.5% NH3, 4.4% P , 10.0%
P 2 0 5 ,
1 2 . 5 K ,
15% K 2 0 ,
1 1 . 3
C a , 0 . 4 M g , 0 . 5
N a , 6.0%
S ,
0.9%
C l ,
0.2%
F e ,
a n d
0.03%
B .
What
s c l a i m e d i s :
1 . A
r o c e s s f o r
i m p r o v i n g t h e
g r o w t h
o f p l a n t s
w h i c h
c o m p r i s e s
a p p l y i n g t o t h e s o i l i n w h i c h t h e p l a n t
s grow
a f e r t i l i z e r c o m p o s i t i o n
c o n s i s t i n g
e s s e n t i a l l y o f f r o m
a b o u t
25%
o a b o u t 99.5% by w e i g h t o f a
f e r t i l i z e r
c o m
p r i s i n g s o u r c e s o f n i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o
r u s , s u l f u r
a n d
i 1 1 1
t r i e n t
m e t a l s
formulated t o a
n u t r i e n t b a l a n c e ,
and
a r e l a
t i v e l y minor amount
o f
a t l e a s t
0.5%
t o a b o u t
10% by
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7/26/2019 Us 3231365
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3 , 2 3 1 , 3 6 5
' 1 1
w e i g h t , s u f f i c i e n t
t o e n h a n c e t h e
f e r t i l i z i n g a c t i o n o f t h e
f e r t i l i z e r ,
o f
a n o r g a n i c n o n i o n i c w e t t i n g a g e n t h a v
i n g t h e
f o r m u l a :
where
R
s s e l e c t e d from t h e g r o u p
c o n s i s t i n g
o f a l i p h a t i c
h y d r o c a r b o n g r o u p s h a v i n g
from e i g h t t o e i g h t e e n
c a r b o n
a t o m s
and
a r a l k y l
g r o u p s h a v i n g a
h y d r o c a r b o n
g r o u p
o f from
e i g h t
t o e i g h t e e n c a r b o n
atoms
a t t a c h e d t o t h e
a r y l
n u c l e u s , a n d a t t a c h e d t o
A
h r o u g h t h e a r y l n u c l e u s ,
A s s e l e c t e d from t h e
g r o u p
c o n s i s t i n g o f o x y g e n , s u l f u r ,
a m i n o ,
a m i d e ,
c a r b o x y l i c
e s t e r a n d
t h i o c a r b o x y l i c e s t e r
groups, and x s a
n u m b e r
from. t o 2 0 .
2 . A r o c e s s
i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h c l a i m
1 , i n which t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n
a l s o
c o m p r i s e s p e a t .
3 .
A r o c e s s
i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h
c l a i m
1 ,
i n which t h e
c o m p o s i t i o n a l s o
c o m p r i s e s
k i e s e l g u h r .
5
10
15
12
4 . A
p r o c e s s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h c l a i m 1 , i n
which
t h e c o m p o s i t i o n i s a p p l i e d
i n a q u e o u s
s o l u t i o n .
5 . A p r o c e s s i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
c l a i m 1 ,
i n which
t h e f e r t i l i z e r
c o m p o s i t i o n i s
a p p l i e d
i n
powder
f o r m .
R e f e r e n c e s
C i t e d by
t h e
Examiner
UNIT ED
STATES
PATENTS.
2 , 2 84,002
5/1942
Lontz
___________
_ 71-64 X
2,314,091
3/1943
Jones
___________
_
7l64
X
2,614,917
10/1952 Zucke l e t a 1 . _______
_
7l64
2 , 8 6 7 , 9 4 4
1/1959 F l etcher ____________
711
2 , 869 , 9 98
1/1959
Vierling
___________ _ 71-63
DONALL H.
SYLVESTER,
P r i m a r y E x a m i n e r .
ANTHONY
S CIA MA N N A ,
E x a m i n e r .
