Us Army Survival Manual-Abridgedpdf[1]

8/2/2019 Us Army Survival Manual-Abridgedpdf[1]

1/238

FM 21-76 US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL Reprinted as permitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army

FM 21-76 US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL

Reprinted as NOTpermitted by U.S. Department ! t"e Army# b$t by %e t"e &iti'enry %" paid !r it

(a)e 1 ! 2*+


2/238


TABLE OF CONTENTS

FM 21-76 US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL ............................................................1,AL /F 0/N,N,S.........................................................................................................................20A(,R 1 - IN,R/DU0,I/N..........................................................................................................11

SURVIVAL A0,I/NS......................................................................................................................11S -Si'e Up t"e Sit$atin................................................................................................................11U -Use A Y$r Senses# Und$e aste Ma3es 4aste...................................................................11R -Remember 4"ere Y$ Are......................................................................................................12V -Van5$is" Fear and (ani&.........................................................................................................12I -Imprise...................................................................................................................................12V -Va$e Liin)..............................................................................................................................12

A -A&t Li3e t"e Naties..................................................................................................................12L -Lie by Y$r 4its# $t !r N%# Learn asi& S3is....................................................................1*

(A,,RN F/R SURVIVAL.............................................................................................................1*0A(,R 2 - (SY0/L/Y /F SURVIVAL....................................................................................18

A L//9 A, S,RSS.......................................................................................................................18Need !r Stress.............................................................................................................................18S$ria Stressrs.........................................................................................................................1:

NA,URAL RA0,I/NS..................................................................................................................16An)er and Fr$stratin...................................................................................................................17Depressin....................................................................................................................................17Lneiness and redm...............................................................................................................17$it...............................................................................................................................................1+

(R(ARIN Y/URSLF................................................................................................................1+9n% Y$rse!...............................................................................................................................1+

Anti&ipate Fears............................................................................................................................1+e Reaisti&...................................................................................................................................1+

Adpt a (sitie Attit$de...............................................................................................................1;Remind Y$rse! 4"at Is at Sta3e.................................................................................................1;,rain..............................................................................................................................................1;Learn Stress Mana)ement ,e&"ni5$es.........................................................................................1;

0A(,R * - SURVIVAL (LANNIN AND SURVIVAL 9I,S.............................................................2/IN, IN>URY.............................................................................................................**Fra&t$res.......................................................................................................................................**Dis&atins...................................................................................................................................*:Sprains..........................................................................................................................................*:

I,S AND S,INS........................................................................................................................*6,reatment......................................................................................................................................*6ee and 4asp Stin)s....................................................................................................................*6Spider ites and S&rpin Stin)s..................................................................................................*7Sna3ebites....................................................................................................................................*7

4/UNDS.........................................................................................................................................*;/pen 4$nds...............................................................................................................................*;S3in Diseases and Aiments..........................................................................................................8UNL ,Y(S............................................................................................................................188

,rpi&a Rain Frests..................................................................................................................18:Se&ndary >$n)es......................................................................................................................18:Semieer)reen Seasna and Mnsn Frests.........................................................................18:,rpi&a S&r$b and ,"rn Frests...............................................................................................186,rpi&a Saannas......................................................................................................................186Sat%ater S%amps......................................................................................................................186Fres"%ater S%amps....................................................................................................................186

,RAVL ,R/U >UNL ARAS..........................................................................................187IMMDIA, 0/NSIDRA,I/NS..................................................................................................1874A,R (R/0URMN,.............................................................................................................18+Animas as Si)ns ! 4ater..........................................................................................................18+4ater Frm (ants......................................................................................................................18+Vines...........................................................................................................................................18+Rts...........................................................................................................................................18+(am ,rees..................................................................................................................................18+4ater Frm 0ndensatin..........................................................................................................18;

F//D............................................................................................................................................18;(/IS/N/US (LAN,S..................................................................................................................1:URIS............................................................................................................................1:8

ypt"ermia................................................................................................................................1:8Frstbite......................................................................................................................................1::,ren&" Ft and Immersin Ft................................................................................................1:6De"ydratin.................................................................................................................................1:60d Di$resis...............................................................................................................................1:6S$nb$rn......................................................................................................................................1:6Sn% indness...........................................................................................................................1:60nstipatin................................................................................................................................1:7Inse&t ites..................................................................................................................................1:7

SL,RS....................................................................................................................................1:7Sn% 0ae S"eter.....................................................................................................................1:+Sn% ,ren&" S"eter...................................................................................................................1:;Sn% &3 and (ara&"$te S"eter.............................................................................................1:;Sn% $se r I)...................................................................................................................16arlic.R$b it n a %$nd r bi it t e?tra&t t"e is and $se t"e %ater t rinse t"e a!!e&ted area.

Salt water.Use 2 t * tabespns per iter ! %ater t 3i ba&teria.

?ee honey.Use it strai)"t r dissed in %ater.

Sphagnum moss.F$nd in b))y areas %rd%ide# it is a nat$ra s$r&e ! idine. Use as a

dressin).

Again" use noncommercially prepared materials with caution.

F&"$t,ite

,"is in@$ry res$ts !rm !r'en tiss$es. Li)"t !rstbite ines ny t"e s3in t"at ta3es n a d$# %"itis"

par. Deep !rstbite e?tends t a dept" be% t"e s3in. ,"e tiss$es be&me sid and immabe. Y$r!eet# "ands# and e?psed !a&ia areas are parti&$ary $nerabe t !rstbite.4"en %it" t"ers# preent !rstbite by $sin) t"e b$ddy system. 0"e&3 y$r b$ddys !a&e !ten and ma3es$re t"at "e &"e&3s y$rs. I! y$ are ane# peridi&ay &er y$r nse and %er part ! y$r !a&e %it"y$r mittens.D nt try t t"a% t"e a!!e&ted areas by pa&in) t"em &se t an pen !ame. enty r$b t"em in$3e%arm %ater. Dry t"e part and pa&e it ne?t t y$r s3in t %arm it at bdy temperat$re.

T&e#.h F""t

,"is &nditin res$ts !rm many "$rs r days ! e?ps$re t %et r damp &nditins at a temperat$re@$st abe !ree'in). ,"e neres and m$s&es s$stain t"e main dama)e# b$t )an)rene &an &&$r. Ine?treme &ases t"e !es" dies and it may be&me ne&essary t "ae t"e !t r e) amp$tated. ,"e bestpreentin is t 3eep y$r !eet dry. 0arry e?tra s&3s %it" y$ in a %aterpr! pa&3et. Dry %et s&3sa)ainst y$r bdy. 4as" y$r !eet daiy and p$t n dry s&3s.

B$

,"e !%in) !ied treatment !r b$rns reiees t"e pain sme%"at# seems t "ep speed "eain)# and!!ers sme prte&tin a)ainst in!e&tin

First# stp t"e b$rnin) pr&ess. ($t $t t"e !ire by remin) &t"in)# d$sin) %it" %ater r sand#

r by rin) n t"e )r$nd. 0 t"e b$rnin) s3in %it" i&e r %ater. Fr b$rns &a$sed by %"ite

p"sp"r$s# pi&3 $t t"e %"ite p"sp"r$s %it" t%ee'ersH d nt d$se %it" %ater. Sa3 dressin)s r &ean ra)s !r 1< min$tes in a biin) tanni& a&id s$tin Cbtained !rm tea#

inner bar3 ! "ard%d trees# r a&rns bied in %ater. 0 t"e dressin)s r &ean ra)s and appy er b$rns.

,reat as an pen %$nd.

Repa&e !$id ss.

Maintain air%ay.

,reat !r s"&3.

0nsider $sin) mrp"ine# $ness t"e b$rns are near t"e !a&e.

(a)e 81 ! 2*+


42/238


NVIRON0NTAL IN2URIS

eatstr3e# "ypt"ermia# diarr"ea# and intestina parasites are enirnmenta in@$ries y$ &$d !a&e.

He!t$t&")e

,"e brea3d%n ! t"e bdys "eat re)$atry system Cbdy temperat$re mre t"an 8


43/238


Drin3 ne &$p ! a strn) tea s$tin eery 2 "$rs $nti t"e diarr"ea s%s r stps. ,"e tanni&

a&id in t"e tea "eps t &ntr t"e diarr"ea. i t"e inner bar3 ! a "ard%d tree !r 2 "$rs rmre t reease t"e tanni& a&id.

Ma3e a s$tin ! ne "and!$ ! )r$nd &"a3# &"ar&a# r dried bnes and treated %ater. I! y$

"ae sme appe pma&e r t"e rinds ! &itr$s !r$it# add an e5$a prtin t t"e mi?t$re t ma3e itmre e!!e&tie. ,a3e 2 tabespns ! t"e s$tin eery 2 "$rs $nti t"e diarr"ea s%s r stps.

I#te$ti#!% P!&!$ite$

Y$ &an $s$ay aid %rm in!estatins and t"er intestina parasites i! y$ ta3e preentie meas$res.Fr e?ampe# neer ) bare!t. ,"e mst e!!e&tie %ay t preent intestina parasites is t aid$n&3ed meat and ra% e)etabes &ntaminated by ra% se%a)e r "$man %aste $sed as a !ertii'er.%eer# s"$d y$ be&me in!ested and a&3 prper medi&ine# y$ &an $se "me remedies. 9eep inmind t"at t"ese "me remedies %r3 n t"e prin&ipe ! &"an)in) t"e enirnment ! t"e )astrintestinatra&t. ,"e !%in) are "me remedies y$ &$d $se

Salt water.Disse 8 tabespns ! sat in 1 iter ! %ater and drin3. D nt repeat t"is

treatment. Tobacco.at 1 t 1.: &i)arettes. ,"e ni&tine in t"e &i)arette %i 3i r st$n t"e %rms n)

en$)" !r y$r system t pass t"em. I! t"e in!estatin is seere# repeat t"e treatment in 28 t 8+"$rs# but no sooner.

erosene.Drin3 2 tabespns ! 3ersene but no more.I! ne&essary# y$ &an repeat t"is

treatment in 28 t 8+ "$rs. e &are!$ nt t in"ae t"e !$mes. ,"ey may &a$se $n) irritatin. (ot peppers.(eppers are e!!e&tie ny i! t"ey are a steady part ! y$r diet. Y$ &an eat t"em

ra% r p$t t"em in s$ps r ri&e and meat dis"es. ,"ey &reate an enirnment t"at is pr"ibitiet parasiti& atta&"ment.

.R#AL 0,ICINS

/$r mdern %nder dr$)s# abratries# and e5$ipment "ae bs&$red mre primitie types ! medi&ineinin) determinatin# &mmn sense# and a !e% simpe treatments. In many areas ! t"e %rd#"%eer# t"e pepe sti depend n &a J%it&" d&trsJ r "eaers t &$re t"eir aiments. Many ! t"e"erbs Cpants and treatments t"ey $se are as e!!e&tie as t"e mst mdern medi&atins aaiabe. In!a&t# many mdern medi&atins &me !rm re!ined "erbs.

*ARNINUse "erba medi&ines %it" e?treme &are# "%eer# and ny %"en y$ a&3 r "ae imited medi&as$ppies. Sme "erba medi&ines are dan)er$s and may &a$se !$rt"er dama)e r een deat". See0"apter ;# S$ria Use ! (ants# !r sme basi& "erba medi&ine treatments.

(a)e 8* ! 2*+


44/238


CHAPTER : - SHELTERS

A shelter can protect you !rom the sun" insects" wind" rain" snow" hot or coldtemperatures" and enemy observation. It can give you a !eeling o! well%being. It can helpyou maintain your will to survive.

In some areas" your need !or shelter may take precedence over your need !or !ood andpossibly even your need !or water. -or e+ample" prolonged e+posure to cold can causee+cessive !atigue and weakness &e+haustion'. An e+hausted person may develop a=passive= outlook" thereby losing the will to survive.

The most common error in making a shelter is to make it too large. A shelter must belarge enough to protect you. It must also be small enough to contain your body heat"especially in cold climates.

S.LTR SIT SLCTION

4"en y$ are in a s$ria sit$atin and reai'e t"at s"eter is a "i)" pririty# start 3in) !r s"eter assn as pssibe. As y$ d s# remember %"at y$ %i need at t"e site. ,% re5$isites are--

It m$st &ntain materia t ma3e t"e type ! s"eter y$ need.

It m$st be ar)e en$)" and ee en$)" !r y$ t ie d%n &m!rtaby.

4"en y$ &nsider t"ese re5$isites# "%eer# y$ &annt i)nre y$r ta&ti&a sit$atin r y$r sa!ety.Y$ m$st as &nsider %"et"er t"e site--

(rides &n&eament !rm enemy bseratin.

as &am$!a)ed es&ape r$tes.

Is s$itabe !r si)nain)# i! ne&essary.

(rides prte&tin a)ainst %id animas and r&3s and dead trees t"at mi)"t !a. Is !ree !rm inse&ts# repties# and pisn$s pants.

Y$ m$st as remember t"e prbems t"at &$d arise in y$r enirnment. Fr instan&e--

Aid !as" !d areas in !t"is.

Aid aaan&"e r r&3side areas in m$ntain$s terrain.

Aid sites near bdies ! %ater t"at are be% t"e "i)" %ater mar3.

(a)e 88 ! 2*+


45/238


In sme areas# t"e seasn ! t"e year "as a strn) bearin) n t"e site y$ see&t. Idea sites !r as"eter di!!er in %inter and s$mmer. D$rin) &d %inter mnt"s y$ %i %ant a site t"at %i prte&t y$!rm t"e &d and %ind# b$t %i "ae a s$r&e ! !$e and %ater. D$rin) s$mmer mnt"s in t"e samearea y$ %i %ant a s$r&e ! %ater# b$t y$ %i %ant t"e site t be amst inse&t !ree.4"en &nsiderin) s"eter site see&tin# $se t"e %rd LISS as a )$ide. - end in %it" t"e s$rr$ndin)s.L - L% si"$ette.I - Irre)$ar s"ape.S - Sma.S - Se&$ded &atin.

TYPS O' S.LTRS

4"en 3in) !r a s"eter site# 3eep in mind t"e type ! s"eter Cprte&tin y$ need. %eer# y$m$st as &nsider--

% m$&" time and e!!rt y$ need t b$id t"e s"eter.

I! t"e s"eter %i ade5$atey prte&t y$ !rm t"e eements Cs$n# %ind# rain# sn%.

I! y$ "ae t"e ts t b$id it. I! nt# &an y$ ma3e imprised tsG

I! y$ "ae t"e type and am$nt ! materias needed t b$id it.

, ans%er t"ese 5$estins# y$ need t 3n% "% t ma3e ari$s types ! s"eters and %"at materiasy$ need t ma3e t"em.

P"#.h" Le!#-T"

It ta3es ny a s"rt time and minima e5$ipment t b$id t"is ean-t CFi)$re :-1. Y$ need a pn&"# 2t * meters ! rpe r para&"$te s$spensin ine# t"ree sta3es ab$t *< &entimeters n)# and t% treesr t% pes 2 t * meters apart. e!re see&tin) t"e trees y$ %i $se r t"e &atin ! y$r pes#&"e&3 t"e %ind dire&tin. ns$re t"at t"e ba&3 ! y$r ean-t %i be int t"e %ind.

, ma3e t"e ean-t--

,ie !! t"e "d ! t"e pn&". ($ t"e dra%strin) ti)"t# r t"e "d n)%ays# !d it int t"irds#

and tie it !! %it" t"e dra%strin). 0$t t"e rpe in "a!. /n ne n) side ! t"e pn&"# tie "a! ! t"e rpe t t"e &rner )rmmet.

,ie t"e t"er "a! t t"e t"er &rner )rmmet.

(a)e 8: ! 2*+


46/238


Atta&" a drip sti&3 Cab$t a 1


47/238


,ie t"e t"er ends ! t"ese rpes at ab$t 3nee "ei)"t t t% trees 2 t * meters apart and

stret&" t"e pn&" ti)"t. Dra% ne side ! t"e pn&" ti)"t and se&$re it t t"e )r$nd p$s"in) s"arpened sti&3s t"r$)"

t"e )rmmets. F% t"e same pr&ed$re n t"e t"er side.

I! y$ need a &enter s$pprt# $se t"e same met"ds as !r t"e pn&" ean-t. Ant"er &enter s$pprt is

an A-!rame set $tside b$t er t"e &enter ! t"e tent CFi)$re :-*. Use t% ;


48/238


0nstr$&t t"e entran&e by %rappin) t"e !ded ed)es ! t"e &anpy ar$nd t% !ree-standin)

pes. Y$ &an t"en pa&e t"e pes side by side t &se t"e tepees entran&e. (a&e a e?tra &anpy $nderneat" t"e tepee pes and inside t &reate a !r !r t"e s"eter.

Leae a *


49/238


See&t a s"eter site and s&ribe a &ir&e ab$t 8 meters in diameter n t"e )r$nd.

Sta3e t"e para&"$te materia t t"e )r$nd $sin) t"e ines remainin) at t"e %er atera band.

A!ter de&idin) %"ere t pa&e t"e s"eter dr# empa&e a sta3e and tie t"e !irst ine C!rm t"e

%er atera band se&$rey t it. Stret&" t"e para&"$te materia ta$t t t"e ne?t ine# empa&e a sta3e n t"e s&ribed ine# and tie

t"e ine t it. 0ntin$e t"e sta3in) pr&ess $nti y$ "ae tied a t"e ines.

Lsey atta&" t"e tp ! t"e para&"$te materia t t"e &enter pe %it" a s$spensin ine y$prei$sy &$t and# t"r$)" tria and errr# determine t"e pint at %"i&" t"e para&"$te materia %ibe p$ed ti)"t n&e t"e &enter pe is $pri)"t.

,"en se&$rey atta&" t"e materia t t"e pe.

Usin) a s$spensin ine Cr inner &re# se% t"e end )res t)et"er eain) 1 r 1.2 meters !r a

dr.

N"-P"%e P!&!.hte Tepee

Y$ $se t"e same materias# e?&ept !r t"e &enter pe# as !r t"e ne-pe para&"$te tepee., ma3e t"is tepee CFi)$re :-6--

,ie a ine t t"e tp ! para&"$te materia %it" a prei$sy &$t s$spensin ine.

,"r% t"e ine er a tree imb# and tie it t t"e tree tr$n3.

Startin) at t"e ppsite side !rm t"e dr# empa&e a sta3e n t"e s&ribed *.:- t 8.*-meter

&ir&e. ,ie t"e !irst ine n t"e %er atera band.

0ntin$e empa&in) t"e sta3es and tyin) t"e ines t t"em.

A!ter sta3in) d%n t"e materia# $n!asten t"e ine tied t t"e tree tr$n3# ti)"ten t"e tepee materia

by p$in) n t"is ine# and tie it se&$rey t t"e tree tr$n3.

(a)e 8; ! 2*+


50/238


O#e-M!# She%te&

A ne-man s"eter y$ &an easiy ma3e $sin) a para&"$te re5$ires a tree and t"ree pes. /ne pes"$d be ab$t 8.: meters n) and t"e t"er t% ab$t * meters n)., ma3e t"is s"eter CFi)$re :-7--

Se&$re t"e 8.:-meter pe t t"e tree at ab$t %aist "ei)"t.

Lay t"e t% *-meter pes n t"e )r$nd n eit"er side ! and in t"e same dire&tin as t"e 8.:-

meter pe. Lay t"e !ded &anpy er t"e 8.: meter pe s t"at ab$t t"e same am$nt ! materia "an)s

n bt" sides. ,$&3 t"e e?&ess materia $nder t"e *-meter pes# and spread it n t"e )r$nd inside t sere as

a !r.

Sta3e d%n r p$t a spreader bet%een t"e t% *-meter pes at t"e s"eters entran&e s t"ey %int side in%ard.

Use any e?&ess materia t &er t"e entran&e.

(a)e :< ! 2*+


51/238


,"e para&"$te &t" ma3es t"is s"eter %ind resistant# and t"e s"eter is sma en$)" t"at it is easiy%armed. A &ande# $sed &are!$y# &an 3eep t"e inside temperat$re &m!rtabe. ,"is s"eter is$nsatis!a&try# "%eer# %"en sn% is !ain) as een a i)"t sn%!a %i &ae it in.

P!&!.hte H!++".)

Y$ &an ma3e a "amm&3 $sin) 6 t + )res ! para&"$te &anpy and t% trees ab$t 8.: meters apart

CFi)$re :-+.

Fie%(-E5pe(ie#t Le!#-T"

I! y$ are in a %ded area and "ae en$)" nat$ra materias# y$ &an ma3e a !ied-e?pedient ean-tCFi)$re :-; %it"$t t"e aid ! ts r %it" ny a 3ni!e. It ta3es n)er t ma3e t"is type ! s"eter t"an itdes t ma3e t"er types# b$t it %i prte&t y$ !rm t"e eements.

(a)e :1 ! 2*+


52/238


Y$ %i need t% trees Cr $pri)"t pes ab$t 2 meters apartH ne pe ab$t 2 meters n) and 2.:

&entimeters in diameterH !ie t ei)"t pes ab$t * meters n) and 2.: &entimeters in diameter !rbeamsH &rd r ines !r se&$rin) t"e "ri'nta s$pprt t t"e treesH and t"er pes# sapin)s# r inest &riss&rss t"e beams., ma3e t"is ean-t--

,ie t"e 2-meter pe t t"e t% trees at %aist t &"est "ei)"t. ,"is is t"e "ri'nta s$pprt. I! a

standin) tree is nt aaiabe# &nstr$&t a biped $sin) Y-s"aped sti&3s r t% tripds. (a&e ne end ! t"e beams C*-meter pes n ne side ! t"e "ri'nta s$pprt. As %it" a

ean-t type s"eters# be s$re t pa&e t"e ean-ts ba&3side int t"e %ind. 0riss&rss sapin)s r ines n t"e beams.

0er t"e !rame%r3 %it" br$s"# eaes# pine needes# r )rass# startin) at t"e bttm and

%r3in) y$r %ay $p i3e s"in)in). (a&e stra%# eaes# pine needes# r )rass inside t"e s"eter !r beddin).

In &d %eat"er# add t y$r ean-ts &m!rt by b$idin) a !ire re!e&tr %a CFi)$re :-;. Drie !$r 1.:-meter-n) sta3es int t"e )r$nd t s$pprt t"e %a. Sta&3 )reen )s n tp ! ne ant"er bet%eent"e s$pprt sta3es. Frm t% r%s ! sta&3ed )s t &reate an inner spa&e %it"in t"e %a t"at y$ &an!i %it" dirt. ,"is a&tin nt ny stren)t"ens t"e %a b$t ma3es it mre "eat re!e&tie. ind t"e tp ! t"es$pprt sta3es s t"at t"e )reen )s and dirt %i stay in pa&e.4it" @$st a itte mre e!!rt y$ &an "ae a dryin) ra&3. 0$t a !e% 2-&entimeter-diameter pes Cen)t"depends n t"e distan&e bet%een t"e ean-ts "ri'nta s$pprt and t"e tp ! t"e !ire re!e&tr %a.Lay ne end ! t"e pes n t"e ean-t s$pprt and t"e t"er end n tp ! t"e re!e&tr %a. (a&e andtie int pa&e smaer sti&3s a&rss t"ese pes. Y$ n% "ae a pa&e t dry &t"es# meat# r !is".

S!+p Be(

In a mars" r s%amp# r any area %it" standin) %ater r &ntin$ay %et )r$nd# t"e s%amp bed CFi)$re:-1


53/238


, ma3e a s%amp bed--

L3 !r !$r trees &$stered in a re&tan)e# r &$t !$r pes Cbamb is idea and drie t"em

!irmy int t"e )r$nd s t"ey !rm a re&tan)e. ,"ey s"$d be !ar en$)" apart and strn)en$)" t s$pprt y$r "ei)"t and %ei)"t# t in&$de e5$ipment.

0$t t% pes t"at span t"e %idt" ! t"e re&tan)e. ,"ey# t# m$st be strn) en$)" t s$pprt

y$r %ei)"t. Se&$re t"ese t% pes t t"e trees Cr pes. e s$re t"ey are "i)" en$)" abe t"e )r$nd r

%ater t a% !r tides and "i)" %ater. 0$t additina pes t"at span t"e re&tan)es en)t". Lay t"em a&rss t"e t% side pes# and

se&$re t"em. 0er t"e tp ! t"e bed !rame %it" brad eaes r )rass t !rm a s!t seepin) s$r!a&e.

$id a !ire pad by ayin) &ay# sit# r m$d n ne &mer ! t"e s%amp bed and a% it t dry.

Ant"er s"eter desi)ned t )et y$ abe and $t ! t"e %ater r %et )r$nd $ses t"e same re&tan)$ar&n!i)$ratin as t"e s%amp bed. Y$ ery simpy ay sti&3s and bran&"es en)t"%ise n t"e inside ! t"etrees Cr pes $nti t"ere is en$)" materia t raise t"e seepin) s$r!a&e abe t"e %ater ee.

N!t&!% She%te&$

D nt er3 nat$ra !rmatins t"at pride s"eter. ?ampes are &aes# r&3y &rei&es# &$mps !b$s"es# sma depressins# ar)e r&3s n ee%ard sides ! "is# ar)e trees %it" %-"an)in) imbs# and!aen trees %it" t"i&3 bran&"es. %eer# %"en see&tin) a nat$ra !rmatin--

Stay a%ay !rm % )r$nd s$&" as raines# narr% aeys# r &ree3 beds. L% areas &e&t t"e

"eay &d air at ni)"t and are t"ere!re &der t"an t"e s$rr$ndin) "i)" )r$nd. ,"i&3# br$s"y#

% )r$nd as "arbrs mre inse&ts. 0"e&3 !r pisn$s sna3es# ti&3s# mites# s&rpins# and stin)in) ants.

L3 !r se r&3s# dead imbs# &&n$ts# r t"er nat$ra )r%t" t"an &$d !a n y$r s"eter.

De,&i$ Ht

Fr %armt" and ease ! &nstr$&tin# t"is s"eter is ne ! t"e best. 4"en s"eter is essentia t s$ria#b$id t"is s"eter., ma3e a debris "$t CFi)$re :-11--

(a)e :* ! 2*+


54/238


$id it by ma3in) a tripd %it" t% s"rt sta3es and a n) rid)epe r by pa&in) ne end ! a

n) rid)epe n tp ! a st$rdy base. Se&$re t"e rid)epe Cpe r$nnin) t"e en)t" ! t"e s"eter $sin) t"e tripd met"d r by

an&"rin) it t a tree at ab$t %aist "ei)"t. (rp ar)e sti&3s an) bt" sides ! t"e rid)epe t &reate a %ed)e-s"aped ribbin) e!!e&t.

ns$re t"e ribbin) is %ide en$)" t a&&mmdate y$r bdy and steep en$)" t s"edmist$re.

(a&e !iner sti&3s and br$s" &rss%ise n t"e ribbin). ,"ese !rm a atti&e%r3 t"at %i 3eep t"eins$atin) materia C)rass# pine needes# eaes !rm !ain) t"r$)" t"e ribbin) int t"e seepin)area.

Add i)"t# dry# i! pssibe# s!t debris er t"e ribbin) $nti t"e ins$atin) materia is at east 1

meter t"i&3--t"e t"i&3er t"e better. (a&e a *


55/238


, ma3e t"is s"eter--

Find a tree %it" b$s"y bran&"es t"at prides er"ead &er.

Di) $t t"e sn% ar$nd t"e tree tr$n3 $nti y$ rea&" t"e dept" and diameter y$ desire# r $nti

y$ rea&" t"e )r$nd. (a&3 t"e sn% ar$nd t"e tp and t"e inside ! t"e "e t pride s$pprt.

Find and &$t t"er eer)reen b$)"s. (a&e t"em er t"e tp ! t"e pit t )ie y$ additina

er"ead &er. (a&e eer)reen b$)"s in t"e bttm ! t"e pit !r ins$atin.

See 0"apter 1: !r t"er ar&ti& r &d %eat"er s"eters.

Be!.h Sh!(e She%te&

,"is s"eter prte&ts y$ !rm t"e s$n# %ind# rain# and "eat. It is easy t ma3e $sin) nat$ra materias., ma3e t"is s"eter CFi)$re :-1*--

Find and &e&t dri!t%d r t"er nat$ra materia t $se as s$pprt beams and as a di))in)

t. See&t a site t"at is abe t"e "i)" %ater mar3.

S&rape r di) $t a tren&" r$nnin) nrt" t s$t" s t"at it re&eies t"e east am$nt ! s$ni)"t.

Ma3e t"e tren&" n) and %ide en$)" !r y$ t ie d%n &m!rtaby. M$nd si n t"ree sides ! t"e tren&". ,"e "i)"er t"e m$nd# t"e mre spa&e inside t"e s"eter.

Lay s$pprt beams Cdri!t%d r t"er nat$ra materia t"at span t"e tren&" n tp ! t"e m$nd

t !rm t"e !rame%r3 !r a r!. nar)e t"e s"eters entran&e by di))in) $t mre sand in !rnt ! it.

Use nat$ra materias s$&" as )rass r eaes t !rm a bed inside t"e s"eter.

(a)e :: ! 2*+


56/238


De$e&t She%te&$

In an arid enirnment# &nsider t"e time# e!!rt# and materia needed t ma3e a s"eter. I! y$ "aemateria s$&" as a pn&"# &anas# r a para&"$te# $se it an) %it" s$&" terrain !eat$res as r&3$t&rppin)# m$nds ! sand# r a depressin bet%een d$nes r r&3s t ma3e y$r s"eter.Usin) r&3 $t&rppin)s--

An&"r ne end ! y$r pn&" C&anas# para&"$te# r t"er materia n t"e ed)e ! t"e $t&rp

$sin) r&3s r t"er %ei)"ts. ?tend and an&"r t"e t"er end ! t"e pn&" s it prides t"e best pssibe s"ade.

In a sandy area--

$id a m$nd ! sand r $se t"e side ! a sand d$ne !r ne side ! t"e s"eter. An&"r ne end ! t"e materia n tp ! t"e m$nd $sin) sand r t"er %ei)"ts.

?tend and an&"r t"e t"er end ! t"e materia s it prides t"e best pssibe s"ade.

8ote9 I! you have enough material" !old it in hal! and !orm a 4;%centimeter to 56%centimeter airspace between the two halves. This airspace will reduce the temperatureunder the shelter.

A be%)r$nd s"eter CFi)$re :-18 &an red$&e t"e midday "eat as m$&" as 16 t 22 de)rees 0 C*< t8< de)rees F. $idin) it# "%eer# re5$ires mre time and e!!rt t"an !r t"er s"eters. Sin&e y$rp"ysi&a e!!rt %i ma3e y$ s%eat mre and in&rease de"ydratin# &nstr$&t it be!re t"e "eat ! t"eday.

(a)e :6 ! 2*+


57/238


, ma3e t"is s"eter--

Find a % spt r depressin bet%een d$nes r r&3s. I! ne&essary# di) a tren&" 8: t 6 - POISONOUS PLANTS

Success!ul use o! plants in a survival situation depends on positive identi!ication. nowingpoisonous plants is as important to a survivor as knowing edible plants. nowing thepoisonous plants will help you avoid sustaining in$uries !rom them.

.O3 PLANTS POISON(ants )eneray pisn by--

Ingestion.4"en a persn eats a part ! a pisn$s pant.

1ontact.4"en a persn ma3es &nta&t %it" a pisn$s pant t"at &a$ses any type ! s3in

irritatin r dermatitis. Absorption or inhalation.4"en a persn eit"er absrbs t"e pisn t"r$)" t"e s3in r in"aes it

int t"e respiratry system.

(ant pisnin) ran)es !rm minr irritatin t deat". A &mmn 5$estin as3ed is# J% pisn$s ist"is pantGJ It is di!!i&$t t say "% pisn$s pants are be&a$se--

Sme pants re5$ire &nta&t %it" a ar)e am$nt ! t"e pant be!re nti&in) any aderse rea&tin

%"ie t"ers %i &a$se deat" %it" ny a sma am$nt. ery pant %i ary in t"e am$nt ! t?ins it &ntains d$e t di!!erent )r%in) &nditins and

si)"t ariatins in s$bspe&ies. ery persn "as a di!!erent ee ! resistan&e t t?i& s$bstan&es.

Sme persns may be mre sensitie t a parti&$ar pant.

Sme &mmn mis&n&eptins ab$t pisn$s pants are--

atch the animals and eat what they eat.Mst ! t"e time t"is statement is tr$e# b$t sme

animas &an eat pants t"at are pisn$s t "$mans. ?oil the plant in water and any poisons will be removed.iin) remes many pisns# b$t nt

a. :lants with a red color are poisonous.Sme pants t"at are red are pisn$s# b$t nt a.

,"e pint is t"ere is n ne r$e t aid in identi!yin) pisn$s pants. Y$ m$st ma3e an e!!rt t earnas m$&" ab$t t"em as pssibe.

(a)e 118 ! 2*+


115/238


ALL A#OUT PLANTS

It is t y$r bene!it t earn as m$&" ab$t pants as pssibe. Many pisn$s pants 3 i3e t"eiredibe reaties r i3e t"er edibe pants. Fr e?ampe# pisn "em&3 appears ery simiar t %id&arrt. 0ertain pants are sa!e t eat in &ertain seasns r sta)es ! )r%t" and pisn$s in t"ersta)es. Fr e?ampe# t"e eaes ! t"e p3e%eed are edibe %"en it !irst starts t )r%# b$t it snbe&mes pisn$s. Y$ &an eat sme pants and t"eir !r$its ny %"en t"ey are ripe. Fr e?ampe# t"eripe !r$it ! mayappe is edibe# b$t a t"er parts and t"e )reen !r$it are pisn$s. Sme pants &ntain

bt" edibe and pisn$s partsH ptates and tmates are &mmn pant !ds# b$t t"eir )reen partsare pisn$s.Sme pants be&me t?i& a!ter %itin). Fr e?ampe# %"en t"e ba&3 &"erry starts t %it# "ydr&yani&a&id deeps. Spe&i!i& preparatin met"ds ma3e sme pants edibe t"at are pisn$s ra%. Y$ &aneat t"e t"iny si&ed and t"r$)"y dried &rms Cdryin) may ta3e a year ! t"e @a&3-in-t"e-p$pit# b$t t"eyare pisn$s i! nt t"r$)"y dried.Learn t identi!y and $se pants be!re a s$ria sit$atin. Sme s$r&es ! in!rmatin ab$t pants arepamp"ets# b3s# !ims# nat$re trais# btani&a )ardens# &a mar3ets# and &a naties. at"er and&rss-re!eren&e in!rmatin !rm as many s$r&es as pssibe# be&a$se many s$r&es %i nt &ntaina t"e in!rmatin needed.

RULS 'OR AVOI,IN/ POISONOUS PLANTS

Y$r best pi&y is t be abe t 3 at a pant and identi!y it %it" abs$te &ertainty and t 3n% its $sesr dan)ers. Many times t"is is nt pssibe. I! y$ "ae itte r n 3n%ed)e ! t"e &a e)etatin# $set"e r$es t see&t pants !r t"e JUniersa dibiity ,est.J Remember# aid --

All mushrooms.M$s"rm identi!i&atin is ery di!!i&$t and m$st be pre&ise# een mre s t"an

%it" t"er pants. Sme m$s"rms &a$se deat" ery 5$i&3y. Sme m$s"rms "ae n 3n%nantidte. ,% )enera types ! m$s"rm pisnin) are )astrintestina and &entra ner$ssystem.

1ontact with or touching plants unnecessarily.

CONTACT ,R0ATITIS

0nta&t dermatitis !rm pants %i $s$ay &a$se t"e mst tr$be in t"e !ied. ,"e e!!e&ts may bepersistent# spread by s&rat&"in)# and are parti&$ary dan)er$s i! t"ere is &nta&t in r ar$nd t"e eyes.,"e prin&ipa t?in ! t"ese pants is $s$ay an i t"at )ets n t"e s3in $pn &nta&t %it" t"e pant. ,"ei &an as )et n e5$ipment and t"en in!e&t %"eer t$&"es t"e e5$ipment. Neer b$m a &nta&tpisn$s pant be&a$se t"e sm3e may be as "arm!$ as t"e pant. ,"ere is a )reater dan)er ! bein)a!!e&ted %"en er"eated and s%eatin). ,"e in!e&tin may be &a r it may spread er t"e bdy.Symptms may ta3e !rm a !e% "$rs t seera days t appear. Si)ns and symptms &an in&$deb$rnin)# reddenin)# it&"in)# s%ein)# and bisters.4"en y$ !irst &nta&t t"e pisn$s pants r t"e !irst symptms appear# try t reme t"e i by%as"in) %it" sap and &d %ater. I! %ater is nt aaiabe# %ipe y$r s3in repeatedy %it" dirt r sand.D nt $se dirt i! bisters "ae deeped. ,"e dirt may brea3 pen t"e bisters and eae t"e bdy pent in!e&tin. A!ter y$ "ae remed t"e i# dry t"e area. Y$ &an %as" %it" a tanni& a&id s$tin and&r$s" and r$b @e%e%eed n t"e a!!e&ted area t treat pant-&a$sed ras"es. Y$ &an ma3e tanni& a&id!rm a3 bar3.(isn$s pants t"at &a$se &nta&t dermatitis are--

0%"a)e.

(isn iy.

(isn a3.

(isn s$ma&.

Ren)as tree.

,r$mpet ine.

(a)e 11: ! 2*+


116/238


IN/STION POISONIN/

In)estin pisnin) &an be ery seri$s and &$d ead t deat" ery 5$i&3y. D nt eat any pant $nessy$ "ae psitiey identi!ied it !irst. 9eep a ) ! a pants eaten.Si)ns and symptms ! in)estin pisnin) &an in&$de na$sea# mitin)# diarr"ea# abdmina &ramps#depressed "eartbeat and respiratin# "eada&"es# "a$&inatins# dry m$t"# $n&ns&i$sness# &ma#and deat".I! y$ s$spe&t pant pisnin)# try t reme t"e pisn$s materia !rm t"e i&tims m$t" and stma&"

as sn as pssibe. Ind$&e mitin) by ti&3in) t"e ba&3 ! "is t"rat r by )iin) "im %arm sat%ater# i!"e is &ns&i$s. Di$te t"e pisn by administerin) ar)e 5$antities ! %ater r mi3# i! "e is &ns&i$s.,"e !%in) pants &an &a$se in)estin pisnin) i! eaten

0astr bean.

0"inaberry.

Deat" &amas.

Lantana.

Man&"inee.

/eander.

(an)i.

("ysi& n$t.

(isn and %ater "em&3s. Rsary pea.

Stry&"nine tree.

See Appendi? 0 !r p"t)rap"s and des&riptins ! t"ese pants.

(a)e 116 ! 2*+


117/238


CHAPTER 11 - DANEROUS ANIMALS

Animals rarely are as threatening to the survivor as the rest o! the environment. 1ommonsense tells the survivor to avoid encounters with lions" bears" and other large ordangerous animals. @ou should also avoid large gra*ing animals with horns" hooves" andgreat weight. @our actions may prevent une+pected meetings. /ove care!ully throughtheir environment.


118/238


and i persns. S&rpins resembe sma bsters %it" raised# @inted tais bearin) a stin)er in t"e tip.Nat$re mimi&s t"e s&rpins %it" %"ip s&rpins r ine)ar-rns. ,"ese are "armess and "ae a taii3e a %ire r %"ip# rat"er t"an t"e @inted tai and stin)er ! tr$e s&rpins.

Spi(e&$

Y$ re&)ni'e t"e br%n re&$se r !iddeba&3 spider ! Nrt" Ameri&a &Lo+osceles reclusa'by a

prminent iin-s"aped i)"t spt n t"e ba&3 ! its bdy. As its name s$))ests# t"is spider i3es t "idein dar3 pa&es. ,"$)" rarey !ata# its bite &a$ses e?&essie tiss$e de)eneratin ar$nd t"e %$nd and&an een ead t amp$tatin ! t"e di)its i! e!t $ntreated.Y$ !ind members ! t"e %id% !amiy &Latrodectus species'%rd%ide# t"$)" t"e ba&3 %id% ! Nrt"

Ameri&a is per"aps t"e mst %e-3n%n. F$nd in %armer areas ! t"e %rd# t"e %id%s are sma#dar3 spiders %it" !ten "$r)ass-s"aped %"ite# red# r ran)e spts n t"eir abdmens.F$nne%ebs CAtra+spe&ies are ar)e# )ray r br%n A$straian spiders. 0"$n3y# %it" s"rt e)s# t"eyare abe t me easiy $p and d%n t"e &ne-s"aped %ebs !rm %"i&" t"ey )et t"eir name. ,"e &app$a&e &nsiders t"em deady. Aid t"em as t"ey me ab$t# $s$ay at ni)"t# in sear&" ! prey.Symptms ! t"eir bite are simiar t t"se ! t"e %id%s--seere pain a&&mpanied by s%eatin) ands"ierin)# %ea3ness# and disabin) episdes t"at &an ast a %ee3.,arant$as are ar)e# "airy spiders CTheraphosidaeand Lycosaspe&ies best 3n%n be&a$se t"ey are

!ten sd in pet stres. ,"ere is ne spe&ies in $rpe# b$t mst &me !rm trpi&a Ameri&a. SmeS$t" Ameri&an spe&ies d in@e&t a dan)er$s t?in# b$t mst simpy prd$&e a pain!$ bite. Smetarant$as &an be as ar)e as a dinner pate. ,"ey a "ae ar)e !an)s !r &apt$rin) !d s$&" as birds#mi&e# and i'ards. I! bitten by a tarant$a# pain and beedin) are &ertain# and in!e&tin is i3ey.

Ce#tipe(e$ !#( Mi%%ipe(e$

0entipedes and miipedes are msty sma and "armess# at"$)" sme trpi&a and desert spe&iesmay rea&" 2: &entimeters. A !e% arieties ! &entipedes "ae a pisn$s bite# b$t in!e&tin is t"e)reatest dan)er# as t"eir s"arp &a%s di) in and p$n&t$re t"e s3in. , preent s3in p$n&t$res# br$s"t"em !! in t"e dire&tin t"ey are traein)# i! y$ !ind t"em &ra%in) n y$r s3in.

Bee$' *!$p$' !#( H"et$

4e are a !amiiar %it" bees# %asps# and "rnets. ,"ey &me in many arieties and "ae a %idediersity ! "abits and "abitats. Y$ re&)ni'e bees by t"eir "airy and $s$ay t"i&3 bdy# %"ie t"e%asps# "rnets# and ye% @a&3ets "ae mre sender# neary "airess# bdies. Sme bees# s$&" as"neybees# ie in &nies. ,"ey may be eit"er dmesti&ated r iin) %id in &aes r "% trees. Y$may !ind t"er bees# s$&" as &arpenter bees# in indiid$a nest "es in %d# r in t"e )r$nd# i3eb$mbebees. ,"e main dan)er !rm bees is t"eir barbed stin)er &ated n t"eir abdmens. 4"en t"ebee stin)s y$# it rips its stin)er $t ! its abdmen an) %it" t"e enm sa and t"e bee dies. ?&ept!r 3ier bees# mst bees tend t be mre d&ie t"an %asps# "rnets# and ye% @a&3ets t"at "aesmt" stin)ers and are &apabe ! repeated atta&3s.

Aidan&e is t"e best ta&ti& !r se!-prte&tin. 4at&" $t !r !%ers r !r$it %"ere bees may be !eedin).

e &are!$ ! meat-eatin) ye% @a&3ets %"en &eanin) !is" r )ame. ,"e aera)e persn "as areatiey minr and temprary rea&tin t bee stin)s and re&ers in a &$pe ! "$rs %"en t"e painand "eada&"e ) a%ay. ,"se %" are aer)i& t bee enm "ae seere rea&tins in&$din)anap"ya&ti& s"&3# &ma# and deat". I! anti"istamine medi&ine is nt aaiabe and y$ &annt !ind as$bstit$te# an aer)y s$!!erer in a s$ria sit$atin is in )rae dan)er.

Ti.)$

,i&3s are &mmn in t"e trpi&s and temperate re)ins. ,"ey are !amiiar t mst ! $s. ,i&3s are smar$nd ara&"nids %it" ei)"t e)s and &an "ae eit"er a s!t r "ard bdy. ,i&3s re5$ire a bd "st t

(a)e 11+ ! 2*+


119/238


s$rie and reprd$&e. ,"is ma3es t"em dan)er$s be&a$se t"ey spread diseases i3e Lyme disease#R&3y M$ntain sptted !eer# en&ep"aitis# and t"ers t"at &an $timatey be disabin) r !ata. ,"ere isitte y$ &an d t treat t"ese diseases n&e &ntra&ted# b$t time is y$r ay sin&e t"ey are s%-a&tin)aiments. A&&rdin) t mst a$t"rities# it ta3es at east 6 "$rs ! atta&"ment t t"e "st !r t"e ti&3 ttransmit t"e disease r)anisms. ,"$s# y$ "ae time t t"r$)"y inspe&t y$r bdy !r t"eir presen&e.e%are ! ti&3s %"en passin) t"r$)" t"e t"i&3 e)etatin t"ey &in) t# %"en &eanin) "st animas !r!d# and %"en )at"erin) nat$ra materias t &nstr$&t a s"eter. A%ays $se inse&t repeents# i!pssibe.

LC.S

Lee&"es are bd-s$&3in) &reat$res %it" a %rmi3e appearan&e. Y$ !ind t"em in t"e trpi&s and intemperate 'nes. Y$ %i &ertainy en&$nter t"em %"en s%immin) in in!ested %aters r ma3in)e?pedient %ater &rssin)s. Y$ &an !ind t"em %"en passin) t"r$)" s%ampy# trpi&a e)etatin andb)s. Y$ &an as !ind t"em %"ie &eanin) !d animas# s$&" as t$rtes# !$nd in !res" %ater. Lee&"es&an &ra% int sma penin)sH t"ere!re# aid &ampin) in t"eir "abitats %"en pssibe. 9eep y$rtr$sers t$&3ed in y$r bts. 0"e&3 y$rse! !re5$enty !r ee&"es. S%a%ed r eaten# ee&"es &an bea )reat "a'ard. It is t"ere!re essentia t treat %ater !rm 5$estinabe s$r&es by biin) r $sin)&"emi&a %ater treatments. S$rirs "ae deeped seere in!e&tins !rm %$nds inside t"e t"rat rnse %"en sres !rm s%a%ed ee&"es be&ame in!e&ted.

#ATS

Despite t"e e)ends# bats C


120/238


See Appendi? !r detaied des&riptins ! t"e sna3es isted be%.

S#!)e-F&ee A&e!$

,"e par re)ins are !ree ! sna3es d$e t t"eir in"spitabe enirnments. /t"er areas &nsidered tbe !ree ! pisn$s sna3es are Ne% eaand# 0$ba# aiti# >amai&a# ($ert Ri Ireand# (ynesia#and a%aii.

POISONOUS SNAES OF THE AMERICAS

Ameri&an 0pper"ead &Agkistrodon contortri+'

$s"master &Lachesis mutus'

0ra sna3e &/icrurus !ulvius'

0ttnm$t" &Agkistrodon piscivorus'

Fer-de-an&e &?othrops atro+'

Rattesna3e &1rotalus species'

POISONOUS SNAES OF EUROPE

0mmn adder &Vipers berus'

(aas iper &Agkistrodon halys'

POISONOUS SNAES OF AFRICA AND ASIA

msan) &


121/238


,AN/ROUS LI8AR,S

,"e ia mnster and t"e Me?i&an beaded i'ard are dan)er$s and pisn$s i'ards.

i%! M"#$te&

,"e ia mnster &(eloderma suspectrum'! t"e Ameri&an s$t"%est# in&$din) Me?i is a ar)e i'ard%it" dar3# "i)"y te?t$red s3in mar3ed by pin3is" mttin). It aera)es *: t 8: &entimeters in en)t" and

"as a t"i&3# st$mpy tai. Uni3ey t bite $ness mested# it "as a pisn$s bite.

Me5i.!# Be!(e( Liz!&(

,"e Me?i&an beaded i'ard &(eloderma horridum'resembes its reatie# t"e ia mnster. It "as mre$ni!rm spts rat"er t"an bands ! &r Ct"e ia mnster. It as is pisn$s and "as a d&ie nat$re.Y$ !ind it !rm Me?i& t 0entra Ameri&a.

"+"(" D&!0"#

,"is )iant i'ard &Varanus komodoensis')r%s t mre t"an * meters in en)t" and &an be dan)er$s i!

y$ try t &apt$re it. ,"is Indnesian i'ard &an %ei)" mre t"an 1*: 3i)rams.

,AN/RS IN RIVRS

0mmn sense %i te y$ t aid &n!rntatins %it" "ippptami# ai)atrs# &r&dies# and t"erar)e rier &reat$res. ,"ere are# "%eer# a !e% smaer rier &reat$res %it" %"i&" y$ s"$d be&a$ti$s.

E%e.t&i. Ee%

e&tri& ees &Clectrophorus electricus'may rea&" 2 meters in en)t" and 2< &entimeters in diameter.Aid t"em. ,"ey are &apabe ! )eneratin) $p t :


122/238


,"e patyp$s r d$&3bi &0rnithorhyncus anatinus'is t"e ny member ! its !amiy and is easiyre&)ni'ed. It "as a n) bdy &ered %it" )rayis"# s"rt "air# a tai i3e a beaer# and a bi i3e a d$&3.r%in) $p t 6< &entimeters in en)t"# it may appear t be a )d !d s$r&e# b$t t"is e))-ayin)mamma# t"e ny ne in t"e %rd# is ery dan)er$s. ,"e mae "as a pisn$s sp$r n ea&" "ind !tt"at &an in!i&t intensey pain!$ %$nds. Y$ !ind t"e patyp$s ny in A$straia# mainy an) m$d ban3sn %ater%ays.

,AN/RS IN #AYS AN, STUARIS

In areas %"ere seas and riers &me t)et"er# t"ere are dan)ers ass&iated %it" bt" !res" and sat%ater. In s"a% sat %aters# t"ere are many &reat$res t"at &an in!i&t pain and &a$se in!e&tin tdeep. Steppin) n sea $r&"ins# !r e?ampe# &an prd$&e pain and in!e&tin. 4"en min) ab$t ins"a% %ater# %ear sme !rm ! !t)ear and s"$!!e y$r !eet an) t"e bttm# rat"er t"an pi&3in) $py$r !eet and steppin).Stin)rays C


123/238


br%nis" ye%. ,"ey "ae n)# %ay !ins and spines and t"eir stin) is intensiey pain!$. Lesspisn$s reaties ie in t"e Atanti& /&ean.Stone$ishStne!is" CSynance$aspe&ies are in t"e (a&i!i& and Indian &eans. ,"ey &an in@e&t a pain!$ enm !rmt"eir drsa spines %"en stepped n r "anded &areessy. ,"ey are amst impssibe t see be&a$se! t"eir $mpy s"ape and drab &rs. ,"ey ran)e in si'e $p t 8< &entimeters.3ee(er 'ish4eeer !is" CTrachinidaespe&ies aera)e *< &entimeters n). ,"ey are "ard t see as t"ey ie b$riedin t"e sand !! t"e &asts ! $rpe# A!ri&a# and t"e Mediterranean. ,"eir &r is $s$ay a d$ br%n.,"ey "ae enm$s spines n t"e ba&3 and )is.See Appendi? F !r mre detais n t"ese enm$s !is".

A#i+!%$ !#( Fi$h P"i$"#"$ t" E!t

S$ria man$as !ten mentin t"at t"e iers ! par bears are t?i& d$e t t"eir "i)" &n&entratins !itamin A. Fr t"is reasn# %e mentin t"e &"an&e ! deat" a!ter eatin) t"is r)an. Ant"er t?i& meat ist"e !es" ! t"e "a%3sbi t$rte. Y$ re&)ni'e t"em by t"eir d%n-t$rned bi and ye% p3a dts nt"eir ne&3 and !rnt !ippers. ,"ey %ei)" mre t"an 27: 3i)rams and are $ni3ey t be &apt$red.Many !is" iin) in ree!s near s"re# r in a)ns and est$aries# are pisn$s t eat# t"$)" sme are

ny seasnay dan)er$s. ,"e ma@rity are trpi&a !is"H "%eer# be %ary ! eatin) any $nidenti!iabe!is" %"ereer y$ are. Sme predatry !is"# s$&" as barra&$da and snapper# may be&me t?i& i! t"e!is" t"ey !eed n in s"a% %aters are pisn$s. ,"e mst pisn$s types appear t "ae parrti3ebea3s and "ard s"e-i3e s3ins %it" spines and !ten &an in!ate t"eir bdies i3e bans. %eer# at&ertain times ! t"e year# indi)en$s pp$atins &nsider t"e p$!!er a dei&a&y.#lo%$ish%!is" r p$!!er CTetraodontidaespe&ies are mre terant ! &d %ater. Y$ !ind t"em an) trpi&aand temperate &asts %rd%ide# een in sme ! t"e riers ! S$t"east Asia and A!ri&a. St$t-bdiedand r$nd# many ! t"ese !is" "ae s"rt spines and &an in!ate t"emsees int a ba %"en aarmed ra)itated. ,"eir bd# ier# and )nads are s t?i& t"at as itte as 2+ mii)rams C1 $n&e &an be !ata.,"ese !is" ary in &r and si'e# )r%in) $p t 7: &entimeters in en)t".Trigger$ish

,"e tri))er!is" C?alistidaespe&ies &&$r in )reat ariety# msty in trpi&a seas. ,"ey are deep-bdiedand &mpressed# resembin) a sea)in) pan&a3e $p t 6< &entimeters in en)t"# %it" ar)e and s"arpdrsa spines. Aid t"em a# as many "ae pisn$s !es".#arracuda

At"$)" mst pepe aid t"em be&a$se ! t"eir !er&ity# t"ey &&asinay eat barra&$da &Sphyraenabarracuda'. ,"ese predatrs ! msty trpi&a seas &an rea&" amst 1.: meters in en)t" and "aeatta&3ed "$mans %it"$t pr&atin. ,"ey &&asinay &arry t"e pisn &i)$atera in t"eir !es"# ma3in)t"em deady i! &ns$med.See Appendi? F !r mre detais n t?i& !is" and t?i& m$s3s.

Othe& D!#0e&"$ Se! C&e!t&e$

,"e b$e-rin)ed &tp$s# @ey!is"# and t"e &ne and a$)er s"es are t"er dan)er$s sea &reat$res.#lue5Ringed OctopusMst &tpi are e?&eent %"en prpery prepared. %eer# t"e b$erin)ed &tp$s &(apalochlaenalunulata'&an in!i&t a deady bite !rm its parrti3e bea3. Frt$natey# it is restri&ted t t"e reat arrierRee! ! A$straia and is ery sma. It is easiy re&)ni'ed by its )rayis" %"ite era &r and irides&entb$e rin)s. A$t"rities %arn t"at a trpi&a &tp$s spe&ies s"$d be treated %it" &a$tin# sin&e many"ae pisn$s bites# at"$)" t"e !es" is edibe.2elly$ish>ey!is"-reated deat"s are rare# b$t t"e stin) t"ey in!i&t is e?tremey pain!$. ,"e (rt$)$ese man-!-%ar resembes a ar)e pin3 r p$rpe ban !atin) n t"e sea. It "as pisn$s tenta&es "an)in) $pt 12 meters be% its bdy. ,"e "$)e tenta&es are a&t$ay &nies ! stin)in) &es. Mst 3n%n

(a)e 12* ! 2*+


124/238


deat"s !rm @ey!is" are attrib$ted t t"e man-!-%ar. /t"er @ey!is" &an in!i&t ery pain!$ stin)s as %e.Aid t"e n) tenta&es ! any @ey!is"# een t"se %as"ed $p n t"e bea&" and apparenty dead.Cone Shell,"e s$btrpi&a and trpi&a &ne s"es C1onidaespe&ies "ae a enm$s "arpni3e barb. A are&ne-s"aped and "ae a !ine neti3e pattern n t"e s"e. A membrane may pssiby bs&$re t"is&ratin. ,"ere are sme ery pisn$s &ne s"es# een sme et"a nes in t"e Indian and (a&i!i&&eans. Aid any s"e s"aped i3e an i&e &ream &ne.

Auger Shell,"e a$)er s"e r terebra CTerebridaespe&ies are m$&" n)er and t"inner t"an t"e &ne s"es# b$t&an be neary as deady as t"e &ne s"es. ,"ey are !$nd in temperate and trpi&a seas. ,"se in t"eIndian and (a&i!i& &eans "ae a mre t?i& enm in t"eir stin)in) barb. D nt eat t"ese snais# ast"eir !es" may be pisn$s.

(a)e 128 ! 2*+


125/238


CHAPTER 12 - FIELD-E?PEDIENT *EAPONS' TOOLS'AND E@UIPMENT

As a soldier you know the importance o! proper care and use o! your weapons" tools" ande)uipment. This is especially true o! your kni!e. @ou must always keep it sharp and readyto use. A kni!e is your most valuable tool in a survival situation. Imagine being in asurvival situation without any weapons" tools" or e)uipment e+cept your kni!e. It could

happen, @ou might even be without a kni!e. @ou would probably !eel helpless" but with theproper knowledge and skills" you can easily improvise needed items.

In survival situations" you may have to !ashion any number and type o! !ield%e+pedienttools and e)uipment to survive. C+amples o! tools and e)uipment that could make yourli!e much easier are ropes" rucksacks" clothes" nets" and so on.

eapons serve a dual purpose. @ou use them to obtain and prepare !ood and to providesel!%de!ense. A weapon can also give you a !eeling o! security and provide you with theability to hunt on the move.

CLU#S

Y$ "d &$bs# y$ d nt t"r% t"em. As a !ied-e?pedient %eapn# t"e &$b des nt prte&t y$ !rmenemy sdiers. It &an# "%eer# e?tend y$r area ! de!ense beynd y$r !in)ertips. It as seres tin&rease t"e !r&e ! a b% %it"$t in@$rin) y$rse!. ,"ere are t"ree basi& types ! &$bs. ,"ey are t"esimpe# %ei)"ted# and sin) &$b.

Si+p%e C%,

A simpe &$b is a sta!! r bran&". It m$st be s"rt en$)" !r y$ t s%in) easiy# b$t n) en$)" andstrn) en$)" !r y$ t dama)e %"ateer y$ "it. Its diameter s"$d !it &m!rtaby in y$r pam# b$t its"$d nt be s t"in as t a% t"e &$b t brea3 easiy $pn impa&t. A strai)"t-)rained "ard%d isbest i! y$ &an !ind it.

*ei0hte( C%,

A %ei)"ted &$b is any simpe &$b %it" a %ei)"t n ne end. ,"e %ei)"t may be a nat$ra %ei)"t# s$&"as a 3nt n t"e %d# r smet"in) added# s$&" as a stne as"ed t t"e &$b., ma3e a %ei)"ted &$b# !irst !ind a stne t"at "as a s"ape t"at %i a% y$ t as" it se&$rey t t"e&$b. A stne %it" a si)"t "$r)ass s"ape %r3s %e. I! y$ &annt !ind a s$itaby s"aped stne# y$m$st !as"in a )re r &"anne int t"e stne by a te&"ni5$e 3n%n as pe&3in). y repeatedy rappin)t"e &$b stne %it" a smaer "ard stne# y$ &an )et t"e desired s"ape.

(a)e 12: ! 2*+


126/238


Ne?t# !ind a pie&e ! %d t"at is t"e ri)"t en)t" !r y$. A strai)"t-)rained "ard%d is best. ,"e en)t"! t"e %d s"$d !ee &m!rtabe in reatin t t"e %ei)"t ! t"e stne. Finay# as" t"e stne t t"e"ande.,"ere are t"ree te&"ni5$es !r as"in) t"e stne t t"e "ande spit "ande# !r3ed bran&"# and %rapped"ande. ,"e te&"ni5$e y$ $se %i depend n t"e type ! "ande y$ &"se. See Fi)$re 12-1.

S%i#0 C%,

A sin) &$b is ant"er type ! %ei)"ted &$b. A %ei)"t "an)s + t 1< &entimeters !rm t"e "ande by astrn)# !e?ibe as"in) CFi)$re 12-2. ,"is type ! &$b bt" e?tends t"e $sers rea&" and m$tipies t"e!r&e ! t"e b%.

(a)e 126 ! 2*+


127/238


,/, 3APONS

9nies# spear bades# and arr% pints !a $nder t"e &ate)ry ! ed)ed %eapns. ,"e !%in)

para)rap"s %i dis&$ss t"e ma3in) ! s$&" %eapns.

#i/e$

A 3ni!e "as t"ree basi& !$n&tins. It &an p$n&t$re# sas" r &"p# and &$t. A 3ni!e is as an ina$abet $sed t &nstr$&t t"er s$ria items. Y$ may !ind y$rse! %it"$t a 3ni!e r y$ may needant"er type 3ni!e r a spear. , imprise y$ &an $se stne# bne# %d# r meta t ma3e a 3ni!e rspear bade.Stone, ma3e a stne 3ni!e# y$ %i need a s"arp-ed)ed pie&e ! stne# a &"ippin) t# and a !a3in) t. A&"ippin) t is a i)"t# b$nt-ed)ed t $sed t brea3 !! sma pie&es ! stne. A !a3in) t is a pintedt $sed t brea3 !! t"in# !attened pie&es ! stne. Y$ &an ma3e a &"ippin) t !rm %d# bne# r

meta# and a !a3in) t !rm bne# anter tines# r s!t irn CFi)$re 12-*.

(a)e 127 ! 2*+


128/238


Start ma3in) t"e 3ni!e by r$)"in) $t t"e desired s"ape n y$r s"arp pie&e ! stne# $sin) t"e&"ippin) t. ,ry t ma3e t"e 3ni!e !airy t"in. ,"en# $sin) t"e !a3in) t# press it a)ainst t"e ed)es.,"is a&tin %i &a$se !a3es t &me !! t"e ppsite side ! t"e ed)e# eain) a ra'r s"arp ed)e. Uset"e !a3in) t an) t"e entire en)t" ! t"e ed)e y$ need t s"arpen. ent$ay# y$ %i "ae a erys"arp &$ttin) ed)e t"at y$ &an $se as a 3ni!e.Las" t"e bade t sme type ! "it CFi)$re 12-*.

8ote9 Stone will make an e+cellent puncturing tool and a good chopping tool but will nothold a !ine edge. Some stones such as chert or !lint can have very !ine edges.

#oneY$ &an as $se bne as an e!!e&tie !ied-e?pedient ed)ed %eapn. First# y$ %i need t see&t as$itabe bne. ,"e ar)er bnes# s$&" as t"e e) bne ! a deer r ant"er medi$m-si'ed anima# arebest. Lay t"e bne $pn ant"er "ard b@e&t. S"atter t"e bne by "ittin) it %it" a "eay b@e&t# s$&" as ar&3. Frm t"e pie&es# see&t a s$itabe pinted spinter. Y$ &an !$rt"er s"ape and s"arpen t"is spinterby r$bbin) it n a r$)"-s$r!a&ed r&3. I! t"e pie&e is t sma t "ande# y$ &an sti $se it by addin) a"ande t it. See&t a s$itabe pie&e ! "ard%d !r a "ande and as" t"e bne spinter se&$rey t it.

8ote9 Use the bone kni!e only to puncture. It will not hold an edge and it may !lake orbreak i! used di!!erently.

(a)e 12+ ! 2*+


129/238


3oodY$ &an ma3e !ied-e?pedient ed)ed %eapns !rm %d. Use t"ese ny t p$n&t$re. amb is t"eny %d t"at %i "d a s$itabe ed)e. , ma3e a 3ni!e $sin) %d# !irst see&t a strai)"t-)rained pie&e! "ard%d t"at is ab$t *< &entimeters n) and 2.: &entimeters in diameter. Fas"in t"e bade ab$t1: &entimeters n). S"ae it d%n t a pint. Use ny t"e strai)"t-)rained prtins ! t"e %d. D nt$se t"e &re r pit"# as it %$d ma3e a %ea3 pint.arden t"e pint by a pr&ess 3n%n as !ire "ardenin). I! a !ire is pssibe# dry t"e bade prtin er t"e!ire s%y $nti i)"ty &"arred. ,"e drier t"e %d# t"e "arder t"e pint. A!ter i)"ty &"arrin) t"e badeprtin# s"arpen it n a &arse stne. I! $sin) bamb and a!ter !as"inin) t"e bade# reme any t"er%d t ma3e t"e bade t"inner !rm t"e inside prtin ! t"e bamb. Rema is dne t"is %aybe&a$se bambs "ardest part is its $ter ayer. 9eep as m$&" ! t"is ayer as pssibe t ens$re t"e"ardest bade pssibe. 4"en &"arrin) bamb er a !ire# &"ar ny t"e inside %dH d nt &"ar t"e$tside.MetaMeta is t"e best materia t ma3e !ied-e?pedient ed)ed %eapns. Meta# %"en prpery desi)ned# &an!$!i a 3ni!es t"ree $ses--p$n&t$re# si&e r &"p# and &$t. First# see&t a s$itabe pie&e ! meta# ne t"atmst resembes t"e desired end prd$&t. Dependin) n t"e si'e and ri)ina s"ape# y$ &an btain apint and &$ttin) ed)e by r$bbin) t"e meta n a r$)"-s$r!a&ed stne. I! t"e meta is s!t en$)"# y$&an "ammer $t ne ed)e %"ie t"e meta is &d. Use a s$itabe !at# "ard s$r!a&e as an ani and asmaer# "arder b@e&t ! stne r meta as a "ammer t "ammer $t t"e ed)e. Ma3e a 3ni!e "ande !rm%d# bne# r t"er materia t"at %i prte&t y$r "and./t"er MateriasY$ &an $se t"er materias t prd$&e ed)ed %eapns. ass is a )d aternatie t an ed)ed%eapn r t# i! n t"er materia is aaiabe. /btain a s$itabe pie&e in t"e same manner as des&ribed!r bne. ass "as a nat$ra ed)e b$t is ess d$rabe !r "eay %r3. Y$ &an as s"arpen pasti&--i! itis t"i&3 en$)" r "ard en$)"--int a d$rabe pint !r p$n&t$rin).

Spe!& B%!(e$

, ma3e spears# $se t"e same pr&ed$res t ma3e t"e bade t"at y$ $sed t ma3e a 3ni!e bade. ,"ensee&t a s"a!t Ca strai)"t sapin) 1.2 t 1.: meters n). ,"e en)t" s"$d a% y$ t "ande t"e spear

easiy and e!!e&tiey. Atta&" t"e spear bade t t"e s"a!t $sin) as"in). ,"e pre!erred met"d is t spitt"e "ande# insert t"e bade# t"en %rap r as" it ti)"ty. Y$ &an $se t"er materias %it"$t addin) abade. See&t a 1.2-t 1.:-meter n) strai)"t "ard%d s"a!t and s"ae ne end t a pint. I! pssibe#!ire "arden t"e pint. amb as ma3es an e?&eent spear. See&t a pie&e 1.2 t 1.: meters n).Startin) + t 1< &entimeters ba&3 !rm t"e end $sed as t"e pint# s"ae d%n t"e end at a 8:-de)reean)e CFi)$re 12-8. Remember# t s"arpen t"e ed)es# s"ae ny t"e inner prtin.

A&&" P"i#t$

(a)e 12; ! 2*+


130/238


, ma3e an arr% pint# $se t"e same pr&ed$res !r ma3in) a stne 3ni!e bade. 0"ert# !int# and s"e-type stnes are best !r arr% pints. Y$ &an !as"in bne i3e stne--by !a3in). Y$ &an ma3e ane!!i&ient arr% pint $sin) br3en )ass.

OT.R 9P,INT 3APONS

Y$ &an ma3e t"er !ied-e?pedient %eapns s$&" as t"e t"r%in) sti&3# ar&"ery e5$ipment# and t"eba.

Th&"i#0 Sti.)

,"e t"r%in) sti&3# &mmny 3n%n as t"e rabbit sti&3# is ery e!!e&tie a)ainst sma )ame Cs5$irres#&"ipm$n3s# and rabbits. ,"e rabbit sti&3 itse! is a b$nt sti&3# nat$ray &$red at ab$t a 8:-de)reean)e. See&t a sti&3 %it" t"e desired an)e !rm "eay "ard%d s$&" as a3. S"ae !! t% ppsitesides s t"at t"e sti&3 is !at i3e a bmeran) CFi)$re 12-:. Y$ m$st pra&ti&e t"e t"r%in) te&"ni5$e!r a&&$ra&y and speed. First# ai)n t"e tar)et by e?tendin) t"e nnt"r%in) arm in ine %it" t"e mid t%er se&tin ! t"e tar)et. S%y and repeatedy raise t"e t"r%in) arm $p and ba&3 $nti t"e t"r%in)sti&3 &rsses t"e ba&3 at ab$t a 8:-de)ree an)e r is in ine %it" t"e nnt"r%in) "ip. rin) t"et"r%in) arm !r%ard $nti it is @$st si)"ty abe and parae t t"e nnt"r%in) arm. ,"is %i be t"et"r%in) sti&3s reease pint. (ra&ti&e s%y and repeatedy t attain a&&$ra&y.

A&.he&3 Eip+e#t

Y$ &an ma3e a b% and arr% CFi)$re 12-6 !rm materias aaiabe in y$r s$ria area. , ma3e ab%# $se t"e pr&ed$re des&ribed $nder 9iin) Dei&es in 0"apter +.

(a)e 1*< ! 2*+


131/238


4"ie it may be reatiey simpe t ma3e a b% and arr%# it is nt easy t $se ne. Y$ m$st pra&ti&e$sin) it a n) time t be reasnaby s$re t"at y$ %i "it y$r tar)et. As# a !ied-e?pedient b% %i ntast ery n) be!re y$ "ae t ma3e a ne% ne. Fr t"e time and e!!rt ined# y$ may %e de&idet $se ant"er type ! !ied-e?pedient %eapn.

B"%!

,"e ba is ant"er !ied-e?pedient %eapn t"at is easy t ma3e CFi)$re 12-7. It is espe&iay e!!e&tie!r &apt$rin) r$nnin) )ame r %-!yin) !% in a !&3. , $se t"e ba# "d it by t"e &enter 3nt andt%ir it abe y$r "ead. Reease t"e 3nt s t"at t"e ba !ies t%ard y$r tar)et. 4"en y$ reease t"eba# t"e %ei)"ted &rds %i separate. ,"ese &rds %i %rap ar$nd and immbii'e t"e !% r animat"at y$ "it.

(a)e 1*1 ! 2*+


132/238


LAS.IN/ AN, COR,A/

Many materias are strn) en$)" !r $se as as"in) and &rda)e. A n$mber ! nat$ra and man-madematerias are aaiabe in a s$ria sit$atin. Fr e?ampe# y$ &an ma3e a &ttn %eb bet m$&" mre$se!$ by $nraein) it. Y$ &an t"en $se t"e strin) !r t"er p$rpses C!is"in) ine# t"read !r se%in)#and as"in).

N!t&!% C"&(!0e Se%e.ti"#

e!re ma3in) &rda)e# t"ere are a !e% simpe tests y$ &an d t determine y$ materias s$itabiity.First# p$ n a en)t" ! t"e materia t test !r stren)t". Ne?t# t%ist it bet%een y$r !in)ers and r t"e!ibers t)et"er. I! it %it"stands t"is "andin) and des nt snap apart# tie an er"and 3nt %it" t"e !ibersand )enty ti)"ten. I! t"e 3nt des nt brea3# t"e materia is $sabe. Fi)$re 12-+ s"%s ari$s met"ds! ma3in) &rda)e.

L!$hi#0 M!te&i!%

,"e best nat$ra materia !r as"in) sma b@e&ts is sine%. Y$ &an ma3e sine% !rm t"e tendns !ar)e )ame# s$&" as deer. Reme t"e tendns !rm t"e )ame and dry t"em &mpetey. Smas" t"edried tendns s t"at t"ey separate int !ibers. Misten t"e !ibers and t%ist t"em int a &ntin$$sstrand. I! y$ need strn)er as"in) materia# y$ &an braid t"e strands. 4"en y$ $se sine% !r smaas"in)s# y$ d nt need 3nts as t"e mistened sine% is sti&3y and it "ardens %"en dry.Y$ &an s"red and braid pant !ibers !rm t"e inner bar3 ! sme trees t ma3e &rd. Y$ &an $se t"einden# em# "i&3ry# %"ite a3# m$berry# &"estn$t# and red and %"ite &edar trees. A!ter y$ ma3e t"e&rd# test it t be s$re it is strn) en$)" !r y$r p$rpse. Y$ &an ma3e t"ese materias strn)er bybraidin) seera strands t)et"er.Y$ &an $se ra%"ide !r ar)er as"in) @bs. Ma3e ra%"ide !rm t"e s3ins ! medi$m r ar)e )ame.

A!ter s3innin) t"e anima# reme any e?&ess !at and any pie&es ! meat !rm t"e s3in. Dry t"e s3in&mpetey. Y$ d nt need t stret&" it as n) as t"ere are n !ds t trap mist$re. Y$ d nt "aet reme t"e "air !rm t"e s3in. 0$t t"e s3in %"ie it is dry. Ma3e &$ts ab$t 6 miimeters %ide. Start

!rm t"e &enter ! t"e "ide and ma3e ne &ntin$$s &ir&$ar &$t# %r3in) &&3%ise t t"e "ides $tered)e. Sa3 t"e ra%"ide !r 2 t 8 "$rs r $nti it is s!t. Use it %et# stret&"in) it as m$&" as pssibe%"ie appyin) it. It %i be strn) and d$rabe %"en it dries.

RUC*SAC* CONSTRUCTION

,"e materias !r &nstr$&tin) a r$&3sa&3 r pa&3 are amst imitess. Y$ &an $se %d# bamb# rpe#pant !iber# &t"in)# anima s3ins# &anas# and many t"er materias t ma3e a pa&3.,"ere are seera &nstr$&tin te&"ni5$es !r r$&3sa&3s. Many are ery eabrate# b$t t"se t"at aresimpe and easy are !ten t"e mst readiy made in a s$ria sit$atin.

(a)e 1*2 ! 2*+


133/238


H"&$e$h"e P!.)

,"is pa&3 is simpe t ma3e and $se and reatiey &m!rtabe t &arry er ne s"$der. Lay aaiabes5$are-s"aped materia# s$&" as pn&"# ban3et# r &anas# !at n t"e )r$nd. Lay items n ne ed)e! t"e materia. (ad t"e "ard items. R t"e materia C%it" t"e items t%ard t"e ppsite ed)e and tiebt" ends se&$rey. Add e?tra ties an) t"e en)t" ! t"e b$nde. Y$ &an drape t"e pa&3 er nes"$der %it" a ine &nne&tin) t"e t% ends CFi)$re 12-;.

S!&e P!.)

,"is pa&3 is easy t &nstr$&t i! rpe r &rda)e is aaiabe. /t"er%ise# y$ m$st !irst ma3e &rda)e. ,ma3e t"is pa&3# &nstr$&t a s5$are !rame !rm bamb# imbs# r sti&3s. Si'e %i ary !r ea&" persnand t"e am$nt ! e5$ipment &arried CFi)$re 12-1


134/238


CLOT.IN/ AN, INSULATION

Y$ &an $se many materias !r &t"in) and ins$atin. t" man-made materias# s$&" as para&"$tes#and nat$ra materias# s$&" as s3ins and pant materias# are aaiabe and !!er si)ni!i&ant prte&tin.

P!&!.hte A$$e+,%3

0nsider t"e entire para&"$te assemby as a res$r&e. Use eery pie&e ! materia and "ard%are# t

in&$de t"e &anpy# s$spensin ines# &nne&tr snaps# and para&"$te "arness. e!re disassembin)t"e para&"$te# &nsider a ! y$r s$ria re5$irements and pan t $se di!!erent prtins ! t"epara&"$te a&&rdin)y. Fr e?ampe# &nsider s"eter re5$irements# need !r a r$&3sa&3# and s n# inadditin t &t"in) r ins$atin needs.

A#i+!% S)i#$

,"e see&tin ! anima s3ins in a s$ria sit$atin %i mst !ten be imited t %"at y$ mana)e t trapr "$nt. %eer# i! t"ere is an ab$ndan&e ! %idi!e# see&t t"e "ides ! ar)er animas %it" "eaier&ats and ar)e !at &ntent. D nt $se t"e s3ins ! in!e&ted r diseased animas i! at a pssibe. Sin&et"ey ie in t"e %id# animas are &arriers ! pests s$&" as ti&3s# i&e# and !eas. e&a$se ! t"ese pests#$se %ater t t"r$)"y &ean any s3in btained !rm any anima. I! %ater is nt aaiabe# at east s"a3e

$t t"e s3in t"r$)"y. As %it" ra%"ide# ay $t t"e s3in# and reme a !at and meat. Dry t"e s3in&mpetey. Use t"e "ind 5$arter @int areas t ma3e s"es and mittens r s&3s. 4ear t"e "ide %it" t"e!$r t t"e inside !r its ins$atin) !a&tr.

P%!#t Fi,e&$

Seera pants are s$r&es ! ins$atin !rm &d. 0attai is a mars"and pant !$nd an) a3es# pnds#and t"e ba&3%aters ! riers. ,"e !$'' n t"e tps ! t"e sta3s !rms dead air spa&es and ma3es a )dd%n-i3e ins$atin %"en pa&ed bet%een t% pie&es ! materia. Mi3%eed "as peni3e seeds t"at a&tas )d ins$atin. ,"e "$s3 !ibers !rm &&n$ts are ery )d !r %eain) rpes and# %"en dried#ma3e e?&eent tinder and ins$atin.

COO*IN/ AN, ATIN/ UTNSILS

Many materias may be $sed t ma3e e5$ipment !r t"e &3in)# eatin)# and strin) ! !d.

B"%$

Use %d# bne# "rn# bar3# r t"er simiar materia t ma3e b%s. , ma3e %den b%s# $se a"%ed $t pie&e ! %d t"at %i "d y$r !d and en$)" %ater t &3 it in. an) t"e %den&ntainer er t"e !ire and add "t r&3s t t"e %ater and !d. Reme t"e r&3s as t"ey & and addmre "t r&3s $nti y$r !d is &3ed.

CAUTIOND nt $se r&3s %it" air p&3ets# s$&" as imestne and sandstne. ,"ey may e?pde %"ie "eatin) int"e !ire.

Y$ &an as $se t"is met"d %it" &ntainers made ! bar3 r eaes. %eer# t"ese &ntainers %ib$rn abe t"e %aterine $ness y$ 3eep t"em mist r 3eep t"e !ire %.

A se&tin ! bamb %r3s ery %e# i! y$ &$t $t a se&tin bet%een t% seaed @ints CFi)$re 12-11.

(a)e 1*8 ! 2*+


135/238


CAUTIONA seaed se&tin ! bamb %i e?pde i! "eated be&a$se ! trapped air and %ater in t"e se&tin.

F"&)$' #i/e$' !#( Sp""#$

0are !r3s# 3nies# and spns !rm nnresin$s %ds s t"at y$ d nt )et a %d resin a!tertaster d nt taint t"e !d. Nnresin$s %ds in&$de a3# bir&"# and t"er "ard%d trees.

8ote9


136/238


CHAPTER 18 - DESERT SURVIVAL

To survive and evade in arid or desert areas" you must understand and prepare !or theenvironment you will !ace. @ou must determine your e)uipment needs" the tactics you willuse" and how the environment will a!!ect you and your tactics. @our survival will dependupon your knowledge o! the terrain" basic climatic elements" your ability to cope withthese elements" and your will to survive.

TRRAIN

Mst arid areas "ae seera types ! terrain. ,"e !ie basi& desert terrain types are--

M$ntain$s Ci)" Atit$de.

R&3y patea$.

Sand d$nes.

Sat mars"es.

r3en# disse&ted terrain CJ)ebeJ r J%adiJ.

Desert terrain ma3es mement di!!i&$t and demandin). Land nai)atin %i be e?tremey di!!i&$t as

t"ere may be ery !e% andmar3s. 0er and &n&eament may be ery imitedH t"ere!re# t"e t"reat !e?ps$re t t"e enemy remains &nstant.

M"#t!i# De$e&t$

S&attered ran)es r areas ! barren "is r m$ntains separated by dry# !at basins &"ara&teri'em$ntain deserts. i)" )r$nd may rise )rad$ay r abr$pty !rm !at areas t seera t"$sand metersabe sea ee. Mst ! t"e in!re5$ent rain!a &&$rs n "i)" )r$nd and r$ns !! rapidy in t"e !rm !!as" !ds. ,"ese !d%aters erde deep )$ies and raines and depsit sand and )rae ar$nd t"eed)es ! t"e basins. 4ater rapidy eaprates# eain) t"e and as barren as be!re# at"$)" t"ere maybe s"rt-ied e)etatin. I! en$)" %ater enters t"e basin t &mpensate !r t"e rate ! eapratin#s"a% a3es may deep# s$&" as t"e reat Sat La3e in Uta"# r t"e Dead Sea. Mst ! t"ese a3es

"ae a "i)" sat &ntent.

R".)3 P%!te! De$e&t$

R&3y patea$ deserts "ae reatiey si)"t reie! interspersed %it" e?tensie !at areas %it" 5$antities !sid r br3en r&3 at r near t"e s$r!a&e. ,"ere may be steep-%aed# erded aeys# 3n%n as %adisin t"e Midde ast and arrys r &anyns in t"e United States and Me?i&. At"$)" t"eir !at bttmsmay be s$per!i&iay attra&tie as assemby areas# t"e narr%er aeys &an be e?tremey dan)er$s tmen and materia d$e t !as" !din) a!ter rains. ,"e an ei)"ts is an e?ampe ! a r&3y patea$desert.

(a)e 1*6 ! 2*+


137/238


S!#(3 "& D#e De$e&t$

Sandy r d$ne deserts are e?tensie !at areas &ered %it" sand r )rae. JFatJ is a reatie term# assme areas may &ntain sand d$nes t"at are er *


138/238


Ct"e s$ns rays b$n&in) !! t"e sand# and &nd$&tie "eat !rm dire&t &nta&t %it" t"e desert sand andr&3 CFi)$re 1*-1.

,"e temperat$re ! desert sand and r&3 aera)es 16 t 22 de)rees 0 C*< t 8< de)rees F mre t"ant"at ! t"e air. Fr instan&e# %"en t"e air temperat$re is 8* de)rees 0 C11< de)rees F# t"e sandtemperat$re may be 6< de)rees 0 C18< de)rees F.Intense s$ni)"t and "eat in&rease t"e bdys need !r %ater. , &nsere y$r bdy !$ids and ener)y#y$ %i need a s"eter t red$&e y$r e?ps$re t t"e "eat ! t"e day. ,rae at ni)"t t essen y$r $se! %ater.Radis and sensitie items ! e5$ipment e?psed t dire&t intense s$ni)"t %i ma!$n&tin.

*i(e Te+pe&!t&e R!#0e

,emperat$res in arid areas may )et as "i)" as :: de)rees 0 d$rin) t"e day and as % as 1< de)rees 0

d$rin) t"e ni)"t. ,"e drp in temperat$re at ni)"t &&$rs rapidy and %i &"i a persn %" a&3s %arm&t"in) and is $nabe t me ab$t. ,"e & eenin)s and ni)"ts are t"e best times t %r3 r trae.I! y$r pan is t rest at ni)"t# y$ %i !ind a % s%eater# n) $nder%ear# and a % st&3in) &ape?tremey "ep!$.

Sp!&$e Ve0et!ti"#

Ve)etatin is sparse in arid areas. Y$ %i t"ere!re "ae tr$be !indin) s"eter and &am$!a)in) y$rmements. D$rin) dayi)"t "$rs ar)e areas ! terrain are isibe and easiy &ntred by a smappsin) !r&e.

(a)e 1*+ ! 2*+


139/238


I! traein) in "stie territry# !% t"e prin&ipes ! desert &am$!a)e--

ide r see3 s"eter in dry %as"es C%adis %it" t"i&3er )r%t"s ! e)etatin and &er !rm

bi5$e bseratin. Use t"e s"ad%s &ast !rm br$s"# r&3s# r $t&rppin). ,"e temperat$re in s"aded areas %i be

11 t 17 de)rees 0 &er t"an t"e air temperat$re. 0er b@e&ts t"at %i re!e&t t"e i)"t !rm t"e s$n.

e!re min)# s$rey t"e area !r sites t"at pride &er and &n&eament. Y$ %i "ae tr$beestimatin) distan&e. ,"e emptiness ! desert terrain &a$ses mst pepe t $nderestimate distan&e by a!a&tr ! t"ree 4"at appears t be 1 3imeter a%ay is reay * 3imeters a%ay.

Hi0h Mi#e&!% C"#te#t

A arid re)ins "ae areas %"ere t"e s$r!a&e si "as a "i)" minera &ntent Cbra?# sat# a3ai# andime. Materia in &nta&t %it" t"is si %ears $t 5$i&3y# and %ater in t"ese areas is e?tremey "ard and$ndrin3abe. 4ettin) y$r $ni!rm in s$&" %ater t & !! may &a$se a s3in ras". ,"e reat Sat La3earea in Uta" is an e?ampe ! t"is type ! minera-aden %ater and si. ,"ere is itte r n pant i!eHt"ere-!re# s"eter is "ard t !ind. Aid t"ese areas i! pssibe.

S!#($t"&+$

Sandstrms Csand-aden %inds &&$r !re5$enty in mst deserts. ,"e JSeistanJ desert %ind in Iran andA!)"anistan b%s &nstanty !r $p t 12< days. 4it"in Sa$di Arabia# %inds aera)e *.2 t 8.+3imeters per "$r C3p" and &an rea&" 112 t 12+ 3p" in eary a!ternn. ?pe&t ma@r sandstrms andd$st strms at east n&e a %ee3.,"e )reatest dan)er is )ettin) st in a s%irin) %a ! sand. 4ear )))es and &er y$r m$t" andnse %it" &t". I! nat$ra s"eter is $naaiabe# mar3 y$r dire&tin ! trae# ie d%n# and sit $t t"estrm.D$st and %ind-b%n sand inter!ere %it" radi transmissins. ,"ere!re# be ready t $se t"er means !rsi)nain)# s$&" as pyrte&"ni&s# si)na mirrrs# r mar3er panes# i! aaiabe.

Mi&!0e$

Mira)es are pti&a p"enmena &a$sed by t"e re!ra&tin ! i)"t t"r$)" "eated air risin) !rm a sandyr stny s$r!a&e. ,"ey &&$r in t"e interir ! t"e desert ab$t 1< 3imeters !rm t"e &ast. ,"ey ma3eb@e&ts t"at are 1.: 3imeters r mre a%ay appear t me.,"is mira)e e!!e&t ma3es it di!!i&$t !r y$ t identi!y an b@e&t !rm a distan&e. It as b$rs distant ran)e&nt$rs s m$&" t"at y$ !ee s$rr$nded by a s"eet ! %ater !rm %"i&" eeatins stand $t asJisands.J,"e mira)e e!!e&t ma3es it "ard !r a persn t identi!y tar)ets# estimate ran)e# and see b@e&ts &eary.%eer# i! y$ &an )et t "i)" )r$nd C* meters r mre abe t"e desert !r# y$ &an )et abe t"es$per"eated air &se t t"e )r$nd and er&me t"e mira)e e!!e&t. Mira)es ma3e and nai)atindi!!i&$t be&a$se t"ey bs&$re nat$ra !eat$res. Y$ &an s$rey t"e area at da%n# d$s3# r by mni)"t%"en t"ere is itte i3ei"d ! mira)e.Li)"t ees in desert areas are mre intense t"an in t"er )e)rap"i& areas. Mnit ni)"ts are $s$ay&rysta &ear# %inds die d%n# "a'e and )are disappear# and isibiity is e?&eent. Y$ &an see i)"ts#red !as"-i)"ts# and ba&3$t i)"ts at )reat distan&es. S$nd &arries ery !ar.0nersey# d$rin) ni)"ts %it" itte mni)"t# isibiity is e?tremey pr. ,raein) is e?tremey"a'ard$s. Y$ m$st aid )ettin) st# !ain) int raines# r st$mbin) int enemy psitins. Mementd$rin) s$&" a ni)"t is pra&ti&a ny i! y$ "ae a &mpass and "ae spent t"e day in a s"eter# restin)#bserin) and memri'in) t"e terrain# and see&tin) y$r r$te.

(a)e 1*; ! 2*+


140/238


N, 'OR 3ATR

,"e s$b@e&t ! man and %ater in t"e desert "as )enerated &nsiderabe interest and &n!$sin sin&e t"eeary days ! 4rd 4ar II %"en t"e U. S. Army %as preparin) t !i)"t in Nrt" A!ri&a. At ne time t"e U.S. Army t"$)"t it &$d &nditin men t d %it" ess %ater by pr)ressiey red$&in) t"eir %aters$ppies d$rin) trainin). ,"ey &aed it %ater dis&ipine. It &a$sed "$ndreds ! "eat &as$aties.

A 3ey !a&tr in desert s$ria is $nderstandin) t"e reatins"ip bet%een p"ysi&a a&tiity# airtemperat$re# and %ater &ns$mptin. ,"e bdy re5$ires a &ertain am$nt ! %ater !r a &ertain ee !

a&tiity at a &ertain temperat$re. Fr e?ampe# a persn per!rmin) "ard %r3 in t"e s$n at 8* de)rees 0re5$ires 1; iters ! %ater daiy. La&3 ! t"e re5$ired am$nt ! %ater &a$ses a rapid de&ine in anindiid$as abiity t ma3e de&isins and t per!rm tas3s e!!i&ienty.Y$r bdys nrma temperat$re is *6.; de)rees 0 C;+.6 de)rees F. Y$r bdy )ets rid ! e?&ess "eatC&s !! by s%eatin). ,"e %armer y$r bdy be&mes--%"et"er &a$sed by %r3# e?er&ise# r airtemperat$re--t"e mre y$ s%eat. ,"e mre y$ s%eat# t"e mre mist$re y$ se. S%eatin) is t"eprin&ipa &a$se ! %ater ss. I! a persn stps s%eatin) d$rin) perids ! "i)" air temperat$re and"eay %r3 r e?er&ise# "e %i 5$i&3y deep "eat str3e. ,"is is an emer)en&y t"at re5$iresimmediate medi&a attentin.Fi)$re 1*-2 s"%s daiy %ater re5$irements !r ari$s ees ! %r3. Understandin) "% t"e airtemperat$re and y$r p"ysi&a a&tiity a!!e&t y$r %ater re5$irements a%s y$ t ta3e meas$res t )ett"e mst !rm y$r %ater s$ppy. ,"ese meas$res are--

Find s"adeK et $t ! t"e s$nK

(a&e smet"in) bet%een y$ and t"e "t )r$nd.

Limit y$r mementsK

0nsere y$r s%eat. 4ear y$r &mpete $ni!rm t in&$de ,-s"irt. R t"e seees d%n#

&er y$r "ead# and prte&t y$r ne&3 %it" a s&ar! r simiar item. ,"ese steps %i prte&t y$rbdy !rm "t-b%in) %inds and t"e dire&t rays ! t"e s$n. Y$r &t"in) %i absrb y$r s%eat#3eepin) it a)ainst y$r s3in s t"at y$ )ain its !$ &in) e!!e&t. y stayin) in t"e s"ade 5$iety#!$y &t"ed# nt ta3in)# 3eepin) y$r m$t" &sed# and breat"in) t"r$)" y$r nse# y$r %aterre5$irement !r s$ria drps dramati&ay.

I! %ater is s&ar&e# d nt eat. Fd re5$ires %ater !r di)estinH t"ere!re# eatin) !d %i $se

%ater t"at y$ need !r &in).

(a)e 18< ! 2*+


141/238


Thirst is not a reliable guide !or your need !or water.A persn %" $ses t"irst as a )$ide %i drin3 nyt%-t"irds ! "is daiy %ater re5$irement. , preent t"is J$ntaryJ de"ydratin# $se t"e !%in) )$ide

At temperat$res be% *+ de)rees 0# drin3


142/238


He!t C&!+p$

,"e ss ! sat d$e t e?&essie s%eatin) &a$ses "eat &ramps. Symptms are mderate t seerem$s&e &ramps in e)s# arms# r abdmen. ,"ese symptms may start as a mid m$s&$ar dis&m!rt.Y$ s"$d n% stp a a&tiity# )et in t"e s"ade# and drin3 %ater. I! y$ !ai t re&)ni'e t"e earysymptms and &ntin$e y$r p"ysi&a a&tiity# y$ %i "ae seere m$s&e &ramps and pain. ,reat as !r"eat e?"a$stin# be%.

He!t E5h!$ti"#

A ar)e ss ! bdy %ater and sat &a$ses "eat e?"a$stin. Symptms are "eada&"e# menta &n!$sin#irritabiity# e?&essie s%eatin)# %ea3ness# di''iness# &ramps# and pae# mist# &d C&ammy s3in.Immediatey )et t"e patient $nder s"ade. Ma3e "im ie n a stret&"er r simiar item ab$t 8:&entimeters !! t"e )r$nd. Lsen "is &t"in). Sprin3e "im %it" %ater and !an "im. ae "im drin3sma am$nts ! %ater eery * min$tes. ns$re "e stays 5$iet and rests.

He!t St&")e

A seere "eat in@$ry &a$sed by e?treme ss ! %ater and sat and t"e bdys inabiity t & itse!. ,"e

patient may die i! nt &ed immediatey. Symptms are t"e a&3 ! s%eat# "t and dry s3in# "eada&"e#di''iness# !ast p$se# na$sea and mitin)# and menta &n!$sin eadin) t $n&ns&i$sness.Immediatey )et t"e persn t s"ade. Lay "im n a stret&"er r simiar item ab$t 8: &entimeters !! t"e)r$nd. Lsen "is &t"in). ($r %ater n "im Cit des nt matter i! t"e %ater is p$ted r bra&3is"and !an "im. Massa)e "is arms# e)s# and bdy. I! "e re)ains &ns&i$sness# et "im drin3 smaam$nts ! %ater eery * min$tes.

PRCAUTIONS

In a desert s$ria and easin sit$atin# it is $ni3ey t"at y$ %i "ae a medi& r medi&a s$ppies %it"y$ t treat "eat in@$ries. ,"ere!re# ta3e e?tra &are t aid "eat in@$ries. Rest d$rin) t"e day. 4r3d$rin) t"e & eenin)s and ni)"ts. Use a b$ddy system t %at&" !r "eat in@$ry# and bsere t"e!%in) )$ideines

Ma3e s$re y$ te smene %"ere y$ are )in) and %"en y$ %i ret$rn.

4at&" !r si)ns ! "eat in@$ry. I! smene &mpains ! tiredness r %anders a%ay !rm t"e

)r$p# "e may be a "eat &as$aty. Drin3 %ater at east n&e an "$r.

et in t"e s"ade %"en restin)H d nt ie dire&ty n t"e )r

Documents

Us Army Survival Manual-Abridgedpdf[1]