VertebratesFishes, Amphibians, Birds, Reptiles,

Mammals

Biology B

Section 30-1

Nonvertebratechordates

FishesAmphibians

ReptilesBirds

Mammals

Invertebrate ancestor

Chordate Cladogram

Nonvertebrate Chorodate

• Choradate– Dorsal hollow nerve cord– Notochord– Pharyngeal pouches– Tail that extend beyond anus

• Nonvertebrate Chorodates– Tunicates and Lancelets

Section 30-1

Muscle segments

TailAnus

Pharyngeal pouches

Mouth

Hollownerve cord

Notochord

 The Generalized Structure of a Chordate

b

3 Characteristics of all Vertebrates

1. Endoskeleton. Supports larger animal size. Grows with animal (No molting!)

2. Backbone and cephalization. Well-developed brain with sensory organs. Earliest vertebrates were called ostracoderms.

3. Closed circulatory system with multi-chambered heart. 3- or 4-chambered heart allows blood to be separated

into oxygenated or deoxygenated. More efficient delivery of oxygen to the body.

Endotherms and Ectotherms

• Ectotherm: Temperature is regulated by external environment.– Fish, amphibians, reptiles

• Endotherm: Body temperature is regulated by internal processes.– Mammals, birds

Section 33-2

Environmental Temperature (°C)

Bo

dy

Tem

per

atu

re (

°C)

Temperature Control in Chordates

Section 33-1Diversity of Chordates

Characteristics of Fishes• Live in water.• Overlapping scales that cover skin.• Mucus coat (reduces friction when swimming).• Swim bladder (buoyancy, sharks don’t have one).

– Why do many sharks never stop swimming?• Lateral line system (detects vibrations in water).• Gills (blood and water flow in opposite directions;

more efficient oxygen absorbtion and CO2 release. OPERCULA: opening and closing flaps; sharks)

Section 30-2

Muscle

Kidney

Vertebra

Stomach

Pyloriccecum

Swimbladder

Esophagus

Spinalcord

GillsBrain

Urinarybladder

Anus

Reproductiveorgan

Intestine

Pancreas

Liver

Gallbladder

HeartOperculum

Mouth

The Anatomy of a Fish

Section 30-2

Bulbus ArteriosusVentricle

AtriumSinus Venosus

Bodymusclecirculation

Digestivesystemcirculation

Gills

Heart

Brain andhead

circulation

Oxygen-rich blood

Oxygen-poor blood

Circulation in a Fish

Oxygen-poor bloodfrom the veins collects in the sinusvenosus.

Blood enters theatrium and flowsto the ventricle.

The ventricle pumps blood into the bulbus arteriosus.

The bulbus arteriosus moves blood into the ventral aorta and toward the gills.

Fish: Life Cycle• Varied strategies.

– Sharks: internal fertilization. Salmon: external.

• Generally, lay many more eggs than they need.– Many are never fertilized.– Many more are fertilized than the

environment can support. (Why? Isn’t this wasted effort on the part of the fishes?)

Cut Throat

Rainbow

Characteristics of Amphibians

• Live both in water and on land.

• Four strong limbs.• Nictating membrane: see through

second eyelid. Why is this helpful on both land and in the water?

• Tympanic membrane: hearing. Land? Water?

Amphibians: Energy and Wastes

• A frog’s skin “breathes” – it must be kept moist.

• 3-Chambered Heart, Double-looped circulatory system. – What is that? Why is that a good thing?

• Metamorphisis: teeth/jaws, gills turn into lungs, circulatory system changes

• Kidneys regulate the amount of water in the frog.– In water excrete, on land retain.

Section 30-3

Adult FrogAdult Frog

Young FrogYoung Frog

Fertilized EggsFertilized Eggs

TadpolesTadpoles

Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.Adults are typically ready tobreed in about one to two years.

Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.Frog eggs are laid in water andundergo external fertilization.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.

Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, andbecome meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

The Life Cycle of a Frog

Characteristics of Reptiles

• Dry, scaly skin (prevents evaporation).

– Keratin: A hard, water-resistant protein (human hair and fingernails, bird feathers).

• Usually carnivores.• Separated 3-chambered heart (crocodiles

have 4 chambers).

• Ectotherms.– How does a reptile regulate its body temperature?

Rafekie

The Amniotic Egg (Figure 26.4)

• Embryo: connected to Yolk by a stalk.

• Yolk: food source.

• Amnion: fluid that protects the embryo.

• Chorion: regulates gas exchange.

• Shell: Waterproofs, protects. The shell is porous (gas can exchange through it).

• Allantois: stores wastes.

Section 31-1

AllantoisEmbryo

Shell

Amnion

Chorion

Yolk sac

 The Amniotic Egg

The chorion regulatesthe transport ofoxygen from thesurface of the eggto the embryo andthe transport ofcarbon dioxide,one product ofrespiration, in theopposite direction.

This baglike structurecontains a yolk thatserves as a nutrient-richfood supply for the embryo.

The amnion is a fluid-filled sacthat surrounds and cushionsthe developing embryo. Itproduces a protected, wateryenvironment.

The allantois stores thewaste produced by theembryo. It also servesas a respiratory organ.

Characteristics of Birds• Adaptations center around flight…

– Light-weight bones: hollow, but have cross braces.– Shape of a bird’s wings gives lift.– Fused bones (ligaments are heavy).– Massive flight muscles (Pectoralis: 25% of weight).

• Shape of the wings gives lift.

• The one reptilian characteristic of birds is their scale-covered legs.

Section 31-2

Esophagus

Crop

Liver

Firstchamberof stomach

Gizzard Smallintestine Cloaca

Pancreas

Air sac

KidneyHeart

Lung

Brain

When a bird eats,food moves downthe esophagus andis stored in the crop.

1

As digestion continues,the food moves throughthe intestines.

4

Undigested food isexcreted through thecloaca.

5

Large intestine

The muscular wallsof the gizzard squeezethe contents, while small stones grind the food.

3

Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard.

 The Digestive System of a Pigeon

2

You Eat Like A Bird…

• Endotherms – requires a lot of energy to maintain their high metabolism.

• Feathers – trap body heat.

• Unique respiratory system – air flows one-way.

• Crop Gizzard Intestines.– Figure 26.18.

Blue Jay- Mr. Phillips Favorite Bird

• Toronto Blue Jays World Series 1992-1993 Champions

Characteristics of Mammals

• Endotherms – hair.

• Mammary glands – produce milk.

• Large, well-developed brains.

• 4-chambered heart, double-looped circulatory system.

Variety of Mammals• Size

– Smallest: shrew (weighs less than a dime)

– Largest: whale (100,000 kg; 32 elephants)

• Speed– Slowest: Two-toed sloth (1

meter/15 seconds)– Fastest: Cheetah (400

meters/15 seconds)– Humans (150 meters/15

seconds)

• Environments

Mammals: Movement and Energy

• High-speed running: long bones and flexible hip and shoulder joints.

• Eat a variety of foods: different teeth structures.

• Diaphram: More gas exchange.

• Air sacs: increased surface area for gas exchange.

Section 32-1

CARNIVORE HERBIVORE

Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolarsallows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.

Chisel-like incisors are used forcutting, gnawing, and grooming.

Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivoresuse them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.

Jaw jointJawjoint

WolfHorse

The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals

Mammals: Types of Life Cycles

• Monotremes: Reproduce by laying eggs (duck-billed playtpus).-

• Marsupials: Give birth to small, immature young that then further develop inside the mother’s external pouch (kangaroo).

• Placental mammals: Babies develop inside the mother’s body (95% of all mammals).

 The PlacentaSection 39-4

The Success of Mammals

• Well-developed cerebrum: The largest part of the brain; makes processing information and learning possible.

• Care of the Young: Development inside the mother; care of the young for the first year(s) of their life.

Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates

Respiration

Circulation

Excretion

Response

Respiration

Circulation

Excretion

Response

Section 33-3

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits

Simple; mass of nerve cells

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits

Simple; mass of nerve cells

Non- vertebrate Chordates

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits

Simple; mass of nerve cells

Non- vertebrate Chordates

Gills and diffusion

No true chambers

Gills andgill slits

Simple; mass of nerve cells

Gills/air sacs

Single loop; 2 chambers

Kidney andgills

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Gills/air sacs

Single loop; 2 chambers

Kidney andgills

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Simple lungs and skin

Double loop; 3 chambers

Kidney andgills

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Simple lungs and skin

Double loop; 3 chambers

Kidney andgills

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Lungs

Double loop; 3 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Lungs

Double loop; 3 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; small cerebrum

Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)

Double loop; 4 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; large cerebrum

Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow)

Double loop; 4 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; large cerebrum

Lungs (alveoli)

Double loop; 4 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; large cerebrum

Lungs (alveoli)

Double loop; 4 chambers

Kidney

Cephalization; large cerebrum

Compare/Contrast Table

Function Fishes Amphibians (adult)

Reptiles Birds Mammals

Section 33-3

Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System

FISHES MOST REPTILES CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS

The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates

Comparing Functions of ChordatesComparing Functions of Chordates

Movement

Reproduction

TemperatureControl

Movement

Reproduction

TemperatureControl

Section 33-3

Muscles,no bones

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Muscles,no bones

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Muscles on either side of backbone

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Muscles on either side of backbone

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Amphibians (adult)

Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Amphibians (adult)

Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments

External fertilization

Ectothermic

Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization; shelled egg

Ectothermic

Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization; shelled egg

Ectothermic

Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization; shelled egg

Endothermic

Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization; shelled egg

Endothermic

2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization and development

Endothermic

2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments

Internal fertilization and development

Endothermic

Compare/Contrast Table continued

Function Non- vertebrate Chordates

Fishes Amphibians (adult)

Reptiles Birds Mammals

Section 33-3

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

Cloaca

Crop

Gizzard

Cecum

Rectum

Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow

The Digestive Systemsof Vertebrates

Nervous System Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Circulatory System

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part I

Vesicle

Axon

Axon terminal

Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter

Receptor

Dendrite of adjacent neuron

Direction of Impulse

Section 35-2

Figure 35-8 The Synapse

Pons

Pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Cerebrum

Medulla oblongata Spinal cord

Cerebellum

Pineal gland

Thalamus

Section 35-3

Figure 35-9 The Brain

Cerebral cortex

Nasal cavity

Taste bud

Smell sensory area

Tastesensory area

Thalamus

Olfactory(smell) bulb

Olfactorynerve

Smell receptor

Taste pore

Taste receptor

Sensorynerve fibers

Section 35-4

The Senses of Smell and Taste

Choroid

Retina

Blood vessels

Optic nerve

Fovea

Vitreous humor

Sclera

Ligaments

Iris

Pupil

Cornea

Aqueous humor

Lens

Muscle

Section 35-4

Figure 35-14 The Eye

Auditory canal

Tympanum Round window Eustachian tube

Bone

Cochlea

Cochlear nerve

Semicircular canals

Oval window

StirrupAnvilHammer

Section 35-4

Figure 35-15 The Ear

Skull

Sternum

Ribs

Vertebral column

Metatarsals

Metacarpals

Phalanges

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals

Femur

Patella

Fibula

TibiaTarsals

Phalanges

The Skeletal System

Section 36-1

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

Figure 36-7 Skeletal Muscle Structure

Section 36-2

Figure 36-13 The Structure of Skin

Section 36-3

Section 37-1

Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System

Capillaries of head and arms

Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veinCapillaries of

right lung

Superior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Capillaries of left lung

Section 37-1

Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart

Right Ventricle

Right Atrium

Left Atrium

Inferior Vena CavaVein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium

Tricuspid ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium after it has entered the right ventricle

Pulmonary ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery

Pulmonary VeinsBring oxygen-rich blood from each of the lungs to the left atrium

Superior Vena CavaLarge vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium

AortaBrings oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Pulmonary ArteriesBring oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

Aortic ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle after it has entered the aorta

Mitral ValvePrevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium after it has entered the left ventricle

Left Ventricle

Septum

Section 37-3

Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

Section 37-3

Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of Breathing

Alveoli

Bronchiole

Capillary

Section 37-3

Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the Lungs

Mouth

Salivary glands

Stomach

Pancreas (behind stomach)Large intestine

Small intestine

Rectum

Gallbladder (behind liver)

Liver

Esophagus

Pharynx

 The Digestive SystemSection 38-2

Small Intestine Villus

Circular folds

Villi

Epithelial cells

Capillaries

Lacteal

Vein

Artery

 The Small IntestineSection 38-2

The Male Reproductive SystemSection 39-3

The Female Reproductive SystemSection 39-3

Respiratory System Digestive System Excretory System

Endocrine System Reproductive System Lymphatic/Immune Systems

Section 35-1

Figure 35-2 Human Organ Systems Part 2