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k[i7e"ldg]kfndf ;g\ !(() otf d'Vo /fhdfu{x?;“u hf]l8Psf zx/x?df u|fld0f If]qsf dflg;sf] a;fO;/fOsf sf/0f hg;+Vof a[l4 tLa| ?kn] ePsf] kfOG5 . oL zx/x?df vfg]kfgLsf] kx'“r, kl/df0f clg u'0f:t/sf lx;fjn] Go"g / gk'u ePsf] 5 . o;}n] vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cefjdf cfO{kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/, g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ljsf;sf nflu !% aif]{ of]hgf z'? u/]sf] 5 / of]hgf! cg'?k If]qut nufgL cfof]hgfdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+snfO{ cfu|x ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'/f]wsf cg';f/ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qut cfof]hgf@ tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . o;}cg'?k ljleGg @( zx/L s]Gb|x?df cfof]hgfsf] ;Defjgf cWoog u/L nfu" ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf lj:tf/sf nflu yflnPsf] !% aif]{ of]hgfsf k|f/lDes aif{x?df cfjZos nufgL h'6fpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qut cfof]hgfnfO{ C0f ;xof]u ;d]t pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn] ;fgf zx/x?sf] dfu cg'?k cfof]hgf l8hfOg, of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, ;+rfng / dd{t;Def/df :yfgLo vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] k"0f{ ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu pgLx?af6} dfu klxrfg / cGt/lqmof kZrft vfg]kfgL, l;ldt dfqfdf 9n lgsf; / ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwfx? pknAw u/fpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .

Vffg

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;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf / em'k|f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] cg'ejaf6 oL cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu gLltdf ;+zf]wg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . oL pbfx/0fsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 tLg kIf M ;fj{hlgs -vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu / :yfgLo ;/sf/_, lghL -a}+ssf ?kdf gu/ ljsf; sf]if_ tyf ;d'bfo -Joj:yfkg ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ aLrdf lj:t[t s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . o; sfo{kqn] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL ;d'bfo ;fem]bf/L -kLkL;LkL_ k|lqmof ljsf; ug{ ;Defjgf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 .

df]xgbf; dfgGw/åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf]

k|m];jf6/ PS;g g]6js{ g]kfn

Vffg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/L -kLkL;LkL_ sf nflu gLlt th'{df

Vffg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/L -kLkL;LkL_ sf nflu gLlt th'{df

km\ofg g]kfnsf nflu

6f]nL ;b:o Mnhgf dfgGw/k|sfz cdfToclgn :yflkt

dfr{ @%, @)!@!= ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))) km]a|'c/L @(df kfl/t u/]sf] !% aif]{ of]hgf # r/0fdf afFl8Psf] 5 M @)))–@))$, @))%–@))( / @)!)–@)!$

@= Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, ;g\ !((* . ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qut cfof]hgfsf nflu g]kfnnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u, dlgnf

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!= vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; / ;/;kmfOsf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO ;DalGw lzIffaf6 cfof]hgfn] ;d]l6Psf zx/sf hgtfsf :jf:Yo / hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]

@= ;fd'bflos vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] ;+:yfut ?kdf Ifdtf clea[l4 u/L cfof]hgfdf pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg / cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf s]xL vr{x?sf nflu vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ g} cfly{s jf cGo of]ubfg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{

#= ;d'bfo:t/af6} vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ cg'udgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ /x]sf 5g\ .

ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnonfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo / vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefunfO{ sfof{Gjog lgsfosf ?kdf /fvL @( j6f ;fgf zx/x?df of] cfof]hgf nfu" ul/;lsPsf] 5 . vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu leq v8f ul/Psf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{nox?n] cfof]hgfsf nflu If]q 5gf}6, l8hfOg th'{df ug{ ;xof]u, lgdf{0f ;'kl/j]If0f, ;+rfng / dd{t;Def/ tyf ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f nufot ;du| cfof]hgfsf] of]hgf / Joj:yfkg u/]sf x'g\ . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf] lgb]{zgdf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu cGtu{tsf If]lqo / pkIf]lqo vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO sfof{nox?n] k|To]s pkcfof]hgfx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\, h:t} M k|efjsfl/tf cWoog / lj:t[t l8hfOg th'{df ug{ ;xof]usf ;fy} l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k/fdz{bftfx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg, :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_x?nfO{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg u/fpg'sf ;fy} pgLx?af6 k|fKt ;]jfsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf ;+rfng / dd{t ;Def/df k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fO{ ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 . vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_x?n] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg / dd{t ;Def/ ug]{ 5g\ .

cfof]hgf nfu" ul/Psf k|To]s ;fgf zx/df hn>f]t P]g @)$( -!((@_ / vfg]kfgL ljlgod @)%% cGtu{t vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx? lhNnf hn>f]t ;ldltdf btf{ ul/Psf 5g\ . k|To]s vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] ;]jfIf]q leq vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt sfo{ ;+rfngsf nflu vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . gu/kflnsf, lhNnf tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt h:tf :yfgLo ;/sf/L lgsfox? cf–cfkm\gf If]qdf vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . cfof]hgfsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f ljlgof]lht /sd k|flKtsf nflu lbOg] lgj]bg, d"Nof+sg / 5gf}6sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ / pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ;+o'Qm ?kdf cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{nonfO{ a'emfPsf 5g\ . o;}qmddf gu/ ljsf; sf]ifn] :yfgLo lgsfosf] hdfgLdf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ C0f ;xof]u lbg ;xdt ePsf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qdf 9n lgsf; nufot ;/;kmfO ;DalGw cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 sDtLdf klg @) k|ltzt nufgL ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

k|To]s cfof]hgf If]qdf vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] Jooef/ lgDgfg';f/ ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 M vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 z'?sf] % k|ltzt gub ;lxt >dbfg jf gub u/L @) k|ltzt, gu/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ k|fKt C0f #) k|ltzt / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] %) k|ltzt cg'bfg /x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL lgdf{0fsf nflu gu ljsf; sf]ifaf6 !@–!% aif{sf nflu jflif{s * k|ltzt Jofh sfod u/L #) k|ltzt lgdf{0f nfut C0fsf ?kdf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs rkL{ / 9n lgsf; nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;/;kmfO ;'wf/ sfo{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 @) k|ltzt / ;/sf/af6 *) k|ltzt nufgL ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . w]/} ;fgf zx/x?df h8fg vr{ afkt klg 7"nf] /sd ;+sng u/L cfkm\gf] sf]if agfPsf 5g\ .

@

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pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf clwsf+z ;b:ox?n] cf–cfkm\gf zx/x?df vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf ef]u]sf ;d:of /fVb} To;k|lt rf;f] JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . @$ 306f g} vfg]kfgL ljt/0f x'g] cfzfn] pgLx?nfO{ cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no / vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefun] cfof]hgfsf] z'?df k|:t't u/]sf ;t{x? dfGg k|]l/t ul/Psf] lyof] . cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfutdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] %) k|ltzt nufgL ug]{ -pkef]Qmfaf6 % k|ltzt gub of]ubfg, !% k|ltzt gub jf >dbfgaf6, gu/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 * k|ltzt aflif{s Jofhb/df #) k|ltzt C0f_ o; k|sf/sf] cjwf/0ff g]kfnd} klxnf] xf], o;}n] klg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? o; cfof]hgf ;+rfngdf cfO{kg]{ hl6ntf / cK7\of/fsf af/]df w]/} hfgsf/ lyPgg\ . o;}n] pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ;a} lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ ;xdt x'Fb} ;a} C0f r'Qmf ug{ gu/ ljsf; sf]if;Fu tTsfn ;Demf}tf u¥of] . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePkl5 -sltko cj:yfdf lgdf{0f sfo{df l9nfO ePsf] lyof]_, pkef]QmfnfO{ @$ 306f vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug]{, pkef]Qmfaf6 dxz'n p7fpg] / C0f r'Qmf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;lxt cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/of] . vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, g]kfn ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] lhDdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?nfO{ lbPsf] xf] .

pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] a[xt / k|fljlws hl6ntfo'Qm cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]kl5 eg] lautdf s/Lj !)) 3/w"/L ;Dddf vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos Joj:yfkg / dd{t;Def/ ;d]t u/L ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ;fgf vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L eGbf ufx|f] ePsf] dxz'; u/] . pgLx?;Fu cfof]hgfdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx?;Fu h'em\g cfjZos k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] cefj lyof] . ;fy} gu/ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ Jofh ltg{ nfut ;+sng ug{ ;d]t sl7gfO eof] . pgLx?;Fu ld6/ hfFRg], kDk ;+rfng ug]{ nufotsf s]xL slgi7 k|ljlwsx? dfq lyP, pgLx?;Fu cfof]hgfsf k|fljlws ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu kof{Kt k|fljlws 1fg / z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf hgzlQmsf] cefj lyof] . sfof{nodf klg s]xL slgi7 sd{rf/L / n]vfkfn dfq lgo'Qm lyP eg] cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf] klg lgSs} cefj lyof] .

pkef]Qmfaf6 r'lgPsf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf :jo+;]jL ;b:ox?, :yfgLo /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf / gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx? x'g\ . pgLx?;Fu :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ cfof]hgfdf of]ubfg ug{, dxz'n ltg{ / pkef]Qmfx? aLrsf ;fgfltgf lajfb cfkm} ;dfwfgsf nflu pTk|]l/t ug{ cfjZos Ifdtf / ;+hfn /x]sf] 5 . pgLx?n] :yfgLo k|zf;gsf :yfgLo >f]tx? klg

vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;d'bfo ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu gLltsf] cfjZostf

#

vfg]kfgLsf nflu nfda4 u[x0fLx?÷ kmf]6f] k|sfz cdfTo

| k[i7

kl/rfng ug{ ;S5g\ . oL ;b:ox?n] @$ 306f g} vfg]kfgL ljt/0f x'g] cfZjf;g lb+b} kof{Kt hg;xof]u h'6fP, t/ cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg jf÷/ cg'ko'Qm lgdf{0fsf sf/0f clwsf+z cfof]hgfn] @$ 306f vfg]kfgL ljt/0f eg] ug{ ;s]gg\ . kmn:j?k pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? ;fdflhs ?kdf nlHht x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lbPsf cfZjf;g k"/f ug{ g;s]/ k|lti7f u'Db} uPkl5 cfof]hgfdf lgwf{/0f u/] cg';f/ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] dxz'n a9fpg ;d'bfonfO{ ljZj:t kfg{ ;s]gg\ a? o;sf] abnfdf cfof]hgfdf hg;dy{g sfod} /fVgsf nflu dxz'n 36fpg k|:tfj u/] . o;n] ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] cfDbfgLdf sdL cfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] tnasf ;fy} gu/ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ Jofh ltg{ ;d]t d'l:sn eof] . w]/} h;f] cfof]hgfx? p7fpg' kg]{ dxz'n ;d]t p7fpg g;sL clxn] cfly{s b'/fj:yfdf 5g\ / sf]ifnfO{ ltg'{ kg]{ Jofh ;d]t ltg{ ;Ifd ePsf 5}gg\ .

pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] :jo+;]jLsf ?kdf em08} ;ftfsf ;ft} lbg cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf nflu v6\bfv6\b} klg k|fljlws ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]sf] / s]xL 3G6f dfq} kfgL ljt/0f ug{ ;s]sf]df UnfgL JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] d'Vo nfOgdf cfPsf v/faL -klx/f] / >f]tdf af9Lsf] c;/_, ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf r'xfj6 -kfOkx?df cfPsf 6'6km'6, k'/fgf] k|0ffnLsf h8fgx?df v/faL, kfOknfOgdf cldNbf h8fgx?sf] k|of]u cflb_, ljB't s6f}tL -nf]8;]l8ª, h]g/]6/ ljlu|g', kfgLsf] ;+ro yk36 x'g' -sd Ifdtfsf l/hEjf{o/ 6\ofª\sL_ h:tf sf/0fn] cfof]hgfx? lgSs} hl6n cj:yf;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . o;/L k|0ffnLdf cfPsf k|d'Vo ;d:ofx?;“u h'em\g pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;“u g t kof{Kt k|fljlws Ifdtf 5 g t cfly{s Ifdtf g} . glthf :j?k, Affrf u/] adf]lhdsf]

vfg]kfgL pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf sf/0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? Psftk{m bafadf lyP eg] gu/ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ C0fsf] Jofh ltg{ g;s]/ klg yk tgfj a]xf]l//x]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] t cfkm"x? km;]sf] / ;/sf/n] klg s'g} ;xof]u gu/]sf] dxz'; ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] hgtfnfO{ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;/sf/sf] ePsf] t/ To;sf] abnfdf :yfgLo ?kdf hgtf g} vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf nflu cl3 ;/]sf] a]nf klg ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 s'g} ;xof]u gu/]sf] ts{ u/]] . pgLx?n] cfkm"x?n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ;Demf}tf g} Gofof]lrt gePsf] klg cg'ej ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

o; ;Gbe{df, k|m];jf6/ PS;g g]6js{ g]kfn -km\ofg g]kfn_n] vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, gu/ ljsf; sf]if / pkef]Qmf ;ldlt aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf -sfg"gL / g}lts b'a}_ sf] lgikIftf / pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;d:of / rf;f]x?sf af/]df cWoogsf]] cfjZostf dx;'; u¥of] . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ b}lgs ?kdf kof{Kt vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L /fd|/L cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug{ gLltut ;dfwfg vf]Hg cfjZos /x]sf] ;d]t 7Dofof] . km\ofg g]kfnn] ;'v]{t pkTosfsf] jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf / Tof] ;“u hf]l8Psf # ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltsf hgtfnfO{ vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ em'k|f j[xt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] cj:yfaf/] cWoog ug{ ;d"x ;d]t u7g u¥of] .

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| k[i7

;'v]{t pkTosfdf vfg]kfgLsf] a9\bf] dfu k"lt{ ug{ :yfgLo :t/af6} ljleGg k|of;x? ePsf 5g\ . jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsfn] pkTosfsf c? # j6f ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx?;“u ldn]/ ;]jf If]qnfO{ gu/kflnsfsf !@ j8f, nfl6sf]OnL / pQ/u+uf uflj;sf ( / h/a'6f uflj;sf $ u/L #$ j8fdf lj:tf/ ug]{ of]hgf agfof] .

;g\ @)!) df vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgdf{0fsf nflu vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmfx? ;+ul7t eO{ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g u/]sf x'g\ . /fhgLlts bnx?df cfwfl/t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 o; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] xf] . To;kl5 pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ;/sf/L clwsf/L, gu/kflnsf / gu/ ljsf; sf]if;“u 8]9 nfv hg;+Vof - !! ;o 3/w"/L / !!,$)) wf/f_ nfO{ kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf] k|0ffnL lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos /sd lgsf;fsf nflu 5nkmn yfNof] .

cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut sl/a #^ s/f]8 ?k}+of - #! s/f]8 &) nfv lgdf{0f vr{ / $ s/f]8 #) nfv ?k}+of >dbfg_df gu/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 ( s/f]8 @* nfv ?k}+of k|fKt C0f lnPsf lyP . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;“u} C0fsf] ;f“jfJofh ltg{sf nflu cfjZos sd p7fpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] lyof] . o;sfnflu # dlxnf ;lxtsf] ( ;b:oLo sfo{sf/L ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng / ;+aw{gsf nflu yk pk;ldltx? ;d]t u7g ul/Psf 5g\ . cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu sfof{nosf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 eg] cfjZos yk sd{rf/Lx? klg lgo'Qm ul/Psf 5g\ . cfof]hgfdf xfn @! :yfoL, !* c:yfoL / @@ hgf b}lgs Hofnfbf/L u/L ^! hgf tflnd k|fKt sd{rf/Lx? 5g\ . ;fy} pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fu clxn] cfkm\g} ;'ljwf ;DkGg sfof{no ejg klg 5 .

of] cfof]hgf ;d'bfo kl/rfng u/L ;kmntfk"j{s ;+rfng eO{ /x]sf] 5 . C0f /sdaf6 ;+rflnt / ;d'bfo g} kl/rflnt cfof]hgfdf o; cfof]hgf g]kfndf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xf] .

pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] d'Vo b'O{ ;d:ofx? ef]lu/x]sf] 5 M s_ kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfO{kg]{ k|fljlws ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] cefj / v_ C0fsf] ;f“jfJofh ltg{;Sg] u/L vfg]kfgLsf] dxz'ndf cfjZos x]/km]/ ug{ g;Sg' .

vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfpg] k|fljlws ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg M

em'k|f j[xt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfn] l8hfOg u/] cg'?k / u|fxsx? ;dIf u/]sf]] k|ltj4tf cg';f/ @$ 306} vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug{ ;s]gg\ . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cg';f/ o;df # j6f k|d'v bf]ifx? 5g\ M

s_ >f]taf6 ;f]r]eGbf sd dfqfdf dfq} kfgL pknAw x'g' . of] l8hfOgdf ePsf] bf]ifsf sf/0faf6 jf ;f]r]sf] dfqfdf kfgL axfjsf nflu ckof{Kt kfOknfOgsf sf/0f x'g;S5 . # j6f >f]taf6 hDdf %% k|ltzt dfq / ;'Vvfofddf em'k|f vf]nfaf6 klg *) k|ltzt dfq kfgL pknAw x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;}n] cfof]hgfn] vfg]kfgL ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ cem r':t agfpg'sf ;fy} vfg]kfgLsf gofF >f]tx? klg vf]Hg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvof] .

v_ l8hfOgdf u/]sf] eGbf &) k|ltzt dfq kfgL c6fpg] Ifdtfsf] l/hEjf{o/ ag]sf] 5, o;}n] l/hEjf{o/sf] Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu gofF 6\ofª\sLsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvof] .

u_ zx/df vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf nflu la5\ofOPsf] sl/a @ ;o !) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] kfOknfOgdf k'/fgf] k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] #* lsnf]ld6/ kfOknfOg k|of]udf /x]sf 5g\ . ljt/0f k|0ffnL dWo] k'/fgf] k|0ffnLsf lh= cfO{= kfOkx?n] clxn]sf] cfof]hgfaf6 ljt/0f x'g] kfgLsf] rfk / axfjnfO{ y]Ug g;s]sf] kfOof] . k'/fgf kfOkx? em08} ;a}h;f] r'lxPsf] cj:yfdf 5g\ . o;}n] gofF ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf oL kfOkx?nfO{ tTsfn km]g'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

oL k|fljlws ;d:of / logsf ;dfwfgdf kof{Kt dfqfdf k|fljlws / cfly{s bIftf -zLk / cg'ejdf_ sf] cfjZostf 5, h'g em'k|f pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fu dfq pknAw 5}g / lgs6 eljiod} o; k|sf/sf] bIftf xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf klg b]lv+b}g . o;n] pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ lgSs} xtf]T;fxL agfPsf] 5 . o:tf] a]nf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf sfof{no Joj:yfkg / s]xL ;fdflhs -pkef]Qmfx?sf] ljrf/ / cfzfsf] ;Daf]wg_, k|zf;lgs / sfo{sf/L -ld6/ l/8 ug]{, kfOknfOgsf h8fgdf x'g] r'xfj6 dd{t ug]{_ / cfly{s -kfgLsf] dxz'n p7fO{ C0fsf] ;fFjfJofh ltg]{_ df l;ldt ug{ ;'emfj lbP .

em'k|f j[xt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf

%

| k[i7

pgLx?sf] egfO cg';f/ vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf] k|fljlws Joj:yfkg ->f]t Joj:yfkg, vfg]kfgL k|zf/0f nfOgsf]Joj:yfkg, k'/fgf kfOkx? km]g]{_ / k|fs[lts k|sf]k h:t} af9L, klx/f] jf v8]/Lsf sf/0f cfof]hgfdf cfpg] cj/f]wx? / ;8s lgdf{0f / dd{t ;+ef/sf] qmddf kfOkx?df k'Ug] Iflt / vfg]kfgLsf >f]tdf df6f] ldl;g' h:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/, vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefun] lng' k5{ . pgLx?sf] ljrf/df cfof]hgf lgjf{w ?kdf ;+rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L, k|fljlws / cfly{s Ifdtfo'Qm vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf] xf] . hgtfnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf] bfloTj ePsf]n] pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/L ;fg{ gx'g] pgLx?sf] egfO lyof] . ;fy} ;/sf/n] of] bfloTj k'/f ug{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;Fu ;fem]bf/Ldf sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;'emfj ;d]t pgLx?n] lbP . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] oL ts{x? Gofo;+ut 5g\ / o;nfO{ gLlt kl/dfh{gaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

vfg]kfgL dxz'nsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

em'k|f pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf gofF lgjf{lrt ;b:ox?n] vfg]kfgLsf] dxz'n %) k|ltztn] a9fpg lgSs} sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . k|f/lDes cj:yfdf vfg]kfgL dxz'n cfof]hgfsf] l8hfOg k|ltj]bgdf ;'emfOPsf] eGbf %) k|ltztn] sd lyof] . dxz'n a[l4sf] lj/f]w ug]{ pkef]Qmfx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L cGTodf @% k|ltztn] dxz'n a9fpg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;kmn eof] . cfo j[l4 ePtfklg ;~rfng vr{ wfGg, dd{t;+ef/ ug{ / C0fsf] Jofh ltg{ cem} ck'u g} /Xof] . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] uPsf] b'O{ aif{b]lvsf] Jofh ;d]t tLg{ ;s]sf] lyPg . gu/ ljsf; sf]ifn]

^

ltg{ afFsL Jofh /sd tTsfn glt/]df To;nfO{ ;fFjfdf ufEg] r]tfjgL ;d]t lbPsf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ Aofh /sd klg ;fFjf d} ufEg] eof], h;n] eljiodf Jofh /sd cem a9\g] 5 .

:jo+;]jLsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox? hgsNof0fsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng u/L pkef]Qmfx?sf] dg lhTg tTk/ t lyP t/ cfzfltt ;]jf lbg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dxz'n a[l4sf nflu klg plQs} lxlRslrPsf lyP . o; cj:yfdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] dxz'n a9fpg ;Sg] cj:yf klg lyPg . ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] dxz'nsf] k'gd"{Nof+sg -jf:tjdf dxz'n j[l4_ sf] lhDd]jf/L pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ lbg' eGbf :jtGq lgsfonfO{ lb+bf a9L pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . :jtGq lgsfonfO{ :yfgLo pkef]Qmfsf] dg lhTg' kg]{ cj:yf g/xg] x'gfn] plrt lsl;dn] dxz'nsf] k'gd"{Nof+sg / lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . ;fy} pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ cgfjZos cfly{s ef/ af]sfO{ cfof]hgfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] k|of; klg :jtGq lgsfoaf6 x'g] ;+efjgf w]/} sd dfq /xG5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?n] cfkm"x? cfof]hgfnfO{ nfebfos -dxz'n a9fP/ jf Jofh /sd oyfzL3| e'QmfgL u/]/_ agfpg geO{ pkef]Qmfsf] lxtsf nflu cfof]hgfdf ;xeflu ePsf x'gfn] gu/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 dxz'n j[l4sf nflu cfPsf] lta| bafa c;Xo ePsf] cleJolQm lbP .

o; ;d:ofnfO{ km/s vfn] gLlt ;+oGq -dxz'nsf] k'gd"{Nof+sg :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ug]{ jf :jtGq d"No ;+zf]wg ;ldltaf6 ug]{_sf] dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

e'mk|f j[xt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfdf k/fdz{ a}7s÷kmf]6f] M clgn :yflkt

| k[i7

;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf ljleGg kIfx?aLr c;dfg bfloTj afF8kmFf8sf] d'2f ;Daf]wg ug{ / o;}sf sf/0f cfof]hgfdf x'g] cj/f]wx? x6fpg ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ o; cfof]hgfdf nfu" ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . oL cg'ejx? s} sf/0f g]kfn ;/sf/ / Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf ;Demf}tf kqdf ljleGg kIfx?sf] e"ldsf kl/dfh{g u/L lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ M -x]g'{; cg';"rL !_ ljz]ifu/L tLg kIfsf lhDd]jf/L / e"ldsfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 M != :yfgLo ;/sf/, @= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / #= gu/ ljsf; sf]if t/ cfof]hgf ;+rfng / dd{t ;Def/df vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf] e"ldsfdf eg] df}g g} a;]sf] b]lvG5 .

;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf / em'k|f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] cg'ejaf6 oL cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf nflu gLltdf ;+zf]wg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . oL pbfx/0fsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 tLg kIf M ;fj{hlgs -vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu / :yfgLo ;/sf/_, lghL -a}+ssf ?kdf gu/ ljsf; sf]if_ tyf ;d'bfo -Joj:yfkg ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ aLrdf lj:t[t s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

o; sfo{kqn] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qdf ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL ;d'bfo ;fem]bf/L -kLkL;LkL_ k|lqmof ljsf; ug{ ;Defjgf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/L -kLkLkL_ M

;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / ;/sf/L gLltaf6 ;dly{t / k|f]T;flxt lghL sDkgL aLrsf] ;xsfo{ ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/L -kLkLkL_ xf] . o:tf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;fem]bf/x?n] != hf]lvd @= pknAwL / k|ltkmn clg #= ax'If]lqo zLk, bIftf / ljlQo pknAwL afF8]/ sfd ug{] ;Demf}tfdf ;xdt eP/ sfd u5{g . kl5Nnf] bzsotf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df zx/L If]qx?df ;]jf k|bfos If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9\bf] 5 . tLa| zx/Ls/0f / hg;+Vof j[l4sf sf/0f gu/kflnsfx?n]] clxn] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;]jfk|bfgsf] If]qdf nufgLsf] a9\bf] dfu k"/f ug{ cfly{s >f]tsf] sld dx;'; ul//x]sf 5g\ / zx/L

;]jfdf nufgL, lgdf{0f, :jfldTj / Joj:yfkgsf nflu lghL If]qtkm{ df]l8Psf] 5 . t/ klg uPsf] bzsdf, lghL nufgLstf{sf] Psflwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] vfnsf ;xdltsf] k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvof] . t/ ;fj{hlgs–lghL If]qaLr x'g] o:tf ;fem]bf/Laf6 nfeflGjt ju{, ljz]if u/L zx/L u/Lax?sf nflu eg] ;Fw} nfebfos cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf eg] ub}{g . o:tf ;Demf}tfx?n] u/La au{nfO{ lbOg] ;]jf j[l4 / ;'wf/sf nflu dfkb08 / dxz'n ldnfg clg ;fd'bflos ;xof]u ;dflxt ug{ cfjZos nrstf eg] pknAw u/fpFb}g .

;fj{hlgs lghL ;d'bfo ;fem]bf/L -kLkL;LkL_ M

zx/L u/Ladf kx'Frsf nflu ;fj{hlgs, lghL If]q / ;d'bfoaLr ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t ;fem]bf/L kLkL;LkLsf s]xL pbfx/0fx?sf] cWoog ul/Psf] 5 . ;xefuL ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf lglZrt ug]{ :ki6 ;+/rgfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;dfj]zLaf6 ;a}df ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfddf ;kmntfsf] ;Defjgf klg a9fpF5 . ;fy}, ;+rfnsx?n] bLuf] ?kdf ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;d'lrt dxz'n / ;zQm lgodg ;+/rgf dxTjk"0f{ tTjx? x'g\ .

;fj{hlgs, lghL If]q / ;d'bfosf] d'Vo rf;f]sf] ;Daf]wg M

kLkL;LkLnfO{ gLlt, lgod / ljlgoddf :yflkt ug{ tn pNn]lvt s]xL d'2fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs, ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfo, lghL If]q / ;d'bfosf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 M

;fj{hlgs M

kLkL;LkL cfof]hgfsf] kl/sNkgf / cg'udgsf] cflwsfl/s >f]t, ljz]ift ljsf; lgsfo, lhlj;, gu/kflnsf, uflj; nufotsf /fHoleqsf :yfgLo / cGo lgsfox?sf] clwsf/, st{Jo / pQ/–bfloTjnfO{ ;/n agfpg] .

lghL M

kLkL;LkLdf cfwfl/t cfof]hgfx?df lghL kIfx?sf] ;xeflutfsf nflu a}wflgs cfwf/sf] pkl:ylt / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu cj/f]wd'Qm jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf -;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfdf gu/ ljsf; sf]if, Pp6f :jfoQ ;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] h;n] lghL a}+ssf] e"ldsf lgefPsf] 5 ._

vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qsf nflu ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/Lsf] gLlt th'{df M

&

| k[i7

cfo hf]lvd M cfzfltt cfo ;+sng / cfly{s bLuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf;Fu of] hf]lvd ;DalGwt 5 . ckof{Kt dfu tyf sfof{Gjog / ;+sngsf sf/0f ckof{Kt Jofh /sd p7\g] ;d:ofaf6 of] hf]lvdsf] l;h{gf x'g;S5 .

>f]t÷cfk"lt{ hf]lvd M >f]tdf kx'Fr / kl/of]hgfsf] >f]t / sRrf kbfy{ -vfg]kfgL_sf] cfk"lt{;Fu of] hf]lvd hf]l8Psf] 5 .

sfg"gL hf]lvd M

!= sfg"gdf kl/jt{g,

@= :jfldTjdf kl/jt{g / kx'Fr Pj+ k|of]usf] clwsf/,

#= åGb ;dfwfg,

$= hkmt / clwu|x0f ;DalGw hf]lvd

%= cgk]lIft 36gfx?af6 of] hf]lvd l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .

;dfhsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt

lhNnf txsf ;Da4 ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf ufpF, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf txsf ljsf; ;ldltsf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw;Fu PsLs[t :jfoQ lgsfosf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] kLkL;LkL cfof]hgf ;kmn agfpg cfjZostf cg'?k ;d'bfosf ;fy} ;Da4 ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu cfjZos nrstf pknAw u/fpg] 5 .

;fy} of] klg dflgPsf] 5 ls M

!= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, uflj; / gu/kflnsfsf] Pp6f :jfoQ ;dfh xf] / al/i7 /fhgLlts JolQmTj jf gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfn] cWoIfsf ?kdf ;dy{g u/L o; cfof]hgf / sfo{qmddf a9L hg;dy{g h'6fpg ;Sb5 .

@= pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] :jfoQ lgsfosf ?kdf ;+rfng / lg0f{osf] :jtGqtf /fVb5 t/ klg o;sf lgodx?n] cfof]hgf ;xlhs/0fdf hjfkmb]lxtfsf d"ne"t dfGotf / lgod kfngfsf] ;'lglZrttf u5{ .

#= Pp6f ;dfhsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] k|foM k"jf{u|xx?n] u|:t cfof]hgf af]8{eGbf km/s t]>f] kIfsf ?kdf ;/sf/ leq / ;/sf/ aflx/sf ljleGg lgsfox?sf] ljrf/ / sfo{sf] ;+of]hg u/fpgsf nflu tbf?stfsf ;fy ;d–w/ftlno ;DaGw lgdf{0f u5{ .

;d'bfo M

sfg"g;Ddt pko'Qm ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? Gofo;+ut clwsf/ / bfloTj afF8kmf8 clg hf]lvdsf] plrt klxrfg nufotsf d'2fdf a/fa/sf] ;fem]bf/sf ?kdf /xg dfGo / plrt ;xdlt u/L sfg"gL cfwf/df ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] ;xeflutf .

kLkL;LkL / sfg"gL ;'/If0fM

dfly pNn]v eP em} gLlt, sfg"g / lgodx? lgdf{0f u/L o;nfO{ nfu" ug'{sf ;fy}, kLkL;LkL cjwf/0ffsf] cfof]hgfsf lglZrt ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf jf ;d"xsf rf;f]sf] ;'/Iff, sfg"gL / lgods ;+/rgfdf ;d]6\g' kb{5 . kLkL;LkL ljsNk 5gf}6 / sfof{Gjog ug]{ af/] kf/bzL{ tyf v'Nnf ?k 5nkmnsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 . sfg"gL ;'/Iff k|0ffnLn] lglZrt cjlwkl5 ;'/lIft / pko'Qm a}slNks af6f] ckgfpg' kb{5, h'g ;dodf cfof]hgfnfO{ lg/LIf0f / Jojl:yt agfpg ;lsof];\ . ;'/Iff k|0ffnL lgdf{0fsf nflu :jfoQ / Ifdtfo'Qm cfof]hgf ;+/rgf / d~r agfpg cfjZos x'G5, ;fy} ;xL ;fj{hlgs lghL ;d'bflos ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu bl/nf] ;Demf}tfsf] ;+/rgf ;d]t :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos /xG5 .

ljleGg kLkLkL lqmofsnfkx?af6 ;+slnt cg'ejn] b]vfP cg';f/ ;fem]bf/Lsf] Pp6f d'Vo kmfObf eg]sf] æsfo{ ;DkGg x'g]Æ jf cfof]hgfnfO{ j[l4 / ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] u/L lglZrt cfsf/ lbg] dfq xf]Og t/ o;n] hf]lvdnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 lghL lgsfodf qmdz x:tfGt/0f ub}{ nfg] klg xf] . s'g xb;Dd hf]lvd x:tfGt/0f x'g] / kL;L;L;L cjwf/0ff cGtu{tsf] cfof]hgfsf kIfx?df afF8\g] eGg] s'/f eg] cfof]hgfsf k|To]s kIfsf] e"ldsfdf lge{/ ub{5 . kLkL;LkL cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ hf]lvdsf kIfx? M

lgodg hf]lvd M nIo lgwf{/0f, uxg lgu/fgL, sfo{;Dkfbg / cfly{s lgodg nufotsf d'2fdf k|j]z / lhDd]jf/L jxg;Fu of] hf]lvd ;DalGwt 5 .

sfo{;dfkg hf]lvd M cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{;Fu of] hf]lvd hf]l8Psf] 5 h;df cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;dfkgdf l9nfO, vr{df a9f]Q/L klg kb{5g\ . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt eGbf l9nf sfo{ ;Dkfbg jf ljleGg kIfx?sf] sdhf]/Laf6 of] ;d:of pAhg ;Sb5 . ;Demf}tf / s/f/sf] vf/]hL jf cGToaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd klg oxfF ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .

*

| k[i7

kLkL;LkL 9f“rfsf] cfof]hgfsf] gLlt lgodg hLjgrqm#

!= gLlt ljsf;

kLkL;LkLsf nflu gLlt lgb]{lzsfdf ;lGglxt :ki6 lgb]{zg gLltx?df ;DalGwt /fHon] cfof]hgfx?sf] :jfldTj u|x0f u5{ / cfof]hgfsf] k|f/Dedf g} cf}krfl/s ;Demf}tfx?af6 To;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 .

@= a}wflgs ljsf;

/fHo txdf kLkL;LkLsf nflu cfjZostf cg'?k gofF a}wflgs k|fjwfg / ;+zf]lwt k|fjwfg ;lxt pko'Qm / lj:t[t sfg"gL ;+/rgf th'{df ug]{ .

#= ;+:yfut ljsf;

kLkL;LkL cfof]hgfx? ;+rfng tyf ljsf; ug{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf :yflkt / ;zQm ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] klxrfg u/L /fHo, lhNnf / Tof] eGbf tNnf] txdf cfof]hgfsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf jf d~rsf] ljsf; ug]{ . laBdfg ljsNkx?sf] ljZn]if0fkl5

3 Upadhyay V. Draft Report. 2008. Evolving a legal and regulatory regime for public private community partnerships (ppcps) in schedule V areas in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh and Orrisa. India

$= ;dfhsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] ljleGg >f]tx?af6 k|ToIf ?kdf cfly{s tyf cGo >f]t;fwg xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 / cfof]hgfsf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu oL >f]t;fwg sfof{Gjogstf{x? dfem ljt/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . %= pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfof]hgf af]8{eGbf k[ys eO{ åGb Joj:yfkgdf t]>f] kIfsf ?kdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf / o:t} vfn] ;xlhs/0fsf ultljlwdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .

^= bL3{sfnLg cg'dlt kfPsf] ;dfhsf ?kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] cfof]hgf cGtu{tsf ultljlwx?nfO{ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg kZrft klg lg/Gt/tf k|bfg ug{sf nflu ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb5 h'g tby{ ;ldlt jf :yfoL ;ldltn] ug{ ;Sb}g . cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGgtf;“u} k|fyldstfdf kl/jt{g eO{ o;sf ultljlw / nIodf sd dfq Wofg hfg ;Sb5 .

o;sf ;fy}, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] dxTjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/ x'g ;Sg] klg b]lvG5 . o;}n], vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qdf kLkL;LkL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZos gLltsf] ljsf; ug{ cfjZos 5 .

(

:yfgLo txsf cGo cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx?;“u ;fd'bflos ;+:yfsf] ;+of]hg sfo{sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

kLkL;LkL cfof]hgfsf ;a} r/0fdf ljBdfg Ifdtf / ljz]if1tfnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug]{ pko'Qm k|lqmofsf nflu pQ/bfloTj 5'6\ofOG5 .

$= hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg

hf]lvdnfO{ ;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qaLr Gofof]lrt 9+un] af“8kmf“8 / kLkL;LkL cfof]hgfx?sf] ;xlhs/0fnfO{ /fhgLlt d'Qm agfpg] .

%= Ifdtf clea[l4

;/sf/ / ;/sf/L lgsfosf nflu dfu{ lgb]{lzsf / e"ldsf lgwf{/0f tyf kLkL;LkL k|s[of cGtu{tsf ;d'bfon] k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{

| k[i7

$ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, @)!), ;xof]u sfof{Gjog ;Demf}tfkq, g]kfn M bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO cfof]hgf, dlgnf

vfg ]kfgL / ;/;kmfO pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt M

lgdf{0f ePsf vfg]kfgL ljt/0f / ;/;kmfO ;DalGw ;+/rgfsf] ;+rfng / dd{t ;Def/sf nflu pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5g\ . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] :yfkgf gePsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf ;Defljt pkef]Qmfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L cGt/Ld ;]jf If]q ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . cGtl/d ;]jf If]q ;ldltn] l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;DefJotf cWoog, k|fljlws k|:tfj th'{df / ;]jf If]qsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 . lj:t[t l8hfOg th'{df cj:yfb]lv cGtl/d ;]jf If]q ;ldltx?af6 pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? ljsf; ul/g]5 / oL pkef]Qmf ;ldltx? lgDg sfo{ ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .

!_ l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k/fdz{bftf;Fu ldn]/ lj:t[t l8hfOgsf] rog ug]{Ù

@_ hldg clwu|x0f jf k'gMjf{; -cfjZos k/]df_Ù

#_ af]nkq d"Nof+sgdf ;xefuL x'g] / ;fIfLsf ?kdf d'Vo ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0fsf 7s]bf/;Fu s/f/ ug{]{Ù

$_ cGo cfjZos of]ubfgdf ;xefuL x'g',

%_ gu/ ljsf; sf]if;Fu ;xfos C0f ;DalGw ;Demf}tf ug{]{Ù

^_ lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ / e'QmfgLsf] cg'df]bg ug{]{Ù

&_ gu/ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ Jofh;Fu} c? cfjZos e'QmfgL ug{, ;+rfng / dd{t;+ef/ vr{, k|lt:yfkg / pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] of]hgf d'tfljs eljiodf lj:tf/sf nflu rflxg] /sd p7\g] u/L vfg]kfgL dxz'n lgwf{/0fÙ

*_ ;xh?kdf 3/3/df vfg]kfgLsf] nfOg h8fg ;'lglZrt u/fpg .

lgdf{0f ;DkGg kZrft pkef]Qmf ;ldlts_ k|0ffnL ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/ / pko'Qm ;dodf o;sf] lj:tf/ ug]{Ù v_ dxz'n p7fpg]Ù u_ gu/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;fFjfJofh /sd ltg{ lhDd]jf/ x'g]5g\ .

pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf sfo{sf/L ;b:osf ?kdf # dlxnf ;lxt ( hgf ;b:o x'g]5g\ . ;+rfng / ;'kl/j]If0f PsfO{nfO{ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DkGg x'g'eGbf klxn] g} pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dftxt u7g ul/g]5 / cfjZos k/]sf] v08df of] PsfO{n] k|0ffnL ;+rfng / ck/]6/sf] ;'kl/j]If0f klg ug]{5 . 7]s]bf/af6 Ps aif{ nfdf] k|ljlws ;+rfng kl5 pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ !_ ToxL ; +rfnsaf6 ToxL z 'Nsdf sfo { ;~rfng u/fpg ] @_ af]nkq cfXjfg u/L cs}{ ck/]6/ lgo'Qm ug]{ jf #_ PsfOaf6 g} ;+oGqsf] ;+rfng u/fpg] ljsNk 5gf}6 ug{ lbOg]5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/ M pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?af6 vfg]kfgL k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L / ;Ifd 9+un] ;+rfng ug{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt -uflj;_ / gu/kflnsfx? nufotsf :yfgLo ;/sf/ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . gu/ ljsf; sf]ifaf6 k|fKt C0fdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg / pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 gu/ ljsf; sf]ifn] cfkm\gf] C0f /sd e'QmgL u/fpg ;d]t ;xlhs/0f u5{g . logLx?n] pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ;xdltdf nfut / dd{t;+ef/ vr{sf] s]xL c+z ;/;kmfO ;'wf/ sfo{df ;d]t of]ubfg ub{5 . pk–cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu tn pNn]lvt ;Demf}tfx? x'g] 5g\ M

!_ :yfgLo lgsfo, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no / gu/ ljsf; sf]if aLr ljleGg aF'bf ;dflji6 ;fwf/0f ;Demf}tf, h:t} M

s_ vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO k|0ffnLdf vr{sf] ;dfg'kflts afF8kmfF8

v_ lj:t[t l8hfOg d'tfljssf] sfd z'? x'g' cl3 ;dli6ut ?kdf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{ / ;/;kmfO, dxz'n ;+sng / kl/df0fdf cfwfl/t ;xof]usf cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{Ù

@_ dfly pNn]lvt $ kIfx?aLr ;Demf}tfdf e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug]{ h:t} M

cg';"rL ! M

bf]>f] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog Joj:yf M e"ldsf / bfloTj$

!)

| k[i7

s_ k|To]s kIfsf] of]ubfgsf] dfqf to ug]{

v_ pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?n] ;+sng ug'{kg]{ k|:tfljt dxz'n lgwf{/0f ug]{, u_ pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?af6 e'QmfgL / k'gMe'QmfgLsf] /sd, ;+rfng / dd{t ;+ef/ vr{, k|lt:yfkg / zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO gLlt d'tfljs eljiodf ;]jf lj:tf/ af/] k|ltj4tf 3_ s/f/df cg'aGwg klxn] kl/df0fdf cfwfl/t ;xof]u cGtu{tsf] nIo / cg'bfgsf] :t/ to ug]{ #_ s/f/ cg'aGwg klxn] gu/ ljsf; sf]if / pkef]Qmf ;ldlt aLr C0f cg'bfg af/] ;xdlt ug]{ .

gu/ ljsf; sf ]if M of] sf]if ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] :jfoQ lgsfo xf] h;n] zx/L ljsf;df ;+nUg ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfly{s, k|fljlws / ;+:yfut ;xof]u k|bfg u5{ . gu/ ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ KfW -Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau, hd{g ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf] ljsf; a}+s_ / klxnf] ;fgf zx/L vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO cfof]hgfaf6 cg'ej ;+ufNg ;3fPsf] 5 . pk cfof]hgfsf] lbuf] cfly{s l:ytLsf] nflu gu/ ljsf; sf]if lhDd]jf/ /xg]5 . o;}u/L sf]ifn] M!= l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k/fdz{bftf / cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no;Fusf] ;xsfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?sf] k'gMe'QmfgL Ifdtfsf] ;Gbe{df pk cfof]hgfsf vr{sf] 5fgljg u5{ .@= ;+rfng tyf dd{t ;Def/ vr{, C0f ltg{ / k|lt:yfkg ug{ Pj+ eljiodf x'g] lj:tf/sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfox?l;t ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g] u/L z'Ns tf]Sg tyf To;sf] ;'kl/j]If0f u5{ . #= ;b:o /÷jf sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu z'Ns lgwf{/0f, axLvftf ;+rfng, n]vf / cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf] tflnd pknAw u/fpF5 / $= shf{ ljt/0f tyf ;+sng u5{ .

gu/ ljsf; sf]ifn] vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu;Fu k/fdz{ u/L pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?af6 ePsf] e'QmfgL / ÷jf k'gMe'QmfgL / ;xhstf{sf ?kdf /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg af/]sf] clen]v cfjZos ;xof]usf nflu :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf klg a'emfpF5 . gu/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] cg';"rL * df ;+nUg 5 .

vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf] s]lGb|o dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; PsfO M

s]lGb|o dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; PsfO{nfO{ ;g\ !(*& df vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu cGtu{t vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] ;]jfdf dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; s]Gb|sf ?kdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . s]lGb|o dfgj ;+zfwg

ljsf; PsfO{n] k|fljlws ljifox? / Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df, >f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg h:tf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ljsf; / pkef]Qmf;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ h:tf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf clea[l4 ;DalGw tflnd lbG5 . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{non] cfjZos sfo{qmd / >f]t JolQmx?sf nflu tflndsf] ljsf; u/L s]lGb|o dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; PsfO{sf] ;jlns/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

;+of]hg ;ldltx? M

s]lGb|o txdf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] cWoIftf / ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfnosf ;x–;lrj a}slNks cWoIfsf ?kdf /fvL cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltdf vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefusf dxflgb]{zs, gu/ ljsf; sf]ifsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, / cy{ dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, Gofo tyf sfg"g dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf jl/i7 k|ltlglwx? /xg] 5g\ . cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{nosf lgb]{zsn] ;b:o ;lrjsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{]5g\ . cfof]hgfsf] ;dli6ut ?kdf eO/x]sf k|ultsf] k'g/fjnf]sg / s]lGb|o txdf ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ d'2fx?df 5nkmn ug{ cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] aif{df slDtdf b'O{ k6s a}7s a:g]5 . x/]s zx/df zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldlt u7g ul/g] 5 . olb s'g} gu/kflnsfdf pk–cfof]hgf nfu" ul/Pdf, zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] cWoIftf To; gu/sf d]o/n] ug]{5g\ / gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]lqo sfof{no / pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] klg k|ltlglwTj /xg]5 . ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] xsdf, zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] cWoIftf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj gx'~h]n, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]lqo sfof{nosf k|d'vn] ug]{5g\, / pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{5g\, To;kl5 eg] uflj; cWoIfn] zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] ;x–cWoIfsf] e"ldsf lgefpg] 5g\ . lgdf{0f cjlw kl5 klg :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO ;DalGw lzIffdf bLuf] k|of; sfod /fVg :yfgLo lgsfosf lzIff / :jf:Yo PsfO{sf k|ltlglwx? klg zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf ;b:o /xg]5g\ . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg sfof{no, If]lqo cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f sfof{no, gu/ ljsf; sf]if, 7]s]bf/, l8hfOg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f k/fdz{bftf / :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ klg cfjZostf cg';f/ zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltdf ;xefuL u/fOg]5 . zx/L cfof]hgf ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] a}7s, pk–cfof]hgf / cGo ;DalGwt ultljlwsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"Nof+sg / ;xh ;+rfng / sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljleGg d'2fdf 5nkmn ug{ q}dfl;s jf cfjZostf cg';f/ lgoldt ?kdf a:g]5 .

!!

k|m];jf6/ PS;g g]6js{ g]kfn;lrjfno

n'dlGt cfjf;sf nflu ;xof]u ;d"xtfxfrn, sf7df8f}, kf]i6 aS; g+= !)%$^, sf7df8f}+ g]kfn

kmf]g g+= -(&&–!_–$^&#@**, km\ofS; g+= -(&&–!_–$^&#@*&Od]n M lajana@lumanti.org.np, j]a ;fO6: www.fansasia.net