Keystone Exam – Biology Review Packet

1.) Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotes and eukaryotes?A. Ability to store hereditary information—all living organisms contain DNAB. Use of organelles to control cell processes—prokaryotes(organisms like bacteria that lack a nucleus

and organelles) lack organellesC. Use of cellular respiration for energy release—prokaryotes do not complete cell respirationD. Ability to move in response to environmental stimuli—not all organisms have the ability to move

2.) Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?A. Cell wall and nucleus—prokaryotes lack a nucleusB. Cell wall and chloroplast—prokaryotic cells lack chloroplastsC. plasma membrane and nucleus—prokaryotic cells lack a nucleusD. plasma membrane and cytoplasm—all cells contain a plasma membrane and cytoplasm. They also

contain DNA and ribosomes

3.) Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Part A: Identify a structural difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is directly related to their difference in size.Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells both contain ribosomes, cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, and genetic material

Part B: Based on structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.Due to the lack of organelles, the total volume of the cell is smaller. Cells with organelles (eukaryotic) have the ability to metabolize materials and retain a larger size

Part C: Describe one similarity between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells that is independent of size.- All cells contain genetic information in the form of DNA- All cells contain ribosomes(cell organelles) that translate nucleic acid (RNA) into protein- All cells contain a plasma membrane to create an internal environment and allows for the

movement of materials from one side to another

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4.) Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statement best describes how the structure of the alveoli allows the lungs to function properly?A. They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood. –the function of

alveoli is to hold gasB. They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation.—not functionC. They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.—the surface area of a

lung is far more important than the volume for oxygen intake and gas exchangeD. They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.—increased surface

area allows gases(air) across capillaries (teeny vessels) into the blood

5.) Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake?A. When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake—water expands when it

freezesB. Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms.—water would most

likely freeze from the top (air has a colder temperature than water)C. When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.—water expands

when frozen, making it less dense than liquid water. Therefore, it will float. It can create a barrier from the water below and the air above, which allows it to act as an insulator.

D. Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.—This would not affect the density of water

6.) Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules?A. It forms short, simple carbon chains.—most macromolecules are much larger and more complex

than a small hydrocarbon chainB. It forms large, complex, diverse molecules.—this is what macromolecules really are, but it does not

explain what about carbon allows them to formC. It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.—By bonding with other carbons in chains, rings,

single, double and triple bonds, carbon, it can make all sorts of moleculesD. It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane.—Not true. Diamond is an allotrope of

carbon that has bonds in more than one plane

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7.) Use the diagram below to answer the question. Chemical Reaction

The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?A. Glycolysis—Glycolysis is a step of cellular respiration. It starts with glucose, which is not shown

above.B. Hydrolysis—Hydrolysis is what happens when water is added(hydro) to split a polymer(lysis).

Water is not a product, as shown above.C. Photosynthesis—The formula for photosynthesis is more complex than the diagram above and

involves light energy (6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2)D. Dehydration synthesis—Dehydration synthesis is when you remove a molecule of water

(dehydration) and form a chemical bond (synthesis). Here, water is shown as a product, and the larger molecule got bigger

8.) Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules, which functional characteristic of proteins distinguishes them from carbohydrates?A. Large amount of stores information—This, if anything, would refer to DNA (which stores genetic

information)B. Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions—proteins are often enzymes, which are biological

catalysts. They decrease activation energy, allowing a chemical reaction to happen in an organism’s body at a suitable temperature and time rate

C. Efficient storage of usable chemical energy—this would be referring to fats/lipidsD. Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic.—This would be referring to fats/lipids

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9.) Proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. Carbohydrates also preform numerous roles in living things.Part A: Describe the general composition of a protein molecule.A protein is a polymer of amino acids. If amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis (a process that removes water to form a chemical bond), they form peptide bonds. There are three main components of an amino acid, shown below.

Part B: Describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbohydrates.Proteins are made up of the elements C,H,O, and N while carbohydrates only contain C,H, and O (elemental ratio of these three is 1:2:1) Carbohydrates do not contain peptide bonds formed during dehydration synthesis (also known as condensation reaction)Part C: Describe how the functions of proteins differ from the functions of carbohydrates.Carbohydrates are our essential energy molecules to be use almost immediately (simple sugars like glucose) or stored in the liver as glycogen. Proteins are building and regulatory compounds (such as hormones and enzymes). Muscles and cell membranes contain proteins

10.) Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction? A.) It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.—pH regulates the rate of a reaction B.) It provides energy to carry out the reaction.—Enzymes lowers the amount of energy needed for a

reaction to take place C.) It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium.—The new compound formed as the result of a reaction does not go into solution. It is a totally new compound with different properties D.) It speeds up the reaction without being consumed. –Enzymes are organic catalysts which regulate the rate of a reaction. They allow reactions to take place under conditions that will not damage a cell.

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11.) A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate The enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?

A.) A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape. –Enzymes fit with substrates (reactants) like pieces of a puzzle. If the puzzle pieces are altered, then they won’t work together

B.) A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme.—pH is a property of a substance. It cannot or add anything

C.) A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme. —pH is a property of a substance. It cannot or add anything

D.) A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.—Enzymes can only react with specific compounds regardless of pH

12.) Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle?

A.) ATP to light—ATP is a chemical that stores a massive amount of energy in its bonds. Plants will take in light energy in a stepwise process to produce sugars (and some ATP)

B.) light to chemical—Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the bonds of glucose

C.) heat to electrical—Heat and electrical energy are not involved in photosynthesisD.) chemical to chemical—Light is not chemical energy

13.) Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Which statement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A.) Both occur in animal and plant cells.—Animals do not carry out photosynthesisB.) Both include reactions that transform energy.—Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical

bonds. Cellular respiration converts chemical energy into more usable forms of energy.C.) Both convert light energy into chemical energy.—cellular respiration does not require lightD.) Both synthesize organic molecules as end products.—Cellular respiration starts with organic

compounds and ultimately ends with inorganic compounds (water and carbon dioxide). Photosynthesis does synthesize organic molecules.

14.) A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most likely used by the protein as an energy source?

A.) ATP—ATP is a readily usable form of chemical energy. By breaking off the 3rd phosphate (ATP = adenosine triphosphate), energy is release to allow reactions to happen, such as changing the shape of a protein

B.) ADP—ADP is missing the third phosphate and lacking the energy. Think of it as an uncharged battery

C.) Catalase—This is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxideD.) Amylase—This is an enzyme that starts to break down starch

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15.) Use the diagrams below to answer the question.

energy in photosynthesis

energy in cellular respiration

Part A: Complete the chart below by describing energy transformations involved in each process.

Process Energy Transformations

photosynthesisCO2 and H2O are transformed using the energy from sunlight to create C6H12O6 and O2. The captured and used energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose (C6H12O6)

cellular respiration

O2 and C6H12O6 are broken down with a small amount of invested energy to form CO2 + H2O and a large amount of ATP which is the energy storage molecule of living things

Part B : Describe how energy transformations involved in photosynthesis are related to energy transformations involved in cellular respiration. They are, in essence, the reverse of each other. The products of photosynthesis become the reactants for cellular respiration, and the opposite is true.

16.) Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?

A.) Orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane.—The orientation of cholesterol would have no effect on CO2 and O2

B.) Concentration gradient across the plasma membrane.—If the concentration of CO2 or O2 is too high on one side of the membrane, then the molecules would not freely be able to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

C.) Configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.—This would have no effect for CO2 and O2

because they are small enough to diffuse throughD.) Location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane.—Neither of these molecules require

a receptor to go across the cell membrane

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energy out

energy out

17.) A sodium-potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane?

A.) Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis.—Osmosis refers only to the diffusion of water across a membrane. Glucose cannot move via osmosis.

B.) Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.—Due to the fact that they are highly charged molecules (and “hate” the nonpolar cell membrane and can’t pass through it) and are trying to move against a concentration gradient (from low high), sodium and potassium ions require a protein and energy to move across the cell membrane. Glucose is a large enough molecule (and polar), so it needs the ‘help’ of a protein to move it along (facilitated diffusion)

C.) Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis.—Osmosis refers only to the diffusion of water across a membrane.

D.) Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.—Glucose does not need energy to move across a cell, so it would not move by active transport.

18.) Some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane.

Part A: Identify the process in the cell membrane that produces this difference in concentration. The process is active transport.

Part B: Explain the process that occurs as the cell produces the ion concentration gradient.There are specialized proteins in the cell membrane that act like “pumps with a toll”. These pumps use ATP to power their transport of Na+ out of a cell, and K+ into the cell. Because different numbers of sodium cations and potassium cations are pumped back and forth, it creates an electrical gradient where one side of the cell is more positive than the other side

Part C: Compare the process of potassium ion transport to another mechanism that moves material across the plasma membrane.Active transport is specific and also uses energy, which is the key distinction, as opposed to facilitated diffusion which is also specific to a molecule (or ion) but does not require energy. An example would be glucose is too big to pass through the cell membrane on its own, but can do so the with help of a specific protein.

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19.) The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way that the rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus?

A.) It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.—This would occur in the nucleus of a cell, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi are found in the cytoplasm

B.) It breaks down old damaged macromolecules.—This is down by enzymes found in lysosomesC.) It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.—Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains

ribosomes where proteins are assembled. The Golgi apparatus will package them and export proteins to the cell or other cells.

D.) It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.—This is coded for on the genes on the DNA, which would be in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

20.) Which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body?A.) Using camouflage to avoid predators. This is a predator/prey relationship.B.) Feeding at night to regulate body temperature.— This all depends on the depth of the water. A

shallow body of water could influence feeding times, but is not a guaranteeC.) Moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes.—This would have no effect on the regulation

of wasteD.) Exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels.—O2 is needed for cellular respiration

to provide energy for the organism. At the gills, O2 and CO2 are exchanged. If CO2 is present, the amount of O2 will change to stay regulated.

21.) Use the illustration below to answer the question.

Cell Division

Which statement best describes the phase of the cell cycle shown? This diagram is showing the formation of two cellsA.) The cell is in prophase of mitosis because the number of chromosomes has doubled.—Only one cell would

be pictured here, and you would see doubles of chromosomes (the “sticks” in the picture)B.) The cell is in prophase I of meiosis because the number if chromosomes has doubled.-- Only one cell would

be pictured here, and you would see doubles of homologous chromosomes (the “sticks” in the picture—there should be 4 matching ones if this were true)

C.) The cell is in telophase of mitosis because the cell is separating and contains two copies of each chromosome.—Telophase and cytokinesis (dividing up of cytoplasm and cell structures) occurs at the end of mitosis. What results are two genetically identical daughter cells.

D.) The cell is in telophase of meiosis because the cell is separating and contains two copiesof each chromosome.—At the end of meiosis, you would see 4 genetically different cells with only one copy of each chromosome (here you see 2 cells, and each has 2 matching “sticks” in it)

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22.) Mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A.) Meiosis is a multi-step process.—Both processes have multiple steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, but meiosis has two sets of these stages with slight differences than the mitosis versions)

B.) Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells.—Mitosis occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsC.) Meiosis is used in the repair of an organism.—Mitosis is the process used to repair an organism

by creating more of the same type of cell (for example, to heal a cut on the leg)D.) Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells.—Meiosis produces genetically different

cells as a result of crossing over and chromosome shuffling

23.) Patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis.

Part A: Identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.Most likely chromosomes would fair to separate during anaphase I or Anaphase II. In anaphase, chromosomes (anaphase I) or sister chromatids (anaphase II) are supposed to separate, or move AWAY from each other.

Part B: Describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis.During meiosis cells and the genetic material is divided twice (the first set of division is meiosis I and the second set is meiosis II). In mitosis, the cell and chromosomes divide once.

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Part C: Compare the effects of a disorder caused by chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis, such as Patau syndrome, to the effects of chromosomes failing to separate during mitosis.Due to the improper number of chromosomes, the organism has an improper amount of genetic material in the form of DNA. Patau Syndrome, for example, is trisomy 13, where instead of having 2 copies of chromosome 13 (normal), they have 3 (an extra). The organism in turn experiences improper cellular processes that can result in mental retardation, sterility, and possible death. If chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis, it often fatal for both cells as they won’t have just one extra or one missing chromosome, they would have an extra SET or missing an entire set. If this were to happen in a human, instead of having a usual double set of 46 chromosomes, they would either have 23 (missing a set) or 69 (an additional set) This is absolutely lethal for animals.24.) Which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication?

A.) The replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil.—This refers to RNA and transcription, not DNA and replication

B.) Enzymes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds.—In DNA replication, enzymes are not forming hydrogen bonds

C.) The synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide—Every DNA monomer (a nucleotide) shares the same sugar and phosphate portions. It is the nitrogenous bas portion (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) that differs for each nucleotide.

D.) Nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules.—This is key for DNA replication. DNA (a double stranded molecule) splits into two halves, and each half serves as a “template” to build the new half. Adenine always pairs with thymine (straight line letters AT go together) and guanine always pairs with cytosine (curvy letters GC go together)

25.) In a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color. What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species?Dominant traits are represented by capital letters, while recessive (non-dominant traits) are represented by lowercase letters. Each parent has two copies of the gene, so they will get two letters. The different letters represent the different alleles (flavors) of a trait. The white flower HAS to be ff. The red parent could be Ff or FF.

A.) Red and white alleles present on one chromosome.—Only one allele for a particular gene can be present on one chromosome. You have two alleles because you have two chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad)

B.) Red and white alleles present on two chromosomes.—Only one allele for a particular gene. You would not have the allele for flower color on chromosome 1 and 2. You would have two chromosome 1; each chromosome 1 would have an allele.

C.) A red allele present on both homologous chromosomes.—This cannot be guaranteed. Because red is a dominant trait, you would only need one red allele (one F) to have the red color. Therefore, a red plant could be FF or Ff.

D.) A red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes.—As the red allele is dominant, only one red allele must be present to produce a red flower

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26.) Use the table below to answer the question.

Blood TypesGenotype(s) Phenotype

ii O

IAIA, IAi A

IBIB, IBi B

IAIB AB

Blood type is inherited through multiple alleles, including IA, IB, and i. A child has type A blood. If the father has type AB blood, what are all the possible phenotypes of the mother?Multiple alleles mean that there are more than two possible alleles (flavors) of a trait. However, as you only have two homologous (matching) chromosomes, you can only have combinations of two alleles. Referring to the table above, a child with type A blood could have two different genotypes: I AIA or IAi (The A allele is dominant over O, the B allele is dominant over O, and A and B are codominant {if they are both present, then they BOTH show up in the phenotype}).Based on the information, we get an incomplete punnett square, which we can use to reason out the answer.

A.) Phenotypes O or A.—Does not reflect all the possibilities of the motherB.) Phenotypes A or AB.—Does not reflect all the possibilities of the motherC.) Phenotypes A, B, AB.—Does not reflect all the possibilities of the motherD.) Phenotypes O, A, B, AB.—The mother could have any phenotype. If the mother had type O blood,

then the child’s type A blood would be IAi. If the mother had type A blood (IAIA), then the child would have IAIA blood. If the mother had type A blood (IAi), then the child could have either IAIA or IAi blood. The mother could have type B blood ONLY if she had the genotype IBi so the child could be IAi. And the mother could be AB (genotype IAIB) because the child could end up with IAIA blood.

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27.) A cattle farmer genetically crosses a cow (female) with a white coat with a bull (male) with a red coat. The resulting calf (offspring) is roan, which means there are red and white hairs intermixed in the coat of the calf. The genes for coat color in cattle are co-dominant.

Part A: Although a farm has cattle in all three colors, the farmer prefers roan cattle over white or red cattle. Use the Punnett square to show a cross that would produce only roan offspring.

___R________ ____R________

RW RW

RW RW

Part B: Explain how a roan calf results from one white-and one red-coated parent. In your explanation, use letters to represent genes. Be sure to indicate what colors the letters represent. A roan calf exhibits co-dominance. It inherits one allele from each parent. The red-coated parent would be homozygous (RR). The white coated parent would be homozygous (WW). The resulting calf inherits one R and one W from the parents. Both alleles will be present resulting in both red and white coat color.

Part C: Predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring produced from two roan cattle.A roan cattle exhibits co-dominance. The genotype it possesses is RW. The result of a cross between two roan cattle could exhibit white coat (WW), red coat (RR) or roan (RW)

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W

W

Codominance meansthat both alleles show

28.) Use the diagram below to answer the question.

Which type of change in chromosome composition is illustrated in the diagram?A.) Deletion – Removal or chromosome piece (AB-CDE AB-DE)B.) Insertion – Addition of chromosome piece (AB-CDEABB-CDE)C.) Inversion – Piece changes order within itself (AB-CDEAB-EDC)D.) Translocation –Pieces change locations on different chromosomes

29.) Which statement describes a cell process that is common to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?A.) Both cell types carry out transcription in the nucleus. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.B.) Both cell types use ribosomes to carry out translation. Ribosome is the site of translationC.) Both cell types assemble amino acids to carry out transcription. Amino acids would be assembled in

translation not transcription.D.) Both cell types carry our translation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prokaryotes do not have an

endoplasmic reticulum.

30.) The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within the cell, and it is often classified as rough or smooth , depending on whether there are ribosomes on its surface. Which statement best describes the role of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cell?

A.) It stores all proteins for later use. Proteins may be stored in the vesicles/vacuoles.B.) It provides an attachment site for larger organelles. Could refer to cytoskeleton.C.) It aids in the production of membrane and secretory proteins. This is the function of the rough

endoplasmic reticulum.D.) It stores amino acids required for the production of all proteins. Amino acids are free floating in the

cytoplasm.

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31.) A genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation?

A.) It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism. A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of the organism but does not affect the protein.

B.) It was a silent mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism A silent mutation does not change the protein and in turn will not affect or change the phenotype.

C.) It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism. A nonsense mutation results in a premature stop codon and will affect the protein.

D.) It was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism. A nonsense mutation will change the phenotype and function of the protein.

32.) Genetic engineering has led to genetically modified plants that resist insect and bacterial and fungal infections. Which outcome would most likely be a reason why some scientists recommend caution in planting genetically modified plants?

A.) unplanned ecosystem interactions Could result in a decrease in biodiversity.B.) reduced pesticide and herbicide use This is a benefitC.) improved agricultural yield and profit This is a benefitD.) increased genetic variation and diversity This is a benefit

33.) Use the circle graphs below to answer the question.

The graphs illustrate change in a lizard population over time. Which process most likely led to the change in the lizard population? In this question, the frequency of the dominate (Z) allele is increasing over time, this also shows that the dominant allele is possessing beneficial traits.

A.) Natural selection for a trait that is beneficial to lizardsB.) Natural selection against a trait that beneficial to lizardsC.) Artificial selection for a trait that is beneficial to lizardsD.) Artificial selection against a trait that is beneficial to lizards

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34.) In North America, the eastern spotted skunk mates in late winter, and the western spotted skunk mates in late summer. Even though their geographic ranges overlap, the species do not mate with each other. What most likely prevents these two species from interbreeding?

A.) habitat isolation – Organisms live in different habitats, water (stream) and the other on land.B.) gametic isolation Differences in chromosome number or other factors that prevent fertilization

would be covered under this answer, but different mating times is temporal isolation. C.) geographic isolation They live in the same area, this describes a different geographic area.D.) reproductive isolation They reproduce at different times, temporal isolation.

35.) A mutation occurs in the genes that code for coat color in deer. Which change will most likely result from this mutation?

A.) A change in the selection pressures acting on coat color.B.) A change in the coat-color genes of deer predator species.C.) An increase in coat-color diversity in the population.D.) an increase in the number of genes for coat color in the population.

36.) Use the illustration below to answer the question.

The skeletons of mammalian forelimbs represent variations of a structure that was present in their common ancestor. What has most likely caused the variation in forelimbs?

A.) changes in muscle structure Muscle structure is not described or given in the diagramB.) changes in the genetic codes A change in DNA is required for a change in forelimb structureC.) trait formation due to behaviors These are structures not behaviorsD.) development of vestigial structures Vestigial structures are no longer used and reduce in size.

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37.) Use the table below to answer the question.

The gene COII is the genome of many organisms. A comparison of the number of base differences between the COII gene in a rat and that of two other animals is shown.

Part A: Based on the data, describe a possible evolutionary relationship between rats, mice and cows. Mice are genetically more similar than rats (101 differences) than cow (136 differences). Mice and rats may have had a common ancestor but cows branched off prior to the separation of rat and mice.

Part B: Describe how different organisms having a common gene, such as COII, supports the theory of evolution. A common gene shows evidence of a shared common ancestor. As mutations accumulate, more sequence differences occur over a greater period of time. As more differences occur longer periods of separation have occurred.

Part C: The COII gene of a monkey has 203 base differences from the same gene in a rat and 210 base differences from the same gene in a mouse. Compare the evolutionary relationships between the monkey, the rat and the mouse.Based on the number of differences, the monkey is more different from the mouse, rat or cow.

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38.) Use the table below to answer the question.

A group of students measured a ten-square-meter section of a pond ecosystem and recorded observations.Which statement is a testable hypothesis?

A.) The frogs living in the pond represent a population. This is the definition of a population, members of the same species in a same location.

B.) Water is an abiotic component in the pond ecosystem. Definition of an abiotic factor, nonliving. C.) If the fish are given more food, then they will be happier. Cannot determine fish’s happiness.D.) If the frogs are startled, then they will jump into the water. Can be tested, can set variables, and a

response can be measured.

39.) Use the list below to answer the question. Observations

Two grey wolves five moose several species of conifer trees large granite rock shallow pond

A student wrote several observations in a field notebook. Which term best classifies all of the student’s observations?

A.) population All members of the same speciesB.) food chain No one eats rockC.) ecosystem All living organisms with biotic and abiotic factors in an areaD.) community members of different species but does not include abiotic factors.

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40.) A researcher observing an ecosystem describes the amount of sunlight, precipitation, and type of soil present. Which factors is the researcher most likely describing?

A.) biotic factors in a forest Biotic refers to livingB.) biotic factors in a tundra Biotic refers to livingC.) abiotic factors in a prairie Abiotic refers to non-living such as sunlight, precipitation and soilD.) abiotic factors in an ocean Limited amount of sunlight in the ocean (100 meters max),and lack of

soil.

41.) Use the diagram below to answer the question.

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of energy between organisms in the marine food web? By using the arrows students can follow the flow of energy beginning with the krill and moving to the other organisms. ***There are no producers listed on this diagram (Plants or other photosynthetic organisms); it begins with krill which is a primary consumer.

A.) from seals to penguins to krill B.) from whales to drill to small fishC.) from sea birds to seals to penguinsD.) from small fish to penguins to seals

42.) A species of snapping turtles has a tongue that resembles a worm. The tongue is used to attract small fish. Which best describes the interaction between the fish and the snapping turtle.

A.) predation The turtles use the tongue as a lure to attract the fishB.) symbiosis Symbiosis is two organisms living together in a close relationshipC.) parasitism This is a symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the host is harmed. D.) competition Two organisms competing for the same resource.

43.) Which statement correctly describes how nitrogen in the soil returns to the atmosphere?July 2012

A.) Soil bacteria convert into nitrogen gas. Bacteria complete denitrification in which NO3- and NO2- is converted into N2.

B.) Decomposers directly convert ammonium into nitrogen gas. Decomposers produce NH3. C.) Plants assimilate nitrites and convert them into nitrogen gas. Bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen

gas. D.) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots convert nitrates into nitrogen gas. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

convert N2 into NH3

44.) Agricultural runoff can carry fertilizers into lakes and streams. This runoff can cause algae populations to increase. Which effect does this change in the algae population sizes most likely have on affected lakes and streams?

A.)an increase in water level Does not affect water level.B.) an increase in water clarity Algal growth would decrease clarityC.) a reduction in dissolved oxygen needed by fish and shellfish (Poor Question) During and after the

algal bloom, the algae is decomposed and the decomposers utilize the oxygen in the water reducing the dissolved oxygen levels. This process is Eutrophication.

D.) a reduction in temperature variations near the water’s surface Would not occur.

45.) A farmer observed that an increase in a field’s soil nitrogen content was followed by an increase in producer productivity. What does this observation most likely indicate about the relationship between nitrogen and the producers in the field?

A.) Nitrogen was a biotic factor. Biotic is living, nitrogen is not living.B.) Nitrogen was a limiting factor. Limiting factor puts ecosystem growth “on hold” if shortage.C.) Nitrogen became a surplus resource. Additional quantities would have no effect.D.) Nitrogen became a selection pressure. Selection pressures would weed out organisms, not increase

producers.

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46.) Use the graph below to answer the question.

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Isle Royale is located in Lake Superior. Isle Royale is home to populations of wolves and moose. Theinteractions between the wolves and moose, as well as the individual population sizes, have been studied since 1958. The graph shows the population sizes over time for both wolves and moose. Part A: Describe one limiting factor for the moose population.One limiting factor for the moose population is the wolf population. As the number of wolves increases the population of moose decreases.

Part B: Explain one likely reason why the wolf population rapidly increased between 1975 and 1980.The wolf population rapidly increased due to the availability of food (moose).This in-turn results in a decrease of the moose population.

July 2012