Volunteering Assessments - an overview

VOLUNTEERING ASSESSMENTSan overview

CHANGING PERSPECTIVES: MEASURING AND SHOWING THE IMPACT OF VOLUNTEERING

Laguépie, April 24-30 2012

S. Wojciech Sokolowski Johns Hopkins University

•For society•For the economy•For the nonprofit sector

IMPORTANT ECONOMIC RESEOURCE

•Social value expression•Social solidarity expression•“Warm glow”

IMPORTANT SOCIAL / CULTURAL RESOURCE

WHAT IS NOT COUNTED DOES NOT COUNT?

WHY VOLUNTEER ASSESSMENT?

BUT WHEN IT COMES TO VOLUNTEERING ASSESSMENT…

HOW IS VOLUNTEERING DEFINED?

UNPAID

UNCOERCED

BENEFICIAL TO OTHERS

SOME EFFORT

• THROUGH ORGANIZATION• DIRECT

INSTITUTIONAL SETTING

Non-organizational(direct) helping

Loosely organized

(for a cause or profession)

Through organization

WORK

LEISURE HOUSEWORK

MANDATORY SERVICE

SCOPE OF VOLUNTEERING

DATA ASSEMBLY

ANALYTICS

EXPLANATION

EVALUATION

TYPES OF VOLUNTEERING RESEARCH

DATA ASSEMBLY

• Household surveys• Organizational surveys

ANALYTICS• Socio-demographic• Industry• National /Regional• Cross-national

EXPLANATION

• Why people volunteer?• How people volunteer?

EVALUATION

• Values of volunteering• Effects of volunteering


HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS

•“Omnibus” opinion surveys (WVS, Gallup, National GSS)•Time Use Surveys (ATUS, HETUS, National TUS)•Dedicated Surveys (e.g. Canada Survey of Giving, Volunteering and Participating)

ORGANIZATIONAL SURVEYS

• JHU Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project

LABOR FORCE SURVEYS

• Current Population Survey (US)• ILO Manual on the Measurement of Volunteer Work

VOLUNTEERING DATA ASSEMBLY

ILO MANUAL ON THE MEASUREMENT OF VOLUNTEER WORK

USE OF LABOR FORCE SURVEYS

BROAD OPERATIONAL DEFINTION• Organizational Volunteering• Direct Volunteering• Decision rulesOPTIMAL REFERENCE PERIOD• Four weeks (recommended)

CAPTURE VOLUNTEER TIME

CAPTURE INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS• Type of institution (NPI, government, business)• Industry (ISIC 4)

CAPTURE OCCUPATIONAL DIMENSION

VALUING VOLUNTEER INPUT

ILO MANUAL APPROACH

Clarify the true size of the unpaid labour force

Document volunteering’s role and benchmark progress

Permit valid cross-country comparisons

Boost visibility and respect for volunteering

Improve volunteer infrastructure

Encourage supportive public policies

Encourage more volunteering

Fulfill EU and UN policy recommendations

THE ILO MANUAL APPROACH WILL:

BrazilHungary

ItalyMoldova*

MontenegroNorway

Poland (completed)Portugal*

South Africa (completed)Spain*

*pending funding availability

COMMITTEED ILO MANUAL IMPLEMENTERS

A joint venture of:

+European Volunteering Agencies

andEuropean Statistics Agencies

THE EUROPEAN VOLUNTEER MEASUREMENT PROJECT (EVMP)

FROM THE GRASSROOTS LEVEL• Preparation of publicity & training materials (FAQ,

Overview, Website, Blog)

• Identification of National Focal Points

• Solicitation of Declarations of Support (18)

• Conduct training workshops (Estonia, Germany, Spain, Poland, Montenegro)

• Meetings with statistics officials

• Participation in national and international-level events (Hungary, Poland, Spain, Italy, France, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

AT LEAST 500 CIVIL SOCIETY MEMBERS INVOLVED

STATISTICS OFFICES IN AT LEAST 22 COUNTRIES ENGAGED

EVMP IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS

DATA ASSEMBLY



EXPLANATION


EVALUATION



NATIONAL

• Caring Canadians Involved Canadians• Bureau of Labor Statistics (USA)• Volunteer Centre (UK)

CROSS-NATIONAL

• JHU Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project (CNP)• NPI Satellite Accounts• UN Volunteers

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS

Kenya

Israel

Pakistan

Australia

Belgium

ItalySlovakia

Germany

United Kingdom

Denmark

France

Sweden

Norway

The Netherlands

Finland

Austria

Switzerland Czech Republic

Poland

Romania

Russia

HungaryUnited States

Mexico

Colombia

Brazil

Chile

Canada

UgandaArgentina

South Africa

Peru

Tanzania

Ghana Lebanon India

Thailand

New Zealand

Morocco

Portugal

Spain

Ireland

Egypt

Japan

Korea

The Philippines

Turkey

COMPARATIVE NONPROFIT SECTOR PROJECT COUNTRIES

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Japan

Russia

Brazil

Indonesia

U.S.

India

Volunteers

China

92.8

101.3

109.4

121.6

127.7

162.4

239.7

756.5

971.0

1,023.5

population over 15 years of age (millions)

Source: CCSS estimates

GLOBAL SCALE OF VOLUNTEERING

Italy

Spain

Canada

Volunteers

France

U.K.

China

Germany

Japan

U.S.

1,097

1,130

1,134

1,348

1,457

2,280

2,303

3,329

4,229

12,580

USD (billions)


(96 million FTE jobs)

Value added by:

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF VOLUNTEERING

Paid workers,56%

Volunteers,44%

Total: ca. 80 million FTE, 34 countries


VOLUNTEER VALUE TO NPIs

Total value of private philanthropy ca. $564 bn., 34 countries

Value of volunteer

time68%

Cash contributions

32%


IMPORTANT SOURCE OF PRIVATE PHILANTHROPY

DATA ASSEMBLY



EXPLANATION


EVALUATION



RESULTS: Any

consequence

VALUE ADDED: measurable

utility

EVALUATION TYPES

INDIVIDUAL

• Volunteer• Beneficiary

MICRO-STRUCTURAL

• Organization• Family• Neighborhood

MACRO-STRUCTURAL• Eco-system• Industry• Economy• Nation• World

LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

ANTECEDENTS

EXPERIENCES

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

IMPACTS

FEEDBACK

THE VOLUNTEERING FEEDBACK LOOP

ANTECEDENTS

EXPERIENCES

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

IMPACTS

FEEDBACK


MOTIVATION

•Altruism •Solidarity/duty •Self-interestPERSONALITY

•Empathy •GregariousnessPERSONAL RESOURCES

•Qualifications • Education • Available timeOPPORTUNITY COST

• Value of foregone activities TRANSACTION COST

• Training •Transportation /accommodationsEXPECTATIONS

• Volunteers •Organizations •BeneficiariesMACRO STRUCTURAL FACTORS

• Opportunity structure •Social values and norms

ANTECEDENTS

ANTECEDENTS

EXPERIENCES

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

IMPACTS

FEEDBACK


MANAGEMENT

• Adequate capacity deployment• Task assignment and coordination• Supervision and feedback• Reliability and retention

EXTERNALITIES

• Effect on paid staff and clients• Legal liability• Legitimacy• Satisfaction, stress, burnout

EXPERIENCES

ANTECEDENTS

EXPERIENCES

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

IMPACTS

FEEDBACK


WORK UNITS PERFORMED

• Number of hours• Number of FTE jobs• Value of labor

PEOPLE INVOLVED

• Number of volunteers• Number of beneficiaries

SERVICES RENDERED

• Physical output (number of procedures, planted trees, tons of waste removed, etc.)

• Value of physical output

OUTPUTS

BENEFICIARIES

• Value of services rendered• Costs or “bads” avoided

VOLUNTEERS

• Satisfaction• Jobs skills• Social/cultural capital gain

ORGANIZATIONS

• Value of services produced• Labor costs saved• Legitimacy

ECO-SYSTEMS (Communities, countries)• Value of services• “Multiplier effect” of services• Costs or “bads” avoided• Employment training

OUTCOMES

BENEFICIARIES

• Changes in life quality• Changes of value system

VOLUNTEERS• Mental /emotional health• Physical health• Career development• Social/cultural capital gain• Life satisfaction

ORGANIZATIONS• Staff / capacity development• Community relations• Legitimacy

ECO-SYSTEMS (Communities, countries)• Social solidarity / integration

• Peace and cooperation• Self-governance• Labor force development• Economic /social development

IMPACTS

ANTECEDENTS

EXPERIENCES

OUTPUTS

OUTCOMES

IMPACTS

FEEDBACK


POSITIVE –VOLUNTEER Satisfaction Willingness to volunteer more

POSITIVE – ECOSYSTEM Creation of value Volunteering friendly environment

NEGATIVE – VOLUNTEER Stress/burnout Emotional problems, unwillingness to volunteer

NEGATIVE – ECOSYSTEM Mission failure, conflictLoss of productivity

or legitimacy, unwillingness to use volunteers

FEEDBACK

Observed comparable

input

Declared value of volunteer

input

Observed value of comparable

output

Declared value of volunteer

output

FOCU

S O

F VA

LUAT

ION

BASIS OF VALUATION

VALUE OF VOLUNTEERING ASSESSMENTS

INPUT• Replacement cost of volunteer

labor• Contingent valuation of

volunteer input

OUTPUT

• Market value of volunteer service

• Contingent valuation of volunteer service R

E C

I P I

E N

T S

VALUE OF VOLUNTEERING TO RECIPIENTS

COST• Opportunity cost (value of

foregone activities)• Transaction cost (cost of

engaging in volunteer activities)

BENEFIT

•Satisfaction•Job skill /career•Social connections•Social status V

O L

U N

T E

E R

S

VALUE OF VOLUNTEERING TO VOLUNTEERS

1. Build volunteer measurement capacity

2. Continue promotion of ILO Manual

3. Secure buy-in from Eurostat and national statistical agencies

4. Build on the foundation: broader impacts, strengthened infrastructure, enabling policy

5. Facilitate collaboration of stakeholders and data users

FUTURE STEPS

FOR INFORMATION ON ALL OUR PROJECTS, PLEASE VISIT

CCSS.JHU.EDU

THANK YOU!

Documents

Volunteering Assessments - an overview