C¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\wC¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\wC¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\wC¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\wC¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k\w

lb¿sk-°‚dn tImgvkvlb¿sk-°‚dn tImgvkvlb¿sk-°‚dn tImgvkvlb¿sk-°‚dn tImgvkvlb¿sk-°‚dn tImgvkv

XIXIXIXIXI

tIcf k¿°m¿

hnZym-`ymk hIp∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn

tIcfw 2018

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-co-

ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn[y-

]q¿W-hp -amb AXns‚ ]mc -º -cy -Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n -

am\wsIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂-

hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-

Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT),tIcfw 2018

BapJw

ae-bmf `mj am[y-a-am-°n-s°m≠v GXp hnj-bhpw F{X Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-

°m\pw GXp -K-l-\-amb Bi-bhpw {]Im-i\w sNøm\pw Ign-tb-≠-

Xp≠v. t{ijvT -`m -j-bmbn AwKo -I -cn -°-s∏´ \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬

lb¿sk°≠dn ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬Im-\p≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øns‚ `mK-

am-bmWv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

lb¿ sk°-≠dn Xe-Ønse F√m tIm¿ hnj-b-ß-fpsSbpw ]pkvX-I-

߃ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v kzX{¥ ]cn-`mj \SØn ]pd-

Øn-d-°p-I-bm-Wv. hnI-knX cmPy-߃ amXr-`mjbmWv hnZym-`ym-k-

Øn\p≈ am[y-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv. tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ an°

a’-c-∏-co-£-Ifpw {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv AwKo-I-cn-®n-

cn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ lb¿sk-°≠dn Xe-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Øn-

ep≈ ]pkvX-I-߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse Ip´n-Iƒ Ah-cpsS amXr-

`m-j-bn¬Øs∂ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cu ]pkvX-I-߃

Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°pw.

]pkvX-I-߃ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ]c-am-h[n

ae-bm-f-Øn-em-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ssZ\w-Zn\ hyh-lm-c-Øn\v D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]Z-߃ ae-bmf en]n-bn¬ AtX ]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm\pw {ian-

®n-´p-≠v. Ip´n-I-fpsS Bi-b-{K-lWw IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-am-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

ae-bmf `mj-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu ]cn-`mj ]pkvX-I-߃ klm-b-I-

am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v {]Xym-in-°mw.

tUm.sP. {]kmZv

Ub-d-IvS¿,

Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIcfw

]mT-]p-kvXI hnh¿Ø\winev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

Sn. cma-N-{μ≥

Kh.-l-b¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ

sN¿]pft»cn, ]me-°mSv

sI.]n. apl-Ω-Zmen

tUm. sI._n. tat\m≥ satΩm-dn-b¬ lb¿

sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ, XrØme

aWn-I-WvT≥ kn.hn

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ

A_vZpƒ eØo^v ]n.hn

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ ImS-tØmSv

ImStØmcn-∏p-dw, hc-hq¿, Xr»q¿

cLp. ‰n.‰n.

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ

\nd-a-cp-Xq¿, ae-∏pdw

kPojv sI.kn

Kh. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ

]o®n, Xr»q¿

tdm_n≥ sI tXmakv

Kh.-tKƒkv lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ

ae-∏pdw

hnZ-Kv[¿

{io. Sn. ]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥

Atkmkntb‰v s{]m^k¿(dn´)[\imkv{X hn`mKwUn.sI.Sn.Fw Kh. tImtfPv t]cm{º

{io. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

........................................

tUm. Cμnc ]n.Fw

alm-flm-Km‘n Kh. B¿Svkv tImtf-Pv,amln

A°m-Z-anIv tImUn-t\-‰¿

ctaiv sI, dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.

DDDDD ≈≈≈≈≈ -S-S-S-S-S °w°w°w°w°w

BapJw

bqWn‰v I: hnI-k\ \b-ßfpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw (1947-˛90) .......... 1- 1-2

bqWn‰v II: am\h hnI-k\w ˛B-apJw .......................................... 13˛39

bqWn‰v III: 1991 apXep≈ kmºØnI ]cnjvImc߃ ....... 40˛78

bqWn‰v IV: Zmcn{Zyw ................................................................................ 79˛114

bqWn‰v V: a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw C¥ybn¬ ............... 115˛121

bqWn‰v VI: {KmahnIk\w ................................................................. 122˛146

bqWn‰v VII: sXmgn¬ : hf¿®bpw, A\u]NmcnI h¬IcWhpw,

a‰v {]iv\ßfpw. .............................................................. 40˛78

bqWn‰v VIII: ]›mØe kuIcy߃............................................. 79˛114

bqWn‰v IX: ]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw ...................... 115˛121

bqWn‰v X: C¥ybpsS hnI-k\ A\p-`-h-߃:Ab¬

cmPy-ßfp-ambn Hcp Xmc-Xayw ................................. 122˛146

kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ Nne Nn”-߃

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

kw{Klw

A`ymkw

7

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c C¥y Xnc-s™-SpØ Bkq-{XnX hnI-k-\-Øns‚

\m¬]-Xp-h¿jsØ Ncn-{X-hpw, kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n°p apºp≈ C¥y-≥

kºZv hyh-ÿ-bpsS GI-tZ-i-Nn-{Xhpw BZysØ c≠v bqWn-‰p-Ifn¬

{]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Bkq-{X-W-°-Ωo-js‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]©-h-’c ]≤-

Xn-I-fpsS {]Jym-]\w F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n \S-]-Sn-Iƒ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v

CXn-\mbn ssIsIm-≠n-´p-≠v. ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-

߃s°m∏w Ah-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn

hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ {ian-®n- p-≠v.

1

kzmX{¥ye_v[n°mesØC¥y≥ kºZv hyhÿ

]T\t\´ßƒ

$ kzmX-{¥y-e-_v[n-°m-esØ C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿsb ]cnNbs∏Sp∂p.

$ C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]nt∂m°mhÿbv°pw apcSn∏n\pw ImcWßfmb

LSIßsf a\ nem°p∂p.

9

1.1. BapJw

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbpsS ASnÿm\

khntijXItfbpw, kzmX{¥ym\¥cw

C¥y kzoI-cn® hnIk\\bßsfbpw

]cnNb-s∏SpØpIbmWv ‘C¥y≥ kmº-

ØnI hnIk\’sa∂ Cu ]pkvXIØns‚

e£yw. cmPyØns‚ kmºØnImhÿ-

bpsS h¿Øam\, `mhn Z¿i\ßsf

a\ nem°p∂{X Xs∂ {]m[m\y -

ap≈XmWv AXns‚ `qXIme-sØ°p-

dn®p≈ Adnhpw. kzmX{¥ym\¥c

C¥ybnse hnI-k\ X{¥ßfpsS

cq]oIcWØn¬ kzmX-{¥ye_v[n°p

apºp≈ kml-Ncy -߃ \n¿ÆmbI

kzm[o\w sNep-Ønbn- p≠v.

h¿Øam\ C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbpsS

LS\ kao]ImeØmbn cq]wsIm≠

H∂√. adn®v `qXImeNcn{XØnte°mWv

AXns‚ thcpIƒ Bgv∂ndßp∂Xv. {]tXy-

In®pw 1947 BKÃv 15 \v C¥y°v kzm-X{¥yw

e`n°p∂Xn\v apºp≈ c≠v \q‰m≠v \o≠p-

\n∂ {_n´ojv c-W-Ønte°v ]ptcm-Kan®p

sIm-≠n-cp∂ {_n \nse B[p\nIhyhkmb-

߃°v XS an√msX AkwkvIrXhkvXp-

°ƒ {]Zm\w sNøp∂ Itºmfam°n

C¥ysb am‰pI F∂-Xm -bn -cp∂p

sImtfmWnb¬ `c-WØns‚ e£yw.

Ign™ Ggp ]Xn-‰m≠v Imew C¥y≥

kºZvhyhÿ-bn¬ D≠mb am‰ßsfbpw

]ptcmKXntbbpw a\ nem-°p∂Xn\pw

hnebncpØp∂Xn\pw tImf\n

`cWIqSØns‚ Cu Nqj-WmflI

at\m`mhsØ Adn-tb-≠Xv A\n-hmcyamWv.

1.2. tImf\n Im -esØ Xmgv∂kmºØnI hnIk\w

{_n´ojv A[n\nthiØn\v apºv C¥y°v

kzX{¥amsbmcp kºZvLS\bmWv D≠m-

bncp∂Xv. Irjnbmbncp∂p C°mesØ

P\ßfpsS {][m\PohntXm]m[n. F∂ncp-

∂mepw sshhn[yam¿∂ hymhkmbn-tIm¬-

]∂ßfm¬ kº∂ambncp∂p C¥y.

]cpØn, ]´p XpWnØc-߃, temlw,

Aaqeyamb cXv\-߃ XpS-ßnb IcIuie-

hyhkmb߃ Db¿∂ ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn-

®ncp∂p. KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hkvXp-°-fm¬

\n¿Ωn-X-amb Cu D¬∏∂-ß-fn¬ C¥y≥

Ic-hn-cpXv {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ah

hntZi Itºm-f-ß-fn¬ {]nb-ta-dn-b-h-bp-am-bn-

cp-∂p. tImf\n cWw C¥ybn¬ \S-∏m°nb

kmºØnI \bßfpsS {][m\-e£yw

“C¥y \ΩpsS km{amPyØns‚ tI{μ_nμphmWv. Cu km{amPyØns‚ GXp {]tZisØ B[n]Xyw \jvSs∏´mepw,\ap°Xns\ AXnPohn°m≥ Ignbpw. ]£ C¥y \jvSs∏´m¬, \ΩpsS km{amPyØns‚ kqcy≥ AkvXan°pw.”

(hnIvS¿ AeIvkm≠¿ {hqkv 1894 se {_n´ojv C¥y ssht{kmbn)

t_mIvkv 1.1 _wKmfnse XpWnhyhkmbw

]cpØn hkv{XßfpsS hIt`Zamb ‘akven≥’XpWnbpsS D¬`hÿm\w C∂sØ _w•mtZins‚

Xeÿm\amb ‘Um°’bpw ]cnkc{]tZißfpamWv. ]cpØnhkv{XßfpsS DXvIrjvS C\w F∂ \nebn¬

‘Um°m akven≥’ temI{]i-kvXnbm¿÷n®n cp∂p. akven≥ XpWnbpsS G‰hpw ap¥nb C\w ‘a¬a¬’F∂

t]cnemWv Adnbs∏´ncp∂Xv. hntZi-k©mcnIƒ ‘cmPIob-X°\ptbmPyw’ F∂¿∞w hcp∂ ‘a¬a¬

jmln’ As√¶n¬ ‘a¬a¬Jmkv’ F∂pw CXns\ hntijn∏n®ncp∂p.

10

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿbpsS ]ptcmKXntb-

°mfp]cn, AhcpsS kmºØn-IXm¬]cy-

ßfpsS kwc£W-hpw t{]m’m-l\hpam-

bncp∂p. CXv C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿsb

‘AkwkvIrX hkvXp°-fpsS ZmXm-hpw’{_n´-\n¬ \n∂p≈ "A¥na hymh-kmbnI

D¬∏∂-ß-fpsS D]t`m‡mhp'-sa∂ Zb\ob

Ahÿbn-te°v FØn®p.

Cu Imebfhn¬ C¥ybpsS tZiob hcp-

am\w (National Income), Btfmlcn hcp-

am\w (Per Capita Income) F∂nh \n¿Æbn-

°p∂Xn\p≈ Bflm¿∞amsbmcp ]cn{ia-

hpw tImf\n`cWIqSØns‚ mKØp\n-∂pw

D≠mbn√. AtX kabw hy‡n]camb Nne

{ia߃ \S∂psh¶nepw ]ckv]c

hncp≤hpw tN¿®bn√mØXpamb ^eß-

fmWv e`n®Xv. ZmZm_mbv \hvtdmPn, hneyw

UnKvss_, ^n≥Uvte jndmkv, hn.sI.-

B¿.-hn.dmhp, kn.B¿. tZimbv F∂nh¿

CØcw ]T\߃ \SØnbhcn¬

{it≤bcmWv. VKRV dmhphns‚

]T\ßfmWv tImf\n `cWImesØ

tZiobhcpam\\n¿Æb-Øn¬ khntij

{i≤bmI¿jn®Xv. F∂ncp-∂mepw CØcw

]T\߃, Ccp -]Xmw \q‰m -≠ns‚

BZy]IpXn hsc cmPyØns‚ samØw

bYm¿∞ D¬]∂ (Aggregate Real Output)hf¿®m\nc°v 2% Øn¬ Xmsgbpw hm¿jnI

Btfmlcn D¬]∂ (Percapita Output)hf¿®m\nc°v shdpw AciXam\-Øn¬

Xmsgbpambnc∂psh∂ Zb\obmhÿ-bpsS

t\¿Nn{XßfmWv hc®p-ImWn°p∂Xv.

1.3. Im¿jnItaJetImf\n `cWImeØv C¥y≥ kº-

Zvhyhÿ {][m\ambpw Irjnsb B{ibn-

®mWv \ne\n∂Xv. P\kwJy-bpsS 85 iX-

am-\-tØmfw t]¿ PohntXm]m[nbmbn

Nn{Xw 1.1. {_n´ojv tImf-\n cW-ImesØC¥y≥ Im¿jnI taJebnse apcSn∏v

Box. 1. 2. {_n´ojv C¥y°v apºp≈ Im¿jnI taJe{]ikvX {^©v k©m-cnbmbncp∂ ‘s_¿Wnb¿’ 17˛mw

\q‰m≠nse _wKmfns\ C{] ImcamWv hntijn∏n®Xv . “Fs‚

c≠v kμ¿i\߃ _wKmƒ CuPn]vXnt\°mƒ kº∂-

amsW∂ hkvXpXsb Ac°n´pd∏n®p. _wKm-fn¬ \n∂v

]cpØn, ]´v, Acn, ]©kmc, shÆ F∂nh [mcmfambn

Ib‰p aXn sNbvXncp∂p. tKmXºv, ]®°dnIƒ, [m\y ߃,

Xmdmhv, tImgn, hmØv XpSßnbhsb kz¥w Bhiy߃-

°mbn [mcmfambn D¬]mZn∏n®p. sNΩcnbmSpIfpw ]∂nIfpw

kpe`ambncp∂p. F√m-Xcw a’yßfpw kar≤ambncp∂p.

Pe-tkN\Øn\pw k©mcØn\pambn KwKbn¬ \n∂pw \nc-

h[n I\mepIƒ Af-h‰ A[zm\ap]tbmKn®v cmPval¬

apX¬ kap{ZXocw hsc ap≥Ime-ßfn¬ \n¿Ωn®n´p≠m-bn-

cp∂p.”

]Xnt\gmw \q‰m≠nse C¥ybpsS Im¿jnI]ptcmKXn ]cntim[n°pI. 200 h¿j߃°v tijw

{_n´ojpIm¿ C¥y hn v t]mIp∂ ImesØ Im¿jnI apcSn∏ns\ CXpambn XmcXayw sNøpI.

11

Irjnsb {]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm

B{ibn-®ncp∂p.F∂n-cp∂mepw Im¿jnI-

taJe apcSn∏nembncp∂p (Stagnation).

samØw Irjn `qanbpsS Af-hn¬ t\cnb

h¿≤\hv D≠mbncps∂¶n-epw, Im¿jn-

tIm¬-∏m -Z\£aX (AgriculturalProductivity) hfsc Xmgv∂ \nebnem-

bncp∂p. Im¿-jnI-taJebnse Cu apcSn∏n\v

{][m\-ImcWw {_n´ojpIm¿ \S∏m°nb

`qhp-Sam k{ºZmbambncp∂p. {]tXyIn®v

_w-Kmƒ {]hniybn¬ (\nehnse Ing-°≥

kwÿm-\߃) \S∏nem°nb skao-μmcn

k{ºZm-bw. Irjnbn¬ \n∂p≈ em`w I¿j-

I¿°√ adn®v CS\ne°mcmb skaoμm¿-

am¿°mWv e`n®ncp-∂Xv.F∂m¬ Im¿jnI-

taJ-ebpsS ]ptcmKXnbv°p -th≠n

skaoμm¿-amtcm tImf\n `cWIqStam

H∂pw sNbvXn-cp∂n√. I¿jI-cn¬ \n∂v

h≥tXmXn¬ ]m´w ]ncns®Sp°p∂Xn¬

am{Xambn-cp∂p skaoμm¿amcpsS {i≤.

h¿≤n® ]m - mcw I¿jIcpsS PohnXw Zp -

lam°n.

Cu k{ºZmb{]Imcw skaoμm¿ IrXy-

kabØv {_n´ojv cWIqSØn\v \nIpXn

ASbvt°≠Xp≠v. A√mØ]£w skao-

μm¿-°v `qanbnt∑ep≈ AhImiw \jvS-

s∏Spw. BbXn\m¬ Irjn °mcpsS kmº-

ØnImhÿsb skaoμm¿am¿ Hcn°epw

]cn -KWn®ncp∂n√. IqSmsX ]g©≥

kmt¶XnIhnZy, Pe-tk-N\ kuIcyßfp-

sS A`mhw, cmkhf-ß-fpsS Ipd™

D]tbmKw F∂nhbpw Im¿-jnItaJebnse

apcSn∏n\v ImcWambn.

Im¿jnI taJebnse hmWnPyh¬°cWw

I¿jIsc £yhnfIfn¬ \n∂v \mWyhnf-

Ifnte°v BI¿jn®p. CXv AhcpsS

kmºØnImhÿbn¬ sNdnb tXmXnep≈

]ptcmKXn D≠m°nsb¶nepw Im¿jnI-

taJebn¬ Zqchym]Iamb {]XymLmX-

߃°v CS-bm-°n. PetkN\ kuIcy-

Øn¬ t\cnb ]ptcmKXn D≠mbn F¶nepw,

`qansb X´pIfm°¬, sh≈-s∏m°-

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

{_n´ojv C¥ybpsSbpw kzX{¥ C¥ybpsSbpw q]Sw XmcXayw sNbvXv ]m°n-

ÿms‚ mKßfmbn amdnb {]tZißsf I≠p]nSn°pI. kmºØnI ImgvN∏mSn¬

F¥p sIm≠mWv Cu {]tZi߃ C¥ysb kw_‘n®v {]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂Xv?

(IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃°mbn tUm. cmtP{μ{]kmZns‚ ‘India Divided’ F∂ {KŸw

]cntim[n°pI)

{_n´ojpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ \S∏m°nb hyXykvX qhpSamk{ºZmb߃ GsX√mw?

Cu qhpSamk{ºZmb߃ FhnsSsb√mw \S∏m°n? AhbpsS e߃ Fs¥√mw?

Ch \nehnse Im¿jnI kmlNcyßsf kzm[o-\n®n´ps≠∂v \n߃ IcpXp-

∂pt≠m? (Cu tNmZyßfpsS DØc߃ Is≠Øm≥, ctajv N{μZØns‚ aq∂v

hmeyßfp≈ ‘Economic History of India’ F∂ {KŸhpw, B. H. t_U≥ ]Δens‚

c≠v hmeyßfp≈ ‘The Land System of British India’ F∂ {KŸhpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-

I) Cu hnjbw IqSpX¬ Adnbp∂-Xn-\mbn {_n´ojv C¥ybpsS Im¿jnI q]Sw

kzbw hc-bv°p-Itbm Iºyq- -dns‚ klm-b-Øm¬ Xøm-dm-°pItbm sNøp-I. CXp-

a-\- n-em-°m≥ hni-Zo-I-cW q]-S-tØ-°mƒ klm-b-I-c-amb as‰m∂pw Xs∂ C√.

12

\nb{¥Ww, \o¿hm¿N, aÆnse eh-

Wmwi߃ \o°¬ XpSßnb cwK-ß-fn¬

\nt£]w Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. sNdn-sbmcp mKw

Irjn°m¿ `£y-hnfI-fn¬ \n∂v

\mWyhnfIfnte°v amdnsb-¶nepw qcn`mKw

IpSnbm∑m¿°pw sNdpInS I¿jI¿°pw

Iq´pIrjn°m¿°pw Irjn-bn¬ \nt£]-

and°p∂Xn\mhiyamb hn`h-ßtfm

kmt¶XnI hnZyItfm t{]m’m-l-\-ßtfm

e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

1.4. hymhkmbnI taJe

Im¿jnI taJebnse∂ t]mse, D¬]∂

\n¿ΩmW taJ-e -bnepw i‡amb

hymhkmbnI ASnØd sI´n∏-Sp°m≥

C¥y-bn¬ tImf\n cW-Øn¬ Ign-™n-cp-

∂n -√. temI-{]i-kvXnt\-Snb C¥y≥

IcIuiehyhkm-b߃ £bn®p F∂p

am{X-a-√, B ÿm-\-tØ°v AtX {]uVn-bn-

ep≈ B[p-\nI hyh-km-b-߃ Db¿∂p

hcm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®-Xp-an-√. C¥y≥ hyhkmb-

ßfpsS XI¿®°v B°w Iq´nb {_n´s‚

hyhkmbnI\b߃°v c≠v e£yßfmWv

D≠mbncp∂Xv. {_n´-\n¬ hf¿∂ph∂

B[p\nI hyhkm-b߃°v Bhiyamb

AkwkvIrXhkv-Xp°ƒ Ib‰paXn sNøp-

∂ cmPyambn C¥ysb am‰pI F∂Xmbn-

cp∂p H∂masØ e£yw. {_n´\n¬ D¬-

∏mZn∏n°p∂ -hyhkmb D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS

hnime-Itºmfam°n C¥ysb am‰pI

F∂Xmbn -cp∂p c≠m-asØ e£yw.

{_n´s‚ kmºØnI ]ptcmK-Xn-bmbncp∂p

Cu \bßfneqsS tImf\n `cWIqSw

e£yw sh®Xv. CXv C¥y-bn¬ ]pXnsbmcp

kmºØnI Ahÿ kwPmXam°n. IcIu-

iehyhkmbßfpsS XI¿® C¥ybn¬

sXmgnen√mbva cq£am-°pIbpw D]t`mK

Itºm-f-Øn¬ {]mtZ-inI D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS

e`yX C√mXm°pIbpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂p-

≠mb D]t`mKhkvXp-°fpsS tNmZ\-

h¿≤\hns\ {_n´\n¬ D¬∏mZn-∏n®ncp∂

hneIpd™ hkvXp-°fpsS Cd°paXnbneq

sS-bmWv tImf\n cWIqSw ka¿∞-ambn

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

19˛mw\q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mw]IpXnbn¬ Xs∂

B[p-\nI hyhkmb߃ C¥ybn¬

thcpd∏n-®psh¶nepw AhbpsS hf¿® aμ-K-

Xn -bnem -bncp∂p. XpS -°-Øn¬ Cu

]ptcmKXn NWw, ]cpØn F∂o

hyhkmbßfn¬ am{XsamXpßn.

C¥y°mcpsS A[o\Xbnep≠mbncp∂

]cpØn hyhkm-bim-e-Iƒ {][m\ambpw

Bcw`n®Xv KpPdmØnepw alm cmjv{S-

bnepambncp∂p. AtXkabw {_n´ojp-

ImcpsS A[o\Xbn¬ D≠mbncp∂ NW-

hyhkmb߃ tI{μo-Icn®Xv _wKmfnem-

bncp∂p. 20˛mw\q‰m≠n-s‚ XpS°Øn¬

C¥ybn¬ Ccpºpcp°v hyhkmbw {]h¿-

Ø\amcw`n®p. 1907 ¬ Sm‰m Ccpºpcp°v

Iº\n (TISCO) ÿm]nXambn. c≠mw

temIbp≤Øn\v tijw ]©kmc, kna‚ v,

ISemkv hyhkm-b߃ t]cn-s\¶nepw

C¥ybn¬ XpS°w Ipdn®p.

hymhkmbh¬°cWØn\v AXy -

¥mt]£nXamb aqe[\Nc°v hyhkmb-

߃ (Capital Goods Industry) D≠m-bn-cp-

∂n√. D¬∏m-Z\Øn\mhiyamb b{¥-

kma{KnIƒ \n¿-Ωn°p∂ hyhkmb-ßfmWv

aqe[\Nc°v hyhkmb߃. H‰s∏´ Nne

hyhkmb߃ Bcw`n®p-sh¶nepw Ah

C¥ybpsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb IcIuiehy-

hkm-b-߃-°v ]Icw \n¬°m-hp∂ Xc-

Ønep≈-hbmbn-cp∂n√. IqSmsX Cu

hyhkm-bßfpsS hf¿-®m-\nc°pw samØw

B`y¥c D¬]∂Øn-te-°p≈ (GDP)

13

ChbpsS kw`mh\bpw \maam{X-ambncp∂p.

]pXpXmbn Bcw`n® hyh-kmbßfn¬

s]mXptaJebpsS kw`mh\ sdbn¬sh,

sshZyptXm¸mZ\w, XpdapJw,

hm¿Ømhn\nabw F∂nhbn¬ HXpßn

1. 5. hntZihym]mcw

]pcmX\Imew apX¬t° hntZihym]mc-

Øn¬ {]ikvXnbm¿÷n® cmPyambncp∂p

C¥y. F∂m¬ tImf\n `cWIqSw

D¬]mZ\w, hym]mcw, Xocph F∂o taJe-

Ifn¬ \S∏m°nb \b߃ C¥ybpsS

hntZihym]mcØns‚ LS\tbbpw, LS-I-

ßtfbpw Afhnt\bpw {]XnIqeambn

_m[n-®p. CXns‚ eambn AkwkvIrX

] v, ]cpØn, Iºnfn, ]©kmc, \oew, NWw

XpSßnb {]mYanI hkvXp°ƒ Ib‰paXn

sNøpIbpw {_n´-\nse ^mIvSdnIfn¬

\n¿Ωn® eLp-b{¥ßƒ t]mep≈ aqe[\h-

kvXp°ƒ, ]q¿Æ D]t`mKhkvXp°fmb

]cpØn, ] v, Iºnfn -hkv{X߃ - Cd°paXn-

sNøp∂ cmPy-ambn C¥y-am-dn. IqSmsX

\n£n]vXe£yßtfmsS C¥y-bpsS

Cd°paXnbpsS-bpw Ib‰paXnbp-sSbpw ta¬

IpØIm[n-]Xyw {_n´¨ \ne\n¿Øn.

CXns‚ ^e-ambn C¥ybpsS hntZihym-

]mcØns‚ ]IpXnbn-e[nIhpw {_n´\p-

ambpw tijn°p-∂ mKw ssN\, kntem¨

({ioe¶), t]¿jy (Cdm≥) t]me-p≈

cmPyßfpambpw \SØm≥ \n¿_‘n-Xambn.

kqbkv I\m¬ Xpd∂tXmSpIqSn C¥y≥

hntZi-hym]mc-Ønt∑ep≈ \nb{¥Ww

{_n´≥ IqSpX¬ I¿i\am°n (t_mIvkv 1.3

ImWpI)

{_n´ojp`cWImesØ hntZihym]mc-

Øns‚ {]tXyIe£yw Db¿∂ Ib-‰p-aXn

an®w krjvSn-°pIsb∂Xm-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬

Cu an®w D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v cmPyw henb hne

\n¬tI-≠n-h-∂p. £y [m\y-߃, hkv{X-

߃, asÆÆ XpS-ßn ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈

AXym-hiy hkvXp-°-fpsS e`yX B`y-¥c

Itºm-f-Øn¬ Ipd-™p. Cu hym]m-can®w

C¥ybntebv°p≈ kz¿ÆØns‚-bpw

sh≈nbpsSbpw Hgp°v h¿≤n∏n®n√ F∂p

am{Xa√ Ch {_n´ojpIm-cpsS cW, bp≤-

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

C¥ybn¬ B[p\nIhyhkmb߃ BZyambn FhnsS, F∂v ÿm]n®p. F∂Xns\

Ipdn®v Hcp ]´nI Xømdm°pI. B[p\nI hyhkmb߃ Bcw`n-°p∂Xn\p≈

ASnÿm\ LSI߃ GsX√mw? Sm‰m Ccpºpcp°v hyhkmbw Ct∏mgsØ

Pm¿°fins‚ mKamb PmwsjUv]qcn¬ Xs∂ ÿm]n°m\p≠mb ImcW߃

Fs¥√mw?

C¥ybn¬ \nehnse{X Ccpºpcp°v hyhkmbimeIfp≠v? temIØnse anI®

Ccpºpcp°v hyhkmbßfn¬ Ch Dƒs∏Sp∂pt≠m? Ch ]p\: {IaoIcn°pIbpw

\hoIcn°pIbpw sNtø≠Xpt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ F{]Imcw \S∏nem°mw? X{¥{]-

[m\a√mØ hyhkmb߃ s]mXptaJebn¬ XpStc≠Xn√ F∂ A`n{]mb-

tØmSp≈ \nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSv F¥mWv?

C¥ym`q]SØn¬ kzmX{¥yImesØ ]cpØn hyhkmb߃, NWan√pIƒ, XpWn-

an√pIƒ F∂nh ASbmfs∏SpØpI.

14

sNehpIƒ°pwH∏w hnhn[ tkh-\-ßfpsS

Cd°paXn sNehn\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. CsX√mw {_n´\nte°p≈

C¥y≥ kº-Øns‚ Hgp-°v kpKaam°n.

1. 6. P\kwJymÿnXn

C¥ybn¬ BZyambn HutZymKnI sk≥-

kkv \S∂Xv 1881 ¬ BWv. Nne ]cnanXnIƒ

Ds≠¶nepw C¥ybnse P\kwJym -

hf¿®bpsS Ak-¥p-en-Xmhÿ CXv Xpd-

∂p-Im- n. C¥y-bn¬ 10 h¿jw IqSptºmgmWv

sk≥-kkv \SØp∂Xv. 1921\v apºv C¥y

P\-kwJy ]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ (Demo-graphic Transition) BZyL´Øn-embncp∂p.

c≠mw -L´w Bcw`n°p∂Xv 1921

\ptijamWv. F∂ncp∂mepw Cu L -Øn¬

Nn{Xw1.2. kqbkv I\m¬ C¥ytbbpw {_n´

t\bpw _‘n∏n® kp{][m\ ]mX.

Not to scaleNot to scale

]cnioen°pI

{_n´ojv `cWImesØ C¥ybpsS Ib‰paXn, Cd°paXn C\ßfpsS ]´nI

Xømdm°pI.

C¥ymKh¨sa‚ns‚ [\Imcy hIp∏v ]pdØnd°p∂ kmºØnI k¿tΔIfn¬ \n∂v

\ΩpsS Ib‰paXn Cd°paXn C\ßsf kw_‘n®p≈ hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI. Cu

C\ßsf kzmX{¥ye_v[n°papºp≈ ImesØ C\ßfpambn XmcXayw sNøpI.

C¥ybpsS hntZihym]mcØn¬ kp{][m\]¶v hln°p∂ XpdapJ߃

GsX√msa∂v Is≠ØpI.

t_mIvkv 1.3 kqbkv I\meneqsSbp≈ hym]mcw

hS°v Ing°≥ CuPn]vXnse kqbkv IcbnSp°n\v

kmam¥cambn hS°v˛sX°v \o≠p InS°p∂ a\p-

jy\n¿ΩnX Peam¿§amWv kqbkv I\m¬. CXv

saUn‰td\nb≥ ISense t]m¿´v skbvZnt\bpw

sN¶Sens‚ ssIhgnbmb kqbkv Dƒ°Sent\bpw

]ckv]cw _‘n∏n°p∂p. kqbkv I\m¬ bqtdm∏v,

Atacn°, sXt° Gjy≥ cmPy߃, Ing°≥

B{^n°, Hmjym\nb XpSßnb {]tZißfnse

XpdapJßfnte°v k©cn°p∂ I∏epIƒ°v

B{^n°≥ h≥Icsb Np‰n k©cnt°≠ Ahÿ

Hgn-hm-°p-∂p. kmºØnIambpw X{¥{][m\-am-bpw

temIØnse {][m\ Peam¿§ßfnsem-∂m-Wv CXv.

1869 ¬ CXv Xpd∂tXmSp IqSn bm{XmNnehv Ipdbp-

Ibpw bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-߃°v C¥y≥ Itºmf-

Ønte°p≈ {]th-i\w kpK-aamhpIbpw sNbvXp.

15

C¥ybpsS samØw P\kwJy-bpw P\-

kwJym-hf¿®m-\nc°pw Db¿∂-Xmbn-cp∂n√.

C¥y-bnse kmaqly hnIk\ kqNI߃

H∂pw Xs∂ H´pw t{]m’ml\Icamb

Ahÿbn embncp∂n√. cmPysØ

km£cXm \nc°v 16% Øn¬ Xmsgbmbn-

cp∂p. CXn¬ kv{Xo km£cXm \nc°v

shdpw 7% Øn¬ Xmsgbpw. s]mXpP\m-

tcmKy kuIcy߃ \s√mcphn`mKw P\-

߃°pw e`yambncp-∂n√. D≠mbn-cp∂h

Xs∂ Xo¿Øpw A]cym]vXambncp∂p.

AXn\m¬ hmbp PeP\y tcmK߃ hym]-

I-am-hp-Ibpw Ch ]nSn-s] v [mcmfw BfpIƒ

acn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. samØw acW\nc°v

hfsc Db¿-∂Xm-bncp∂p F∂Xn¬ H´pw

AXnitbm-‡nbn√. inipacW\nc°v

(Infent Mortality Rate) 1000\v 218 F∂

\nc°n-embncp∂p. CXns\ Ct∏mgsØ

inipacW \nc°mb 1000 \v 63 ambn

XmcXayw sNbvXpt\m°pI. Bbq¿

ssZ¿Lyw 44 h¿jw am{Xambncp∂p.

Ct∏mgXv 68 h¿-jamsWt∂m¿°pI.

hnizmktbmKyamb ZØßfpsS A`mh-

Øn¬ A°mesØ Zmcn{ZyØns‚ hym]vXn

Af°¬ {]bmk-amWv. F¶nepw tImf\n

`cWIm-eØv C¥ybn¬ ITn-\-amb Zmcn{Zyw

\ne\n∂ncp∂psh∂Xpw AXv C¥y≥ P\X-

bpsS PohnXw Zpx lam°n F∂Xpw

X¿°an√mØ Imcy-am-Wv.

1.7. sXmgn¬ LS\

tImf\n `cWImeØv C¥ybpsS

sXmgn¬LS\, AXm-bXv hnhn[ hyhkmb-

ßfnepw, taJeIfnepw sXmgn¬ sNøp∂-h-

cpsS hnXcWØn¬ sNdnb am‰ßƒ

{]ISn∏n®p. samØw sXmgn¬i‡nbpsS

Gdnb ]¶pw Im¿jnItaJebnembncp-∂p. -

CXv GI-tZiw 70% apX¬ 75% hsc -

bmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ D¬]∂ \n¿-ΩmW-

taJe 10% hpw tk-h\ taJe 15˛20 % hpw

sXmgn¬ i‡nsb bmWv Dƒ-s°m≠ncp∂Xv.

{it≤-bamb as‰mcp hkvXpX h¿≤n®

{]mtZinI-XeØnep≈ A¥cambncp∂p.

Nn{Xw 1.3. C¥ybnse hensbmcp hn`mKw P\X߃°pw hoSpt]m-ep≈ ASnÿm\ kuIcy߃ e`ya√.

16

A∂sØ a{Zmkv-{]hniybpsS Nne mK-ß-

fnepw (C∂-sØ kwÿm\ßfmb tIcfw,

Xangv\mSv, I¿ÆmSI, B{‘{]tZi,v sXep-

¶m\ F∂nh a{Zmkv {]hniybpsS `mK-

ßfmbncp∂p) t_mws_-bnepw _wKmfnepw

Im¿jnItaJ-ebn¬ ]Wn-sbSp°p∂hcpsS

FÆw Ipd-hpw \n¿-ΩmW-taJebnepw

tkh\taJe-bnepap≈hcpsS FÆw

IqSpXepam-bn-cp∂p. AtX-kabw Hdo ,

cmPÿm≥, ]©m_v XpS -ßnb

kwÿm\ßfn¬ Im¿-jnItaJe-bnse

sXmgn¬i‡n D]-tbmKw Db¿∂p sIm≠n-

cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

1.8. ]›mØekuIcy߃

tImf\n `c -W-Im -eØv C¥y-bpsS

]›mØekuIcyßfmb sdbn¬th, Xpd

apJw, PeKXmKXw, X]m¬, IºnX-]m¬

F∂nh hnI-kn -®p. {_n´ojpImcpsS

bYm¿∞e£yw C¥y°m¿°v ]›mØe-

kuIcy߃ e`y-am°pI F∂Xmbncp-

∂n√, adn®v XßfpsS hnhn[-ßfmb km{am-

PyXz Xm¬]cy -ßsf kwc£n -°pI

bmbncp∂p. {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn-\p- apºv

\n¿Ωn® tdmUpIƒ B[p\nI KXmKX-

Øn\v H´pw A\ptbmPyambncp∂n√.

C¥ybpsS hnhn[ mKßfnte°v ssk\nI

\o°ßƒ-°p≈ kuIcysamcp°pI F∂

e£yamWv ]e tdmUv \n¿ΩmW-߃°pw

]n∂nep≠mbncp∂Xv . AXv t]mse

AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ {Kma{]tZißn¬

\n∂pw ASpØp≈ sdbn¬th tÃj≥-

te°pw, Xpd -apJ߃XpSßnb

CSßfnte°v FØn®v AXv AhnsS \n∂v

Cw•≠ntet°m em`I-camb a‰v hntZi-

tI{μßfntet°m FØn°pI F∂

Xm¬]cyhpw Cu tdmUp \n¿ΩmW-߃°p

]n∂nep≠mbncp∂p. F√m Imem-hÿbnepw

D]tbmKn°mhp∂ tdmUpIƒ {Kmaßfn¬

IpdhmbXn\m¬ {]IrXn Zpc¥ßfpsSbpw

£maØns‚bpw Ah-kcßfn¬ P\߃

hfsc{]bmks∏´ncp-∂p.

{_n´ojpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ sdbn¬sh Bcw-

`n®Xv 1850 emWv. AXv AhcpsS kw`m-

h\bmbn IcpXp∂p. C¥y≥ kºZv -

hyhÿbpsS LS\sb c≠v coXnbnemWv

sdbn¬sh kzm[o\n®Xv. H∂ma-Xmbn, Zo¿L-

Zq -c -bm-{X-Iƒ km[y-am -b-tXmsS `qan -

imkv{X]chpw kmwkvImcn -Ihpamb

AXn¿hcºpIƒ t`Zn°m≥ klmbI-ambn.

c≠maXmbn, IrjnbpsS hmWnPy -

h¬°cWsØ AXv ]cnt]mjn-∏ns®¶nepw

{KmaoW kºZv-hyhÿbpsS kzbw ]cym-

]vX-Xsb tZmjIcambn _m[n®p. C¥ybn¬

\n∂p≈ Ib‰paXnh¿≤n®p F∂Xn\v

kwiban√. F¶nepw CXns‚ KpWsam∂pw

Irjn-°m-cmb P\-߃°v t\cn´v e`n®n√.

sdbn¬thbpsS Bhn¿`mhw sIm≠v C¥y≥

P\Xbv°p-≠mb kmaq-ly-t\´w cmPy-

Øns‚ km -º-ØnI \jvSsØ adn -

IS°p∂Xmbncp∂p.

]cnioen°pI.

kzmX{¥yØn\p apºv C¥ybn¬ CS-

bv°nsS kw`hn®ncp∂ £maß-fpsS

ImcW߃ Fs¥∂v Is≠-Øm≥

\n߃°v Ignbptam? t\mt_¬ ]pc-

kvImctPXmhmb Aa¿Xymsk-∂ns‚

‘Poverty and Famine’ F∂ {KŸw Ah-

ew_n°mw

kzmX{¥ye_v[n°mesØ C¥ybp-

sS sXmgn¬ LS\sb ImWn°p∂ Hcp

ss] Ub{Kw hcbv°pI.

17

sdbn¬th, tdmUv F∂n-h-bpsS hnI-k-\-

tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ tImf\n `cWIqSw

Dƒ\mS≥ hym]mchpw IS¬ KXm-KX am¿§-

ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-Øp.

F¶nepw Cu {]h¿Ø\߃ Xr]vXnIc-

ambncp∂n√. Dƒ\mS≥ PeKXmKXw Hdo-

 bnse XoctZi I\m¬ kwhn[m\sØ-

t∏mseXs∂ kmºØnIambn em`ambn-cp-

∂n√. Db¿∂ sNehn¬ \n¿-Ωn®ncp∂

I\m¬ kwhn[m\ambncp∂n´pw sdbn¬sh-

bp-ambn a’-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX B {]tZ-iØv I\m-en\p

kam-¥-c-ambn sdbn¬sh hcn-Ibpw I\m¬

kw-hn-[m\w Xs∂ Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw

sNbvXp. sNe-th -dnbXmsW-¶nepw

sshZypXo-IrX IºnX]m¬ kwhn[m\w

cmPyØns‚ {Iakam[m\]me\Øn¬

henb ]¶mWv hln®Xv. X]m¬ kwhn[m\w

D]Imc{]Z-ambncp∂psh¶nepw h¿≤n®

Bhiy-߃°\pkrXamb tkh\w

\¬Im≥ ]cym]vXambncp∂n√. ]›m-

ØekuIcy-ßsf Ipdn®p≈ hniZ-hnhc-

߃ 8˛mwamsØ A[ymbØnepw ImWmw.

Nn{Xw 1. 5. Sm‰m Fb¿sse≥kv ˛ 1932 ¬ CXns‚Bcw`tØmsS C¥y bn¬ thyma KXmKXwBcw`n®p.

]T\ {]h¿Ø\w

{_n´ojv cWw ]e hn[-Ønepw C¥y-

bv°v A\pKpWambncp-∂p-sh∂ Hcp

Img vN∏mS v \ne\n¬°p -∂p≠v.

CXns\°pdn®v hniZamb kwhmZw

Bhiyap≠v. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sns\

Ipdn®p≈ \nß-fpsS \nco -£Ww

F¥mWv? ‘{_n´o-jv cmPv C¥y-bv°v

A\pKpWambn-cpt∂m’ ¢m n¬ N¿®

sN-øpI.

Nn{Xw 1.4. BZy sdbn¬th ]mew 1854 t_mws_- -Xm-s\-bp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

18

1.9. D]kwlmcw

C¥y kzmX{¥yw t\Sptºmtg°pw c≠v

\q‰mt≠mfw \o≠v \n∂ {_n´ojv `cW-

Øns‚ {]XymLmX߃ C¥y≥ kºZv

hyhÿbpsS F√m Xeßtfbpw _m[n-

®ncp∂p. BhiyØne[nIw sXmgnemfnIsf

sIm-≠pw Atß-b‰w Xmgv∂ D¬]mZ\-

£aX sIm≠pw Im¿jnI taJe Xf¿-

∂ncp∂p. B[p\n-Ih¬°-cWw, sshhn[yh-

¬-°cWw, tijn \n¿Ωm-Ww, s]mXp\n-

t£] h¿≤\ F∂nh hymhkmbnI taJe

bn¬ AXym-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ

hntZi hym]mcw {_n -\nse hymhkmbnI-

hnπ-hsØ ]cnt]mjn-∏n°m≥ am{Xw e£y-

an´Xm-bncp∂p. ]›mØe kuIcyßfn¬

sdbn¬th irwJeIfpsS \hoIcWw,

hn]peo-IcWw, s]mXp {IaoIcWw F∂nh

Dƒs∏Sp∂p. hym]-I-amb Zmcn{Zyhpw

sXmgnen√mbvabpw P\-t£a kmºØnI-

\bßfpsS Bh-iyIXsb Nq≠nIm´n.

Npcp°Øn¬ cmPyØn\v t\cntS≠n h∂

kmaqlykmºØnI sh√phnfnIƒ

hfsctbsdbmbncp∂p.

1. tImf\n `cWIqSw C¥ybn¬

\S∏m°nb kmºØnI \bßfpsS

bYm¿∞ e£yßsf¥mbncp∂p? Cu

\bßfpsS {]XymLmX߃

kw{Klw

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw D≠mb hnIk\t\´ßsf Adnbp∂Xn\pw hnebn-cpØp∂Xn\pw

kzmX{¥ye_v[n°papºp≈ kºZv hyhÿsb a\ nem°¬ AXymhiyamWv.

tImf\n cWImeØv \S∏m°nb kmºØnI\bßfpsS e£yw tImf\n cmPyßfpsSbpwtImf\n P\XbpsSbpw kmºØnI]ptcmKXn°p]cn {_n´ojv cWIqSØns‚ \n£n]vXXm¬]cyßfpsS kwc£Whpw ]cnt]mjWhpw am{Xambncp∂p.

C¥ybnse _lp`qcn]£w P\ßfpw XßfpsS PohntXm]m[nbmbn Im¿jnI-taJesbB{ibn®ncp-∂p-sh-¶nepw {_n´ojv ImeL´Øn¬ Im¿jnItaJe ]q¿Æambpw apcSn∏nepwtimj-W-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p.

{_n´ojv cWw C¥ybnse temI {]i-kvX-amb IcIuiehyhkm-bßsf XI¿°pIbpw]Icw B[p\nI hyhkmb ASnØd°p≈ kml-Ncyw Hcp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

s]mXp BtcmKykuIcyßfpsS A`mhw, CSbv°nsSbp≈ {]IrXn Zpc¥ßƒ, £mawF∂nh C¥y≥ P\Xsb ]m∏cm°pIbpw Db¿∂ acW\nc°n\v ImcWamhpIbpwsNbvXp.

]›mØekuIcyßfpsS hnIk\Øn\mbn, tImf\n `cWIqSw {ian®ncps∂¶nepwXßfpsS Xm¬]cyßfpsS kwc£Wambncp∂p AhcpsS e£yw. Bkq{XW-ØneqsSCu IpdhpIƒ \nIØpI F∂Xmbncp∂p kzX{¥ C¥ybnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ap∂nep≠mbncp∂ BZy ISº.

19

F¥mbncp∂p.?

2. tImf\n cWImeØv C¥ybpsS tZiobhcpam\ \n¿Æbw \SØnbhcn¬ {it≤bcmb

kmºØnI imkv{X⁄¿ Bsc√mw?

3. tImf\n `cWImeØv Im¿jnItaJebnep≠mb apcSn∏ns‚ ImcW߃

Fs¥ms°bmbncp∂p.?

4. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°meØv C¥ybn¬ {]h¿Øn®ncp∂ B[p\nIhyhkmb-ßfpsS

t]scgpXpI.

5. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°v apºv {_n´ojpIm¿ C¥ybn¬ \S∏m°nb {Iam-\p-K-X-amb

hyhkmb \b-߃°v ]pdInep≈ ZznapJe£y߃ F¥mbncp∂p.?

6. “{_n´ojv cWImeØv ]cºcmKX IcIuie hyhkmb߃ ]q¿Æambpw XI¿Øp.”Cu ImgvN∏mSnt\mSv \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? \nßfpsS DØ-csØ km[qIcn°p∂

ImcW߃ \¬IpI.

7. C¥ybnse ]›m-Øe kuIcyhnIk\\bßfneqsS {_n´ojpIm¿ e£yw

sh®sX¥mbncp∂p?

8. {_n´ojv `cWIqSw C¥ybn¬ \S∏m°nb hymhkmbnI \bßfpsS tIm´ßsf

hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.

9. tImf\n`cWImesØ ‘C¥y≥ kºØns‚ tNm¿®'' F∂-Xp-sIm≠v \n߃ F¥v

a\ nem°p∂p.

10. P\kwJym]cnh¿Ø\Øns‚ BZyL´Øn¬ \n∂pw c≠mwL´Ønte°p≈

am‰Øns‚ AXn¿Øn \n¿Æbh¿jw GXmWv?

11. tImf\n `cWImesØ C¥ybpsS P\kwJymcq]tcJsb Afhp]cambn

hnebncpØpI.

12. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°papºp≈ C¥ybpsS sXmgn¬ LS\bpsS khntijXIsf FSpØp

ImWn°pI.

13. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°meØv C¥y t\cntS≠n h∂ \n¿Wm-bI kmºØnI sh√p-

hnfnIsf ASnhcbn v ImWn°pI.

14. C¥ybn¬ HutZymKnI sk≥kkv Bcw`n®sXt∏mƒ?

15. kzmX{¥ye_v[nImesØ C¥y≥ hym]mcØns‚ Znibpw hym]vXnbpw kqNn∏n°pI.

16. {_n´ojv cWw C¥ysb kw_‘n®v A\pKrloXambncpt∂m? N¿® sNøpI.

1. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°v apºv C¥y≥ {Kma˛ \Kcßfnse P\߃°v e`yambncp∂km[\

A`ymkw

20

REFERENCES

\n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ A[nI {]h¿Ø-\-߃

tkh\ßfpsS ]´nI Xømdm°pI. C∂sØ P\ßfpsS D]t`mKcoXnIfpambn CXns\

XmcXayw sNøpI. P\ßfpsS PohnX\nehmcØnse kv]jvSamb hyXym-kßsf

FSpØpImWn°pI.

2. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°v apºp≈ \nßfpsS ]cnkc{]tZißfnse {KmaßfpsSbpw ]´-

WßfpsSbpw Nn{X߃ tiJcn®v, AhbpsS \nehnse Ahÿbpambn XmcXayw

sNøpI. F¥p am‰amWv \n߃°v A\p`hs∏Sp∂Xv? Cu am‰ßƒ \√tXm NoØtbm?

N¿® sNøpI.

3. ‘C¥ybn¬ \n∂v skaoμmcn k{ºZmbw ]q¿Æambpw \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøs∏´pthm’ F∂

hnjbØn¬ N¿® kwLSn∏n°pI. N¿®bn¬ A`n{]mbka\zbans√¶n¬, skaoμmcn

k{ºZmbsØ ]q¿Æambpw \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøm≥ GXv am¿§ßƒ kzoIcn°W-

sa∂mWv \nßfpsS A`n{]mbw. F¥psIm≠v?

4. kzmX{¥ye_v[n°meØv C¥y°mcpsS {][m\ sXmgnepItfsX√m-ambncp∂psh∂v

Is≠ØpI. C∂sØ P\ßfpsS {][m\sXmgnepIƒ Fs¥√mw? 2020 BIptºmtg°pw

C¥ybpsS sXmgn¬taJe F{]Imcambncn°psa∂mWv \n߃ hn`mh\w sNøp∂Xv?

BADEN-POWELL, B.H. 1892. The Land Systems of British India, Vols I, II and III. Oxford ClarendonPress, Oxford.

BUCHANAN, D.H. 1966. Development of Capitalist Enterprise in India. Frank Cass and Co, London.

CHANDRA, BIPAN. 1993. ‘The Colonial Legacy’ in Bimal Jalan (ed.), The Indian Economy: Problemsand Prospects. Penguin Books, New Delhi.

DUTT, R.C. 1963. Economic History of India, Vols. I and II. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting,Government of India, New Delhi.

KUMAR, D. AND MEGHNAD DESAI (Eds.). 1983. Cambridge Economic History ofIndia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

MILL, JAMES.1972. History of British India. Associated Publishing House, New Delhi.

PRASAD, RAJENDRA. 1946. India Divided. Hind Kitabs, Bombay.

SEN, AMARTYA. 1999. Poverty and Famines. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

21INDIAN ECONOMY 1950-1990

]T-\-t\- -߃

C¥y-bpsS ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS e£y-߃ Adn-bp∂p.

1950˛90 Ime-L-´-Ønse Irjn, hyh-kmbw XpS-ßnb hy-X-ykvX taJ-e-I-fnse

hnIk\- \b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adn-bp∂p.

$ \nb-{¥nX kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS t\´ß-tfbpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v Nn-¥n°p-

∂-Xn\v {]m]vXn t\Sp-∂p.

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿ1950-1990

2

22

2.1 BapJw

1947 HmKkv‰v 15 \v `mcXw kzX-{¥ambn.

Ccp-∂qdv h¿jsØ {_n´ojv `c-W-Øn\v

tijw \mw \ΩpsS ‘hn[nsb \n¿Æ-bn-’°p-

∂-h-cm-bn amdn. cmjv{S\n¿ΩmWw F∂ I¿-

Øhyw \ΩpsS ssII-fn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.

kzX{¥ C¥ysb \bn-®n-cp-∂-h¿ \ΩpsS

cmPy-Øn\v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

kºZvhyh-ÿ- krjvSn-°m-\mWv {ian-®-Xv.

GXm\pw t]cpsS t£a-Øn-ep-]cn F√m-h-

cp-tSbpw t£aw sa®s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hyh-

ÿbmWv Ah¿ e£y-an -´ -X v . A∂v

temIØv \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hy-X-y-kvX-ß-fmb

kºZvhyh-ÿ-I-fn¬ Ph¿l¿em¬ s\lvdp-

hn\v G‰hpw \√-Xmbn tXm∂n-bXv tkmjy-

enkambn-cp-∂p. F∂n-cp-∂mepw tkmhn-b‰v

bqWn-b-\n¬ \ne-\n∂ncp∂ tkmj-y-en-

ksØ (hyh-kmb ime-Ifpw Irjn-bn-S-

ßfpw XpSßn F√m D¬]mZ\ D]m-[n-Ifpw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ DS-a-ÿXbn-em-bn-cp-∂p)

At±lw A\pIq-en-®n√. AhnsS kzImcy-

kzØv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-

\n¬ \S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]m-se, ]uc≥am-cpsS

`qan-bp-tSbpw hkvXp-h-I-I-fp-sSbpw DS-a-ÿm-

h-Im-i-ßfn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂Xv C¥y

t]msemcp P\m-[n-]Xy cmPyØv _p≤n-ap´m-

bn-cp-∂p.

kzX{¥ C¥y-bn¬ s\lvdphpw a‰v t\Xm-

°fpw Nn¥-Icpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw

tkmjy-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw Xo{h cq]-߃°v

_Z¬ am¿K-߃ At\z-jn-®p. tkmjy-enÃv

ho£-W-tØmSv A\p- mhw {]I-Sn-∏n® Ah¿

tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ am{X-

ap-f-fXpw AXns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb

Hcp kºZvhyh-ÿ-bmWv Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xv.

Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ C¥y-sb kzImcy

kzØpw i‡-amb s]mXptaJ-e-bpw P\m-

C¥y≥ Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ tI{μ e£yw P\-ß-fpsS PohnX \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-

Ibpw kº-∂hpw sshhn-[y-hp-am¿∂ Pohn-X-Øn-\mbn ]pXnb Ah-k-c-߃

Xpd∂p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hnI-k\ {]{Inb°p XpS°w Ipdn-°pI

F∂-Xm-Wv. H∂mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤XntcJ

C∂v \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂ hyXykvX

Xcw kºZvhyh-ÿ-Isf°pdn®v

Hcp Nm¿ v Xøm-dm-°p-I. cmPy-ßsf

apXem-fnØ kºZvhyh-ÿ, tkm-

jy -enÃv kºZvhyhÿ, an{i

kºZvhyhÿ F∂n-ßs\ ]´n-I-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Hcp Irjn ÿe-tØ°v ¢mkv ]T-

\-bm{X Bkq{X-Ww sNøp-I. ¢m-

kns\ Ggv {Kq∏m-bn Xncn®p Hmtcm

{Kq∏n\pw Hcp \n›nX e£yw B-

kq-{XWw sN-øm≥ sImSp-°pI.

DZm-lc-Ww: kμ¿i-\-Øn-s‚ Dt±-

iyw, ]T-\-bm{Xms®e-hv, FSp-°p∂

ka-bw, hn`-h-߃, {Kq∏ns\ A\p-

K-an-°p-∂-h-¿, _‘-s∏-tS-≠-h¿,

kμ¿in°m≥ km[n°p∂ ÿe-

߃, tNmZn-°m-hp∂ tNmZy-߃

apX-em-b-h. Cu e£y-ßsf kw-

tbm-Pn-∏n®v Hcp Irjn-bn-S-tØ°p-

≈ hnP-b-I-c-amb kμ¿i-\-Øns‚

Zo¿L-Ime e£y-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-

Xayw sNøp-I.

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

23

hnhn-[-Xcw kºZvhyh-ÿ-Iƒ

Hmtcm kaq-lhpw aq∂v tNmZy-߃°v DØcw Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Fs¥ms° km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpamWv Hcp cmPyØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠Xv?

$ Fß-s\-bmWv Cu km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw D¬]m-Zn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xv? Ch

D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\mbn D¬]m-Z-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠Xv IqSp-X¬ a\pjym[zm-\-amtWm

AtXm aqe-[-\-tam (b{¥-߃)

$ Cu km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ hnX-cWw sNtø-≠Xv Fß-

s\-bmWv?

Itºmf i‡n-I-fmb {]Zm\w, tNmZ\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb B{i-bn-°pI F∂-

XmWv Cu tNmZy-߃°p≈ Hcp DØcw. apX-em-fnØ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ B`y-¥c

hn]-Wn-btem hntZi hn]-Wn-bntem em`-I-c-ambn hn‰-gn-°-s∏-Sp∂ D]-t`mKhkvXp-

°-fmWv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-I. Imdp-Iƒ°mWv tNmZ-\-ap-f-f-sX-¶n¬ Imdp-Ifpw, ssk°n-

fp-Iƒ°mWv tNmZ-\-sa-¶n¬ ssk°n-fp-Ifpw D¬]m-Zn-°-pw. aqe-[-\-tØ-°mƒ Nnehv

Ipd-™-XmWv A[zm-\-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ A[zm-t\m-∑pJ D¬∏m-Z\ coXn-bpw t\sc

adn-®m-sW-¶n¬ aqe-[-t\m-∑pJ D¬]m-Z\ coXn-bpw D]-tbm-Kn-°pw. Hcp apX-em-fnØ

kaq-l-Øn¬ D¬]m-Zn-°p∂ km[-\-߃ P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ hnX-cWw sNøp∂Xv P\-

߃°v F¥mWv Bhiyw F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√, adn®v {Ibtijn-bpsS

(km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw hmßm-\p-ff tijn-bpsS) ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. AXm-

bXv P\-ß-fpsS ssIhiw ]Ww D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]mh-߃°mbn Nnehv Ipd™

]m¿∏nSw Bh-iy-ap-f-f-XmWv. ]t£ hn]-Wn-bn¬ CXn\v tNmZ\ap≈-Xmbn ]d-bm≥

Ign-bn√. ImcWw ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°v Cu Bh-iysØ \nd-th-‰m-\p-ff hm߬tijn

D≠m-hn-√. X¬^-e-ambn Itºmf i‡n-°-\p-kr-Xambn CXv hn]-Wn-bn¬ D¬]m-Zn-

°p-I-tbm, hn¬°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. \ΩpsS {]Ya {][m-\-a{¥n Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp-

hn\v CØ-c-samcp kaqlw A`nImay-ambn tXm∂n-bn√. ImcWw CØ-csamcp kaq-

l-Øn¬ \ΩpsS cmPysØ _lp`qcn-]£w P\-߃°pw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X- KpW\ne-

hmcw h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw In´msX ]n≥X-f-f-s∏´p t]mhp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Hcp tkmjy-enkv‰v kaqlw Cu aq∂v tNmZy-ß-fp-sSbpw DØcw Is≠-Øp-

∂Xv XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb coXn-bn-em-Wv. ChnsS kaq-l-Øns‚ Bhiy-Øn-\-\p-

k-cn®v GsXms° hkvXp-°-fmWv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠-sX∂v k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-

∂p. Hcp cmPy-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-b-sX-s¥∂v k¿°mcn\v Adn-bm-sa∂pw hy‡n-KX

D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Bh-iy-߃°v IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \evtI-≠-Xn-s√∂pw A\p-

am-\n-°-p-∂p. km[-\߃ Fßs\ D¬]m-Zn-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw Ah Fßs\ hnX-cWw

sNø-Wsa∂pw k¿°m¿ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. XXz-Øn¬ tkmjy-en-k-Øn¬ hnX-cWw

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-sØ-bm-Wv. A√msX Ah¿°v F¥v

t_mIvkv 2.1

24

Hcp ]≤Xn F∂m¬ F¥v?

Hcp cmjv{S-Øns‚ hn -h-߃ Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°Ww F∂v hni-Z-am-°p-∂-XmWv

]≤-Xn. ]≤-Xn°v \n›nX Ime-b-f-hn¬ t\tS≠ s]mXphmbXpw {]tXy-I-am-b-Xp-amb

Nne- e£y-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C¥y-bn¬ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ \S-∏n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv A©v

h¿j Ime-b-f-hn-emWv. AXn-\m¬ Ah ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn-Iƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p. (tZiob Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ XpS°w Ipdn® ]gb tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b\n¬

\n∂pamWv \mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn-Iƒ ISwsIm≠Xv) \ΩpsS ]≤Xn tcJ-Iƒ A©v

h¿jw sIm≠v t\tS≠ {]tXyI e£y-߃°v ]pdta 20 h¿jw sIm≠v \mw

t\tS≠sXs¥∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Cu Zo¿L-Ime ]≤-Xnsb- ]cnt{]£y ]≤Xn

(Perspective plan) F∂v ]d-bp∂p. ]cnt{]£y ]≤Xn°v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn h¿Øn-t°-

≠Xv ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

F√m e£y-߃°pw F√m ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw, Xpey {]m[m\yw \¬IpI F∂Xv A`nIm-

aya-√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hnhn[ ]≤Xn e£y-߃ XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. DZm-l-

c-W-ambn B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ah-X-cWw sXmgn¬ e`yX Ipd-°p-sa-

¶n¬ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂ e£y-hp-ambn s]mcp-Ø-s∏-S-W-sa-∂n-√.

]≤Xn e£y-ßsf Hcp-an-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-hpI F∂Xv Bkq-{X-I¿°v Zpjv°-c-amWv.

AXn-\m¬ hyXykvX e£y-߃°mWv Hmtcm ]≤-Xn-Ifnepw Du∂¬ \¬In-h∂n-cp-

∂Xv.

hmßm≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xn-s\b-√. apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂pw hn`n-∂-ambn Hcp tkmjy-

enÃv cmPyw ]uc≥am¿°v kuP-\y-ambn BtcmKy ]cn-c£ \¬Ip-∂p. tkjy-enÃv

hyh-ÿ-bn¬ F√mw k¿°m¿ DS-a-ÿ-X-bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ kzIm-cy-kzØv C√. DZm-l-c-

W-Øn\v Iyq_bnepw ssN\-bnepw `pcn-`mKw kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw \S-Øp-

∂Xv k¿°m-cp-IfmWv,

F¥p D¬]mZn∏n-°Ww, Fßs\ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww, D¬]m-Zn-∏n-®Xv Fßs\ hnX-cWw

sNøWw F∂o tNmZy-߃°v k¿°mcpw Itºm-fhpw tN¿∂v DØcw Is≠-Øp∂

an{ikºZv hyh-ÿ-bmWv C∂v `qcn-`mKw cmPy-ß-fnepw \ne\n¬°p-∂-Xv. an{ikºZv

hyh-ÿ-bn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ km[n°p∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw hn]Wn \¬Ip-

Ibpw hn]-Wn°v \¬Im≥ Ign-bmØ Ahiy km[-\-ß-fpsS D¬]m-Z-\hpw hnX-c-

Whpw k¿°m¿ \SØp-Ibpw sNøpw.

t_mIvkv 2.2

25

F{X-am{Xw km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n°-W-sa∂v \ΩpsS ]≤-Xn-Iƒ hni-

Z-am-°p-∂n-√. CXv Akm-[yhpw A\m-h-iy-hp-am-Wv. (ap≥ tkmhn-bn‰v bqWn-b≥ CXn\v

{ian®v ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xm-Wv). Hcp ]≤-Xn-bpsS {][m\ ]¶v GXv taJ-e-bn-em-sW∂v

kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw (DZm-l-c-W-ambn Du¿÷ D¬]m-Z-\w, Pe-tk-N-\w) _m°n hn]-Wn°v

hn´p sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.

al-emt\m-_nkv :-- - C¥y≥ Bkq-{XWØns‚ inev]n

hninjvS-cmb ]e Nn¥-Icpw \ΩpsS ]©h’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v

kw`m-h\ \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-cn¬ {]im¥ N{μ al-em-t\m-_nkv F∂ imkv{X-

⁄s‚ t]cv FSp-Øp-]-d-tb≠Xp≠v.

Bkq-{XWw AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Bcw-

`n-®Xv c≠mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤Xn apX-em-Wv. al-em-t\m-

_nkns‚ hnI-k\ Bkq-{X-W\bw c≠mw ]©-h¬kc

]≤-Xn-bnemWv apt∂m´v sh®-Xv. Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ At±-

lsØ C¥y≥ Bkq- {X -W-Øns‚ in¬]n -bmbn

]cnKWn°mw.

1893˛¬ I¬°-´-bn-em-bn-cp∂p al-em-t\m-_n-kns‚

P\\w. I¬°-´-bnse {]kn-U≥kn tImtf-Pnepw Cw•-

≠nse tI{_nUvPv k¿h-I-em-ime bn-ep-ambn At±lw

hnZym- ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. kmwJyIw F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬

\¬Inb kw`m-h\ At±-lsØ A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Øn¬

{]i-kvX-\m-°n. {]ikvX imkv{X-⁄-cpsS kwL-S-\-bmb

{_n´ojv tdmb¬ skmssk-‰n-bn¬ At±lw 1946˛¬ AwK-

am-bn. kaq-l-Ønse AXn{]i-kvX-cmb imkv{X-⁄¿°v

am{Xta CXn¬ AwKXzw e`n-®ncp-∂p-≈q.

al-em-t\m-_nkv I¬°- -bn¬ C¥y≥ kv‰mÃn-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq v (ISI) ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw

"kmwJy' F∂ tPW¬ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C∂pw kmwJyI imkv{X-⁄¿°v

Ah-cpsS Bi-b-߃ N¿® sNøm-\mbn Hcp AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ thZn-bmbn Cu tPW¬

XpS-cp-∂p. temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap-ff kmº-ØnI imkv{X-PvRcpw kmwJyI imkv{X-⁄cpw

C∂pw BZ-c-thmsS ImWp-∂-XmWv ISI bpw kmwJy-bpw.

c≠mw ]©-h¬kc]≤-Xn-Im-eØv al-em-t\m-_nkv C¥y-bn-tebpw hntZ-i-tØbpw

\nc-h[n kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄sc C¥y≥ kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Xs‚

t_mIvkv 2.3

26

Xn-]-Xy-hpw tN¿∂p-ff Hcp tkmjy-enÃv

kaq-l-ambn Ah¿ hn`m-h\w sNbvXp.

Kh¨sa‚ v, kºZv hyhÿsb Bkq-{XnX

(t_mIvkv 2.2 ImWp-I) am°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w

kzImcy taJ-esb Bkq-{X-W-Øns‚ mK-

am-hm≥ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

1948˛se hymh-km-bnI \b{]tabhpw

C¥y≥ cW LS-\-bnse \n¿t±-iI XXz-

ambn Im¿jnI hyh-kmb taJ-e-I-tf-°mfpw h¿≤n® 40.59 iX-am-\-am-bn. tkh\

taJ-e-bpsS hnln-X-Øn-ep-≠m-hp∂ h¿≤-\hv F∂ {]Xn-`mkw 1991 \v tijw Xzcn-

X-K-Xn-bn-embn (BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn®p Cu Ime-

b-f-hns\°pdn®v \ap°p ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNømw.)

tkh\taJe

Hcp cmPyw hnI-kn-°p-∂-tXmsS LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰-߃°v hnt[-b-am-hp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS

Imcy-Øn¬ Cu LS-\m-]-c-amb am‰w Hcp khn-tij coXn-bn-emWv DcpØn-cn-™-Xv. hnI-

k-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS hnlnXw Ipd-bp-Ibpw hymh-km-bnI taJe

{]mapJyw B¿÷n-°p-I-bp-amWv ]Xn-hv. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fn¬ FØp-

tºmƒ samØ B`y-¥cD¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tkh\ taJ-e-bpsS kw`m-h\ a‰p c≠v taJ-e-

I-tf-°mƒ IqSp-∂p. Hcp Zcn{Zcmjv{S-Ønt‚Xp t]mse C¥y-bn¬ GDP bnte-°p≈ Im¿jn-

I-ta-J-e-bpsS hnlnXw 50 iX-am-\-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ 1990 HmSp IqSn

tkh\ taJ-e-bpsS hnlnXw Hcp hnI-knX cmjv{S-Øn\v kam-\-ambn, Im¿jnI hyh-

kmb taJ-e-I-tf-°mfpw h¿≤n®v 40.59 iX-am-\ØnseØn. tkh\ taJ-e-bpsS hnln-X-

Øn-ep-≠m-hp∂ h¿≤-\hv 1991 \v tijw Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-embn. (BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øns‚

Bcw-`-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn® Cu Ime-b-f-hns\°pdn®v \ap°p ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬

N¿® sNømw.)

D]-tZ-iIcmhm≥ £Wn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄-cn¬ Nne¿ ]n¬°m-

eØv t\mt_¬ kΩm-\-tP-Xm-°-fmbn F∂Xv al-em-t\m-_nkv Ign-hp-ff hy‡n-Xz-

ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p F∂-Xn\p sXfn-hm-Wv. c≠mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤Xn--bnse tkmjy-

enÃv XXzØns‚ \ninX hna¿i-I-cmb kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄cpw At±-l-Øns‚

£Wn-Xm-°-fn¬ Dƒs∏- ncp∂p. as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-™m¬ Xs‚ hna¿i-I¿°v ]dbm-

-\p-f-fXpw tIƒ°m≥ At±lw Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp alm-]-fin-Xs‚ e£-WamWn-Xv.

C∂v [mcmfw kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ al-emt\m-_nkv cq]w \¬Inb kao-]-\sØ

hna¿in-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw C¥ysb kmº-ØnI hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ At±l-Øns‚ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v A\p-kva-cn-°p-Ibpw kmwJyI imkv{XØn\v

At±lw \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-sb Ch¿ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Dd-hnSw kpJ-tambv N{I-h¿Øn- /-ale-t\m-_n-kv, {]im¥ N{μm, tPm¨ et. al (Eds) TheNew Palgrave Dictionary : Economic Development .... Nortion. New York and London

t_mIvkv 2.4

27

ßfpw Cu ho£-WsØ {]Xn-^en-∏n-°p-

∂-Xm-Wv. 1950 ¬ {][m-\-a{¥n A[y-£-

\mbn Bkq-{XW IΩo-j≥ cq]o-I-cn-®p.

Aßs\ ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS bpKw

Bcw- n-®p.

2.2 ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn-bpsS e£y-

߃

GsXmcp ]≤-Xn°pw hy-‡-amb Nne e£y-

߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. kmº-ØnI hf¿®,

B[p-\nIh¬°-c-Ww, kzm{i-b-Xzw, kaXzw

F∂n-h-bmWv ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bpsS

e£y-߃. F√m ]©-h¬kc ]≤XnIfpw

F√m e£y-߃°pw Htc {]m[m\yw

\¬Ip∂p F∂v CXv A¿∞-am-°p-∂n-√. hn -

h-߃ ]cn-an-X-ambXn\m¬ Hmtcm ]≤-Xn-

bp-tSbpw apJy]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂

e£y-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. ]≤Xn

\b-߃ AXns‚ e£y-߃°v FXn-

cmIp∂n√ F∂v Bkq-{X-I¿ Ign-bm-hp-∂{X

Dd∏v hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. C\n \ap°v ]≤-Xn-

bpsS e£y-ßsfIpdn®v hni-Z-ambn ]Tn-

°mw.

hf¿® Nc-°pI-fp-w tkh-\-ß-fp-w D¬]m-

Zn-∏n-°m-\p≈ cmPy-Øns‚ tijn-bpsS h¿[-

\-hn-s\-bmWv kmº-ØnI hf¿® kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xv. D¬]m-Z\ k÷-amb aqe-[-\-

Øns‚ hn]p-e-ti-J-ctam _m¶nw-Kv, KXm-KX

kuIcyw, XpS-ßnb ]n¥pWmkwhn[m-\-ß-

fpsS hym]vXntbm As√-¶n¬ D¬]m-Z\

k÷-amb aqe-[-\w, tkh-\-߃ F∂n-h-

bpsS Imcy-£-aXbnep-≠m-hp∂ hf¿-®tbm

BWv CXv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. samØ B`y-¥c

D¬]mZ\Øn (Pn.Un.-]n) -ep-≠m-hp∂ ÿnc-

Xbp≈ hf¿® - kmº-ØnI hf¿®-bpsS

Hcp \√ kqN-I-amWv. samØ B`y-¥c

D¬]m-Z\w F∂Xv Hcp h¿jw Hcp cmPy-

Øn\pf-f-n¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-p∂ Nc-°p-Ifp-

tSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw hn]Wn aqey-am-

Wv. samØ B`y-¥c D¬]m-Z-\sØ Hcp

tI°v Bbpw, kmº-ØnI hf¿®sb B

tI°ns‚ hep-∏-Øn¬ D≠m-hp∂ h¿≤-\-

hmbpw k¶¬∏n®p t\m°q. tI°v hep-Xm-

sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ P\-߃°v AXv A\p- -

hn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. H∂mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤-

Xn-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, C¥y-bnse P\-

߃ IqSp-X¬ kº-∂hpw sshhn-[-yhp-amb

PohnXw A\p- -hn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ Nc-

°p-Ifpw tkh-\-ßfpw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-t°-

≠Xp≠v.

Hcp kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS samØ B`y-¥c

D¬]∂w e`n-°mhp∂Xv Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e,

hymh-km-bnI taJ-e, tkh\taJe

F∂nhnS-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. Cu aq∂v taJ-e-

I-fn¬ \n∂p-ff kw`m-h-\-bmWv kºZvhyh-

ÿ-bpsS LS\°v cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Nne

cmPy-ß-fn¬ Im¿jnI taJe samØ B`y-

¥c D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ hf¿®°v IqSp-X¬

kw`m-h\ sNøp-tºmƒ, a‰p Nne cmPy-ß-

fn¬ tkh\taJebv°mbn -cn°pw

ap≥Xq°w (t_mIvkv 2.4 ImWp-I)

B[p-\nIhXv°-c-Ww-˛-Nc-°pI-fptSbpw

tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-

°m≥ D¬]m-Z-I¿ ]pXnb kmt¶-XnI hnZy

kzo-Icn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp

I¿j-I\v ]g-b- hnØn\v ]Icw ]pXnb

hnØn-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚

Irjn ÿesØ D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥

iX-am-\-am-bn. tkh\

w 1991 \v tijw Xzcn-

°w Ipdn®p Cu Ime-

.)

28

km[n-°pw. AXp-t]mse ^mIvS-dn-bnse

D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Hcp ]pXnb b{¥w

D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂-XmWv. ]pØ≥

kmt¶-XnI hnZy kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ B[p-

\nIh¬°-cWw F∂v ]d-bp-∂p.

B[p-\nIh¬°-cWw ]pXnb kmt¶-

XnIhnZy-bpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ am{Xw HXp-

ßp∂-X-√. CXn¬ kv{Xo ]pcp-jkaXz

t]me-p≈ kmaqly ho£-W-ß-fn-ep-≠m-b

am‰-ßfpw IqSn-tNtc-≠-Xp-≠v. ]c-º-cm-KX

kaq-l-Øn¬, ]pcp-j≥am¿ tPmen sNøp-

tºmƒ kv{XoIƒ ho´n-\p-f-fn¬ Xs∂ Ign-

bm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp-∂p. F∂m¬ B[p-

\nI kaqlw kv{XoI-fpsS Ign-hp-Isfbpw

tPmen ÿe-ß-fn¬ (_m¶p-Iƒ, hyh-km-

b-im-e-Iƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb) {]tbm-

P-\-s∏SpØp-∂p. AØcw kaq-lw -IqSp-X¬

A`n-hr≤ns∏Sp∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.

kzm{ibXzw ˛ Hcp cmPy-Øn\v AXns‚

Xs∂ hn -h-߃ D]-tbm-Knt®m a‰p-cm-Py-ß-

fn¬ \n∂pw Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX hn -h-߃

D]-tbm-Knt®m kmº-ØnI hf¿®bpw B[p-

\nIh¬°-c-Whpw sa®s∏-Sp-Ømw. C¥y-

bn¬ Xs∂ \n¿an-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ hkvXp-

°-fpsS Cd-°p-aXn Hgn-hm°ns°m≠p≈

kzmb-{i-b-Xzk-ao-]\Øn-\mWv BZy Ggv

C¥y≥ ]©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ {]m[m\yw

\¬In-b-Xv. `£yhkvXp-°ƒ t]mep-f-fh

C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv hntZi

B{in-XXzw Ipd-bv°m≥ klm-bn-°pw.

hntZi B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw kzmX{¥yw

t\Snb P\X kzm{i-b-Øz-Øn\v {]m[m\yw

\¬Ip-∂Xv kzm-`m-hn-Iam-Wv. am{X-a√ Cd-

°p-aXn sNbvX `£yhkvXp-°ƒ, hntZi

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-ff kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bn¬ D≠mb am‰w ¢mkn¬

N¿® sNøp-I.

a) `£y[m\y-ß-fpsS D¬]m-Z\w

b) km[-\-ß-ƒ ]m°v sNø¬

c) s]mXp hm¿Ømhn\n-abw

1990˛91 epw 2014˛15 epw C¥y Ib-‰p-aXnbpw Cd-°p-a-Xnbpw sNbvX {][m-\-s∏´

C\-߃ Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

a) Ch-bnse hyXymkw \nco-£n-°pI

b) kzm{i-b-Xz-Øn-s‚ ^ew CXn¬ ImWp-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøpI

c) hm¿Ømhn\n-abw

Cu hnh-c-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃°v "C°-tWm-anIv k¿sh' ]cn-tim-[n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

29

kmt¶-XnI hnZy, hntZi aqe-[\w F∂n-h-

bn-ep-ff B{i-bXzw \ΩpsS \b-ß-fn-ep-ff

hntZi CS-s]-S-en\pw AXv hgn C¥y≥ ]c-

am-[n-Im-c-Øn\v t]mepw nj-Wn-bm-Ip-sa-∂pw

\mw b-s∏- n-cp-∂p.

kaXzw P\-ß-fpsS PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn\v kmº-ØnIhf¿®, B[p-\nI

h¬°-cWw, kz{i-bXzw F∂nh am{Xw aXn-

bm-hn-√. Hcp cmPy-Øv Db¿∂ kmº-ØnI

hf¿® D≠m-bm-epw, cmPy-Øp-Xs∂ hnI-kn-

∏n-s®-SpØ AXym-[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZy

D≠m-bm-epw, `qcn-`mKw P\-ßfpw Zmcn-{Zy-

Øn¬ Xs∂ Pohn-°p∂ Ahÿ D≠m-

tb°mw. kmºØnI A`n-hr-≤n-bpsS t\ -

߃ kº-∂-cmb Ipd-®p-t]¿ am{Xw A\p-

-hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p -]-Icw Zcn{Z hn`m-K-߃°pw

e`y-am-hp-∂ps≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-tØ-≠Xv

hfsc {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv kmº-

ØnI hf¿®, B[p-\nI h¬°-c-Ww,

kzm{i-bXzw F∂n-h°p ]pdsa kaXzhpw

{]m[m\ya¿-ln-°p-∂p. F√m C¥y-°mcpw

`£-Ww, hmk-tbm-Ky-amb ]m¿∏n-Sw,

hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw XpS-ßnb ASn-

ÿm\ Bh-iy-߃ km£m-¬I-cn-°m≥

{]m]vX-cm-hp-Ibpw AXn-\mbn kºØns‚

hnX-c-W-Øn-ep-ff AkaXzw Ipd®psIm≠v

hcnIbpw thWw.

1950 apX¬ 1990 hsc-bp-ff Ime-L- -Øn-se-

BZy Ggv ]©-h¬kc ]≤XnIƒ Irjn,

hyh-km-bw, hym]mcw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬

Cu e£y-߃ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v \S-Ønb

]cn-{i-ahpw Ah F{X-tØmfw hnP-bn®p-sh-

∂pw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. 1991 \v tij-ap-

ff \b-ß-tfbpw hnI-k\ {]iv\-ß-sfbpw

Ipdn®v \ap°v aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®

sNømw.

2.3 Irjn

tImf\n hmgvN-°m-eØv Im¿jnItaJ-e-

bn¬ hf¿®tbm ka-Xztam C√m-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂v \n߃ H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-

®ph-t√m. kzX{¥ C¥y-bnse \b cq]I¿Iv

CØcw hnj-b-߃ A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sNtø-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C¥y≥ Im¿jnI

cwKsØ Hcp hnπ-h-Øn-te°v \bn® q]-cn-

jvI-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw AXyp¬]m-Z\ tijn-

bp-ff hnØn-\-ßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

eq-sSbpw Ah¿ CXv km[y-am-°n.

`q]-cn-jv°-c-Ww˛ kzmX-{¥y-k-a-bØv qA-

h-Imi hyh-ÿ-bpsS khn-ti-jX F∂Xv

kao-μm¿am-¿, PmKo-¿Zm¿am¿ F∂o CS-\n-e-

°m-cpsS km∂n-[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ch¿ qan-bn¬

A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n∂pw ]m´w Npa-Øn-

F∂p am{X-a√ Irjn ÿe-Øns‚ sa®-s∏-

Sp-Ø-en-\mbn bmsXm∂pw sNbvXn-cp-∂pan√.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS Ipd™ D¬]m-Z-\-

£aX ImcWw C¥y°v Ata-cn -°≥

sFIy \mSp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw `£y hkvXp-

°ƒ Cd°p aXn tNtø-≠nh∂ncp-∂p.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ kaXzw ssIh-cn-°p-

∂-Xn\v q]-cn-jvI-cWw Bh-iy-am-Wv. qan-

bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øn-ep-ff ]p\¿hn-X-

cW-amWv q]-cn-jvI-cWw F∂Xv sIm≠v

hnh-£n-°-p-∂-Xv.

kzmX{¥yw e`n®v Hcp h¿jw Ign-™-t∏mƒ

Xs∂ qan-bn¬ A[zm-\n-°p-∂-hsc qan-bpsS

DS-a-ÿ-cm-°m\p≈ {iaw \S-∂ncp∂p. CS-

\n-e-°msc Hgn-hm-°m-\p-ff \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

30

k¿°m¿ FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. th≠{X aqe-[\w

e`yam°n-bm¬, qhp-S-am-h-Imiw e`n® qan-

bn¬ A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h¿°v Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-

K-Xn-°mbn \nt£]w \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

{]tNm-Z-\-ap-≠mIpw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu

\o°-Øn\p ]n∂nep≈ Bibw (t_mIvkv

2.5 ImWp-I). Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ kaXzw

sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn-\m-bp-ff as‰mcp \b-am-bn-

cp-∂p q]-cn[n \n›-bn-°¬. Hcp hy‡n°v

ssIhiw sh°m-hp∂ qan-bpsS ]c-am-h[n

Afhv \n›-bn-°pI F∂-XmWv CXv

A¿∞am°p-∂-Xv. `qDS-a-ÿX Ipd®p

t]cn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hgn-hm-°pI

F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p `q]-cn-[n- \n¿WbØns‚

e£yw.

CS-\n-e-°m¿ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´-tXm-Sp-IqSn 200

e£-tØmfw IpSn-bm-∑m¿ kao-μm¿amcpsS

Nqj-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-Xcm-hp-Ibpw

Kh¨sa‚p-am-bn t\cn- p-ff _‘-Øn¬ hcn-

Ibpw sNbvXp. IpSn-bm-∑m-cn-te°v ssIam‰w

sNbvXXv qDS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw Ah¿°v Hcp

t{]m’m-l-\-am-hp-Ibpw Im¿jnI hf¿®°v

DX-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶nepw CS-\n-e-

°mcpsS Hgn-hm-°¬ sIm≠v kaXzw F∂

DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-ihpw t{]m’ml\hpw

I¿j-I¿ Xs∂-bmWv Irjn `qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿ-sc-¶n¬ D¬]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

Ah¿ IqSp-X¬ X¬]c-cm-Wv ˛ t{]m’m-lnX-cmWv ˛ F∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-

amWv Irjn-`qan AXn¬ A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h¿°v F∂ \bw. DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-ap-s≠-¶n¬

h¿≤n-°p∂ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h¿°v IqSp-X¬ t\´ap-≠m-°m≥ Ignbpw

F∂-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. h¿≤n® D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ an®w `qDS-a-Iƒ°msW-∂n-cns°

IpSn-bm≥am¿°v Irjn `qan A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ H´pw Xm¬∏cy-ap-≠m-In√. {]tNm-Z\w

]I-cp-∂-Xn¬ DS-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw ap≥ tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse I¿j-I¿

]g-߃ hn¬°m-\mbn A{i-≤-ambn ]m°v sNøp∂ DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS ImWn-®n-´p-≠v.

]pXnb ]g-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Htc s]´n-bn¬ No™ ]g-ßfpw I¿j-I¿ ]m°v sNbvXm¬ \√

]g-ßfpw tISp hcp-sa∂v F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]g-߃ hn¬°m≥ km[n-°m-

ØXp sIm≠v I¿j-I¿°v AsXmcp henb \jvS-am-bn-cn°pw. XnI®pw Ah-cpsS Xs∂

\jvS-Øn-te-s°-Øn-°p∂ CØ-c-samcp {]hrØn F¥n-\mWv tkmhn-b‰v I¿j-I¿ sNøp-

∂Xv? tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\nse I¿j-I¿°v kz¥-ambn `qan-bpsS DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw C√m-

Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v \jvStam em`tam D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw C√mØXn\m¬

I¿j-I¿°v Imcy-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ {]tNm-Z-\-sam∂pw C√. hnim-ehpw AXn-^-e-`q-

bn-jvS-hp-amb hnkvXrX Irjn-ÿew tkmhn-b‰v bqWn-b-\n¬ D≠m-bn´pw Im¿jnI taJe

tamiw {]I-S\w ImgvN-h-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

Source : Thomas Sowell, Basic Economics, A Citizens Guide to the Economy, New York: Basic Books, 2004 Second Edition

Box 2.5

31

e£yw apgp-h-\mbpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-

™n-√. Nne {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]gb skao-μm¿

Xs∂ \nb-a-Øns‚ ]gp-Xp-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

henb `q{]tZ-i-Øn-s‚ DS-a-ÿcmbn

XpS¿∂p. qhp-S-a-Iƒ Irjn-°m-sc∂v (`qan-

bn¬ A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h¿) Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw bYm¿∞ IpSn-bm≥amsc IpSn-sbm-gn-

∏n-®v qhp-S-a-ÿm-h-Imiw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

sNbvX Ah-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-bn- p-≠v. qan-bn¬

A[zm-\n-°p-∂-h¿°v DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw e`n-

s®-¶nepw AXnZcn-{Z-cmb I¿j-I-sXm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ°v (]¶p Irjn-°m¿, `qan-bn-√m-Ø-

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h¿) q]-cn-jv°-c-

W-Øns‚ t\´w e`n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

`q]cn[n \nb-aw XS- -s∏Sp-Øn. h≥InS q-

DS-a-Iƒ Cu \nbasØ tImS-Xn-bn¬

tNmZyw sNøpIbpw \nbaw \S-°p-∂Xv

sshIn -∏n -°p -Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu

Imehnfw_w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Ah¿ qan

Xß-fpsS ASpØ _‘p-°-fpsS t]cn-em-

°p-Ibpw Aßs\ \nba \S-]-Sn-I-fn¬

\n∂pw c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \nb-a-Øn-

s‚ ]gp-Xp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-

SpØn h≥InS qhp-S-a-Iƒ Ah-cpsS qhp-S-

a-ÿX \ne-\n¿Øn. "`qan A[zm-\n-°p∂

P\hn`m-K-߃°v' F∂ \b-tØmSv {]Xn-

_-≤X ]pe¿Ønb Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ D≠m-

bn-cp∂ tIc-f-Ønepw ]›na _wKm-fnepw

`q]cn-jv°-cWw hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p. \n¿-

`mKyhim¬ a‰p kwÿm-\ -߃°v

CXpt]mep-ff {]Xn-_-≤X C√m-Xn-cp-∂-

XpsIm≠v, C∂pw ssIhi `qan-bpsS Af-

hn¬ henb Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ \ne

\n¬°p-∂p≠v.

lcnX hnπhw kzmX{¥y ka-bØv cmPy-

Ønse 75 iX-am\w P\-ßfpw

IrjnsbbmWv B{i-bn-®Xv. qcn- mKw I¿j-

Icpw ]gb kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-

∂-Xn-\mepw Bh-iy-amb ASn-ÿm\ kuI-

cy-ß-fpsS A`mhØmepw Im¿jnI taJ-e-

bnse D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-

cp∂p. C¥y≥ Irjn {][m-\-ambpw a¨kq-

Wn-s\ B{i-bn-®p-f-f-XmWv. Pe-tk-N\

kuIcyw e`y-a-s√-¶n¬ ag-°p-dhv I¿j-

Isc {]bm-kØnem-°n-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc-

°pd®v I¿j-I¿°v am{Xta Pe-tk-N\

kuI-cy-߃ e`y-am-bncp∂p-f-fq. lcnX

hnπ-h-ØneqsS tImf\n c-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ kvXw -

\m-hÿ Iptd-sbms° ]cn-l-cn-°m-\mbn.

lcnX hnπhw F∂Xv AXyp-¬]m-Z\ tijn-

bp-ff hnØn-\-ß-fpsS ({]tXy-In®pw tKmX-

ºn-s‚bpw s\√n-s‚bpw) D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬

D≠mb h≥h¿≤\hns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-¬ AXyp-¬]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-ff

hnØn-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn\v IrXy-

amb Af-hn¬ cmk-h-f-߃, IoS-\m-in-\n-

Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ÿnc-amb Pe-tk-N-\hpw

Bh-iy-amWv. CXn\p ]pdta \nth-i-ß-fpsS

(inputs) icn-bmb A\p-]m-X-Øn-ep-ff D]-

tbm-Khpw {][m-\-am-Wv. AXyp-]m¬Z\

tijn-bp-ff hnØn-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw I¿j-

I¿°v sa®-ap-≠m-h-W-sa-¶n¬ ÿmbn-bmb

Pe-tk-N\ kuI-cy-ßfpw cmk-hfw IoS-

\m-in\n F∂nh hmßm-\p-ff kmº-ØnI

tijnbpw AXym-h-iy-amWv. X¬^-e-ambn

lcnX hnπ-h-Øns‚ H∂mw L´w (GI-tZiw

1960 s‚ ]IpXn apX¬ 1970 ˛s‚ ]IpXn

hsc) AXyp¬]m-Z\ tijn-bp-ff hnØn-\-

32

ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw kmº-Øn-I-ambn ap∂n¬

\n¬°p∂ ]©m-_v, B{‘m-{]-tZiv, Xangv

\mSv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn ]cn-an-X-s∏-

´p. AXn-ep-]cn AXyp-¬]m-Z\ tijn-bp-ff

hnØn-\-߃ IqSp-X¬ t\´-ap-≠m-°n-bXv

tKmXºv Irjn sNøp∂ {]tZ-i-ßfnemWv

lcnX hnπ-h-Øns‚ c≠mw L´-

Øn¬ (1970 ˛s‚ ]IpXn apX¬ 1980 ˛s‚

]IpXn hsc) AXyp-¬]m-Z\ tijn-bp-ff

hnØn-\-ßfpw kmt¶-XnI hnZybpw IqSp-X¬

kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v hym]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw IqSp-

X¬ sshhn-[y-ap-ff hnf-Iƒ°v {]tbm-P-\-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. lcnXhnπh kmt¶-

XnI hnZy-bpsS hym]\w C¥ysb `£y

[m\y-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ kzbw ]cym-]vXX

ssIh-cn-°m≥ {]]vX-am°n. \ΩpsS £y

Bh-iy-߃°mbn \mw Ata-cn-°-bpsStbm

at‰-sX-¶nepw cmjv{S-ß-fp-sStbm Zb-°p-

th≠n C\n ImØp \n¬t°-≠-Xn-√.

Im¿jnI D¬]-∂-ß-fpsS hf¿® {][m-\y-

a¿ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£ AXv ]cym]vXam-

bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu D¬]m-Z\ h¿≤-\-hns‚ hen-

sbmcp `mKw hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ hn¬°msX

I¿j-I¿ Xs∂ kzbw D]-t`mKw

\SØnbm¬ AXv tZiobhcp-am\ IW-

°n¬ hen-sbmcp hyXymkw D≠m-°p-I-bn√.

t\sc adn®v h¿≤n® Im¿jnI D¬]m-Z-\-

Øns‚ Gdnb ]¶pw hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ hn‰-gn-

°-s∏-´m¬ AXn\v tZiob hcp-am-\-I-W-

°n¬ h¿≤-\hp D≠m-°m≥ Ignbpw. I¿j-

I¿ hn]-Wn-bn¬ hn¬°p∂ Im¿jnI D¬]-

∂-Øns‚ `mKw Itºmfan®w (marketedsurplus) F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. lcnX hnπ-h-

Øns‚ ka-bØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-® Acn-bp-sSbpw

lcn-X-hn-πhw Ign-™p.

C\nbm¿°p-thWw

\nß-fpsS kuP-\yw

33

tKmX-ºn-s‚bpw \s√mcp`mKw (hn]-Wn-bn¬

e`y-am-°nb an®w) I¿j-I¿ hn]-Wn-bn¬

hn‰p. X¬^-e-ambn a‰v D]-t`mK hkvXp-

°sf At]-£n®v £y [m\y-ß-fpsS hne

Ipd-™p. hcp-am-\-Øns‚ \s√mcp iX-am\w

`£-W-Øn\p th≠n Nne-h-gn-®n-cp∂ Xmgv∂

hcp-am-\-°m¿°v `£y [m\y-ß-fpsS hne-

bn-ep-≠mb Ipdhv {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn. £y

[m\y-ß-fpsS A]-cym-]vXX ]cn-l-cn-°m≥

Bh-iy-amb [m\y tiJcw D≠m°p-∂-Xn\v

lcnX hnπhw Kh -sa‚ns\ klm-bn-®p.

lcnX hnπhw cmjv{S-Øn\v henb t\´w

D≠m-°nsb¶nepw CXn\v D]-tbm-Ks∏-

SpØnb kmt¶-XnIhnZy {]iv\-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw ap‡-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. CXns‚ Hcp ]cn-

Wn -X-^ew CXv sNdp -InS I¿j-Icpw

h≥InS I¿j-Icpw XΩn-ep-ff A¥cw

h¿≤n-∏n-®p F∂-Xm-Wv.- A-hiy \nth-i-ß-

fpsS Nnehv hln-°m≥ Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv

h≥InS I¿j-I¿°m-bn -cp -∂-Xn -\m¬

lcnXhnπ-h-Øn -eqsS IqSp -X¬ em`w

sImbvXXpw Ah¿ Xs∂. am{X -a√,

AXyp¬]m-Z-\ -ta≥a-bp≈ hnf-Iƒ°v IqSp-

X¬ IoSm-{I-aW km[yX D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ CØcw kmt¶-XnIhnZy kzoI-cn®

sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v IoSm-{I-aWw D≠m-

bm¬ F√mw \jvS-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p.

k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn® \S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqew CØcw

`b-sa√mw Ipd-bv°m-\m-bn. sNdp-InS I¿j-

I¿°v Ahiy \nth-i-߃ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn Kh¨sa‚ v k_vknUn \nc-°n¬

cmk-hfw \¬Ip-Ibpw Ipd™ ]eni \nc-

°n¬ hmbv] A\p-h-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

X¬ -e-ambn sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v Ahiy

\nth-i-߃ t\Sm≥ Ign-™-Xn-\m¬ Ime-

{I-taW sNdp hnf \ne-ß-fpsS D¬]mZ-\-

£-aX h≥InS hnf \ne-ß-fptSXn\v Xpey-

ambn. CXns‚ ^e-ambn lcnXhnπ-h-

Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w h≥In-S-°m¿°pw

sNdpInS°m¿°pw e`y-am-bn. s]mXp-ta-Je

Kth-jWÿm]-\-߃ \¬Inb tkh-\-

߃ IoSm-{I-aWw aqeap≠m-hp∂ sNdp-InS

I¿j-I-cpsS \jvS km[yX KWy-ambn Ipd-

®p. AXm-bXv sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°pw kmt¶-

XnI hnZy-bpsS {]tbm-P\w e`y-am-°p-∂-

Xn¬ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ]¶v hln-

°mØ kml-N-cy-ØnemWv lcnX hnπ-h-

Øns‚ {]tbm-P\w [\nI I¿j-I¿°v am{X-

ambn ]cn-an-X-s∏- -Xv F∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-

°m≥ Ign-bpw.

k_vknUn ˛ Hcp kwhmZw ˛ k_vkn-Un-

bpsS kmº-ØnI \ymbo-I-c-Ww C∂v Hcp

NqtS-dnb N¿®m hn-j-b-am-Wv. I¿j-I¿°v

s]mXp-hnepw sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°v {]tXy-

In®pw AX-yp¬]m-Z-\ -ta≥a-bp≈ kmt¶--

XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]m’m---l --\w

\¬tI-≠-Xn\v k_vknUn A\n-h--m-cy-am-

sW∂v s]mXp-hn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

I¿j-I¿ F√m ]pØ≥- kmt¶-XnI

hnZybpw A]ISkm[yX Df--f -Xmbn

ImWp∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ I¿j--Isc ]pXnb

kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-

°p∂-Xn\v k_vknUn \¬tI-≠Xv Hcp

Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hcn-°¬ kmt¶-XnI hnZy

em`-I-c-ambn°gn-™m-¬, hym]-I-ambn

kzoI-cn -°-s∏´Xm-sW¶nepw AXns‚

Dt±iy e£y-߃ t\Sn -b-XpsIm≠v

k_vkn-UnIƒ L´w L´-ambn \n¿Ø-em-

34

°-W-sa∂v Nne kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿

A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. I¿j-I¿°v {]tbm-P-\-

I-c-am-Im-\mWv k_vkn-Un-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-sX-

¶nepw cmk-hfhyh-km-bhpw k_vknUn

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. s]mXp-hn¬

kmº-ØnI A`n-hr≤n t\Snb taJ-e-I-fnse

I¿j-I-cm-Wv k_vkn-Un-Iƒ Imcy-ambn

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ cmk-

hfk_vkn-Un-Iƒ XpS-cp-∂-Xn¬ A¿∞-an-

s√∂ hmZ-hp-ap≠v. ImcWw k_vknUn

e£yw sh°p∂ hn`m-K-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-I-

c-am-hp-∂n-s√∂p am{X-a√ Kh¨sa‚n\v

henb kmº-ØnI _m[yX D≠m-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p (t_mIvkv 2.6 ImWp-I.)

adp-`m-KØv C¥y-bn¬ Irjnbn¬ \jvS

km[y-X-bp-f-f-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ (risk) Im¿jnI

k_vknUn XpS-c-W-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v.

`qcn- m-Kw I¿j-Icpw Zcn-{Z-cmW.v k_vknUn

IqSmsX Ahiy \nthi-߃°p-ff Nnehv

hln-°m≥ Ah¿°v Ign-bp-∂n-√. k_vknUn

Hgn-hm-°p-∂Xv [\nI I¿j-Icpw Zcn{Z I¿j-

Icpw XΩn-ep-ff Ak-aXzw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-

Ibpw ka-Xz-sa∂ e£yØn\v FXn-cm-hp-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. k_vkn-Un-Iƒ {]tbm-P-

\-I-c-am-hp-∂Xv h≥InS I¿j-I¿°pw cmk-

hf hyh-kmbØn\pamsW-¶n¬ k_vknUn

Hgn-hm-°-e√ icn-bmb \b-sa∂pw Zcn-{Z-

I¿j-I¿ k_vkn-Un-bpsS t\´-߃ A\p-

-hn-°p-∂p-s≠∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

FSp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂pw Cu hnZ-KvZ¿

hmZn-°p-∂p.

1960 IfpsS Ah-km -\ -tØm-Sp -IqSn

C¥ybnse Im¿jnI D¬]m-Z\£aX

h¿≤-\hv `£y[m\y kzbw]cym-]vXX

ssIh-cn-°p∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn. CXv

A`n-am-\n-t°≠ Hcp t\´-am-Wv. F∂m¬

1990 IfpsS Ah-km-\-Øn¬t]mepw cmPy-

Øns‚ 65 iX-am\w P\-ßfpw Im¿jnI

taJ-e-sb Xs∂ sXmgn-en\mbn B{i-bn-°p-

∂p F∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-a-√. ImcWw Hcp

cmPyw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp -∂-Xn\\p-k-cn®v

samØ B`y-¥c D¬]m-Z -\ -Øn -te°v

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂p-ff kw`m-

h\bpsS A\p-]mXhpw B taJ-e-bn¬

tPmen -sN-øp∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆhpw

Ipdbp∂p F∂v kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿

s]mXp-hn¬ \nco-£n-®Xm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬

1950 \pw 1990 \pw CS°v Im¿jnI

taJebpsS kw`m-h\ samØw B`y-¥c

D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ A\p-]mXw F∂ \ne-bn¬

KWy-ambn Ipd™p. ]t£ Im¿jnI taJ-

esb B{i-bn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn¬

Imcy-amb Ipdhv h∂n-√. (1950 ¬ 67.5 iX-

am-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw 1990 Bhp-tºm-tg-°pw 64.9

iX-am\w). sNdn-sbmcp hn`mKw am{Xw

tPmen sNbvXm¬t∏mepw hf¿®-bp-≠m-Ip-

am-bn-cp∂ Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ F¥p-sIm-

≠m-hmw hen -sbmcp hn`mKw P\-߃

sXmgn¬ sNtø≠n hcp-∂Xv? Im¿jnI taJ-

e-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXn-cp-∂-hsc Dƒs°m-

ffm≥ tkh\, hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-Iƒ°m-

bn√ F∂-XmWv CXn\p≈ DØ-cw. 1950

apX¬ 1990 hsc \mw ]n¥p-S¿∂ \b-ß-fpsS

]cm-P-b-am-bn- mWv Nne kmº-ØnI imkv{X-

⁄¿ CXns\ ImWp-∂-Xv.

2.4 hyh-km-bhpw hym]m-c-hpw

Zcn{Z cmjv{S-߃ ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ \s√mcp hyh-km-bnI hf¿®bn-epsS

35

am{Xta km[yamhq F∂v kmº-ØnI

imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hyh-

kmbtaJe Im¿jn-I-taJ-e-tb-°mƒ ÿnc-

X-bp-ff sXmgn¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw B[p-

\nIh¬°-c-W-tØbpw samØw A`n-hr-≤n-

tbbpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CXns‚ shfn-®Øn-emWv ]©-h-’c ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ hymh-km-bnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v

Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. kzmX{¥yw t\Snb

ImeØv hymh-km-bnI sshhn-≤y-h-¬°-

cWw Xosc Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]cpØn,

NWw F∂n -h -bn¬ am{Xw HXpßn

hne-Iƒ F∂ kqN-\-Iƒ

km[-\-ß-fpsS hne-Iƒ hn]-Wn-bn¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v \n߃ ap≥

¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠m-hp-a-t√m. hne-Iƒ hkvXp-°-fpsS e`y-Xsb°pdn-®p-ff kqN-

\-I-fm-Wv. Hcp hkvXphn\v Zu¿e`yaps≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ hne h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw AXp-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°v hne-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ B hkvXp Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-

°m≥ {]tNm-Z\amhp-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. P-e-e`y-X-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂ Ipdhv aqew AXns‚

hne Db-cp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ {i≤-tbmsS Pew D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ P\-߃°v {]tNm-

Z-\-am-hm-dp-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Pe D]-tbmKw Ipd-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ tXm´w \\-

°p-∂Xv \n¿Øntb°mw. s]t{Sm-fns‚ hne h¿≤n-°p-tºmƒ \mw ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

Kh¨sa‚ns\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]s£ h¿≤n-°p∂ hne ImWn-°p-∂Xv

AXns‚ Zu¿e-`y-sØbmWv. Ipd®p s]t{Smƒ am{Xta e`y-am-bn-´p-ffq F∂ kqN-\-

bmWv CXv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. CXv s]t{Smfns‚ D]-tbm-K-Øn¬ Ipdhv hcp-Øp-∂Xnt\m

_Z¬ C‘-\-߃ Is≠-Ømt\m {]tNm-Z-\-am-hm-dp-≠v.

Hcp hkvXp-hns‚ hne-bn¬ \n∂pw AXns‚ e`y-Xsb kw_-‘n® kqN\ In´p-∂Xn\v

k_vknUn XS w krjvSn-°p-∂-Xmbn Nne kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ Nq≠n-Im-´p-

∂p. sshZypXn, Pew F∂nh k_vknUn \nc-°n-tem, kuP-\ytam Bbn \¬Ip-tºmƒ

Ah-bpsS Zu¿e-`yw ]cn -K-Wn-°msX ]mgm°n°f-bm≥ km[yXbp≠v. Pe

Zu¿e`yapff {]tZ-i-am-sW-¶nepw Pew kuP-\y-ambn \evIn-bm¬ I¿j-I¿ Pe D]-

tbmKw IqSp-X-ep-ff hnf-Iƒ Irjn-sN-øp-Ibpw CØcw hnf-Iƒ ]cn-an-X-amb Pe hn`-

h-ßfpsS timj-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hpIbpw sNøp∂p. Pe Zu¿e`y-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-

amb hne-bmWv Pe-Øn\v Npa-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AØcw {]tZ-i-Øn\v tbmPn® hnf-

Iƒ I¿j-I¿ AhnsS Irjn sNøpambn-cp∂p. cmk-hf-˛IoS-\m-in\n k_vkn-Un-Iƒ

]cn-ÿn-Xn°v hn\mi-I-c-am-tb-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ hn`-h-ß-fpsS AanX D]-tbm-K-Øn\v

Imc-W-am-hp-∂p. k_vknUnIƒ hn`-h-߃ ]mgm-°p∂ coXn-bn-ep-ff D]-tbm-K-Øn\v

t{]c-I-am-hp-∂p. {]tNm-Z\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ k_vkn-Unsb I≠p sIm≠v I¿j-I¿°v

kuP\y sshZypXn \¬Ip-∂Xv kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ \n∂p

sIm≠v _p≤n-]-c-amtWm F∂v Nn¥n-°p-I.

t_mIvkv 2.6

36

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃

Hcp kwLw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Hcp Irjn-bnSw kμ¿in®v Ahn-SpsØ Irjn coXn-I-

sf-°p-dn®v, AXm-bXv AhnsS D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnØn-\-߃, cmk-h-f-߃, b{¥-

߃, Pe-tk-N\ D]m-[n-Iƒ, hln® Nne-hp-Iƒ, hn]-W-\-an®w, t\Snb hcp-am\w

F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn, Hcp tIkv ÃUn Xøm-dm-°p-I. Irjn qan-bn-ep-ff Hcp apXn¿∂

AwK-Øn¬ \n∂pw Irjn coXn-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßsf°pdn-®p-ff hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-

°p-∂Xv KpW-I-c-am-hpw.

(a) \nß-fpsS I≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøp-I.

(b) D¬]m-Z-\-®n-ehv, D¬]m-Z-\-£-a-X, hnØn-\-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-Kw, cmk-h-f-߃,

Pe-tk-N\ kwhn-[m-\-߃, Ime-b-f-hv, hn]-W\an-®w, IpSpw-_-h-cp-am\w

F∂n-h-bn¬ h∂ am‰-ßsf ImWn-°p∂ Nm¿´v hnhn[ {Kq∏p-I-fn-embn Xøm-

dm-°p-I.

temI_m¶v, A¥m-cmjv{S \mWb\n[n, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\ (Pn 7, Pn 8, Pn

10 cmPy-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f-\-߃) F∂nhbpambn _‘-s∏´ ]{X hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-

cn-°p-I. Im¿jnI k_vkn-Un-bn¬ hnI-knX cmjv{S-ß-fpsSbpw hnI-kzc cmjv{S-

ß-fp-tSbpw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´n-I-bn¬ \n∂pw C¥y≥ sXmgn¬ LS-\-bpsS ss]Nm¿´v

Xøm-dm-°pI

taJe 1950˛51 1990˛91 2015˛16

Irjn 72.1 66.8 47

hyh-kmbw 10.7 12.7 22

tkh\w 17.2 20.5 31

Im¿jnI k_vkn-Unsb A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂Xpw {]Xn-Iq-en-°p-∂-Xp-amb hmZ-߃ ]T\-

hnt[-bam°p-I. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ \nß-fpsS ImgvN-∏mSv F¥mWv?

a‰p cmPyßfnse, {]tXy-In®pw hnI-knX cm{„-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°v h≥ k_vknUn

\¬Ip-Ibpw CXv Ah-cpsS D¬]-∂-߃ a‰p cmjv{S-ß-fn-te°v Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥

t{]m’m-l-\-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn Nne kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ hmZn-°p-

∂p. hnI-knX cm{„-ß-fnse I¿j-I-cp-ambn \ΩpsS I¿j-I¿°v a’-cn-°m-\m-hp-

sa∂v \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøpI.

37

bncp∂psh∂pw \n߃ Ign™ A[ym-b-

Øn¬ ]Tn-®p-ht√m? Pwsj-Uv]q-cnepw

sIm¬°Øbn-ep-ambn \√ coXn-bn¬

{]h¿Øn® c≠v Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-b-im-

e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ kºZvhyh-ÿ-

bpsS hf¿®°v hyh-km-bnI ASn-Ød

hn]pe-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn\v sshhn-[y-]q¿Æ-

amb hyh-km-b-߃ thWw.

C¥y≥ hyh-km -b hnI-k-\ -Øn¬

s]mXptaJ-ebpw kzImcytaJ-ebpw

hymh-kmbnI hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Kh¨sa‚n-

s‚bpw kzImcy taJ-e-bp-tSbpw ]¶v F¥m-

bn-cn-°Ww? CXm-bn-cp∂p \b-cq-]-I¿ t\cn´

henb sh√p-hnfn. kzmX{¥yw In´nb ka-

bØv C¥y≥ hyh-km-bnIƒ°v \ΩpsS

cmPy-Øns‚ hnI-k\Øn\m-h-iy-amb

hymh-km-bnI kwcw- ߃°mbn \nt£]w

\S-Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb aqe-[\w D≠m-bn-

cps∂¶nepw hnI-k\ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-

°m\pw D¬]m-Z\w \S-Øm\pw t{]cn-∏n-°p∂

Xc-Øn-ep-ff hn]p-e-amb Itºmfw C-√m-bn-

cp-∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ k¿°m-cn\v hyh-km-

bnI taJ-e-sb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

{][m\ ]¶v hln-°m\p≠m-bn -cp -∂p.

IqSmsX c≠mw ]©-h¬kc ]≤Xn apt∂m-

´p-sh-®-Xp-t]mse tkmjy-enÃv coXn-bn¬

C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿsb hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

F∂Xv k¿°m¿ Xs∂ kºZv hyh-ÿsb

apJy-ambpw \nb-{¥n-°pI F∂ \b-Øn-te-

s°-Øn-®p. kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ ]c-a-{]-[m\

hyh-km-b-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambpw k¿°m¿

\nb{¥-W-Øn-em-°pI F∂XmWv CXv

A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. s]mXp-ta-Je Hcp

am¿§\n¿t±in Bb-Xn-\m¬ kzImcy taJ-

e-bpsS \b-߃ s]mXp taJe-bp-tS-Xn\v

]qc-I-am-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

hymh-km-bnI \b {]tabw 1956

(IPR 1956)

kºZvhyh-ÿ-bnse ASn-ÿm\ taJ-e-Isf

\nb-{¥n°pI F∂ e£y-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-

ambn 1956 ¬ ]pXnb hymh-km-bnI \bw

AwKo-I-cn -®p. Hcp tkmjy-enÃv LS\

\n¿Ωn-°m≥ ]cn-{i-an-®p. c≠mw ]©-h-’c

]≤-Xn°v CsXmcp ASn -Ø-d -bm -bn .

{]kvXpX {]tabw hyh-km-b-ßsf aq∂mbn

Xcw Xncn-®p. k¿°mcns‚ am{Xw DS-a-ÿ-

X-bn-ep-ff hyh-km-b-߃ H∂mw hn`m-K-

Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p. ]pXnb hyh-km-b-߃ XpS-

ßm -\p -ff apgp -h≥ DØ-c -hm -Z nXzhpw

k¿°mcn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bXpw AØc-

Øn¬ k¿°mcns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf ]cn-

t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂ kzImcy hyh-kmbßfpw

c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. Ah-ti-

jn-°p∂ kzImcy taJ-e-bn-ep-ff hyh-km-

b-߃ aq∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬s]Sp-∂p.

Hcp hn`mKw hyh-km-b-߃ kzImcy taJ-

ebv°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-sØ-¶nepw B taJe

k¿°m¿ -\n-b-{¥-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-bn-cp-

∂p. k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂v ssek≥kv e`n-®n-

s√-¶n¬ ]pXnb hyh-km-b-߃ Bcw-`n-

°m≥ Ignbp-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Cu \bw ]n∂m°

taJ-e-bn¬ hyh-kmbw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-\v klm-b-I-ambn. kmº-Øn-I-ambn

]n∂m°w \n¬°p∂ taJ-e-bn-emWv hyh-

kmbw XpS-ßp-∂-sX-¶n¬ ssek≥kv e`n-

°pI Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\p ]pdta

AØcw hyh-kmbime-Iƒ°v Ipd™

38

\nc-°n-ep-ff sshZypXn, Ipd™ \nIpXn

F∂n-ß-s\- Cf-hp-Iƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. {]mtZ-

inI k¥p-en-Xm-hÿ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

F∂-Xm-bn -cp∂p {]kvXpX \b-Øns‚

e£yw.

D¬]m-Z-\-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-c-W-

Ønt\m (]pXn-b-Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ D¬]m-Zn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v) IqSp-X¬ D¬]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xnt\m

\ne-hn-ep-ff hyh-km-b-߃°v t]mepw

ssek≥kv Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. kºZvhyh-

ÿ°v Bh-iy-ap-ff Af-hn¬ IqSp-X¬

km[-\-߃ D¬]m-Zn-°s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂v Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-bn-cp∂p CXv. Nc-°pIƒ IqSp-

X¬ Af-hn¬ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ Bh-iy-

am-sW∂v k¿°m-cn\v t_m≤y-s∏-´m¬

am{Xta IqSp-X¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\p-ff

ssek≥kv \¬In-bn-cp-∂p-f-fq.

sNdp-InS hyh-kmbw

1955 ˛¬ Im¿sh IΩn‰n F∂v hnfn-°p∂

{KmaoW sNdp-InS hyh-kmb IΩn‰n {Kma

hnI-k-\-Øn¬ sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS

km[yX FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp hyh-kmb

bqWn-‰n\v A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]c-am-h[n

\nt£-]-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv sNdp-

InS hyh-km-bsØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn Cu ]cn-[n-bn¬ am‰w

hcm-dp-≠v. 1950 ¬ ]c-am-h[n 5 e£w cq]-

hsc \nt£]w \S-Ønb bqWn-‰p-IsfbmWv

sNdp-InS hyh-kmb bqWn‰pIfmbn ]cn-K-

Wn-®-Xv. Ct∏mƒ ]c-am-h[n A\p-h-Z-\o-b-

amb \nt£]w Hcp tImSn cq] BWv.

sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-߃ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-

ep -∑p-J-amWv. AXm-bXv h≥InS hyh-

kmbßsf-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ

sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-Øn¬ sXmgn¬ sNøp-

Ibpw AXn-\m¬ IqSp-X¬ sXmgn¬ Ah-

k-c-߃ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]t£

sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-߃°v h≥InS hyh-

km-b-ß-fp-ambn a’-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-dn-√.

AXn-\m¬ Nne hyh-km-b-߃ sNdp-In-S-ta-

J-e°v am{X-ambn kwh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p-

∂p. Nc-°p-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°m-\p-ff bqWn-‰p-I-

fpsS tijn A\p-k-cn-®mWv kwh-c-W- am\-

Zfiw \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn Ipd™

FIvsskkv Xocp-hbpw Ipd™ ]eni \nc-

°n-ep-ff _m¶v hmbv]bpw sNdp-InS hyh-km-

b-߃°p \¬In.

2.5 Cd-°p-aXn _Z¬ hym]mc \bw

\mw kzoI-cn® hyh-kmb \bw hym]m-c-\-

b-hp-ambn ASpØ _‘-ap-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

Xt±-iob hn`-h-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°pI F∂

hym]mc X{¥w Bbn-cp-∂p BZy Ggv ]©-

h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X. kmt¶-

Xn-I-ambn Cu X{¥w Cd-°p-aXn _Z¬

(Import Substitution) F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cd-

°p-aXn hkvXp-°ƒ°v ]Icw cmPy-Øn-\-

IØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ F∂-Xm-

bn-cp∂p CXv e£yw sh®-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v hntZ-iØv \n∂v hml-\-߃ Cd-°p-

aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\v ]Icw Ah C¥y-bn¬

Xs∂ \n¿Ωn -°m≥ hyh-km -b -ßsf

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. Cu \bw A\p-k-cn®v

k¿°m¿ Xt±-iob hyh-km-b-ßsf hntZi

a’-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwc-£n-®p. Cd-°p-aXn

Np¶w (Xmcn- v) Izm´ F∂o c≠v D]m-[n-Iƒ

hgn-bmbn-cp∂p Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \n∂p-ff

kwc-£-Ww. Cd-°p-aXn Xocph F∂Xv Cd-

39

°p-a-Xn-bn¬ Npa-Øp∂ \nIp-Xn-bmWv. Ch

Cd-°p-aXn hkvXp-°fpsS hneh¿≤n°m\pw

Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKw Ipd-bm\pw Imc-W-am-

Ip-∂p. F{X am{Xw hkvXp-°ƒ Cd-°p-aXn

sNømw F∂v \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Izm´.

Cd-°p-aXn Xocph, Izm´ F∂n-h-bpsS ^e-

ambn Cd-°p-aXn \nb-{¥n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw B`y-

¥c D¬]m-Z\ bqWn‰pIsf hntZi a’-c-

Øn¬ \n∂v kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hnI-knX cmjv{S-ß-fn¬ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂

hkvXp-°-fp-ambn hnI-kzc cmjv{S-ß-fnse

hyh-km-b-߃°v a’c£aX Ipd-hm-Wv

F∂ Bi-b-Øn-e-[n -jvSn -X-amWv kwc-

£Ww (Protection) F∂ \bw. B`y¥c

hyh-km-b-߃ kwc-£n-°-s∏-´m¬ Ime-{I-

taW Ah a’c k÷-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-

°-p-∂p. Cd-°p-a-Xn-bn¬ \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-

Sp-Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ hntZi \mWyw BUw-_c

hkvXp-°-fpsS Cd-°p-a-Xn-°mbn Nne-h-gn-°-

s∏-Sm-\p-ff km[y-Xsb \b-cq-]-I¿ `b-∂n-

cp-∂p. am{X-a√ 1980 IfpsS ]IpXn hsc Ib-

‰p-aXn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°m-\p-ff Kuc-h-amb

Nn¥-Iƒ H∂pw D≠m-bn-√.

hymh-km-bnI hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \b-ß-fpsS

kzm[o\w

BZy Ggv ]©-hXvkc ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ hymh-

km-bnI taJ-e-bn¬ D≠mb t\´-߃ aXn-

∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. C°m-e-Øv hymh-

km-bnI taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂pw samØ B`y-

¥c D¬∏∂-Ønte°p-ff kw`mh\-bpsS

A\p-]mXw 1950˛51 se 11.8 iX-am-\-Øn¬

\n∂v 1990˛91 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw 24.6 iX-am-\-

ambn h¿≤n-®p. GDP bnte°p-ff hymh-km-

bnI taJ-e-bpsS hnln-X-Øn-ep-≠m-hp∂

h¿≤-\hv hnI-k-\-Øns‚ Hcp {][m-\-s∏´

kqNIw Bbn-´mWv IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

C°m-e-b-f-hn¬ hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bn¬

D≠mb 6% hm¿jnI hf¿®m \nc°v {]iw-

k-\o-b-am-Wv. C¥y≥ hyh-kmbw C\n

apX¬ ]cpØn NWw F∂n-h-bn¬ am{Xw

]cn-an-Xs∏-tS-≠-X√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ 1990

HmSp-IqSn s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpsS klm-b-Øn¬

hyh-kmbw henb tXmXn¬ sshhn-≤y-h¬-

°-cn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. henb hymh-km-bime-

Iƒ XpS-ßm≥ aqe-[\w C√m-Xn-cp-∂-h¿°v

sNdp-InS taJ-e-bp-sS t{]m’m-l\w henb

km[y-X-Iƒ \¬In. hntZi a’-c-ß-fn¬

\n∂p-ff kwc-£Ww as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ hnI-

k\ km[yX C√m-Xn-cp∂ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-

Ivkv, hml\ \n¿amWw XpSßnb {]mtZ-

inI hyh-km-b-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w km[y-

am°n.

kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS hf¿®°v s]mXp-ta-Je

henb kw`m-h\ \¬In-sb-∂mepw Nne

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ s]mXp-ta-Je

kwc-`-ß-fpsS {]I-S-\sØ hna¿in-°p-

∂p≠v. {]mcw` L´-Øn¬ s]mXp-ta-J-e-

AXnhn]p-e-amb tXmXn¬ Bh-iy-ambn h-

∂Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Cu A[ym-b-Øns‚ XpS-°-

Øn¬ kqNn -∏n -®n -cp -∂p. s]mXptaJe

kwcw`-߃ Nnekm[\ßfpw tkh\-

ßfpw s]mXptaJ-ebn¬ Xs∂ D¬]mZn-

∏nt°≠Xns‚ Bh-iyIX C√mXncp∂n´pw

(AhcpsS IpØI-bm°n) D¬]mZn -

∏n®ncp∂p. hm¿Øm hn\n-ab tkh-\-߃

CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kz-ImcytaJem

ÿm]-\-߃°v CXv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ign-

bp-sa--¶nepw Cu hyh-kmbw s]mXptaJ-

ebv°v kwh-cWw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. a’-c-

40

Øns‚ A`mhw aqew 1990 IfpsS Ah-km-

\-Øn¬t]mepw Hcmƒ°v Zo¿L-Imew sSe-

t^m¨ IW-£-≥ e`n°m≥ ImØn-cn -

t°≠n h∂n-cp -∂p. tamtU¨ {_Uv

\n¿amWØns‚ Imcyw as‰mcp

DZmlcWamWv; kzImcy taJe°v {_Uv

\n¿an°m≥ IgnbmØXpt]mse! 2001˛¬

Cu ÿm]\w kzImcytaJe°v hn‰p.

Bkq-{XnX hnI-k-\-Øns‚ \mev ]Xn-‰m-

≠n\v tijhpw ( i) s]mXp-ta-Jebv°v

am{Xw sNøm -hp -∂Xv F¥v? ( ii)

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃

Xmsg sImSp-Ø ]´n-I- D]-tbm-Kn®v GDP bnte°p≈ hnhn[ taJeIfpsS kw`mh\

ImWn-°p∂ Hcp ss] Nm¿ v \n¿Ωn-°p-I. 1950˛91 Ime-L- -Ønse hnI-k-\-Øns‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ GDP bnte°v Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p-≠mb kw`m-h-\-bn¬ h∂

hyXymkw N¿®-sN-øp-I.

taJe 1950-51 1990-91

Irjn 59.0 34.9

hyh-kmbw 13.0 24.6

tkh\w 28.0 40.5

¢mkns\ c≠mbn Xncn®v s]mXp taJe kwc-w`-ß-fpsS (PSUs) {]tbmP\sØ-

°pdn®v Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I. Hcp {Kq∏v s]mXp-ta-Jem kwc- -ßsf A\p-

Iq-en®pw ASpØ {Kq∏v AXns\ FXn¿Øpw kwkm-cn-°mw. (]c-am-h[n hnZym¿∞n-

Isf CXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØpIbpw DZmlcW߃ \¬Im≥ Ahsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNøWw)

kzImcy taJ-e°v sNøm-hp-∂Xv F¥v F∂-

Xn\v IrXy-amb Hcp th¿Xn-cnhv D≠m-bn√

F∂-Xv ChnsS kqNn-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm-l-

c-W-Øn\v Ct∏mgpw tZiob {]Xn-tcm[w

s]mXp-taJ-e-bn-em-Wv. AXp-t]mse kzImcy

taJ-ebv°v tlm´-ep-Iƒ `wKn-bmbn \S-Øn-

sIm≠v t]mIm≥ Ign-bp-sa-¶nepw Kh¨-

sa‚pw- tlm´¬ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬

kzImcy taJ-ebv°v `wKn-bmbn ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n∂pw k¿-

°m¿ ]n≥hmßn kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebv°v {]h¿-

41

Øn-°m≥ km[n -°mØ taJ-e -I -fn¬

k¿°m-cns‚ hn`-h-߃ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-

Xn¬ {i≤n-°-W-sa∂v Nne ]fin-X¿ hmZn-

°p-∂p.

Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-߃

tNm¿Øn-°-f-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ \jvSw hcp-

Øn-bmepw s]mXptaJem ÿm]\߃

AS®p ]q´m≥ _p≤n -ap -´m -b -Xn -\m¬

AsXt∏mgpw {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

kzImcy ÿm]-\-߃ F√m-bvt∏mgpw em`-

I-c -am -sW∂v CXv A¿∞-am -°p -∂n -√.

(bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Nne s]mXp taJem ÿm]-

\-߃ Bcw- -Øn¬ \jvS-sØ-Xp-S¿∂v AS-

®p-]q-´¬ `oj-Wn-bn-em-bn-cp∂ kzImcy

ÿm]-\-߃ Bbn-cp∂p. Ah ]n∂oSv

AXnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS sXmgn¬ kwc-

£n-°m≥ th≠n tZi-km¬°-cn-°-s∏- -h-bm-

Wv) F∂ncp-∂mepw \jvSw hcpØp∂

kzImcyÿm]\߃ hn`h߃ ]mgm°n-

s°m≠v Gsd XpS¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°pIbn√.

]pXnb hyh-kmbw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v

A\pa-Xn-]{Xw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv

hyh-km-bn-Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNbvXp. Nne

h≥hyh-km-bn-Iƒ ]pXnb ÿm]\w XpS-

ßp-∂--Xn-ep-]cn Xß-fpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ

]pXnb ÿm]-\-߃ XpS-ßm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn

A\paXn]{Xw Ic-ÿ-am -°n -bn -cp -∂p.

s]¿an‰v ""ssek≥kv cmPv'' F∂v hnfn-°p∂

CØcw \nb-{¥Ww Nne ÿm]-\-߃

Imcy-£-a-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v XS -

am-bn. hyh-km-bn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS D¬]-∂-

߃ Fßs\ sa®-s∏-SpØmw F∂v Nn¥n-

°p-∂-Xn-ep-]cn ]pXnb A\paXn ]{X-߃

t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-Isf

kzm[o\n°p-∂-Xn\pw kabw Nne-h-gn-®p.

hntZi a’-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-ff kwc-£Ww

KpW-tØ-°m-tfsd tZmj-am-sW∂v sXfn-

™n´pw XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂Xv hna¿-i-\-Øn-\n-S-

bm-°n. Cd-°p-aXn \nb--{¥n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ C¥y≥ D]-t`m--‡m-°ƒ B`y¥c

D¬]mZI¿ F¥v D¬]m-Zn-∏n-®mepw hmßm≥

\n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. F¥p¬]mZn-∏n-®mepw

hn‰p t]mIp∂ Hcp hn]Wn X߃°ps≠-

∂ tXm∂¬ D¬]m-Z-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXn-\m-¬ Ah¿--°v Xß-fpsS D¬]-∂---

Øns‚ KpW-ta∑ h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ bmsXmcp

{]tNm-Z-\hpw D≠m-bn-√. Xß-fpsS KpW-ta∑

Ipd™ D¬-]∂w IqSnb hne°v hn‰-gn-°m≥

km[n-°p-tºmƒ F¥n\v Ah¿ Xß-fpsS

D¬]-∂-Øns‚ KpW-ta≥a h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥

{ian -°Ww? Cd-°p -a -Xn -bn¬ \n∂pff

a’cw \ΩpsS D¬]m-Z-Isc IqSp-X¬ Imcy-

£-aX D≈-h-cm-°p-∂p.

s]mXp-ta-Je em`w t\Sm≥ th≠n e£yw

sh®p-f-f-X-s√-∂pw AXv cmjv{S-Øns‚

t£aØn\mbp-f-f-Xm-sW∂pw Nne kmº-

ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°p∂p-

≠v. Cu ImgvN-]m-Sn¬ s]mXp taJ-em

ÿm]-\-߃ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠Xv Ah

t\Snb em`-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-e√ adn-

®v P\-t£-a-Øn-\mbn Ah-bpsS kw`m-h\

F{X-sb-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

[\n-Icmjv{S-߃ Ah-cpsS D¬-]mZIsc

kwc-£n-°p∂ Ime-tØmfw \mw \ΩpsS

D¬]m-Z-Isc hntZi a’-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

kwc-£n-°-W-sa∂mWv Nne kmº-ØnI

imkv{X-⁄cpsS ]£w. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ A`n-

{]mb hyXym-k-߃ Df-f-Xn-\m¬ Hcp ]pXn-

42

b \bw Bh-iy-amsW∂v Ch¿ IcpXp-∂p.

CØcw Bh-iy-ßfpw CtXm-sSm-∏-ap-ff

a‰p {]iv\-ßfpw 1991˛¬ Hcp ]pXnb kmº-

ØnI- \bw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-te°v k¿-

°m-cns\ \bn-®p.

2.6 D]-kw-lmcw

BZy Ggv ]©---h¬kc ]≤XnIfnse

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿ-bpsS ]ptcm---KXn

aXn∏pf-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX{¥ye-

_v[n -°mesØ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂pw

\ΩpsS hyh-km-b-߃ hf-sc-b-[nIw

ss-hhn-[y-h¬°-cn-°s∏´ncn°p∂p. lcnX-

hnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn C¥y `£y [m\y-

Øns‚ D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw ]cym-]vX-X

t\Sn. shdp-°-s∏´ skao-μmcn k{º-Zm-b-

Øns‚ XpS®p \o°-en\v `q]-cn-jv°-cWw

hgn sXfn-bn-®p. F∂n-cp∂mepw s]mXp

taJem kwcw-` -ß-fpsS {]I-S -\-Øn¬

\nch[n kmº-ØnI imkv{X-⁄¿ Akw-

Xr-]vX-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Aan-X-amb k¿°m¿

\nb{¥Ww kwc-w`-I-Xz-Øns‚ hf¿®°v

XS am-s{X. kzm{i-b-Øz-Øns‚ t]cn¬

\ΩpsS D¬]m-Z-I¿ hntZi a’-c-Øn¬

\n∂pw kwc-£n-°-s∏´p. F∂m¬ CXv

D¬]m-Zn-∏n® km[-\-ß-fpsS KpW-ta∑

h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Ah¿°v {]tNm-Z\ambn-√.

\ΩpsS \b-߃ B`y¥c {]m[m\yap≈-

Xmb-Xn\m¬ (Inward oriented) i‡-amb

Hcp Ib-‰p-aXn taJe hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬

]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. amdp∂ BtKmf kmº-ØnI

ÿnXn°\p-k-cn-®p-ff ]cnjvImc \b߃

thW--sa-∂p-f-f Bhiyw i‡-am-hp-Ibpw 1991

¬ ]pØ≥ kmº-ØnI \b-߃°v Bcw`w

Ipdn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXmWv ASpØ

A[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw N¿® sNøp∂Xv.

43

1 . ]≤Xn Fs¥∂v \n¿h-Nn-°p-I.

2 . C¥y Bkq-{XWw sXsc-s™-Sp-ØXv F¥p-sIm≠v?

3 . ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v e£yw D≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv F¥p-sIm≠v?

4 . AXyp-¬]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-ff hnØn-\-߃ (HYV) F∂m¬ F¥v?

5 . hn]-W\ an®w (Marketable surplus) F∂m¬ F¥v?

A`ym-k-߃

kw{Klw

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw tkmjy-en-k-Øns‚bpw apX-em-fn-ØØn-s‚bpw \√ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ DƒsIm-f-fp∂ Hcp an{ikºZvhyhÿbv°mWv C¥y {]m[m\yw

\¬InbXv.

F√m kmº-ØnI Bkq-{X-W-ßfpw ]©-h¬kc ]≤-Xn -I-fn -eqsSbmWv

\S∏m°nbXv.

]©h¬kc ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS s]mXp e£y-߃ hf¿®, B[p-\nIhXv°-c-Ww, kzbw

]cym-]vXX, kaXzw F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ XpSßnsh® {][m\ \b-߃ `q]cn-jv°-c-Whpw lcnXhnπ-

h-hp-am-bncp∂p. Cu {]h¿Ø-\-߃ C¥ysb `£y[m\y- D¬]mZ\Øn¬ kzbw

]cym-]vX-am-°n.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ P\-ß-fpsS A\p]mXØn¬ {]Xo-£n-®-Xp-

t]m-se-bp-ff Hcp Ipdhv h∂n-´n-√.

hyh-km-bnI taJ-e-bn¬ XpS°w Ipdn® ]pXnb \b߃ GDP bnte°p≈ AXns‚

hnln-X-Øn¬ h¿≤-\hp≠m-°n.

hymh-km-bnI taJ-e-bpsS Hcp {][m\ ]cn-anXn s]mXp taJ-e-bpsS Imcy-£-aX

Ipd™ {]h¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXv s]mXp taJ-ebv°v h≥\jvSw hcp-Øp-I-bpw

cmPy-Øns‚ ]cn-anX hn`-h-߃ tNm¿∂p t]mIp-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

44

6 . Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \S-∏m-°nb `q]-cn -jv°-c -W-\S-]-SnIfpw Ah-bpsS

Bh-iy-I-X-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

7 . F¥mWv lcnX hnπhw? F¥psIm≠v CXv \S-∏m-°n--sb∂pw I¿j-I¿°v

F{]-Imcw KpW-I-c-am-bn-Xo¿∂p-sh∂pw Npcp°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

8 . ka-Xz-ap-ff hf¿®sb (growth with equity) Bkq{XW e£yamsW∂ \nebn¬

hniZam°pI.

9 . ]≤XnbpsS Hcp e£yw F∂ \ne-bn¬ B[p-\nIh¬°-cWhpw sXmgnehkc

krjvSn-bpw ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-amtWm? hni-Zo-I-cn-°pI.

1 0 . C¥y t]mep≈ Hcp hnI-kzc cmPy-Øn\v kzm{i-bXzw F∂Xv Bkq-{XW Øns‚

e£yambn FSpt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIX F¥v?

1 1 . kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS taJem]c-amb LS\ (Sectoral composition) F∂m¬ F¥v?

Hcp kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS GDPbn-te°v tkh\taJe G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ kw`m-h\

sNtø-≠Xv Bh-iy-amtWm? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa¥v?

1 2 . ]≤Xn Ime-b-f-hn¬ hyh-km-bnI hnI-k-\-Øn\v s]mXptaJ-ebv°v Hcp {][m\

]¶v \¬In-b-sX-¥n\mbn-cp∂p?

1 3 . Zu¿e`yImeØv D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ `£y[m\y-ß-fpsS Hcp henb tiJcw kw`-cn-

°m≥ lcnX hnπhw Kh¨sa‚ns\ ]cym-]vX-am-°n. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°p-I.

1 4 . k_vkn-Un -Iƒ I¿j-Isc ]pØ≥ kmt¶-XnI hnZy -Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn -°m≥

t{]m’mln∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw Ah Kh¨sa‚n\v henb kmº-ØnI _m[y-X-

D≠m°p∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ k_vkn-Un-bpsS {]tbmP\w N¿®

sNøp-I.

1 5 . lcnX hnπhw \S-∏m-°n-bn´pw F¥psIm≠mWv P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 65 iX-am-\hpw 1990

hsc Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ XpS¿∂Xv?

1 6 . hyh-km-b-Øn\v s]mXptaJe AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW-¶nepw [mcmfw s]mXpta-

Jemÿm]-\-߃ henb \jvS-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw kºZvhyh-ÿbpsS hn`-h-߃

tNm¿∂p t]mIp-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cu hkvXp-X-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ s]mXp taJ-e-bpsS {]tbmP\w N¿® sNøp-I.

1 7 . Cd-°p-aXn _Z¬ \bw Fßs\ B`y¥chyh-km-bsØ kwc-£n-°p-∂p-sh∂v hni-

Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

45

1 8 . 1956 se C¥y≥ hyh-km-b {]tab (IPR) Øn\p Iogn¬ kzImcy taJe

\nb-{¥W hnt[bam°-s∏-´Xv F¥psIm≠msW∂pw Fß-s\-bm-sW∂pw

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

19. tNcpw-]Sn tN¿°p-I.

1. {][m-\-a{¥n A. Db¿∂ A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ D¬]∂w

\¬Ip∂ hnØp-Iƒ

2. samØ B`y-¥c D¬]∂w B. Cd-°p-aXn sNøm≥ Ign-bp∂ hkvXp-

°fpsS A\phZ\obamb Afhv

3. Izm´m C. Bkq-{XW IΩo-js‚ A[y-£≥

4. q]-cn-jv°-cWw D. Hcp h¿jw Hcp cmPyØv D¬]m-Zn-∏n-

°s∏Sp∂ A¥na km[\-tkh\-

ßfp-sS ]W aqeyw.

5.HYV hnØp-Iƒ E. D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\mbn

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂

sa®s∏Sp-ج.

6. k_vknUn F . D¬]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-߃°v Kh¨-

sa‚ v \¬Ip∂ kmº-ØnI

klmbw.

BHAGWATI, J. 1993. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University Press,Delhi.

DANDEKAR, V.M. 2004. Forty Years After Independence, in Bimal Jalan, (Ed.). The IndianEconomy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.

JOSHI, VIJAY. and I.M.D. LITTLE. 1996. India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2001. Oxford Uni-versity Press, Delhi.

MOHAN, RAKESH. 2004. Industrial Policy and Controls, in Bimal Jalan (Ed.). The IndianEconomy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.

RAO, C.H. HANUMANTHA. 2004. Agriculture: Policy and Performance, in Bimal Jalan, (Ed.).The Indian Economy: Problems and Prospects. Penguin, Delhi.

REFERENCES

UNIT

II

1991 apXep≈ kmºØnI

]cnjvImc߃

UNIT

IIIbqWn‰v

3

47LIBERALISATION, PRIVATISATION AND GLOBALISATION: AN APPRAISAL

\mev]-Xp-h¿jsØ Bkq-{XnX hnI-k-\-Øns‚ mK-ambn [mt\ym¬]m-

Z-\-Øn¬ kzbw ]cym-]vXX ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, hyh-kmb taJ-e-bn¬

i‡-amb Hcp ASn-Ød sI´n-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw C¥y°v Ign-™n- p-≠v.

F∂n-cn-°nepw qcn-]£w P\-߃ Ct∏mgpw Im¿jnI taJ-esb Xs∂-

bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ hntZ-i-\m-Wy-ti-J-c-W-Øn-ep-≠mb

{]Xn-k‘n 1991 ¬ kmº-ØnI ]cn-jv°m-c-߃°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.

Cu bqWn-‰n¬ kmº-ØnI ]cn-jv°m-c-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\pw, AXv

C¥ysb Fßs\ kzm[o\n®p F∂v Is≠-Øm-\p-amWv {ian-°p-∂-Xv.

]T-\t\ -߃

$ 1991 ¬ C¥ybn¬ \S∏m°nb kmºØnI\bØns‚ ]›mØew

a\ nem°pI.

$ kmºØnI\bw \S∏m°nb coXnIƒ a\ nem°pI.

$ C¥ybn¬ BtKmfh¬°cW {]{InbIfpw AXns‚ hnh£Ifpw

a\ nem°pI.

$ hnhn[ taJeIfnse ]cnjvIcW {]{InbbpsS BLmXsØ°pdn®v

t_m[ys∏Sp-I.

D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-Ww, kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-Ww,

B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-Ww

H-cp -hn-e-bn-cp-ج

3

49LIBERALISATION, PRIVATISATION AND GLOBALISATION: AN APPRAISAL

3.1 BapJw

apXemfnØØns‚bpw tkmjyenk-

Øns‚bpw \√ hi߃ CSIe¿∂

Hcp an{ikºZvLS\bmbncp∂p kzmX-

{¥ym\¥c C¥y ]n¥pS¿∂Xv F∂v

ap≥ A≤ymbØn¬ \n߃ ]Tn®n´p≠-

t√m. ImemImeßfmbn ]e \b-

ßfneqsS -bpw \nbaßfneqsSbpw

\ΩpsS kºZvhy-hÿsb \nb{¥n®p-

sIm≠p≈ Hcp hnIk\ ImgvN∏mSmWv

kmºØnI-hnZKv[¿ an{ikºZv -

hyhÿbneqsS Dt±in®Xv. F∂ncp-

∂mepw Cu \b߃ \ΩpsS cmPy-

Øns‚ hf¿®sbbpw hnIk\-sØbpw

XS s∏SpØpIbmWv D≠mb-sX∂v

Hcp hn`mKw ]finX¿-°nSbn¬

A`n{]mbap≠v. F∂m¬ adp mKØns‚

{]kvXmh\ C{]ImcamWv. kmºØnI

apcSn∏n¬ \n∂m-Wv cmPy -Øns‚

hnIk\]mX°v XpS°w Ipdn®Xv.

AXns‚ `mKambn tZiob kºmZy-

Øn¬ hf¿® t\Sm≥ Ign™p. ssh-

hn[y -am¿∂ km[\߃ D¬]mZn -

∏n°p∂ hyhkmb taJe hnIkn®p

h-∂p. IqSmsX Im¿jntIm¬∏∂ß-fpsS

kpÿncamb hnIk\w `£y kpc£

Dd∏p \¬In.

1991 ¬ hntZi IShpambn _‘s∏´

henb kmºØnI {]Xnk‘nsb C¥y

A`n-apJoIcn®p. hntZi ISØns‚ Xncn-

®Shp t]mepw \S-Øm≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v

IgnbmØ Ahÿbmbncp∂p. FÆbpw

a‰v {][m\ C‘\ßfpw Cd°paXn

sNøp∂-Xn\p-≈ hntZi\mWy-tiJcw

(Foreign Exchange Reserves) hfsc

]cnanXam-bncp-∂p. AXmbXv cmPyØn

s‚ ssI-hi-ap≈ hntZi\mWy tiJcw

GXm≠v c≠mgvN -b v°v t]mepw

Bhiyamb Cd-°paXn°v XnI-

bpambncp∂n√. \n -tXym]-tbmK

km[\ßfpsS hne h≥-tXmXn¬ IpXn-

®p-b¿∂Xpw {]Xnk-‘n-°v B°w-Iq´n.

CXns‚sb√mw ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬ C¥ym

Khs◊‚ v ]pXnb \b-߃ BhnjvI-

cn°pIbpw, AXv \ΩpsS hnIk\X-

{¥Øns‚ Zni am‰pIbpw sNbvXp. kmº-

ØnI {]Xnk‘nbpsS ]›m-Øew,

Kh¨sa‚ v kzoIcn® \S]Sn-Iƒ, hnhn[

taJeIfn¬ CXns‚ BLmXw F∂nh-

sb°pdn®mWv Cu A[ymb-Øn¬ {]Xn

]mZn°p∂Xv.

3.2 ]›mØew

1980 Ifnse C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿ-bpsS

Imcy£aXbn√mØ cW \n¿h-lWam

bncp∂p kmºØnI {]Xnk-‘n-°v XpS-

°w Ipdn®Xv. hnhn[ \bßfpw s]mXp-

`cWhpw \S∏m°p∂-Xn\mh-iyamb

]Ww \nIpXnIƒ, s]mXptaJem

ÿm]-\ -ßfpsS em`w XpSßnb

DdhnSß-fn¬ \n∂v Kh¨sa‚ v Is≠-

Øpsa∂v \ap°dnbmat√m. sNehv

hcpam\tØ-°mƒ Db¿∂XmsW¶n¬

""kmºØnI hnIk\w sIm≠v F√mambn√ F∂Xnepw, PnUn]n kaql

]ptcmKXnbpsS Hcp AfhptIme√ F∂Xnepw temIØn\v Ct∏mƒ

GIm`n{]mbamWv D≈Xv.'' sI.B¿. \mcm-b-W≥

50

B IΩn (deficit) \nIØp∂Xn\mbn

_m¶pIfn¬ \n∂pw, P\ß-fn¬ \n∂pw,

A¥m-cm{„ [\Imcy ÿm-]\ßfn¬

\n∂pw (International Financial Institutions)Kh¨sa‚ v ISsaSp°pw. s]t{Smfnbw

t]mep≈ km[\߃ Cd-°paXn

sNøp∂Xn\v Bhiyamb hntZ-i-\mWyw

(tUmf-¿) Ib‰paXnbn¬ \n∂mWv \mw

t\Snbncp-∂Xv.

cmPyØns‚ hcpam\w Ipdhmbncps∂-

¶nepw hnIk\ \b߃ \S∏nem°p∂-

Xn\pw, kmºØnI {]iv\ßfmb sXmgn-

en√mbva, ZmcnZyw, P\kwJymhnkvt^mS-

\w F∂nhsb adnIS°p∂Xn\pw Kh -

sa‚ns‚ hcpam\w h¿≤n∏nt°≠nbn

cp∂p. Kh¨sa≥dv XpS¿®bmbn hnI-

k\ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v ]Ww sNehn´n´pw

]pXnb hcpam\sam∂pw D≠mbn√. IqSm-

sX \nIpXn t]mep≈ B`y¥c DdhnS-

Øn¬ \n∂pw Bhiyamb hcpam\-

ap≠m°m≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v Ign™ncp-

∂n√. Kh¨sa‚ v hcpam\Øns‚ qcn`m-

Khpw sNehgn®ncp∂Xv hfsc s]s´∂p

Xs∂ kmºØnI t\´w e`n°mØ

kmaqly taJe, {]Xntcm[w F∂nh-

bnem-bncp∂p. AXpsIm≠p Xs∂

_m°n hcpam\w hfsc anIhp‰ coXn-

bn¬ D]tbmKnt°≠Xmbncp∂p. h¿≤n-

®p hcp∂ sNehpIƒ°\pkrXambn

h≥tXmXnep≈ hcpam\sam∂pw \Ωp-

sS s]mXptaJebn¬ \n∂v e`n®ncp-

∂n√. am{Xhpa√ hntZicmPyßfn¬ \n-

∂pw hntZi [\Imcy ÿm]\ßfn¬

\n-∂pw hmßnbncp∂ ISw {][m\ambpw

D]t`mK Bhiy߃°mWv Kh¨-

sas‚ v D]tbmKn®ncp∂Xv. Kh¨sa‚n-

s‚ AanXamb sNehpIƒ \nb{¥n-

°mt\m, h¿≤n®phcp∂ Cd°paXn

sNehv \nIØm\mhiyamb Ib‰paXn

aqeyw h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xnt\m D≈ {ia

ßfpw \S∂ncp∂n√ .

1980IfpsS Ahkm\Øn¬ Kh¨sa≥dv

sNehv, hchnt\°mƒ A[nIamIm≥

XpSßn. CØcØnep≈ Hcp henb

hnShv ISwhmßeneqsS ]cn-lcn°mhp-

∂Xmbncp∂n√. an° AXymhiykm[\-

ßfpsSbpw hne IpXn®pb¿∂p. Ib‰p-

aXnbpambn Hcp s]mcpØan√msX

Cd°paXn AXnthKw h¿≤n®p sIm≠n-

cp∂p. t\csØ kqNn∏n®Xp-t]mse

c≠mgvNbn¬ IqSpX¬ Cd°paXn°m

hiyamb hntZi\mWytiJcw t]mepw

ssIhiap≠mbncp∂n√. hntZi IS߃-

°p≈ ]eni \¬Im≥ t]mepw Bhiy-

amb hntZi\mWyw e`yambncp-∂n√.

AXpt]mseXs∂ hntZi [\Imcy

ÿm]-\ßfpw, cmPyßfpw C¥y°v ISw

\¬Im≥ Xømdmbncp∂n√.

Cu AhkcØn¬ kmºØnI- klmb-

Øn\mbn C¥y temI_m¶nt\bpw

(IBRD-International Bank ForReconstruction and Development-WorldBank) A¥mcm{„ \mWb \n[ntbbpw

(International Monetary Fund- IMF)kao]n°pIbpw Cu {]Xnk‘n ssI-

Imcyw sNøp∂Xn\mbn 700 tImSn

Atacn-°≥ tUmf¿ hmbv]bmbn e`n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A¥mcm{„ [\-Imcy

ÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pw hmbv] e`n-

°p∂Xn\mbn \ΩpsS kmºZvhyh-ÿ

DZmch¬°cn°pIbpw, Xpd-∂nSpIbpw

sNtø≠nbncp∂p. kzImcy taJebv°p-

51

≈ \nb{¥W߃ am‰pI, hnhn[ taJe-

Ifnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \nb-{¥-W-߃

Ipd-bv°pI, C¥ybpw hntZi cmPyßfpw

XΩnep≈ hym]mc \nb{¥W߃

\o°w sNøpI F∂nhsb√mw \ΩpsS

cmPyØv \S∏m°psa∂v Cu A¥mc{„

[\Imcyÿm]\߃ {]Xo£n®ncp∂p.

temI_m¶ns‚bpw sF.Fw.F^nt‚-bpw

\n_‘\Iƒ C¥y AwKoIcn°pIbpw

AXns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ ]pXnb

kmºØnI \bw (New Economic Policy- NEP) {]Jym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. hen-

b XeØnep≈ kmºØnI ]cnjvImc-

ßfmWv ]pØ≥ kmºØnI \bØn¬

Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂Xv. "kºZvhyhÿ-

sb IqSpX¬ a’cm[njvTnXam°p-hm\pw

XS ßƒ \o°n IqSpX¬ hymh-km-bnI

hf¿® krjvSn°m\pamWv ]pXn -b

kmºØnI \b߃ e£y-an-´Xv.'

Cu \bßsf s]mXpth c≠mbn Xcw

Xncn°mw. kpÿncam°¬ \S]Sn-Iƒ

(stabilisation measures),LS\m]camb

]cnjvImc߃ (structural reformmeasures). kpÿncam°¬ \S-]Sn-Iƒ

{lkzIme \S]SnIfmWv. AS-hp-

in„Ønse (Balance of Payment) IΩn

]cnlcn -°p∂Xn\pw, ]Ws∏cp∏w

(Inflation) \nb{¥n°p∂Xn\pamWv Cu

\S]SnIƒ e£ywsh®Xv. Npcp°n

∏d™m¬ \Ωp-sS cmPyØv Bhiyamb

hntZi \mWy-tiJcw \ne\n¿ØpI,

hne°-b‰w \nb-{¥Whnt[-b-am-°pI

Fs∂ms°-bmWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞-

am°p-∂Xv. adn®v LS\m]camb ]cnjv-

IcW\b߃ Zo¿LIme \S]Sn -

IfmWv. kºZvhy-hÿbpsS Imcy£aX

sa®s∏SpØpI, hnhn[ taJeIfnse

XS ßƒ Hgnhm-°n kºZv hyhÿ-

bpsS A¥mcm{„ a’-c£aX h¿≤n-

∏n°pI F∂nhsbms°-bmWv CXp-

sIm≠v e£yan´Xv. CXns‚ `mKambn

Kh¨sa‚ v XpSßn sh® hnhn[ \b-

ßsf aq∂mbn Xncn°mw -

D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-Ww (Liberalisation),kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-Ww (Privatisation),B-tKm-f-h¬-°-c-Ww (Globalisation).

3.3 DZmch¬°cWw

apºv kqNn∏n®t]mse kmºØnI

{]h¿Ø\ßsf \nb{¥n®ncp∂ \nba-

ßfpw \bßfpw bYm¿∞Øn¬ kºZv-

hy-hÿbpsS hf¿®tbbpw hnIk\-

sØbpw XS s∏SpØpIbmWv sNbvX-

Xv. Cu XS ßsf√mw Hgnhm°n kºZv-

hyh-ÿbpsS hnhn[taJeIƒ Xpd-

∂psImSp°p∂XmWv DZmch¬-°-cWw

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ. DZmch¬°cW \b-߃

1980Ifn¬ X-s∂ C¥ybn¬ Bcw`n-

®ncp∂p. Ch {][m\ambpw hyhkmb

A\p-aXn \¬I¬ (Industrial Licencing)Ib‰paXn Cd°paXn \b߃, (Export -Import Policy), kmt¶Xn IhnZym

\hoIcWw, (Technology Upgradation),[\\bw, (Fiscal Policy), hntZi

\nt£]w (Foreign Investment) XpSßnb

cwKßfnembncp∂p. 1991˛¬ XpSßnb

DZmch¬°cWw IqSpX¬ ka{Kambn

cp∂p.1991 epw AXn\ptij-hpw IqSpX¬

{i≤ In´nb hyh-kmbtaJe, [\-Imcy

taJe, \nIpXn ]cnjvImcw, hntZi

hn\nab Itºmf߃, hym]mc \nt£]

52

taJeIƒ F∂nhsb Ipdn®v \ap°v

]Tn°mw.

hyhkmb taJebpsS \nb{¥Ww

am‰¬ (Deregulation of Industrialsector)

C¥ybn¬ hnhn[ am¿§ßfneqsS hyh-

kmb taJebv°v apIfn¬ Nne \nb-

{¥W߃ \S∏nem°n-bncp-∂p.

(i) GsXmcp kwcw`I\pw hyhkm-bw

XpSßp∂Xn\pw Ahkm\n-∏n°p∂-

Xn\pw, Fs¥ms° F{Xam{Xw

D¬]mZn∏n -°Ww F∂Xn\pw

k¿°mdn¬ \n∂p≈ hymhkmbnI

A\p-aXn Bhiy-ambncp∂p.

(ii) H´\h[n hyhkmbßfn¬ kzImcy

taJesb A\phZn®ncp∂n√.

(iii) Nne km[\ßfpsS D¬]mZ\w

sNdpInS hyhkmb taJebv°v

am{Xambn \nPs∏SpØnbncp∂p.

(iv) sXcs™Sp°s∏´ Nne hyhkmb

D¬]∂ßfpsS hne \n¿Wb-Øn-

epw, hnXcWØnepw Kh¨-sa‚n-

s‚ \nb{¥Ww \ne\n∂n-cp∂p.

1991 epw AXn\p tijhpw XpSßnb

]cnjv°mc\b߃ CØcØnep≈

an° \nb{¥Wßfpw FSpØpIf™p.

aZyw, knKc‰v, B]¬Icamb cmkhkvXp-

°ƒ, hymhkmbnI BhiyØn\p≈

kvt^mSIhkvXp°ƒ, Cet{ŒmWnIvkv,

hnam\\n¿ΩmW hyhkmbw, Huj[

\n¿ΩmW hyhkmbw F∂nh HgnsI-

bp≈ as‰√m hymhkmbnI D¬]∂-

߃°pw A\p-a-Xn-]{X kwhn-[m\w

Hgnhm°n. cmPyc£m D]IcWßfpsS

\n¿ΩmWw, BWh Du¿÷ D¬]mZ\w,

sdbn¬ KXmKXw F∂o hyhkmb߃

am{X-amWv s]mXptaJe°mbn kwhc-

Ww sNbvXXv. sNdpInS hyhkmb

taJe-bn¬ am{Xw D¬]mZn∏n-®ncp∂

Ht´sd hymhkmbnI D¬]∂ßfpsS

kwhc-Ww Kh¨sa‚ v C√mXm-°n.

Ht´sd hyhkmbßfn¬ D¬]∂-

ßfpsS hne \n¿Wbn°m≥ hn]Wnsb

IqSn A\phZn®p.

[\ImcytaJem ]cnjvImc߃

(Financial Sector Reforms):

hmWnPy_m¶pIƒ (Commercial Banks),\nt£] _m¶pIƒ, (Investment Banks)Hmlcn hn]Wn CS]mSpIƒ (StockExchange Operations), hntZi hn\nab

Itºmfw (Foreign Exchange Market)XpSßnb [\Imcy ÿm]\ßfmWv

[\ImcytaJebnep≈Xv. dnk¿_m¶v

Hm^v C¥ybmWv (RBI) \ΩpsS cmPy-

sØ [\ImcytaJesb \nb-{¥n°p-

∂Xv. \n߃°dnbp∂Xp-t]mse, C¥y-

bn-se F√m _m¶pIsf-bpw, a‰v [\Imcy

ÿm]\ßsfbpw hnhn[ \nbaßfn-

eqsSbpw \S]SnIfneqsSbpw dnk¿-

_m¶v \nb{¥n°p∂p. Hmtcm _m¶pw

ssIhiw hbvt°≠p∂ ]W-Øns‚

Afhv, NpatØ≠ ]eni\nc-°pIƒ,

hnhn[ taJeIƒ°p≈ hmbv -]m

coXnIƒ apXembhsb√mw dnk¿hv

_m¶v Xocpam\n°p∂p. [\-Im-cy taJ-

ebpsS \nb{¥I≥ (Controller) F∂

ÿm-\Øp\n∂pw klmbI≥ (Facili-tator) F∂ XeØnte°v dnk¿hv _m¶n-

53

s‚ NpaXeIsf am‰pI F∂Xv

[\ImcytaJem ]cnjvImcßfnse

{][m\s∏´ H∂mbncp∂p. AXmbXv,

dnk¿_m¶pambn IqSnbmtemNn°m-sX

Xs∂ [\ImcytaJebv°v kzX-{¥ambn

Xocpam\saSp°m\p≈ AhIm-iw

\¬Inbncp∂p.

]cnjvImc\bØns‚ eambn \nch[n

kzImcy _m¶pIƒ (C¥y≥ _m¶pIfpw,

hntZi_m¶pIfpw) \nehn¬h∂p.

_m¶pIfnse hntZi\nt£]]cn[n 50

iXam\tØmfw Db¿Øns°m≠p-h∂p.

dnk¿hv _m¶pambn IqSnbmtem -

Nn°msX Xs∂ Nne hyhÿIƒ°v

hnt[bambn ]pXnb {_m©pIƒ XpS-

ßm-\p≈ A\paXn _m¶pIƒ°v \¬-

IpIbpw, \nehnep≈ {_m©pIƒ°v

bp‡nklamb {]h¿Ø\m\p-aXnbpw

\¬In. cmPyØn\IØp\n∂pw ]pdØp-

\n∂pw hn`h߃ tiJcn°m\p≈

A\paXn _m¶pIƒ°v \¬Inbncps∂-

¶nepw, cmPyØns‚bpw, _m¶pIfnse

\nt£]IcpsSbpw Xm¬]cy߃ kwc-

£n°p∂Xn\p th≠n Nne `cW\n¿h-

lW A[nImc߃ dnk¿hv _m¶n¬

Xs∂ \ne\n¿Øn. hntZi \nt£]

Icmb ÿm]\߃ (Foreign InstistutionalInvestors) hym]mc _m¶pIƒ (MerchantBanks), ayq®¬ ^≠pIƒ (MutualFunds), s]≥j≥ ^≠pIƒ (PensionFunds) F∂nhbv°v C¥y≥ aqe[\

hn]Wnbn¬ \nt£]n°m≥ A\paXn

\¬In.

\nIpXn ]cnjvImc߃ (Tax Reforms):

k¿°mdns‚ \nIpXnhyhÿ, s]mXp-

sNehv F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´XmWv

\nIpXn ]cnjvImc߃. Cu \bßsf

Hcpan®v ]dbp∂XmWv [\\bw (Fiscalpolicy). c≠p Xcw \nIpXnIfmWv D≈Xv.

{]Xy£\nIpXnbpw, (Direct taxes)]tcm£ \nIXnbpw. (Indirect taxes)hy‡nIfpsS hcpam\Ønepw, Iº\n

IfpsS em`Ønepw NpaØp∂Xv {]Xy£

\nIpXnbmWv. 1991 apX¬ hy-‡n-KX

BZmb\nIpXn XpS¿®bmbn Ipd®p

sIm≠ph∂p. \nIpXnsh´n∏v h¿≤n°m

\p≈ {][m\ ImcWw Db¿∂

\nIpXn\nc°mWv F∂XpsIm≠m-

bncn°mw \nIpXn \nc°v Ipd®Xv. \nIp-

Xn \nc°v anXamIp∂tXmSp IqSn P\ß-

fpsS kºmZyioew h¿≤n°psa∂pw,

kºmZyw kzta[bm shfns∏SpØp-

sa∂pw s]mXpth IW°m°s∏Sp∂p.

apºv Db¿∂ tXmXnembncp∂ Iº\n

\nIpXn (Corporat Tax) \nc°v ]n∂oSv

{ItaW Ipd®p sIm≠ph∂p. km[\-

߃°p ta¬ NpaØp∂ \nIpXnbmb

]tcm£\nIpXnbnepw (Indirect tax)]cnjvIcWw sIm≠ph∂p. km[\ß-

fpsS s]mXphmb Hcp tZiob Itºmfw

ÿm]n°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p CXns‚

{][m\ e£yw. Cu taJebnse ]cnjv-

Imc-Øns‚ as‰mcp LSIw Imcy-߃

eLq-Icn°embncp∂p. am{Xa√, \nIpXn

HSp°p∂Xpambn _‘s∏´ \S]Sn-

{Ia߃ eLqIcn°pIbpw \nIpXn-

\nc°v Ipdbv°pIbpw sNbvXp.

54

hntZi hn\nab ]cnjvImc߃

(Foreign Exchange Reforms)

hntZiImcy taJebnse {][m\s∏´

BZysØ ]cnjvImcw D≠mbXv hntZi

hn\nab hn]WnbnemWv. AShv in„

{]Xnk‘n°v (Balance of payment crisis)DS\Sn ]cnlmcw ImWm\mWv 1991-˛¬

hntZi Id≥knbpambn XmcXayw sNbv-

Xv C¥y≥ Id≥knbpsS aqeyw Ipd®Xv.

(Devaluation). CXns‚ ^eambn hntZi-

\mWyw C¥ybnte°v IqSpX¬ {]h-

ln®p. IqSmsX hn\nab \nc°v dnk¿hv-

_m¶v \nb{¥WØn¬ \n∂pw amdn

hntZi hn\nab hn]Wn Xocpam\n-°p∂

XeØnte°v FØnt®¿∂p. AXmbXv

C¥ybnse cq]bpsS hn\nab-\nc°v

hntZi hn\nabØns‚ tNmZ\sØbpw

{]Zm\tØbpw (Demand & Supply)B{ibn®v Xocpam\n°m≥ XpSßn.

hym]mco \nt£] \b]cnjvImc߃

(Trade and Investment Policy Reforms)

hym]mco-\nt£] taJebnse ]cnjv-

Imcw {][m\ambpw e£yan´Xv Ch-

bmWv. C¥y≥ hymhkmbnI D¬]mZ-

\Øn¬ A¥mcm{„ a’c£aX

h¿[n∏n°pI, \ΩpsS cmPytØ°p≈

hntZi \nt£]-tØbpw kmt¶XnI

hnZytbbpw t{]m’m-ln∏n°pI.

{]mtZinI hyhkmbßfpsS Imcy-

£aX h¿≤n-∏n°pI, B[p\nI kmt¶-

XnIhnZy kzoIcn°pI F∂nhbpw e£y-

ßfmbncp∂p.

Xt±iob hyhkmbßsf kwc£n°p-

∂Xn\p-th≠n Cd°paXn sNøp∂ km-

[\-ßfn¬ Afhp]camb \nb{¥-Ww

(Quantitative Restrictions) C¥ym -

Kh¨sa‚ v hcpØn-bn-cp∂p. Cd°paXn

sb I¿i\ambn \nb{¥n®p sIm≠pw,

Db¿-∂ Cd°paXn Np¶w \ne\n¿Ønbp-

amWv Cßs\ sNbvX-Xv. Cu \bw

\ΩpsS hyhkmb taJebpsS

Imcy£aXbpw a’c-£aXbpw Ipd®p.

AXphgn hymh-kmbnI taJebpsS

(Manufacturing sector) hf¿®m\nc°v

Ipd™ tXmXnembn. hym]mc]cnjvIm-

c-߃ e£yan´Xv ChbmWv.

(i) Cd°paXnbnepw Ib‰paXnbnepw

D≈ Afhp]camb \nb{¥W߃

C√mXm°pI.

(ii) Cd°paXnNp¶ \nc°v (tariff rate)Ipd®p sIm≠phcnI.

(iii) Cd°paXn°mhiyamb A\p-aXn

\¬I¬ \S]SnIƒ Hgnhm°pI.

A]I-SIchpw ]cnÿnXn°v {]ivap-

≠m-°p-∂Xpamb hyhkmb-߃-

s°mgnsI as‰√m hyhkmb-

߃°pw Cd°p-aXn A\p-aXn]{Xw

C√mXm°n. 2001 G{]n¬ apX¬

Cd°paXn sNøp∂ F√m hymh-

kmbnI D]t`mK D¬]-∂ß-

fptSbpw Im¿jnID¬]∂-ßfptS-

bpw Afhp \nb{¥Ww ]q¿Wambpw

C√m-Xm°n. A¥mcm-{„ hn]Wn-

bn¬ C¥y≥ D¬]∂ß-fpsS

a’ctijn h¿≤n∏n°p∂-Xn∂v

Ib‰paXn Np¶w (Export dtuy)]q¿Wambpw Hgnhm°n.

55

]T\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

$ tZikm¬IrX _m¶v, kzImcy _m¶v, kzImcy hntZi _m¶v, hntZiÿm]\

\nt£]I¿ (FII), ayq®¬ ^≠v F∂nhbpsS Hmtcm DZmlcWw FSp-

sØgpI. c£nXmhns\m∏w ]cnkcØp≈ Hcp _m¶v kμ¿in°pI.

_m¶ns‚ {]h¿Ø\߃ \nco£n°pIbpw Is≠ØpIbpw sNøpI. AXv

\nßfpsS kl]mTnIfpambn N¿®sNbvXv Hcp Nm¿´v Xømdm°pI.

Xmsg∏dbp∂hsb {]Xy£-, ]tcm£ \nIpXnIƒ Bbn Xcw Xncn°pI.

$ hnev]\ \nIpXn, IÃwkv Xocph, kzØp \nIXn, (Properti tax) sUØv

Uyq´n, (Death duty) hm‰v, BZmb\nIpXn (Income tax)

$ \nßfpsS c£nXm°ƒ \nIpXn AS°p∂pt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ F¥n\mWv

Ah¿ CXp sNøp∂Xv? Fßns\bmWv \nIpXn AS°p∂Xv.?

$ hntZitØ°v ]Ww AS°p∂Xn\p th≠n cmPy߃ Imeßtfmfw

kz¿Æhpw sh≈nbpw IcpXembn kq£n®ncp∂p F∂v \n߃°dnbmtam?

GXp cq]ØnemWv \ΩpsS hntZihn\nab tiJcw kq£n®ncn°p∂Xv

F∂v Is≠ØpI. ]{X߃, B\p-Im-enI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃, kmºØnI

k¿tΔ F∂nhbn-eqsS \ΩpsS cmPysØ Ct∏mgsØ hntZi hn\nab

tiJcw F{Xsb∂v Is≠ØpI. IqSmsX Xmsg∏dbp∂ cmPyßfpsS

Id≥kn GsX∂pw cq]bpambp≈ hn\nab \nc°v F{Xsb∂pw FgpXpI

.

cm-Pyw I-d≥-knC-¥y≥ cq-]-bn¬ H-cp bq-Wn-‰v

hn-tZ-i \m-Wy-Øn-s‚ aq-eyw

bp.F-kv F

bp.sI

P-∏m≥

ssN-\

sIm-dn-b

kn-¶-∏q¿

P¿-Ω-\n

56

3.4 kzImcyh¬°cWw (Privatisation)

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS DSaÿm-

hImitam \n¿ΔlW NpaXetbm kz-

Im-cy taJe°v ssIamdpI F∂Xm-Wv

kzImcyh¬°cWw sIm≠v Dt±in-

°p∂Xv. Kh¨sa‚ v Iº\nIsf c≠p

coXnbnemWv kzImcy Iº\nIfm°n

am‰p∂Xv.

(i) s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfpsS

DSaÿmhImiw, \n¿hlW®paXe

F∂nhbn¬ \n∂pw Kh¨sa‚ v

]n≥hmßpI.

(ii) s]mXptaJem ÿm]\߃ kzIm-

cytaJebv°p hn¬°pI.

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn-

Iƒ `mKnIambn kzImcytaJebv°v

hn¬°p∂Xns\ aqe[\ \nt£] kzIm-

cyh¬°cWw (Disinvestment) F∂mWv

]dbp∂Xv. kmºØnI A®S-°hpw,

B[p\nIh¬°cWhpw sIm≠p-hcn-I

F∂Xmbncp∂p Hmlcn hn¬∏\-bneqsS

k¿°m¿ e£yan´Xv. kzImcy-aqe[\w,

anI® amt\Pvsa≥dv F∂nhsb s]mXp

taJebpsShnIk\-Øn\mbn th≠-

cq]Øn¬ D]tbmKn-°pI F∂-Xpw-

hn`mh\w sNbvXncp∂p. IqSm -sX

cmPytØ°p≈ t\cn´p≈ hntZi

\nt£]Øns‚ Hgp°v h¿≤n °m≥

kzImcyh¬°cWw {]tNmZ\-amIpw

F∂v Kh¨sa‚ v IW°m°n-bncp∂p.

s]mXptaJebpsS Imcy£aX h¿≤n

∏n°p∂Xn\v amt\Pvsa≥dv kw_‘amb

Xocpam\saSp°m≥ Ch°v kzbw

`cWm[nImcw \¬In. DZmlc-WØn\v

Nne s]mXptaJem ÿm]\-߃°v

almcXv\߃, \hcXv\߃, an\ncXv\-

߃ F∂o {]tXyI ]ZhnIƒ

\¬IpIbp≠mbn. (t_mIvkv 3 .1

ImWpI).

t_m-Iv-kv 3.1 \-h-c-Xv-\ I-º-\n-I-fpw s]m-Xp-ta-J-em- \-b-ß-fpw

hn{IamZnXycmPmhns‚ sIm´mcØn¬ Iebnepw kmlnXyØnepsams°

{]K¤cmb 9 t]sc Ipdn®v (\hcXv\߃) \n߃ tI´ncn°pat√m? Imcy£aX

sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw sXmgn¬]camb Ignhv kr„n°p∂Xn\pw DZmch¬°cW

ImeL´Øn¬ IqSpX¬ ^e{]Zambn a’cn°p∂Xn\pw th≠n s]mXptaJ-

emÿm]\ßsf almcXv\߃, \hcXv\߃, an\n cXv\߃ F∂nßs\

Kh¨sa‚ v {]Jym]n®p. Cu ÿm]\߃°v IqSpX¬ `cW\n¿hlW

NpaXebpw, kzbw`cWm[nImchpw \¬In. CXv {][m\ambpw ÿm]\Øns‚

^e{]Zamb \SØn∏n\v Bhiyamb Xocpam\߃ FSp°p∂Xn\pw, em`w

h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\pw th≠nbmbncp∂p. IqSpX¬ em`ap≠m°p∂ an\ncXv\

Iº\nIƒ°v {]h¿Ø\Imcyßfnepw, kmºØnI Imcyßfnepw,

`cW\n¿hlW Imcyßfnepw IqSpX¬ kzbw`cWm[nImcw \¬In.

57

3.5 BtKmfh¬°cWw(Globalisation)

cmPyØns‚ kºZvhyhÿ BtKmf

kºZvhyhÿbpambn ka\zbn∏n -

°p∂Xns\bmWv BtKmfh¬°cWw

sIm≠v km[mcWbmbn A¿∞am°p-

∂Xv F¶nepw CXv hfsc k¶o¿Æamb

Hcp {]Xn`mkamWv. temIsØ IqSpX¬

]ckv]cm{ibXzap≈Xmbpw Iq´nt®¿

°p∂Xpamb \bßfpsS ]cnWX^e-

amWv BtKmfh¬°cWw. kmºØnI-

hpw, kmaqlnIhpw, `qanimkv{X]chp-

amb AXncpIfn√mØ {]h¿Ø\

irwJe-Iƒ kr„n°emWv CXnep≈Xv.

BtKmf-h¬°cWØns‚ `mKambn

]pdwcmPy-ßfn¬ kw`hn°p∂ am‰ß-

fpsS Hmf-߃ \ΩpsScmPy-tØ°pw-

2011 ¬ GXm≠v 90 Hmfw Iº\nIƒ°v hnhn[ ]ZhnIƒ \¬In. Nne

DZmlcW߃ Xmsg \¬Ip∂p .

(i) almcXv\ Iº\nIƒ (a) C¥y≥ Hmbn¬ tIm¿∏tdj≥ enan‰Uv (IOC) (b)Ão¬ AtXmdn‰n Hm^v C¥y enan‰Uv (SAIL)

(ii) \hcXv\Iº\nIƒ - (a) `mcXv slhn Ce{Œn°¬kv enan‰Uv (BHEL) (b)alm\K¿ sSet^m¨ \nKw enan‰Uv (MTNL)

(iii) an\n cXv\Iº\nIƒ (a) mcXv k©m¿ \nKw enan‰Uv (BSNL), (b) Fb¿t]m¿ v

AtXmdn‰n Hm^v C¥y (AA I) (c) C¥y≥ sdbn¬th Im‰dnMv B≥Uv Sqdnkw

tIm¿∏tdj≥ enan‰Uv (IRCTC)

ta¬∏d™hbn¬ em`Icamb IqSpX¬ ÿm]\ßfpw 1950˛Ifnepw 60-˛Ifnepw

cq]wsIm≠hbmWv. kzbw]cym]vXX, ASnÿm\kuIcy hnIk\w, t\cn´p≈

sXmgn¬ \¬I¬ F∂o s]mXp\b-ßfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Cu

ÿm]\߃ XpSßnbXv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Ipd™hnebn¬ KpWta∑-bp≈

D¬∏∂߃ P\ßfnte-s°Øn°m≥ Cu ÿm]\߃°v Ign™ncp∂p.

IqSmsX Iº\n AXns‚ Hmlcn DSaItfmSv IqSpX¬ DØchmZs∏´hcmbn amdn.

Cu ]Zhn \¬InbtXmSpIqSn s]mXptaJem ÿm]\߃ sa®s∏´ {]IS\w

ImgvN sh®p. s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßsf hnIkn∏n®v temI\nehmcØnte°v

FØn°p∂Xn\p]Icw Hmlcn hn¬∏\bneqsS Cu Iº\nIsf `mKnIambn

kzImcyh¬°cn°pIbmWv sNbvXXv F∂v Nne ]finX¿ Btcm]n°p∂p≠v.

Cu ÿm]\ßsf s]mXptaJebn¬ Xs∂ \ne\n¿Øm≥ ASpØImeØv

Kh¨sa‚ v Xocpam\n®ncp∂p. s]mXptaJem ÿm]\߃ kzbw hf¿∂p

temI\nehmcØn¬ Bhm\pw aqe[\ hn]Wnbn¬ \n∂pw Bhiyamb [\w

kzbw Is≠Øm\pw Kh¨sa‚ v Xocpam\n®ncp∂p.

58

]T\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ (Work these out)

$ s]mXptaJebpsS {]h¿Ø\߃ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\p th≠nbp≈

kzImcyh¬°cWØns‚ AebSnbmWv aqe[\ \nt£] kzImcy-

h¬°cWw F∂v ]finX¿°nSbn¬ Hc`n{]mbap≠v. F∂m¬ s]mXpapX¬

apgph≥ \n£n]vX Xm¬]cyØn\pth≠n hn‰gn°pIbmWv F∂ A`n{]m-

bhpw \nehnep≠v. \n߃ F¥mWv IcpXp∂Xv?

$ h¿Øam\ ]{XØn¬ \n∂pw \hcXv\ Iº\nIsf Ipdn®v GXm≠v

]Xn\t©mfw hm¿ØmiIe߃ D≈ t]mÿ Xømdm°pI. IqSmsX

ChbpsS ap{ZIfpw ]ckyßfpw IqSn tiJcn®v t\m´nkv t_m¿Un¬

{]Z¿in∏n°pIbpw ¢mkv apdnIfn¬ N¿® sNøpIbpw sNøpI.

$ \„ØntemSp∂ s]mXptaJem Iº\nIsf am{XamWv kzImcyh¬°cn-

t°≠sX∂v \n߃ IcpXp∂pthm? F¥psIm≠v?

$ s]mXp_P‰n¬ \n∂mWv s]mXptaJebpsS \„߃ \nItØ≠Xv. Cu

{]kvXmh\tbmSv \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? N¿®sNøpI.

FØn---t®cp-∂p. X¬^eambn AXncp-

Ifn√mØ GI temIambn -amdp∂

Ahÿ kwPmXam-Ip∂p.

]pdw ]Wn°cm¿ (Outsourcing):

BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ {][m\

^eßfnsem∂mWv ]pdw]Wn°-cm¿.

Hcp Iº\n°v ap≥Imeßfn¬ cmPyØn-

\IØp\n∂pXs∂ \¬Is∏´ncp∂

tkh\߃ (\nbtam]tZiw, Iºyq´¿

tkh\w, ]ckyw, kpc£, - XpS-ßnb

Iº\nbpsS AXmXv hn`m-KßfmWv

\¬Inbncp∂Xv). Ct∏mƒ ]pdØp

\n∂pw, {]tXyIn®v hntZicmPyßfn¬

\n∂pw kzoIcn°p-∂p. hm¿Ømhn\nab

_‘Ønep≠mb henb hnIk\w,

{]tXyIn®pw hnhckmt¶XnI hnZybpsS

hnIk\w Hcp kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\w

F∂ \nebn¬ ]pdw ]Wn-°-cm-dns\

ASpØ Ime-Ømbn IqSpX¬

i‡ns∏SpØn-bn´p≠v. i–m[n„nX

_nkn\kv {]{InbIƒ (s]m-Xp -sh

]dbp∂ t]cv Imƒ sk‚dpIƒ), tcJ-

Iƒ kq£n°¬, A°u-≠≥kn, _m¶p-

IfpsS tkh\-߃, kwKoX sdt°m¿-

UnMv, kn\naFUn‰nwKv, ]p-kvX--Iw--

]I¿Øn Fgp-X¬, NnIn’ kw_‘-

amb D]tZi߃, A[ym]-\w XpSßnb

tkh\߃ hnI-kn-XcmPyßfnse

Iº\nIƒ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pdwIcm¿

]Wn {]Im-cw hmßp-∂p AYhm sNøn-

∏n -°p -∂p. Cu tkh\ßfpam -bn

_‘s∏´ hmNI-߃, Nn{X߃,

i–߃ F∂nh kwJym cq]Ønem°n

B[p\n-I hm¿Ømhn\nab kwhn[m\-

amb C‚¿-s\‰ns‚ klmbtØmsS a‰p

59

cmPy-ß-fnte°pw `qJfißfnte°pw

kw-t{]-j-Ww sNøs∏Sp∂p. sshZKv[y-

tadnb kq£vaXtbmSp IqSnb a\pjy

hn`h-߃, Ipd™ thX\w F∂nh

aqew an°hmdpw _lpcm{„ Iº\nIfpw,

sNdnb Iº\nIfpw Ahcp -sS

tkh\߃ ]pdwIcm¿ ]WnbneqsS

C¥y°v \¬Ip∂p. Ipd™ thX\-\nc-

°v, hnZKv≤sXmgnemfnIfpsS e`yX

F∂nh kmºØnI ]cnjvIcWØn\p

tijap≈ ImeL´Øn¬ ]pdwIcm¿

]WnbpsS Hcp BtKmf tI{μambn

C¥ysb am‰nbncn°p∂p.

temI hym]mc kwLS\ (World TradeOrganisation WTO)

Km´v F∂ kwLS\bpsS (GeneralAgreement on Tariff and Trade-GATT)]n≥Kmanbmbn 1995emWv temIhym]mc-

kwLS\ \nehn¬h∂Xv. hym]mc

t_mIvkv 3.2 BtKmf ]mZap{Z

BtKmfh¬°cWw aqew Ipsdtbsd C¥y≥ Iº\nIƒ AhcpsS imJIƒ

hntZißfnte°v hym]n∏n®n´p≠v F∂v Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw. temIsØ

AXnibn∏n®psIm≠v 2000˛Øn¬ Sm‰m Nmb Iº\n 1870 tImSncq]bpsS

\nt£]w {_n´\n¬ \SØn sS‰ven F∂ Nmb Iº\n kz¥am°n. 2004-˛¬

Sm‰m Ão¬ Iº\n knwK∏q¿ ASnÿm\amb \m‰v Ão¬ (Nat Steel) Iº\n

1245 tImSn cq]bv°v hmßn. IqSmsX sX°≥ sImdnbbnse h≥hmWnPy

hml\߃ \n¿Ωn°p∂ Iº\nbmb tZhphns‚ (Daewoo) IqSpX¬ HmlcnIƒ

Sm‰m tamt´m¿kv 448 tImSn cq]bv°v hmßn Iº\nbpsS \nb{¥Ww

Gs‰SpØp. ISen\Snbnep≈ ssSt°mkns‚ (Tycos ) tI_nƒ s\‰v h¿°v

Ct∏mƒ 572 tImSn cq]bv°v VSNL t\SpIbp≠mbn. aq∂v `qJfißfnembn

60,000 Intemao‰¿ ZqcØn¬ ISen\SnbneqsSbp≈ tI_nƒ irwJebpsS

DSaÿcmWv ssSt°m Iº\n. _w•mtZinse cmkhfw, Ão¬, Du¿P\nebw

F∂nhbn¬ 8800 tImSn cq]bpsS \nt£]w \SØm≥ Sm‰m Iº\n

Dt±in°p∂p≠v.

DdhnSw: _nkn\kv SpsU. 22 sabv 2005

Nn{Xw. 3.1 ]pdw-I-cm¿. hnenb ]´-W-ß-fnse

]pXnb sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃

60

$ BtKmfh¬°cWw Hcp ojWnbmWv. AXv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hnhn[ taJeIfn-

ep≈ ]¶v Ipdbv°p∂p F∂v Nne ]finX¿ hmZn°p∂p≠v. F∂m¬ BtKmf-h¬°cWw hn]WnIsf Xpd∂nSpIbpw a’cn°m\pw \nb{¥n°m\pap≈

Ahkc-߃ \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p F∂ FXn¿hmZßfpw D≠v. CXpambn\nßfpsS ¢mkv apdnbn¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwLSn∏n°pI .

$ Ct∏mƒ km[mcWbmbn kw`hn®psIm≠ncn°p∂ NneXns\°pdn®v Hcp

h¿Øam\ ]{XØn¬ h∂Xv Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂p. CXns\ D≤cn°pI.

$ C¥ybn¬ _n]nH (BPO) tkh\߃ \SØp∂ 5 Iº\nIfpsS enÃv ASßp∂

Hcp Nm¿´v Xømdm°pI. AXns‚ hn‰phchpw (Turn over ) tN¿°pI.

$ ImeØv 7 aWn°v sXm´papºv {Kojva slUvsk‰pambn AhfpsS Iºyq´dn\vap∂n¬ Ccp∂v D®mcW ip≤ntbmsS Cw•ojn¬ ]d™p ""ltem Um\ntb¬.''

\nanj߃°Iw Ahƒ°v adp]Sn e`n®p.- ""ltem {Kojvam'' ""Ipie kw`mjW-Øn\p-tijw {Kojva ]d™p'' C∂v \ap°v k¿Δ\maßsf Ipdn®v ]Tn°mw.

{Kojva - 22 hb v, sIm®nbnepw, {KojvabpsS hnZym¿∞n\nbmb Um\ntb¬ 13hb v, Iment^m¿Wnbbnse amen_phnep≈ AhfpsS ho´nepw F∂Xn¬

Ihns™m∂pw Akm[mcWambn Cu kw`mjWØnen√. Um\ntbebpsSsSÃv _p°v ap∂n¬ sh®psIm≠v C‚¿s\‰ns‚ klmbtØmsS \maØns‚-

bpw, \mahntijWØns‚bpw, {InbIfpsSbpw k¶o¿WXIƒ B Iuamc°m-cn°v hniZoIcn®p sImSp°p∂p. aebmfw kwkmcn®psIm≠v hf¿∂ {Kojva

bmWv Cw•ojv hymIcWßfpw `mjbpw Atacn°°mcnbmb Um\ntbesb]Tn∏n°p∂Xv.

$ CXv Fßs\bmWv km[yamIp∂Xv? F¥psIm≠mWv Um\ntbe°v AhfpsSkz¥w \m´n¬ ]mT߃ ]Tn°m≥ IgnbmØXv. \ΩpsS amXr`mj Cw•ojv

A√mXncp∂n´pw Cw•ojv ]mT`mK߃ Ahƒ C¥ybn¬ \n∂pw ]Tn°p∂XvF¥psIm≠mWv?

$ DZmch¬°cWwsIm≠pw, BtKmfhn]WnbpsS IqSnt®c¬ sIm≠pw

C¥ybv°v t\´ßƒ e`n°p∂p. \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?

$ Imƒ sk‚dpIfnse tPmen ÿmbnbmbXmtWm? ÿnchcpam\w e`n°p∂-

Xn\v Imƒsk‚dpIfn¬ tPmensNøp∂h¿°v GXpXcØnep≈ sshZKv[y-amWv Bhiyambn´p≈Xv?

$ Ipd™ thX\w \ne\n¬°p∂Xn\m¬ C¥yt]mep≈ cmPyßfnte°v

_lpcm{„ Iº\nIƒ Ipsdtbsd tkh\߃ ]pdw ]WnIcm¿ \¬Ip∂p.Aßs\sb¶n¬ Cu Iº\nIƒ \ne\n¬°p∂ cmPyßfnse P\߃°v

F¥v kw`hn°pw? N¿® sNøpI.

]T\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ (Work these out)

61

Bhiy߃°mbn A¥mcm{„ hn]-

Wnbn¬ F√m cmPy߃°pw Xpey

Ahkcw \¬In hnhn[ cmPyßfp-

ambp≈ hym]mc DSºSnIƒ \n¿hln-

°m-\mWv BtKmf hym]mc kwLS\-

bmb Km´v 1948 ¬ \nehn¬ h∂Xv.

\nbam[njvTnX hym]mc kwhn[m\w

ÿm]n°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p temI

hym]mc kwLS\ {]Xo£n®ncp-∂Xv.

CXn¬ cmPy߃°v GI]£ob-amb

\nb{¥W߃ hym]mcØn\p ta¬

G¿s∏SpØm≥ Ignbn√. IqSmsX, tkh-

\ßfpsS D¬]mZ\hpw hym]mchpw

h¿≤n∏n°pI, BtKmf hn`hßfpsS

G‰hpw A\pIqeamb D]tbmKw,

]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww. F∂nhbpw

temI hym]mc kwLS\bpsS e£y-

ßfm -bncp∂p. Cd°paXn Xocph

\nb{¥W߃, XocpthXc (Nontariff)\nb{¥W߃ F∂nh Hgnhm°n

sIm≠v km[\ßfptSbpw tkh\ßfp

tSbpw A¥mcm{„ hym]mcw (c≠p

cmPyßfpambpw, hnhn[ cmPyßfp ambpw

i‡ns∏Sp ØpI F∂Xv temI

hym]mc kwLS\-bpsS DSºSnbn -

ep≈XmWv. IqSmsX F√m AwK-

cmPy߃°pw IqSpX≥ hn]-Wn

Ahkcßfpw \¬Ip∂p.

hnIkzc cmPyßfpsS XmXv]cy߃

kwc£n°p∂Xn\pw, Ah¿°p th≠n

\nesIm≈p∂Xn\pw, BtKmf \nba-

ßfpw \nb{¥Wßfpw cq]oIcn°p∂-

Xn\pw temI hym]mc kwLS\bnse

Hcp {][m\ AwKcmPysa∂ \nebn¬

C¥y Ft∏mgpw ap≥]¥nbn¬ Xs∂-

bmbncp∂p. temI hym]mc kwLS\ ]d-

bp-∂Xp t]mse Cd°paXn°p≈ Izm´

\nb{¥W߃ Hgnhm°ns°m-≠pw, Cd-

°paXn®p¶w sh´n°pd®p -sIm≠pw

\ΩpsS cmPyw hym]mc taJe-bn¬ DZmc-

h¬°cWtØmSp≈ {]Xn_-≤X

\S∏nem°n.

]´nI 3.1

hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse PnUn]n hf¿® (iX-am\ IW°n¬

taJe 1980˛91 1992˛2001 2002˛2007 2007˛12 2012˛17 XII ]≤Xn

e£yw I e£yw IIrjn 3.6 3.3 2.3 3.2 4.0 4.2

hyhkmbw 7.1 6.5 9.4 7.4 9.6 10.9tkh\w 6.7 8.2 7.8 8.2 10.0 10.0

BsI 5.6 6.4 7.8 8.2 9.0 9.5

DdhnSw: ]Ømw ]©h’c ]≤Xn; AXnthKØnep≈Xpw, kpÿnchpw, IqSpX¬

DƒtN¿∂Xpamb hf¿®: (more inclusive growth) ]{¥≠mw ]©h’c ]≤Xn

bnte°p≈ kao]\w, Bkq{XW IΩoj≥, C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v 2011.

62

A¥mcm{„ hym]mcØns‚ `qcn`mKhpw

hnIknX cmPy߃ XΩnembXn\m¬

temI hym]mc kwLS\bn¬ C¥y Hcp

AwK-sa∂ \nebn¬ XpScp∂Xns‚

kmwKXyw Nne ]finX¿ tNmZyw

sNøp∂p≠v. Ah¿ ho≠pw ]dbp∂p.

hnIknX cmPy߃ Im¿jnI Bhiy-

߃°mbn k_vknUn \¬Ip∂p. AtX

kabw hnIkzccmPyßfnep≈ Im¿-

jnI k_vknUns°Xnsc hnIknX

cmPy߃ temIhym]mc kwLS\bn¬

]cmXn \¬Ip∂p. hnIkzccmPy߃

AhcpsS hn]Wn hnIknXcmPy߃-

°mbn Xpd∂p sImSp°p∂p. F∂m¬,

hnIknXcmPy߃ AhcpsS hn]Wn

hnIkzccmPy߃°mbn Xpd∂psImSp-

°p-∂n√. CXn\m¬ hnIkzc cmPy߃

h©n°s∏Sp∂p.

sa∂v \ap°v t\m°mw. GDP hf¿®

\nc°v t\m°nbmWv Hcp cmPyØns‚

kmºØnI hf¿® Af°p∂Xv. ]´nI

3.1 t\m°pI. 1980-- 91 ImeL´Øn¬ GDPhf¿®\nc°v 5.6% ambncp∂Xv 2007--˛12

ImeL´Øn¬ 8.2% Bbn h¿≤n®p.

]cnjvIcW ImeL´Øn¬ Im¿jnI

taJebnse hf¿®m\nc°v IpdbpIbm-

Wp≠m-bXv. AtX kabw hyhkmb

taJebnse hf¿®m\nc°n¬ G‰°pd-

®nep-Iƒ D≠mbncp∂p. F∂m¬ tkh\-

taJebnse hf¿®m \nc°v h¿[n®p.

cmPyØns‚ kmºØnIhf¿®sb

apt∂m v sIm≠pt]mIp∂Xv tkh\taJ-

ebpsS hf¿®bmWv F∂mWv CXv

kqNn∏n°∂Xv. GDP hf¿®m \nc°v 9

iXam\tam 9.5 iXam\tam t\SWsa∂-

XmWv ]{¥≠mw ]©h¬kc ]≤Xn

e£yan´Xv, (2012˛ -17). Cu Db¿∂

hf¿®m \nc°v t\SWsa¶n¬ \ΩpsS

Im¿jnI taJe 4 apX¬ 4.2 iXam\w

hscbpw, hymhkmbnI taJe 9.6 apX¬

10.9 iXam\w hscbpw, tkh\ taJe

iX-am-\hpw hftc≠XmWv. F∂m¬

CØc-Ønep≈ Db¿∂ hf¿®m\nc°v

\ne-\n¬°p∂X√ F∂ ]finXcpsS

Bi¶bpw Db¿∂p h∂n´p≠v.

kºZvhyhÿ Xpd∂n´tXmSp IqSn t\-

cn´p≈ hntZi\nt£]hpw, hntZi

hn\nab tiJchpw h¿≤n°pI

bp≠mbn. t\cn´p≈ hntZi \nt£]w,

hntZiÿm]\ßfpsS \nt£]w

F∂nh IqSn tN¿∂ hntZi\nt£]w

1990 -˛- 91 se 10 tImSn Atacn-°≥

tUmfdn¬ \n∂pw 2010˛-11 Bbt∏m-tg°v

4000 tImSn Atacn°≥ tUmf-dmbn

Nn{Xw 3.2 C¥y-bpsS Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn¬ henb

kw`mh\ \¬Ip∂ H∂mWv sFSn hyh-kmbw

3.6 ]cnjvI-cW ImesØ∏‰n Hcp

hnebncp-ج

C¥ybn¬ kmºØnI]cnjvImcw

XpSßnbn´v 25 h¿jw ]n∂n´ncn°p∂p.

Cu ImeL´Ønse C¥y≥ kºZv

hyhÿbpsS {]IS\߃ Fs¥√m-

63

h¿≤n®p. AXpt]mse Xs∂ hntZi

\mWy tiJcw 1990-˛91 se 60 tImSn

Atacn°≥ tUmfdn¬ \n∂pw 2011-˛12

Bbt∏mtg°pw 4000 tImSn Atacn°≥

tUmfdmbn h¿≤n®p. temI-Øv G‰hpw

IqSpX¬ hntZi\mWy tiJcap≈

cmPyßfnsem∂mWv C¥y.

Hmt´msamss_¬ kvs]b¿]m¿SvkpIƒ,

F©n\obdnwKv kma{KnIƒ, sFSn tkm-

^v‰vth¿, XpWnØc߃ F∂nh h≥

tXmXn¬ Ib‰paXn sNøp∂ cmPyambn-

]cnjvIcW ImeL´sØ C¥ysb

ImWm≥Ignbpw. IqSmsX hne°b‰w

\nb{¥W hnt[bam°nbncn-°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ sXmgn¬, Irjn, hyhkmbw,

ASnÿm\ kuIcy hnIk\w, [\\n¿

hlWw F∂o taJeIfnse ASnÿm-

\ {]iv\ßsf A`nkw-t_m[\ sNøm≥

kmºØnI ]cnjvIcWØn\v Ign-™n-

√ F∂ hna¿i\w adp`mKØv \ne-\n¬-

°p∂p≠v.

]T\ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

$ Irjn Dƒs∏sSbp≈ hnhn[ taJeIfnse k_vknUnsb°pdn®v Ign™

A[ymbØn¬ \n߃ ]Tn®t√m. Im¿jnI taJebn¬ A¥mcm{„

a’c£aXbp≠m°p∂Xn\p th≠n Cu taJebn¬ k_vknUn

Hgnhm°Wsa∂v ]finX¿°nSbn¬ Nne hmZ߃ \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v.

CXnt\mSv \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pthm? Aßs\sb¶n¬ CXv Fßs\

\S∏nem°m≥ Ignbpw? ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøpI.

$ Xmsgs°mSpØn´p≈ JfinI hmbn®v ¢m v apdn-bn¬ N¿® sNøpI .

$ B{‘{]tZinse {][m\ FÆ°pcphmWv \ne°Se. AhnSpsØ B\¥]q¿

Pn√bnse almtZh F∂ I¿jI≥ Actb°¿ ÿeØv \ne°Se Irjn

sNøm\mbn 1500 cq] sNehgn®p. AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ (hnØv, hfw,

apXembh) F∂nh hmßnbXn\pw, sXmgnemfn-Iƒ°v Iqen sImSpØXn\pw,

Imfsb D]tbmKn®Xn\pw sshZypXn, b{¥ßƒ F∂nh

D]tbmKn®Xn\psa√amWv Cu sNehv. icmicn 2 Izn‚¬ \ne°Se bmWv

almtZh\v e`n°pI. Hmtcm Izn‚epw Bbncw cq]bv°mWv hn¬°p∂Xv.

Cßs\ 1500 cq] sNehn´v IrjnsNbvX almtZh\v e`n°p∂Xv shdpw 2000

cq] am{XamWv. B\¥]q¿ Pn√ hcƒ®mkm[yXbp≈ Hcp {]tZiamWv.

kmºØnI ]cnjvImcØns‚ ^eambn henbtXmXnep≈ PetkN\

]≤XnIsfm∂pw Kh¨sa‚ v ChnsS \S∏m°nbn´n√. ASpØImeØv

hnfIƒ°v tcmKw ]nSns]´Xn\m¬ \ne°Se Irjn henb {]Xnk‘n

t\cn´p . Kh¨sa‚ v sNehv Ipd®Xn\m¬ Cu taJebn¬

64

KthjW{]h¿Ø\߃ F√mwXs∂ Ipd™ph∂p. almtZh\pw

kplrØp°fpw Cu {]iv\w ASn°Sn Kh¨sa‚ v DtZymKÿcpsS

{i≤bn¬ s]SpØnsb¶nepw H∂pw \S-∂n-√. hnØv, hfw F∂nhbpsS

k_vknUn sh´n°pd®Xp aqew almtZhs‚ Irjns®ehv h¿≤n®p.

Cd°paXn \nb{¥Ww FSpØpIf™tXmsS {]mtZinI hn]Wnbn¬

`£yFÆIƒ Ipd™ sNehn¬ e`n°m≥ XpSßn. Nnehm°nb XpI

t]mepw hnebneqsS e`n°mXncp∂Xn\m¬ At±lØns‚ \ne°Se

hn]Wnbn¬ hn¬°m≥ t]mepw Ign™n√.

$ \„w kln°p∂ almtZhs\ t]mep≈ I¿jI¿°v th≠n F¥mWv

sNøm≥ IgnbpI? ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøpI.

kmºØnIhf¿®bpw sXmgnepw:

km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ Im-e-L-

´-Øn¬ - GDP h-f¿-®m \n-c-°v h¿-≤n-®p-

sh-¶n-epw, Cu km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-® \-ap-

°v th-≠-{X sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n--

®n´n-√ F-∂m-Wv ]-fin-X¿ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-

°p-∂-Xv. h-f¿-®, sXm-gn-en-s‚ hn-hn-[ kz-

`m-h-߃ F-∂n-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-sØ-

°p-dn-®v A-Sp-Ø bq-Wn-‰n¬ \n-߃ ]Tn-

°p-∂p-≠v.

Im¿jnI taJebnse ]cnjvImc-

߃:

kmºØnI ]cnjvImcw sIm≠v Im¿-

jnI taJe°v KpWsam∂pw e`n®n´n√.

am{Xa√ Cu ImeL´Øn¬ hf¿®m

\nc°v IpdbpIbmWp≠mbXv.

]cnjvIcW L´Øn¬ Im¿jnI taJe-

bnse k¿°mdns‚ aqe[\ \nt£-]w

{]tXyIn®pw ASnÿm\ kuIcy -

ßfmb PetkN\w, sshZypXn, tdmUp-

Iƒ, hn]Wn _‘n∏n°¬, KthjWw

(lcnXhn-πh-Øn¬ Chsb√mw {][m\

]¶phln -®XmWv) XpSßnbhbn¬

IpdbpIbm-Wp≠mbXv. cmkhf߃

k_vknUn sh´n°pd -®Xp aqew

Im¿jnID¬]mZ\ Nnehv h¿≤n-®p. CXv

G‰hpw tamiambn _m[n-®Xv sNdpInS -

\maam{X I¿jIsc-bmWv. Im¿jn-

tIm¬]∂-ßfpsS Cd°paXn-®p¶w

sh´n°pd®Xpw, Xmßphne \o°w

sNbvXXpw, Im¿jn-tIm¬]∂ßfpsS

Afhp \nb{¥Ww FSpØp If™-

Xpsa√mw Cu taJe-bnep≠mb

\bam‰ßfmWv. CsX√mw C¥y≥

I¿jIsc IqSpX¬ tamis∏´ Ahÿ-

bn-te°v FØn®p. AXpsIm≠v h¿≤n-

®tXmXnep≈ A¥mcm{„ a’cßfpw

C∂v C¥y≥ I¿jI¿ t\cnSp∂p≠v.

CXpIqSmsX Im¿jnItaJebnse

Ib‰paXn ASnÿm\am°nb \bX{¥-

Øns‚ `mKambn `£y hnfIƒ°p

]Icw \mWyhnfIfpsS D¬]mZ\-Øn¬

{i≤ tI{μoIcn®p. CtXmsS Xt±iob

hn]Wn°p th≠nbp≈ D¬]mZ-\Øn\p

]Icw hntZi hn]Wn e£ywh®p sIm-

≠p -≈ D¬]mZ\Øn\v {]m[m\yw

\¬In. CXv £y[m\yßfpsS hnebn¬

henb kΩ¿±w kr„n®p.

65

hyhkmb taJebnse ]cnjvImc-

߃:

hyhkmb hf¿® \nc°pw Ipd™

tXmXnemWv tcJs∏SpØnbXv .

hneIpd™ hntZi D¬]∂-ßfpsS

Cd°p-aXn, ]›mØe kuIcyßfn-

ep≈ A]cym]vXamb \nt£]w

XpSßnbh-bm --Wv CXns‚ {][m\

ImcW߃.

BtKmfh¬°cW ImeØv hnIkzc

cmPy߃ AhcpsS hn]Wn hnIknXcmPyßfpsS D¬]∂߃°pw aqe[\-

߃°pw th≠n Xpd∂p sImSp°m≥\n¿_‘nXcmbn. CXv Cd°paXn

hkvXp°ƒ°v th≠n \ΩpsS hyh-km-bßsf ASnbdhbv°pIbpw -CIgv -

ØpIbpambncp∂p sNbvXXv. Ipd-™hnebnep≈ Cd°paXn km[\-߃

Xt±iob D¬]∂ßfpsS tNmZ\w-Ipd®p. Xt±iob D¬]∂ \n¿ΩmXm-

°ƒ Cd°paXn D¬]∂ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ISpØ a’cw t\cn´p . aqe[\

\nt£]Øns‚ A]cym]vXX aqewsshZypXn Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ ]›mØe

kuIcy-߃°v Zu¿-e-`yw t\cn´ncp∂p.BtKmfh¬-°cWw aqew hntZi cmPy-

ß-fn¬ \n∂pw km[-\-ß-fptSbpw tkh-\--ßfptSbpw A\nb-{¥nXamb Hgp°v

hnIkzc cmPyßfnse {]mtZinIhyhkmbßtfbpw sXmgne-h-kcßtf-

bpw {]XnIqeambn _m[n®p

IqSmsX, hnIknX cmPyßfnse

Db¿∂ Np¶w a‰v XS ßƒ Ch aqewC¥ysb t]mep≈ Hcp hnIkzccmPy-

Øns‚ D¬]∂߃°v hnIknXcmPyßfnse hn]Wn e`n°m≥ Ahkc-

ap≠mbn√. DZmlcWambn -hkv{X-

ßfptSbpw, XpWnØcß-fptSbpwIb‰paXn Af-hnse \nb{¥Ww C¥y

Hgnhm°nbncp∂psh¶nepw, C¥ybn¬\n∂pw ssN\bn¬ \n∂pw Cd°paXn

sNøp∂ XpWnØc-߃°p≈ Af-hn-ep≈ \nb{¥Ww Atacn°

Hgnhm°nbncp-∂n√.

aqe[\ \nt£] kzImcyh¬°cWw:(Disinvestment)

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn

hn¬°p∂Xn\v C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v F√mh¿jhpw Hcp e£yw sh°mdp≠v. DZm-

lcWambn- 1991 -92 ¬ s]mXptaJ-ebpsSkzImcyh¬-°cØneqsS e£yan´ XpI

2500 tImSn cq] Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬

CXneqsS t\SnbXv t\SnbXv 3040 tImSn

cq]bmWv. CXv e£yan´Xnt\°mƒ

IqSpXemWv. 2010˛-11¬ e£yan´ XpI

40000 tImSn cq] Bbncp∂p. F∂m¬

t\Sm\mbXv 22850 tImSn cq] am{Xw.

s]mXptaJem ÿm]\ßfpsS Hmlcn-

Iƒ Ipd™ hnebn¬ kzImcytaJe°v

hn¬°p∂p F∂ hna¿i\w Db¿∂p

h∂n´p≠v. Kh¨sa‚n\v KWyamb

kmºØnI \„w D≠mbn F∂XmWv

CXn\¿∞w. IqSmsX s]mXp-taJem

HmlcnIƒ hn‰pIn´p∂ ]Ww B

taJebpsS hnIk\Ønt\m kmaq--ly

ASnÿm\ LSIßfpsS \n¿-am-W--

Ønt\m Bbncp∂n√ D]tbm-Kn®Xv.

adn®v, Kh¨sa≥dns‚ dh\yq hcp-

am\Ønse IΩn\nIØp∂-Xn\mbn-

cp∂p. s]mXptaJebpsS \ne

sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\v AhbpsS kzØn-

s‚ Hcp mKw hn¬°emWv G‰hpw sa®-s∏´hgn F∂v \n߃ IcpXp∂pthm?

66

kmºØnI ]cnjvIcWßfpw [\\-b-ßfpw:

s]mXpsNehpIƒ {]tXyIn®pw

kmaqly taJeIbnep≈ sNepIƒ\nb-{¥n°p∂ HchÿbmWv kmº-

ØnI]cnjv -°cWØn¬ ImWm≥Ign™Xv. \nIpXn \nc°v Ipdbv°-

eneqsS e£yan´ Db¿∂ hcpam\hpw,\nIpXn sh´n∏v \nb{¥-Whpw Kh¨-

sa‚ ns‚ \nIpXn hcpam\w h¿≤n-∏n°p∂Xn\v klmbn-®n√. IqSmsX

IÃwkv Xocph Ipd®Xn-eqsSbpw \nIpXnhcpam\ h¿≤\hn\p -≈ km[yX

IpdbpIbmWp≠mbXv. hntZi\nt£]w t{]m’mln∏n°m≥ \¬In-

bncp∂ \nIpXnbnfhpIƒ \nIpXn

hcpam\w h¿≤n∏n°m\p≈ km[yX

ho≠pw Ipdbv°pIbmWv sNbvXXv. CXv

cmPyØns‚ hnIk\, t£a sNehp-

Isf tZmjambn _m[n®p.

3.7 D]-kw-lmcw

C¥ybv°pw a‰v cmPy߃°pw kzImcy-

h¬°cWØneqsSbpw DZmch¬°c-

WØneqsSbpw D≠mb BtKmfh¬-

°cW{]{Inbbn¬ sIm≠v KpWtZmj

^e߃ D≠mbn´p≠v. BtKmfh¬-

°cW \bØns‚ `mKambn hnIkzc

cmPy-߃°v A¥mcm{„ hn]Wnbn¬

IqSp-X¬ Ahkc߃ e`n®p F∂v A`n-

{]m-b-ap-≠v. IqSmsX Db¿∂ kmt¶XnI-

hnZybpw, A¥mcm-{„Xe-Øn¬ hnIkzc

cmPyßfnse h≥ hyhkmb߃°p≈

km[yXIfpw CXns‚ KpW^eßfmWv

F∂ hmZ-߃ Nne ]finX¿ Db¿Øp-

∂p-≠v.

t_mIvkv 3.3 kn¿kn√ Zpc¥w

C¥y≥ kwÿm\߃ ]cnjvImcw aqew Ipd™ \nc°nep≈ sshZypXn

hnXcWØn¬ \n∂v ]n∑mdpIbpw sshZypXn \nc°v h≥tXmXn¬ h¿≤n

∏n°pIbpw sNbvXp. CXv sNdpInS hyhkmbßfnse sXmgnemfnIsf

Imcyambn _m[n®p. B{‘{]tZinse b{¥Ødn (Powerloom) XpWn

hyhkmb߃ CXn\v DZmlcWamWv. b{¥Ødn sXmgnemfnIfpsS thX\w

AhcpsS Iº\nbnse XpWn D¬]vmZ\hpambn _‘s∏´ncp∂Xn\m¬

sshZypXnapS°w F∂m¬ sXmgnemfnIfpsS thX\w Ipd°pI F∂Xm-

bncp∂p. sshZypX \nc°v h¿≤\hv aqew Ch¿ CXn\Iw Xs∂ Gsd

{]bmks∏´ncp∂p. CXv AhcpsS D]Poh\Øn¬ henb {]Xnk‘n

kr„n°pIbpw B{‘m{]tZinse sNdnb ]´Wamb kn¿kn√bn¬ 50

b{¥Ødn sXmgnemfnIƒ BfllXy sNøpIbpap≠mbn.

$ sshZypXn \nc°v Db¿ØcpXv F∂v \n߃ Nn¥n°p∂pt≠m?

$ kmºØnI ]cnjvImcw aqew {]bmks∏Sp∂ sNdpInS hyhkmbßsf

]p\cp≤cn°m≥ F¥v \n¿t±iamWv \n߃°p D≈Xv?

67

AXn\p hn]coXambn hnIknX-

cmPysØ D¬∏∂-߃°v a‰p cmPy-

ßfn¬ hn]Wn Is≠-Øm-\p≈

X{¥amWv BtKmf-h¬°-cWw F∂

A`n{]mbhpw hna¿i-I¿ ]¶p sh°p∂p.

ChcpsS A`n{]mb-Øn¬ Zcn{ZcmPy-

ßfnse a\pjycpsS t£ahpw kzXz-

t_m[hpw BtKmf-h¬°cW \b߃

C√mXm°n. am{X -hpa√, hn]Wn

ASnÿm\--am°nbp≈ BtKmf -

h¬°cW \b߃ P\߃-°n-Sbnepw,

cmPy߃°nSbnepw henb AkaXzw

kr„n®p.

C¥y≥ kmlNcyØn¬ \n∂pw t\m°p-

tºmƒ 1990 BZy-h¿j-ß-fn¬ C¥y-

bnep≠mb kmºØnI{]Xnk-‘n°v

ImcWambnNne ]T\߃ ]dbp∂Xv

C¥y≥ kaqlØnse BgØn-ep≈

AkaXzßfmsW∂mWv. Cu {]Xn-

k‘n adnIS°m≥ XpSßn sh®

kmºØnI ]cnjvImc߃ AkaXzw

ho≠pw h¿≤n∏n°pIbmWv sNbvXXv.

Cu \b߃ cmPysØ sNdnb iX-

am\w hcp∂ kº∂cpsS hcpam\-hpw,

D]t`mKhpw h¿≤n°m≥ am{Xta

klmbn®n´p≈q. Zie£°W°n\v

P\ßqsS D]Poh\am¿Kamb Im¿jnI-

hyhkmb taJeItf°mƒ cmPyØv

hf¿∂p hnIkn®Xv tkh\ taJebn

epff, hm¿Ømhn\nabw, hnhckm-

t¶XnIhnZy, ]WtaJe, hnt\mZw,

bm{X, AXnYn tkh\߃, dnb¬

Fkvtdd‰v F∂nhbmWv.

$ Ipd™phcp∂ hntZi\mWyw, Ib‰paXn h¿≤\hn√msXbp≈ Cd°paXn

h¿≤\hv, Db¿∂ hne°b‰w F∂o {]iv\߃ C¥y A`napJoIcn®ncp∂p.

kmºØnI {]Xnk‘n, A¥mcm{„ kwLS\Ifmb IMFt‚bpw

temI_m¶ns‚bpw kΩ¿±w F∂nhaqeamWv 1991˛¬ C¥y kmºØnI

\b߃ am‰nbXv.

$ B`y¥c kºZvhyhÿbn¬ {][m\ambpw hyhkmbtaJe, [\Imcy

taJe F∂nhbnemWv henb]cnjvImc߃ \S∏m°nbXv. hntZiImcy

taJebnemhs´ {][m\ambpw hntZi \mWb \nb{¥W߃ Hgnhm°epw

Cd°paXn DZmch¬°cWhpw Bbncp∂p.

$ s]mXptaJebpsS {]IS\w sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\pth≠n AXns‚ {]m[m\yw

Ipd®v kzImcytaJebv°v Xpd∂psImSp°Wsa∂v A`n{]mb-ka\zbw

h∂ncp∂p. aqe[\ \nt£]Øns‚ kzImcyh¬°cW-Øneq-sSbpw.

DZmch¬°cW \S]SnbneqsSbpamWv CXv \S∏nem°nbXv.

kw-£n-]v-X-cq-]w (Recap)

68

1. F¥n\mWv C¥ybn¬ kmºØnI ]cnjvImc߃ XpSßnbXv?

2. tem-I hym-]m-c kw-L-S-\-bn¬ (WTO) Aw-Kam-Ip-∂-Xn-s‚ Bhiysa-¥mWv?

3. C¥ybnse [\Imcy taJebpsS \nb{¥I≥ F∂Xn¬ \n∂pw klmbI≥

F∂Xnte°v dnk¿_m¶v amdnbXv F¥psIm≠v?

4. dnk¿_m¶v hmWnPy_m¶pIsf \nb{¥n°p∂sXßns\?

5. cq]bpsS aqeytimjWw F∂Xp sIm≠v F¥mWv A¿∞am°p∂Xv?

6. Xmsg ]dbp∂hbpsS hyXymkw Is≠ØpI .

i. X-{¥-{]-[m-\-am-b hn¬-∏-\-bpw, Xp-—-am-b hn¬-]-\-bpw. (Srategic and minortiy

$ BtKmfh¬°cWw F∂Xv DZmch¬°cWØns‚bpw kzImcyh¬°cW-

Øns‚bpw ]cnWnX^eamWv. \ΩpsS kºZvhyhÿsb BtKmf kºZv

hyhÿbpambn DZv{KYn∏n°pI F∂XmWv CXn\¿Yw.

$ ]pdw ]Wn°cm¿ F∂Xv (outsourcing) Db¿∂phcp∂ Hcp _nkn\kv

{]h¿Ø\amWv.

$ temI hn`hßfpsS G‰hpw anI® D]t`mKw (optimum utilisation)Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\v \nbam[njvTnX hym]mchmgvN ÿm]n°pI F∂Xm-

bncp∂p temIhym]mc kwLS\bpsS e£yw.

$ ]cnjvIcW ImeL´Øn¬ Im¿jnI taJe, hyhkmbtaJe F∂nhbn¬

hf¿®m\nc°v IpdbpIbmWv sNbvXXv. F∂m¬ tkh\taJebn¬ hf¿®m

\nc°v IqSpIbp≠mbn. ]cnjvIcW߃ Im¿jnItaJebv°v KpW{]Zam

bncp∂n√. Cu taJebn¬ s]mXp \nt£]w IpdbpIbpw sNbvXn´p≠v.

$ Ipd™ hnebnep≈ D¬]∂ßfpsS Cd°paXnbpw, Ipd™ aqe[\\n-

t£]hpw hyhkmb taJebnse hf¿® Ipd-bm≥ CSbm°n.

A`ymkw

69

sale)

ii. D- bI-£n hym-]m-chpw, _-lp-ap-J hym-]m-c-hpw. (Bilateral and multilateraltrade)

iii. Np¶w hgnbp≈ \n-b-{¥-W-hpw Npt¶Xcw \n-b-{¥-W-hpw

7. F-¥n-\m-Wv Np¶w Np-a-Øp-∂-Xv?

8. Afhp]camb \n-b-{¥-W߃ (quantitative restrictions) F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v F-¥m-Wv

A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv?

9. em-`w D-≠m-°p-∂ s]m-Xp-taJ-em-ÿm-]-\-ß-sfbm-Wv kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-cn-t°-≠-

Xv. Cu Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-t\m-Sv \n-߃ tbm-Pn-°p-∂p-thm? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

10. ]p-dw ]-Wn-°-cm¿ C-¥y-bv-°v Kp-W-I-c-am-sW-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? F-¥p-

sIm-≠m-Wv hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-߃ C-Xn-s\ F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xv?

11. \-Ωp-sS cm-Py-sØ Nn-e t\-´-߃ C-¥y-sb ]p-dw ]-Wn I-cm-dn-s‚ A-\p-Iq-e-am-

b H-cp tI-{μ-am-°n am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu t\-´-ß-tf-sX-√mw?

12. \-h-c-Xv-\ \-bw C-¥y-bn-se s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bp-sS {]-I-S-\-sØ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k-

lm-bn-®p F-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? F-ßn-s\?

13. tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bp-sS D-b¿-∂-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ h-f¿-®-bv-°v k-lm-bn-® L-S-I-߃ G-

sX-√mw?

14. km-º-Øn-I-]-cn-jv-Im-c \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e-sb tam-i-am-bn _m-[n-®p. F-

¥p-sIm-≠v?

15. F-¥p sIm-≠m-Wv ]-cn-jv-I-c-W Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ hy-h-km-b ta-J-e tam-iw {]-I-

S-\w Im-gv-®-h-®-Xv?

16. km-aq-ly-\o-Xn, t£-aw F-∂n-h-bp-sS sh-fn-®-Øn¬ C-¥y-bn-se km-º-Øn-I ]-

cn-jv-Im-csØIp-dn-®v N¿-® sN-øp-I

\n¿-t±-in°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

1. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Ø ]-´n-I Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv 1993-˛94 h¿-j-sØ hn-e A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp-≈ GDP h-f¿-®m \n-c-°m-Wv. Z-Ø-ß-fp-sS A-h-X-c-W co-Xn \n-߃ kmwJn-

IØn¬ ]Tn-®pht√m. ]-´n-I-bn-se ZØ-߃ A-\p-k-cn-®v H-cp ssSw ko-co-kv

sse≥ h-c-bv-°p-I. A-Xn-s\ hym-Jym-\n-°p-I.

70

h¿-jw Pn.Un.]n. h-f¿-®m \n-c-°v (%)

2000˛01 4.3

2001- 02 5.5

2002- 03 4.0

2003- 04 8.1

2004- 05 7.0

2005- 06 9.5

2006˛07 9.6

2007- 08 9.3

2008˛09 6.7

2009˛10 8.6

2010˛11 9.3

2. \nßfpsS Np‰p]mSpIƒ \nco£n°pI. \nßfpsS kwÿm\ sshZypX

t_m¿Uns\ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. KSEB bpw, a‰p s]mXptaJemÿm]\ßfpw,

kzImcy ÿm]\ßfpw ]´Wßfnepw kwÿm\-ßfnepw sshZypX hnXcWw

\SØp∂p≠v. ChnsS Kh¨sa≥dv _ pIƒ tkh\w \SØp∂tXmsSm∏w

Xs∂ kzImcy _ pIfpw tkh\w \SØp∂p≠v.

i . s]mXptaJebpw kzImcytaJebpw Hcpan®v \ne\n¬°p∂ Cu

hyhÿsbIpdn®v \n߃ F¥p IcpXp∂p?

ii . AØcØnep≈ Cc´ kwhn[m\Øns‚ KpWßfpw tZmjßfpw

Fs¥√mamWv? N¿® sNøpI.

3. \nßfpsS c£nXm°fpsSbpw a‰p {]mbambhcptSbpw klmbtØmSpIqSn

kzmX{¥yw In´nb kabØp≈ C¥ybnse _lpcm{„ Iº\nIfpsS ]´nI

Xømdm°pI. Ct∏mgpw \ne\n¬°p∂ AØcw ÿm]\ßsf () ASbmfan´pw,

\nehnen√mØXns\ (x) ASbmfan´pw tcJs∏SpØpI. GsX¶nepw Iº\nbpsS

t]cv amdnbn´pt≠m? ]pXnb t]cpIƒ, GXp cmPyØnt‚XmWv, GXpXcØnep≈

D¬]∂amWv, Iº\nbpsS Nn”w F∂nh ASßp∂ Nm¿´v ¢m n¬

Xømdm°pI.

71

4. Xmsg ]dbp∂h°v A\ptbmPyamb DZmlcW߃ FgpXpI.

D-ev-]-∂-߃ hn-tZ-i I-º-\n-bp-sS t]-cv

_n-kv-°-‰p-Iƒ

jq-kp-Iƒ

I-ºyq- -dp-Iƒ

Im-dp-Iƒ

SnhnIfpw {^n-Uv-Pp-I-fpw

kv-t‰-j-\-dn

Cu Iº\nIƒ 1991˛\v apºv C¥ybn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂pthm? AtXm ]pXnb

kmºØnI\bØn\ptijw h∂hbmtWm? CXn\mbn \nßfpsS A[ym]I¿,

c£nXm°ƒ, IpSpw_Ønse apXn¿∂h¿, ISbpSaIƒ F∂nhcpsS klmbw

tXSpI.

5. temIhym]mckwLS\bpsS ao‰nßpambn _‘s∏´ Ipd®v ]{XiIe߃

tiJcn°pI. Cu ao‰nßpIfn¬ kwhmZØn\v hnt[bam°nb hnjb߃ N¿®

sNøpI. Fßs\bmWv Cu kwLS\ temI hym]mcsØ kpKaam°p∂Xv

F∂v Is≠ØpI.

6. temI_m¶ns‚bpw IMF-t‚bpw B⁄b\pkcn®v C¥ybn¬ kmºØnI

]cnjvImcw XpStß≠Xv AXymhiyambncp∂pthm? AShpin„ {]Xnk‘n

adnIS°m≥ Kh¨sa‚n\v a‰pam¿K߃ D≠mbncp∂nt√? ¢m n¬ N¿®

sNøpI.

ACHARYA, S. 2003. India’s Economy: Some Issues and Answers. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

ALTERNATIVE SURVEY GROUP. 2005. Alternative Economic Survey, India 2004–05, DisequalisingGrowth. Daanish Books, Delhi.

AHLUWALIA, I.J. and I.M.D. LITTLE. 1998. India’s Economic Reforms and Development. OxfordUniversity Press, New Delhi.

BARDHAN, PRANAB. 1998. The Political Economy of Development in India. Oxford UniversityPress, Delhi.

klmb{KŸßƒ

72

BHADURI, AMIT and DEEPAK NAYYAR. 1996. The Intelligent Person’s Guide to Liberalisation.Penguin, Delhi.

BHAGWATI, JAGDISH. 1992. India in Transition: Freeing the Economy. Oxford University Press,Delhi.

BYRES, TERENCE J. 1997. The State, Development Planning and Liberalisation in India. OxfordUniversity Press, Delhi.

CHADHA, G.K. 1994. Policy Perspectives in Indian Economic Development. Har-Anand, Delhi.

CHELLIAH, RAJA J. 1996. Towards Sustainable Growth: Essays in Fiscal and Financial SectorReforms in India. Oxford University Press, Delhi.

DEBROY, B. and RAHUL MUKHERJI (Eds.). 2004. The Political Economy of Reforms. BookwellPublication, New Delhi.

DREZE, JEAN and AMARTYA SEN. 1996. India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity.Oxford University Press, Delhi.

DUTT, RUDDAR AND K.P.M. SUNDARAM. 2005. Indian Economy. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.

GUHA, ASHOK (Ed.) 1990. Economic Liberalisation, Industrial Structure and Growth in India.Oxford University Press, Delhi.

JALAN , B IMAL. 1993. India ’s Economic Crisis: The Way Ahead. OxfordUniversity Press, Delhi.

JALAN, BIMAL. 1996. India’s Economic Policy: Preparing for the Twenty First Century. Viking,Delhi.

JOSHI,VIJAY and I.M.D. LITTLE. 1996. India’s Economic Reforms 1991-2001. Oxford UniversityPress, Delhi,

KAPILA, Uma. 2005. Understanding the Problems of Indian Economy. Academic Foundation, NewDelhi.

MAHAJAN, V.S. 1994. Indian Economy Towards 2000 A.D. Deep & Deep, Delhi.

PAREKH, KIRIT and RADHAKRISHNA, 2002, India Development Report 2001-02. Oxford UniversityPress, New Delhi.

RAO, C.H. HANUMANTHA. and HANS LINNEMANN. 1996. Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviationin India, Sage Publication, Delhi.

SACHS, JEFFREY D., ASHUTOSH VARSHNEY and NIRUPAM BAJPAI.1999. India in the Era of EconomicReforms. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Government Reports

Economic Survey 2012-13. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

Tenth Five Year Plan 1997-2002. Vol. 1. Government of India, Planning Commission, New Delhi.

7 3Zmcn{Zyw

Zmcn{Zyw

UNIT

IIIbqWn‰v

4

Zmcn-{Zyw, {KmaoW C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\w, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsS

hnI-k\w F∂n-hbmWv C¥y C∂v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ apJy-sh-√p-hn-

fn-Iƒ. 130 tImSn-bn¬ ]cw P\-ß-fp≈ \ΩpsS a\p-jy-hn- -h-tijn

\ap°v hen-sbmcp apX¬ Iq´m-Wv. AXv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Btcm-Kyw,

hnZym- ymkw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ \nt£]w thWw. sXmgn¬ Fs¥∂v

a\- n-em-°m\pw, \ΩpsS cmPyØv IqSp-X¬ sXmgn-ep-Iƒ krjvSn-

°m\pw {iap-≠m-h-Ww. hnI-k\w \ΩpsS ]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂

am‰-sØ-°p-dn®v icn-bmb [mcW D≠m-hp-I-bpw, kpÿnc hnI-k\w Dd-

∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw. CØcw Imcy-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ Kh¨sa‚ v F¥v

ap≥ssI FSp-°p∂p F∂Xv Hmtcm LS-I-ß-tfbpw th¿Øn-cn®v hna¿i-

\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Cu bqWn-‰n¬ {ian-°p-∂p.

7 5POVERTY

$ Zmcn{ZyØns‚ e£W߃ a\ nem°p∂p.

$ Zmcn{Zyw F∂ BibtØmSv _‘s∏´ hnhn[ Imcy߃

a\ nem°p∂p.

$ Zmcn{Zyw IW°m°p∂ coXnimkv{X-sØ°pdn®v hna¿i\mflIambn

hnebncpØp∂p.

$ \nehnep≈ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\ ]≤XnIsf ]cntim[n°p∂Xn\pw

hnebncpØp∂Xn\pw Ign-bp-∂p.

Zmcn{ZywZmcn{ZywZmcn{ZywZmcn{ZywZmcn{Zyw

4

]T-\-e-£y-߃

7 6Zmcn{Zyw

4.1 BapJw

Ign™ Ggv Zim–mbn C¥y≥

kºZvhyhÿbnep≠mb kmºØnI

hnImkØn\m[mcamb \bßfpw

AXns‚ ^eambn hnhn[ hnIk\

kqNnIIfn¬ C¥y F{XtØmfw apt∂m v

t]mbn F∂pamWv ap≥ A[ymbßfn¬

\mw I≠Xv. P\-ßfpsS ASnÿm\

Bhiy߃ \nd-th-‰pIbpw Ak-a-Xzw

Ipd°pIbpw sNøpI F∂Xv kzX{¥

C¥ybpsS e£y--ambn-cp-∂p. Zcn{Zcn¬

Zcn{Zcmbhsc Db¿Øn sIm≠p

hcp∂Xpw Zcn{Zsc apJy[mcbnseØn-

°p∂Xpw Ah¿°v Db¿∂ PohnX \ne-

hmcw t\Sns°mSp°p∂Xn\pamWv Hmtcm

]©h’c ]≤Xnbpw Du∂¬

\evInbXv.

1947-¬ `cWLS\m \n¿ΩmW k`sb

kwt_m[\ sNbvXp sIm≠v ]fin‰v

Phl¿em¬ s\lvdp ]d™p. "\ΩpsS

Cu t\´w (kzmX{¥yw) \sΩ ImØn

cn°p∂ henb hnPbßfnte°pw Ah-

kcßfnte°pw D≈ Hcp Im¬

sh∏mWv.., Zmcn{Zyw, Adnhn√mbva, tcmK-

߃, Ah-k-c-kaXzan√mbva XpSßnbh

C√mXm°m≥ ......'

Fs¥ms°bmbmepw \mw FhnsS

FØn \n¬--°p∂psh∂v a\ nemt°≠-

Xp≠v. temIØnse Zcn{Zcp --sS

A©nsem∂v ChnsS h-kn°p∂Xv

C--¥y°v am{Xa√, ASnÿm\mhiy߃

t]mepw \nd -th-‰m≥ IgnbmØ 30

tImSntbmfw Zcn{Zcp≈ temIØn\v

Xs∂, Zmcn{Zyw Cs∂mcp sh√p -

hnfnbmWv.

Zmcn{ZyØn\v ]e apJßfp≠v. CXv

ÿeIme߃°\pkcn--®v hyXymk

s∏SpIbpw ]e coXnbn¬ hniZoIcn°

s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. Zmcn{Zysa∂Xv

P\߃ Hgnhm°m≥ B{Kln°p∂ Hcp

AhÿbmWv. IqSpX¬ t]¿°v `£y

hkvXp°ƒ, aXnbmb ]m¿∏nS kuIcy߃,

hnZym`ymk e`yX, BtcmKyw, A{Ia

ßfn¬ \n∂p≈ kwc£Ww, kz¥w

Np‰p]mSpIfn¬ F¥v \S°p∂psh∂v

hnfn®p ]dbm\p≈ kzmX{¥yw XpSßn

bh°p≈ Hcp DZ vt_m[\w F∂

coXnbn¬ Zmcn{Zyw F∂Xv [\nI\pw

Zcn{Z\pw Hcp t]mse {]h¿Ønt°≠

Xn\p≈ Blzm\amWv.

Zmcn{ZysØ Fßs\ eLqIcn°mw,

GsX√mw Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷\

]≤XnIƒ hnPbn®p, GsX√mw ]cmP

bs∏´p, ImemImeßfn¬ Fs¥√mw

am‰ßfp≠mbn Fs∂√mw Adnbp

∂Xn\v Zmcn{ZysØ \n¿ΔNn°Ww,

Af°Ww, ]Tn°Ww, AXnep]cn

A\p`hn-°pIbpw thWw. Zmcn{Zyw F∂

BibØn\v hyXykvX am\߃ D≈Xv

sIm≠v Xs∂ AXns\ ]ehn[ kqNI-

ßfneqsS ˛ -hcpam\w, D]t`mKw, kmaq-

_lp`qcn`mKw P\ßfpw Zmcn{ZyØnepw I„Xbnepap≈ Hcp kaqlØn\v

Xo¿®bmbpw kar≤nt\Sp∂Xnt\m k¥p„ambn Pohn-°p-∂-Xnt\m Ign-bn-√.

BUw kvanØv.

7 7Zmcn{Zyw

ly-kqNI߃, A]mbkm[yXm

kqNI߃, kmaqly-cm{„ob {]m]yX

apXembh - t\m°n°mWpIbmWv \mw

ChnsS sNøp∂Xv.

4.2 BcmWv Zcn{Z¿ ?

\ap°nSbn¬, ({Kmaßfnepw \Kc-

ßfnepw) Nne¿ Zcn{Zcpw Nne¿ [\nIcpw

Bbncn°p∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n®n´p≠mIp-

at√m? A\phns‚bpw kp[bptSbpw IY

hmbn°pI. PohnXØns‚ c≠‰ßƒ°v

DZmlcW-amWh¿. (t_mIvkv 4 . 1

ImWpI) Cu A‰ßƒ°nSbnepw hnhn[

XeØnep≈ P\ßfp≠v.

D¥ph≠n°mcpw, sXcphn¬ sNcp∏p

IpØp∂hcpw, ]qame sI´p∂ kv{XoIfpw,

]mgvhkvXp°ƒ s]dp°p-∂hcpw sXcphp

I®hS°mcpw, bmNIcp-sa√mw \Kc

{]tZißfnse Zcn{Zcpw t¢iPohnXw

\bn°p∂hcpamb P\hn`mK߃°v

DZmlcW-ßfmWv. -Ch¿ Xosc Ipd™

BkvXnbp≈-hcmWv. Ch¿ Pohn°p∂Xv

]p√pw Hmebpw apfbpw achpw Nqfsh®

aÆpw sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® IpSnepIfnemWv.

Chcn¬ G‰hpw Zcn{Zcmbh¿°mI-s´,

CØcØnep≈ hoSpIƒ t]mepan√.

kz¥ambn qanbn√mØhtcbpw InS∏mS

an√mØhtcbpw [mcmfw ImWmhp∂-

XmWv. Nne¿°v `qanbps≠¶nepw AXv

hc≠tXm D]tbmKyiq\ytam BWv.

Nne¿ Znh-tk\ Hcp t\csØ `£Ww

t]mepw e`n°mØhcmWv. Xosc

Zcn{Zcmb IpSpw_ßfpsS apJap{Z-bm-Wv

hni∏pw `--£Wan√mbvabpw. km£--

cXbnepw sXmgn¬ sshZKv[y---Ønepw C-

-h¿ ]n∂nemWv. AXps--Im≠v Xs∂ hf-

sc ]cnanX-amb kmº-ØnI Ah--

kc߃ am{Xta Ch¿°v e`n°p∂p≈q.

Zcn{Z¿°v ÿncamb sXmgn¬

e`n°p∂n√.

t]mjImlmc Ipdhv Zcn{ZcpsS CSbn¬

A]ISIcamwhÆw IqSpXemWv.

A\mtcmKyw, amdmtcmK߃ XpSßn-

bh Chsc imcocnIambpw Zp¿_e-

cm°p∂p. Ch¿ kzImcy ]WanS]mSv

ÿm]\ßfn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂

]eni°v hmbv]sbSpØv ISs°Wn-

bnemIp∂p. hfsc t¢iIcamb PohnXw

\bn°p∂hcmWnh¿. AhImis∏´

thX\w t]mepw tNmZn®phmßm≥

Ignhn√msX sXmgnepSaIfpsS NqjW

Øn\v hnt[bamIp∂ Ac£nXcmWn

h¿. sshZypXn, ]mNIhmXIw XpSßn

bh Ch¿°v {]m]ya√.

t_mIvkv 4.1 A\phpw kp[bpw

A-\p-hpw kp-[-bpw H-tc Zn-h-kw P-\n-®-h-cm-Wv. A-\p-hn-s‚ A-—-\p-a-Ω-bpw \n¿-Ωm-

W-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bn-c-∂p. kp-[-bp-sS A-—≥ H-cp _n-kn-\- p-Im-c-\pw A-Ω H-cp

Un-ssk-\-dpw B-bn-cp-∂p.

A-\p-hn-s‚ A-Ω A-h-sf {]-k-hn-°p-∂ k-a-bw h-tc-bpw X-e-bn¬ C-„n-I-Iƒ

Np-a-∂v sIm-≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. C-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ A-hƒ ]-Wn-bm-bp-[-∏p-c (Tool Shed) bp-sS

]n≥- m-K-Øv t]m-Ip-I-bpw H-‰-°v X-s∂ X-s‚ I-™n-\v P-∑w \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

A-hƒ I-™n-s\ ]m-eq- n. H-cp ]-g-b km-cn sIm-≠v ]p-X-∏n-®p. N-W®m-°v sIm-≠v

7 8Zmcn{Zyw

DW°nb NmWIhpw, hndIpamWv Ch¿

`£Ww ]mNIw sNøm≥ D]tbm-

Kn°p∂Xv. Chcn¬ `qcn`mKØn\pw

ip≤amb IpSnshffw t]mepw e`ya√. hcp

am\ap≠m°p∂ sXmgnehkcßfnepw

hnZym`ymkØnepw IpSpw_ßfn¬ hnhn[

Xocpam\ßsf-Sp°p∂Xn¬ t]mepw

ISpØ enwKhnthN\w Ch¿°nSbn¬

\ne\n¬°p∂p. K¿`nWnIsf ]cnNcn

°p∂ ImcyØnepw BtcmKyap≈

Ip™n\v P∑w sImSp°p∂ ImcyØn

epsa√mw Zcn{Zkv{XoIƒ AhKWn

°s∏Sp∂p.

H-cp sXm- n¬ D-≠m-°n. A-\p-hn-s\ A-Xn¬ In-S-Øn H-cp a-c-s°m-ºn¬ Xq-°n-bn- p.

sXm-gn¬ \-„-s∏-Sp-tam F-∂ `o-Xn-sIm-≠v A-hƒ [r-Xn-bn¬ sXm-gn¬ ÿ-e-tØ-°v

t]m-bn. A-\p ssh-Ip-t∂-cwh-sc D-d-ßp-sa-∂v A-hƒ I-W-°v Iq- n.

\-K-c-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \-√ B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn-sem-∂n-em-Wv kp-[ P-\n-®-Xv. tUm-Œ¿-

am¿ A-h-sf \-√ co-Xn-bn¬ ]-cn-tim-[n-®n-cp-∂p. A-h-sf Ip-fn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ar-Zp-hm-b

h-kv-{X-ß-f-Wn-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-Ω-bp-sS sXm-´-Sp-Øp-≈ A-gnI-´n-en¬ (Crib)A-h-sf In-S-Øn. hn-i-°p-tºm-sg-√mw A-Ω A-h-sf ]m-eq-´n. A-h-sf B-t«-jn-®p,

Npw-_n-®p, A-hƒ-°v th-≠n D-d-°v ]m-´p-Iƒ ]m-Sn. A-h-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_-hpw kp-lr-

Øp-°-fpw A-h-fp-sS P-\-\w B-tLm-jn-®p.

A-\p-hn-t‚-bpw kp-[-bp-tS-bpw Ip- n-°m-ew h-f-sc hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cp-∂p.h-f-sc sN-dp-

{]m-b-Øn¬ X-s∂ A-\p A-h-fp-sS Im-cy-߃-s°-√mw ti-jn-bp-≈-h-fm-bn. hn-i-∏pw

A[-ÿn-Xm-h-ÿ-X-bpw F-¥m-sW-∂-hƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-™p. N-h-‰p-sIm- -bn¬ \n-∂pw -£-

Ww I-s≠-Øm≥ A-hƒ ]Tn-®p. ssi-Xy-Im-e-Øv Nq-Sv \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂pw

a-g-°m-e-Øv kw-c-£-Ww tX-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂pw I-√p-Iƒ sIm-≠pw Np-≈n-°-ºp-Iƒ

sIm-≠pw I-ºn I-jv-W-߃-s°m-≠pw I-fn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂pw A-hƒ ]Tn-®p. A-

h-fp-sS c-£n-Xm-°ƒ Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-b-Xn-\m-epw \-K-c-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw \-K-

c-ß-fn-te-°v sXm-gn¬ tX-Sn t]m-tI-≠-Xn-\m-epw A-\p-hn-\v hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ t]m-Im≥ I-

gn-™n-√.

A-\p-hn-\v \r-Øw h-f-sc C-„-am-bn-cp-∂p. F-hn-sS H-cp ]m- v tI- m-epw A-Xn-\-\p-

k-cn-®-hƒ \r-Øw sN-øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-hƒ h-f-sc kp-μ-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A-h-fp-sS N-

e-\-߃ kp-μ-c-hpw B-I¿-j-I-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. H-cp th-Zn-bn¬ \r-Øw sN-øp-I-sb-∂-Xv

A-h-fp-sS kz-]v-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-hƒ H-cp h-en-b \¿-Ø-In-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]-s£ X-

s‚ 12- ma-sØ h-b-kn¬ A-hƒ-°v tPm-en-°v t]m-tI-≠n h-∂p. A-hƒ-°v X-s‚ A-

—-\-Ω-am-tcm-sSm-∏w [-\n-I¿-°p-≈ ho-Sp-Iƒ \n¿-Ωn-®v - (A-hƒ H-cn-°-epw A-Ø-cw ho-

Sp-I-fn¬ Xm-a-kn-®n- n-s√-¶n-epw) -Po-hn-X am¿-§w I-s≠-tØ-≠n h-∂p.

kp-[ \-√ H-cp tπ kv-Iq-fn¬ tN¿-∂p. A-hn-sS \n-∂pw hm-bn-°p-hm-\pw F-gp-Xp-hm-

\pw F-Æp-hm-\pw A-hƒ ]Tn-®p. πm-\-t‰m-dn-b-Øn-te-°pw ayq-kn-b-Øn-te-°pw tZ-io-tbm-

Zym-\-ß-fn-te-°pw A-hƒ hn-t\m-Z-bm-{X-Iƒ \-S-Øn. A-Xn-\pti-jw h-f-sc \-s√m-cp hn-

Zym-e-b-Øn¬ tN¿-∂p. Nn-{X-c-N-\ A-hƒ-°v h-f-sc C-„-am-bn-cp-∂p. H-cp {]-kn-≤-\m-b Nn-

{X-Im-c-\n¬ \n-∂pw A-hƒ-°v kz-Im-cy ]-cn-io-e-\w e- n-®p. H-cp Un-ssk≥ kv-Iq-fn¬ tN-

cp-I-bpw H-cp {]-i-kv-X Nn-{X-Im-cn-bm-bn am-dp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

7 9Zmcn{Zyw

hn-Z-Kv -[¿ Z-cn{Z-sc Xn-cn -®-dn -bp-∂-Xv

A-h-cp-sS sXm-gn-en-s‚-bpw B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS

D-S-a-ÿ-X-bp-tS-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

{Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se Z-cn-{Z¿ `q-cn-`m-K-hpw

`q-c-ln-X-cm-b I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm

Ip-d-™ \m-a-am-{X`q-an ssI-h-i-ap-≈ I¿-

j-I-tcm I¿-j-I-Ip-Sn-bm≥-am-tcm Im¿-jn-

tI-X-c sXm-gn-em-fn-I-tfm B-Wv.

\-K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnem-I-s´ sa-

®-s∏-´ D-]--Po-h--\--Øn-\m-bn

{Km-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw Ip-Sn-

tb-dn-b-h-cpw Iq-en-sØm-gn-

em-fn-I-fpw, tdm-U-cn-In¬ I-

®-h-Sw sN-øp-∂ kz-bw sXm-

gn¬ I-s≠-Øn-b-h-cpw a-‰v

{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ sN-øp-∂-h-

cpw C-°q- -Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.

4.3 Z-cn-{Zsc F-ß-s\

Xn-cn-®-dn-bmw

C-¥y-bn-se Zm-cn-{Zyw C-√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\v

Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Im-c-W-߃ a-\- n-em-°n-

s°m-≠p-≈ {]m-tbm-Kn-I-hpw Im-cy-£-a-

hp-am-b X-{¥-߃ I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw Z-cn-

{Z-sc D-b¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-\p-≈

]-≤-Xn-Iƒ X-øm-dm-°p-I-bpw th-Ww. C-

Ø-cw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v- B-

cm-Wv Z-cn-{Z¿ F-∂v I-

s≠-tØ-≠n-bn-cn -°p-

∂p. C-Xn-\m-bn Zm-cn-

{Zyw-A-f-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈

H-cp am-\-Z-fiw hn-I-kn-

∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.A-Xp-

t]m-se am-\-Z-fi-߃

\n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈

L-S-I-߃ {i-≤m-]q¿-

Δw sX-scs™-Sp-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v.

kzm-X-{¥-y]q¿-Δ `m-c-X-

Øn¬ Zm -cn - {Zy -tc -J

F∂ B-i-bw D-b¿-

Øn -s°m -≠p -h -∂-X v

Nn{Xw 4.1 q-cn- m-Kw Im¿-jn-I sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw Z-cn-{Z-cm-Wv

Nn{Xw 4.2 [m-cm-fw Ip-Spw-_-߃ Po-hn-°p-∂-Xv ]p¬-ta™ Ip-Sn-

ep-I-fn-em-Wv.

8 0Zmcn{Zyw

ZmZm`m-bv \-h-tdm-Pn-bm-Wv. P-bn¬-∏p-≈n-

I-fp-sS B-lm-c-{I-a-Øn-\p-≈ sa-\p A-

t±-lw sX-sc-s™-Sp-°p-I-bpw \n-e-hn-ep-

≈ hn-e-I-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ P-bn¬

Po-hn-X sN-e-hv kq-Nn-I Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw

sN-bv-Xp. X-S-hp-Im¿-°n-S-bn¬ {]m-b-]q¿-Øn-

bm-b-h¿ am-{X-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. F-

∂m¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ap-Xn¿-∂-h-cpw Ip- n-

I-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ A-\p-tbm-Py-

am-b Nn-e {I-ao-I-c-W-߃ \-S-Øn-bm-Wv P-

bn¬ Po-hn-X sN-e-hv kq-Nn-I Xbm-dm-°n-

b-Xv. P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ aq-∂n-sem-∂v m-Kw Ip-

´n-I-fm-Wv. C-h-cn¬ ]-Ip-Xn t]¿ Ip-d-®p am-

{Xw -£-Ww I-gn-°p-∂-h-cpw, _m-°n ]-Ip-

Xn t]¿ ap-Xn¿-∂-h¿ I-gn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚ ]-Ip-

Xn am-{Xw -£-Ww I-gn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv.

A-Xm-b-Xv,

(1/6 ) (C-√) + (1/6) (]-Ip-Xn) + 2/3 x(ap-gp-h≥)

1/12 +2/3

9/12 = 3/4(ap-gp-h≥)

Cu aq-∂v hn- m-K-ß-fp-tS-bpw D-]-t`m-K-Øn-

s≥-d m-cn-X i-cm-i-cn (Weighted Average)

D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J I-W-°m-

°p-∂-Xv. C-Xn≥-{]-Im-cw P-bn¬ Po-hn-X

sN-e-hn-s‚ 3/4 `m-K-sØ-bm-Wv i-cm-i-cn

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bm-bn I-W-°m-°n-b-Xv.

kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c`m-cX-Øn¬ Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS

FÆw \n¿W--bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ kwhn-

[m\w I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v [m-cm-fw {i-a-

߃ \-S-Ønbn´p-≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v

1962¬ C-¥y-bp-sS B-kq-{X-W I-Ωo-j≥

H-cp ]T-\ {Kq-∏v cq-]o---I-cn-®p. 1979 ¬ ""Sm-

kv-Iv t^mgvkv Hm¨ s{]m-P-£≥-kv Hm-

^v an-\n-aw \o-Uv-kv B‚ v C-^-Œo-hv I¨-

kw-]v-j≥ Un-am≥-dv'' F-∂ I¿-Ω tk-\

cq-]o-I-cn-®p. 1989 epw 2005epw C-tX e-

£yw sh-®v hn-Z-Kv-[ {Kq-∏v cq-]o-I-cn-®p.

B-kq-{X-W I-Ωo-j\p]p-d-sa ]-e km-º-

Øn-I hn-Z-Kv-[-cpw C-Ø-cw kw-hn-[m-\w hn-

I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\v {i-an-®n-´p-≠v.

Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ \n¿-h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn P-\-

ß-sf Z-cn-{Z¿, Zcn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h¿ F-∂n-ß-

s\ c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°p-∂p. Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J Cu

c-≠v hn-`m-K-tØ-bpw th¿-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

Zcn{Z¿ ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≠.v tIhe Z-cn-{Z¿

F-¥m-Wv Zm-cn-{Zyw ( What is Povetry?)

j-lo≥ dm- n Jm≥, Um-an-b≥ In-√≥ F-∂o ]-fin-X¿ Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-h-ÿsb C-ß-

s\ kw-{K-ln-°p-∂p. 'Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv hn-i-∏m-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv A-kp-Jw h-∂n- pw

tUmŒsd Im-Wp-hm≥ I-gn-bm-Ø A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬

t]m-Ip-∂-Xnt\m hm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-t\m I-gn-hn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv sXm-gn-

en-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv `m-hn-bn¬ H-cp t\-c-sØ -£-W-sa-¶n-epw e- n-

°p-tam F-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ B-i-¶-bm-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv ip-≤-P-ew e- n-°m-Ø-Xn-

\m¬ Hcp Ip- n-°v A-kp-Jw ]n-Sn-s]-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv A-[n-Im-c-an-√m-bv-a-bpw

{]m-Xn-\n[yhpw kzm-X-{¥y-hp-an-√m-bv-a-bp-am-Wv.' \n߃ CXns\°pdn®v F¥p]dbp∂p?

8 1Zmcn{Zyw

(Absolutely Poor) Bt]-£nI Zcn-{Z¿

(Relatively Poor) h-f-sc Z-cn-{Z¿ (Very poor)Z-cn-{Z¿ (Poor). A-Xp-t]m-se Z-cn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-

h-cpw ]-e X-c-Øn-ep-≠v. a-[y-h¿-§w (MiddleClass), D-]-cn a-[y-h¿§w (Upper middleclass), [-\n-I¿ (Rich), h-f-sc [-\n-I¿, (Veryrich), ]q¿-Æ [-\n-I¿ (Absolutely rich) F-

∂n-ß-s\. tIhe-Z-cn-{Z≥ ap-X¬ ]q¿-W

[-\n-I≥ h-sc-bp-≈ hn- m-K-ß-sf H-cp Xp-

S¿-®-bm-bn Zm-cn{Zy-tc-J-bp-sS k-lm-b-

Øm¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°mw.

Z-cn-{Z-sc X-cw-Xn-cn-°¬ Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ hy-

Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn¬ X-cw Xn-cn-°mw C-Xn¬

H-∂v Zm-cn-{Zyw hn- p-am-dm-Ø-h¿ (Chronicpoor ) F-∂ hn-`m-K-amWv. \n-XyZ-cn-{Z-cpw

(Always poor ) km-[m-c-W Z-cn -{Z -cpw

(Usually poor ) - Iq-en-th-e-°m-sc t]m-se

Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-ev-]w h-cp-am-\w e- n-°p∂-h¿

tN¿-∂ hn- m-K-am-Wn-X.v A-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn £-

Wn-I Z-cn-{Z¿ (Transient Poor) F-∂ hn-`mK-

am-Wv. CSs°ms° Zm-cn-{Z--\-√m--Xm-hp-∂-

C-S-°me Z-cn-{Z-cpw (Churning poor ) (D-Zm:

sN-dp-In-S I¿-j-I-cpw I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-

fn-I-fpw), an° k-a-b-Øpw Z-cn-{Zc-√m-Ø-

h-cpw F∂m¬ Nn-e-t∏mƒ Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-em-

hp-Ibpw sN-øp-∂ h-√-t∏m-gpw Z-cn-{Z-cpw

(Occasionally poor ) C-°q- -Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂p.

aq-∂m-a-Xm-bn H-cn-°-epw Z-cn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h¿

(NeverPoor) A-Y-hm Zm-cn-{Zy lo-\¿ (Nonpoor) F-∂ hn`m-K-am-Wv.

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J (Povetry Line)

C-\n \-ap-°v Zm-cn-{Zy tc-J \n-¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂sX-ß-s\ F-∂v t\m-°mw. Zm-cn-{Zy tc-

J \n-›-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\v [m-cm-fw co-Xn-Iƒ

\n-e-hn-ep-≠v. H-∂m-a-tØ-Xv H-cmƒ-°v

sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ e- n-t°-≠ Du¿-÷-Øn-

s≥-d I-tem-dn aq-ey-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-b sN-

e-hn-s‚ (B-tfm-l-cn sN-e-hv) A-Sn-ÿm-

\-Øn-ep≈-Xm-Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, {Km-aß-fn¬

Nm¿´v 4.2 Zm-cn-{Zyw hn-´p-am-dm-Ø-h¿ (Chronic poor), £-Wn-I Z-cn-{Z¿ (Transient poor),Z-cn-{Z c-√m-Ø-h¿ (Non-poor)

Z-cn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h¿Z-cn-{Z-¿

Nm¿´v 4.1 Zmcn{Zy tcJ

tIhe/kºq¿ÆZcn-{Z¿

hfscZcn-{Z¿

Zcn-{Z¿

A{X Zcn-{Z¿A√m-Øh¿

a≤-y-h¿Kw

D]cna≤-y-h¿Kw

[\n-I¿ hfsc[\n-I¿ tImSo-i-z-c-∑m¿

iXtImSo-i-z-c-∑m¿

Zmcn-{Z-y-tcJ

8 2Zmcn{Zyw

400 IntemI-tem-dn-bpw \-K-cßfn¬- 2100

IntemI-tem-dn-bpw Du¿Pw th-W-sa-∂v \n-

›-bn-®p. C-Xn≥ {]-Im-cw 2009˛-10 h¿-jw

{Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ H-cmƒ-°v Cu I-tem-

dn aq-eyw e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v 673 cq-]-bpw \-K-

c-ß-fn¬ 860 cq-]-bpw e- n-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Z-cn-{Z-sc Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ip-Spw-_-ß-fp-sS

h-cp-am-\-Øn-\v ]-I-c-am-bn am-k B-tfm-l-

cn sN-e-hv (Monthly Per Capita ExpenditureMPCE) B-Wv F-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. \-Ωp-sS cm-

Py-sØ Z-cn-{Z-sc Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ C-Xv a-Xn-

bm-b H-cp kw-hn-[m-\-am-sW-∂v \n-߃

I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m?

Cu kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ G‰hpw henb

t]m-cm-bv-a, C-Xv Z-cn-{Z-sc h-f-sc Z-cn-{Z¿,

a-‰v Z-cn-{Z¿ F-∂n-ß-s\ X-cw Xn-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-\v ]-I-cw, F-√m-h-tc-bpw H-∂m-bn Im-

Wp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. (Nm¿-´v 4.2 Im-Wp-I)

`-£-W-Øn-\pw sX-sc-s™-Sp-Ø h-f-sc

Ip-d-®v km-[-\-߃-°pw B-h-iy-am-b sN-

e-hv am-{X-am-Wv Cu co-Xn-bn¬ I-W-°n-

se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv -. C-Xn-s\ km-º-Øn-I

hn-ZKv-[¿ tNm-Zyw sN-øp-∂p-≠v. k¿-°m¿

k-lm-bw \¬-tI-≠ Z-cn-{Z P-\-hn-`m-Kw

G-sX-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Cu co-Xn k-lm-

bn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw, k-lm-bw G-‰-hp-a-[n-

Iw B-h-iy-ap-≈-h-sc I-≠p]n-Sn-°m≥ h-

f-sc {]-bm-k-am-Wv.

h-cp-am-\w B-kv-Xn F-∂n-h-°v ]p-d-sa A-

Sn-ÿm-\ hn-Zym-`ym-k e-`y-X, B-tcm-Ky-c-

£m ku-I-cy-߃, ip-≤-am-b Ip-Sn-sh-

≈w, s]m-Xp ip-Nn-Xzw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bpw Zm-

cn-{Zy-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. C-h

Iq-Sn I-W-°n-se-Sp-Øm-Wv Zm-cn-{Zy tc-J

\n¿-Æ-b-t°-≠-Xv. Zm-cn-{Zytc-J \n¿-W-bn-

°p-∂ \n-e-hn-se kw-hn-[m-\w, Zm-cn-{Zy-

sØ D-tØ-Pn-∏n-°p-I-bpw ÿm-bn-bm-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂ \n-c-£-c-X, A-\m-tcm-Kyw,

hn-`-h-߃ e-`y-a-√m-bvI, cm-„o-b-hpw cm-

{„o-tb-X-c-hp-am-b kzm-X-{¥y-an-√m-bv-I Xp-

S-ßn-b km-aq-ly L-S-I-ß-sf ]-cn-K-Wn-

®p-sIm-≠p-≈-X-√. C-Xn-\m-bn H-cmƒ-°v B-

tcmKy-]-c-hpw t]m-j-I-k-ar-≤-hpw A-h-

t_m[w \¬-Ip-∂-Xpw km-aq-ly Po-h-\-

Øn¬ ]-¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ {]m-]v-X-am-°p-∂ hn-

hn-[ km[y-X-Iƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-®p sIm-≠v

a-\p-jyPo-hn-X-sØ sa-®-s∏-Sp-ØpI F-

∂n-h-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww Zm-cn-{Zy\n¿-Ωm¿-÷-

\ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS e-£yw sh-t°-≠-Xv.

Cu ho-£-W-Øn¬, H-cp hy-‡n-bpsS

\n-c-£-c-X, A-\m-tcmKyw, hn-`-h-߃

e-`y-a-√m-bI, cm-{„o-b-hpw A-√m-Ø-Xp-

am-b kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ A- m-hw Xp-S-ßn-

b {]-Xn-_-‘-ß-sf \o-°w sN-øp-∂ {]-

h¿-Ø-\-am-Wv hn-I-k\w.

D-b¿-∂ h-f¿-®m \n-c-°v, Im¿-jn-tIm¬-

]mZ-\-Øn-ep-≈ h¿-≤-\-hv, {Km-a-ß-fn¬

sXm-gn-epIƒ kr-„n-°¬, 1990 Ifnse km-

º-Øn-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ F-∂n-

h-bp-sSsb√mw ^-e-am-bn Z-cn-{Zcp-sS F-

Æw Ip-d-™n-´p-≈-Xm-bn k¿-°m¿ A-h-

Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶n-epw km-º-Øn-I hn-

Z-Kv-[¿°v Cu hm-Z-Øn¬ kw-i-bap≠v.

hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-® co-Xn, sX-sc-s™-

Sp-Ø D-]-t`m-K-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, Zmcn{Zy-tc-J

I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-® co-Xn

im-kv-{Xw, Z-cn-{Zcp-sS F-Æw F-∂n-h-bn-

se-√mw Ir-{Xn-aw Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv,

C-¥y-bn-se Z-cn -{Zcp-sS F-Æw C-{X

8 3Zmcn{Zyw

Ip-d-™p Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-W-sa-∂v A-

h¿ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p

Zm-cn-{Zyw Hu-tZ-ym-Kn-I-ambn I-W-°m-°p-

∂-Xn-\v [m-cm-fw ]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D-≈-Xn-\m¬

hn-Z-Kv-[¿ a-‰v co-Xn-Iƒ A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂p-

≠v. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn s\m-t_¬ k-Ωm-\

tP-Xm-hv A-a¿-Xym-sk≥, sk≥-kq-Nn-I

(Sen Index) X-øm-dm-°n. A-Xp t]m-se t]m-

h¿- n Kym-]v C≥-U-Iv-kv, kv-Iz-tb¿-Uv t]m-

h¿-´n Kym-]v Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bp-ap-≠v. C-h-sb-

°p-dn-®v \n-߃ D-b¿-∂ ¢m- p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-

°pw.

4.4 C-¥y-bn-se Z-cn-{Zy-cp-sS FÆw

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-bp-≈-h-cp-sS F-Æ-

hpw P-\-kw-Jy-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-\p-]m-X-

am-Wv X-e-sb-Ƭ A-\p-]m-Xw (HeadCount Ratio)

C-¥y-bn-se Z-cn-{Zcp-sS F-Æ-sa-{X-bm-Wv?

A-h¿ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv Xm-a-kn-°p-∂-Xv? Im-

em-Im-e-ß-fm-bn Zm-cn-{Zyw Ip-d-™ph-cp-∂p

t≠m? F-∂n-h-sb-√mw A-dn-bm≥ \n-߃-

°pw Xm¬-]-cy-an-t√? C-ß-s\ Z-cn-{ZP-\-

F-Æw - A-\p-]m-X-hpw i-X-am-\-hpw - D-]-

tbm-Kn-®v H-cp Xm-c-X-ay hn-i-I-e-\w \-S-

Øp-tºmƒ P-\-ß-fp-sS Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ°p-

dn-®pw hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fnse Z-cn-{Z-

cp-sS hn-X-c-W-sØ Ip-dn-®pw A-dn-hv e-`n-

°p-∂p.

Zm-cn-{Zyw kw-_-‘n-® Hu-tZ-ym-Kn-I hn-h-c-

߃ e-`y-am-°p-∂-Xv B-kq-{X-W I-Ωo-

j≥ B-Wv. NSSO ti-J-cn-® D-]-t`m-K-

s®-e-hv hn-h-c-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-

Wv C-Xv I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv. 1973 ˛ -2010 Im-

e-L- -Øn¬, Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æ-hpw C-¥y≥

P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A-h-cp-sS A-\p-]m-X-hp-am-

Wv Nm¿-´v 4.3 Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. 1973-˛74-¬ 32

tIm-Sn-bn-e-[n-Iw t]¿ Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-

sg-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 2004˛05 B-b-t∏m-tg-°pw Z-

cn-{Zcp-sS F-Æw 30 tIm-Sn-bm-bn Ip-d-™p.

1973˛74˛¬ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS 55 i-X-am-\w

t]-cpw Zm-cn-{Zytc-J-°v Xm-sg-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

2009˛10-- ¬ C-Xv 30 i-X-am-\-am-bn Ip-d-™p.

1973-˛74˛-¬ G-I-tZ-iw 80 i-X-am-\w Z-cn-{Z-cpw

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

Z-cn-{Z-sc Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\v h-cp-am-\-tØm-Spw sN-e-hn-t\m-Spw _-‘-s∏-´ kq-N-

I-ß-sf Iq-Sm-sX `q-an, ]m¿-∏n-Sw, hn-Zym-`ym-kw, B-tcm-Kyw, ip-No-I-c-W ku-I-

cy-߃ F-∂n-h-sb Iq-Sn B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v 4.2, 4.3 ]mT-`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-

∂pw a-\- n-em-°n-b-t√m Nn-e hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-b co-Xn-I-sf Iq-Sn C-hn-sS ]-cn-K-

Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. a-s‰-√m kq-Nn-I-I-tf-bpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn sIm-≠v H-cp _-Z¬ Zm-

cn{Zytc-J F-ß-s\ \n¿-Ωn-°mw F-∂v N¿-® sN-øp-I.

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bp-sS \¬-I-s∏-´ \n¿-h-N-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, \n-ß-fp-sS

{]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ ho-´p-th-e-°m¿, A-e-°p-Im¿ ]-{X-hn-X-c-W-°m¿ ap-X-em-b-h¿

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-bm-tWm A-√-tbm F-∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

8 4Zmcn{Zyw

hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚

{]-h-W-X-Iƒ Nm¿-´v 4.4 -¬ \¬-In-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. C-¥y-bn-se A-©v kw-ÿm-\-߃

- D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv, _o-lm¿, a-[y-{]-tZ-iv, ]-

›n-a _w-Kmƒ, H-do-  - F-∂n-h-bn-em-Wv

C-¥y-bn-se Zcn{Zy-cp-sS 70 i-X-am-\-hpw

Xmakn°p∂-Xv. 1973˛74 Im-e-Øv Cu kw-

ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ an-°-Xn-epw P-\-ß-fp-sS ]-

Ip-Xn-tbm-fw t]cpw Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-

tg-bmbncp∂p. _o-lm¿ F-∂ G-I kw-

ÿm-\w 2009-˛10 epw G-sd-°p-sd C-tX

\n-e-bn¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv. _o-lm-dn¬ Z-cn-{Z-

cp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™n- p-s≠-¶n-epw a-‰v kw-

ÿm-\-ß-fp-am-bn X-´n-®p t\m-°p-tºmƒ

Cu Ip-d-hv \m-a-am-{X-am-Wv. X-an-gv-\m-Sn-s\

kw-_-‘n-®v ]-d-bp-tºmƒ 1973˛-2010 Im-e-

L-´-Øn¬, Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-bp-≈-h-

cp-sS F-Æw 55 i-X-am-\-Øn¬ \n-∂pw 17

i-X-am-\-am-bn Ip-d-®p sIm-≠p-h-∂p. Cu

Im-e-L-´Øn¬ ]-›n-a_w-Kmƒ A-hn-Sp-

sØ Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-bp-≈-h-cp-sS

A-\p-]m-Xw 63 iX-am-\-Øn¬ \n-∂pw 27

i-X-am-\-am-bn Ipd®p.

{Km-a {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 2009˛10 B-b-

t∏m-tg-°pw C-Xv K-Wy-am-bn Ip-d-™p. Np-cp-

°-Øn¬ \m-en¬ aq-∂v `m-Kw Z-cn-{Z-cpw {Km-

a-ß-fn-em-Wv. F-¥psIm-≠v C-sXm-cp {]-iv-

\-am-bn h-cp-∂n-√?

1990 I-fn¬ {Km-a-ß-fn-se Z-cn-{Zcp-sS FÆw

Ip-d-™n-´p-s≠-¶n-epw \-K-c-ßfnse Z-cn-

{Z-cp-sS F-Æw A-{X-tØm-fw h¿-≤n-®n-´p-

≠v. Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw {Km-a -\-K-

cßfn¬ Ip-d-™p h-cp-∂p-≠v. Nm¿-´v 4.3

{]-Im-cw 1973˛-2010 Im-e-b-f-hn¬ Zcn{Zcp-

sS F-Æ-hpw A-\p-]Xhpw Ip-d-™n- p-≠v.

F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Cu c-≠v L-S-I-ß-fn-epw

Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-bp-∂-Xn-s‚ kz-`m-

h-w Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-a-√. Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw

Z-cn-{Zy-cp-sS F-Æ-tØ-°mƒ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw

Ip-d-™ \n-c-°n-em-Wv Ip-d-bp-∂-Xv. 1999˛-

2000 Im-e-L- -Øn¬ {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se

Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™n-´p-≠v. A-tX

k-a-bw A-\p-]m-X-Øn-s‚ Im-cy-Øn¬ C-

h ÿn-c-am-bn X-s∂ \n¬-°p-∂p. A-

Xpt]m-se 2004- 10 Im-e-Øv Zm-cn-{Zym-\p-]m-

Xw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C-¥y-bn-se hn-

Nm¿´v 4.3 C¥ybnse Zmcn{ZyØns‚ {]hWX 1973˛2010

8 5Zmcn{Zyw

4.5 F-¥m-Wv Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-\v

ImcWw?

Z-cn-{Zcp-sS Po-hn-X-sØ klm-bn-°p∂

ÿm-]-\-]-c-hpw km-aq-ln-I-hp-am-b L-S-I-

ß-fpsS A`mhamWv Zm-cn - {Zy -Øn-\v

ImcWw. Z-cn-{Z¿-°v Kp-W-ta-∑-bp-≈ hnZym-

`ym-k-w e-`n°p-∂n-√. A-Xn-\m¬ sa-®-

s∏-´-h-cp-am-\w e-`y-am-°p-∂ ssh-Z-Kv-[yw

kzm-b-Ø-am-°m-\p-≈ km-l-N-cyw A-h¿-

°n-√. A-Xp-t]m-se sa-®-s∏-´ B-tcm-Ky-

NnIn’mku-I-cy-ß-fpw A-h¿-°n-√. Pm-

Xn-bp-tS-bpw a-X-Øn-t‚-bpw a-‰v hn-th-N-\-

]-c-am-b {]-hr-Øn-I-fp-tS-bpw C-c-I-fm-Wv

Zcn-{Z¿. C-h-bp-sS-sb-√mw Im-c-Ww (1)

kmaqln-I -km-º-Øn-I -cm-{„o-b A-k-a-

Xzw, (2) km-aq-ln-I-am-b {`-„v, (3) sXm-gn-

en-√m-bv-a, (4) I-S-s°-Wn, (5) k-º-Øn-

s‚ A-k-¥p-en-X-am-b hn-X-c-Ww Xp-S-ßn-

b-h-bm-Wv. hy-‡n Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ B-sI

Xp-I am-{X-am-Wv sam-Øw Zm-cn-{Zyw. Xm-gv-

∂ aq-e-[-\ kz-cq-]-Ww. A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-

I-cy-ß-fp-sS A-`m-hw, tNm-Z-\-Øn-s‚ Ip-

d-hv, P-\-kw-Jym k-Ω¿-±w, km-aq-ln-I-

kpc£ /t£-a ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS A-`m-hw

Xp-S-ßn-b kºZvhy-h-ÿ-bn-ep-S-\o-f-ap-≈

{]-iv-\-ßfpw s]m-Xp-hn¬ Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-\v

Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

C-¥y-bn-se {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-sØ-°p-dn-®v

H-∂mw A-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-®p. C-

¥y-°m-cp-sS Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ {_n-

´ojv -c-Ww sN-ep-Øn-b A-¥n-a B-Lm-

X-sØ-°p-dn-®v X¿-°w \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p-

s≠-¶n-epw, P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-

c-Øn-epw C-¥y-bp-sS k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-

epw F-Sp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø-° H-cp ]p-d-tIm- -Sn

D -≠m -bn F-∂-Xn¬ kw-i -b -an -√.

Nm¿ v 4.4Nn-e h-en-b kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-bp-≈ P-\-kw-Jy,1973-2010 (%.)

Ip-dn-∏v: 1973 h¿-j-Øn¬, D-Ø¿-{]-tZ-in¬ C-t∏m-g-sØ D-Ø-cm-J-fipw, a-[y-{]-tZ-in¬,

O-Øo-kv-K-Upw, _o-lm-dn¬ Qm¿Jfipw Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

8 6Zmcn{Zyw

{_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Im-e-Øv D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-

ep -≈ A]-hy-h-km-bo-I-c -Ww (De-Industrialisation), \S∂n- p-≠v. C-¥y-bn¬

{]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn D¬]mZn-∏n-®n-cp-∂ ]-cp-

Øn h-kv-{X-sØ, Cw-•-≠nse e-¶mj-b-

dn¬ \n-∂v C-d-°p-a-Xn sN-bv-X \n¿-Ωn-X

]-cp-Øn h-kv-{X-߃ \n-jv-Im-k-\w sN-

bv-sX-∂v am-{X-a-√, tI-h-ew ]-cp-Øn \q¬

I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øp-∂ cm-Py-am-°n C-¥y A-

[:]-Xn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw Im-c-W-am-bn.

{_n-´o-jv -c-W-Im-ew ap-X¬ X-s∂, 70 i-

X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw C-¥y-°m¿ Im¿-jn-I-

ta-J-e-sb B-{i-bn-®n-cp-∂p F-∂-Xn-\m¬

Cu ta-J-e-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂ G-sXm-cp

{]-bm-k-hpw a-s‰-¥n-t\-°m-fpw C¥y-°m-

cp-sS Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-c-sØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn

_m-[n-®n-cp-∂p. {Km-aß-fn¬ \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ

Ip-Ø-s\ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv t]m-ep-≈

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ, hy-h-km-bn-I-tf-bpw kz-Im-cy

]-W-an-S-]m-Sv Im-tc-bpw h≥-In-S `q-hp-S-a-I-

fm-°nam-‰n. _n- o--jv -`-c-W-Im-e-Øv, C-¥y

hkvXp-°ƒ I-b-‰p-a-Xn sN-øm≥ Xp-S-ßp-

I-bpw, X-¬^-e-am-bn 1875-˛1900 Im-e-b-f-

hn¬ G-I-tZ-iw 26 Z-i-e-£w t]¿ £m-

aw aq-ew a-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

{_n- o-jv c-W-Øns‚ {]-[m-\ e-£y-߃

{_n-´o-jv I-b-‰p-a-Xn-°m-h-iy-am-b H-cp I-

tºm-fw h-f¿-Øp-I, {_n- -\v e- n-°m-\pff

hm-bv-]m A-S-hp-Iƒ C-¥y-bn¬ \n-∂v t\-

Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I, {_n-´o-jv km-{am-Py-Xz tk-

\-bn-te-°v B-fpI-sf tN¿-°p-I F-∂n-h-

bm-bn-cp-∂p.

{_n-´o-jv cWw e-£-°-W-°n-\m-fp-I-sf

Z-cn-{Z-cm-°n. \-Ωp-sS {]-Ir-Xn hn-`-h-߃

sIm-≈-b-Sn-®p. \-Ωp-sS hy-h-km-b-im-e-

Iƒ, {_n-´o-jp-Im¿-°m-h-iy-am-b h-kv-Xp-

°ƒ Ip-d-™ hn-e-°v D-¬]mZn-∏n-°m-\p-

≈ tI-{μ-ß-fm-°n am-‰n. \-Ωp-

sS -£y-[m-\y-߃ I-b-‰p-a-Xn

sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]-´n-Wn-bpw hn-i-

∏pw aq-ew [m-cm-fw t]¿ a-cn-®p.

[m-cm-fw {]m-tZ-in-I t\-Xm-°-

sf ÿm-\-{ -„-cm-°n-b-Xpw I¿-

j-I-cp-sS ta¬ A-tß-b-‰w D-

b¿-∂ \n-Ip-Xn Np-a-Øn-b-Xpw

{_n- o-jv --Im¿-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ a-

‰v A-kw--Xr-]v-Xn-I-fpsa-√mw tN¿-

∂v 1857˛-58 {_n-´o-jv ]-´m-f-Øn-

se C-¥y≥ ssk-\n-I¿ (in-]m-

bn-Iƒ-) {_n-´o-jv `-c-W-Øn-s\-

Xn -sc - H -cp I -em -] -Øn -\ v

hgnsbmcp°n.

C-°m-e-Øpw P-\-ß-fp-sS ap-Jy

D-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[n Ir-jn-bm-Wv.Nn{Xw 4.4 Xm-gv-∂ \n-e-hm-c-Øn-ep-≈ kz-bw-sXm-gn¬

Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p.

8 7Zmcn{Zyw

A-Xp t]m-se {Km-ao-W-cp-sS G-‰-hpw

{]m-Y-an-I B-kv-Xn q-an-bm-Wv. C-∂v

`u-Xn-I t£-a-Øn-s‚ \n¿-Wm-b-I

L-S-Iw `q-an-bp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bm-Wv.

`q-an-bp-≈-h-\v A-h-s‚ Po-hn-X km-

l-N-cyw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v Iq-Sp-

X¬ A-hk-c-ß-fp-≠v.

h≥-tXm-Xn¬ `q-an ssI-h-iw sh-®n-

cn-°p-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂v A-[n-I-ap-≈ q-

an G-s‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-Xv a-Æn¬

]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂ `q-c-ln-X-cm-b I¿-

j¿-°v ]p-\¿hn-X-cWw sN-øp-∂-Xn-

\p-ap-≈ {i-a-߃ kzm-X{¥yw e- n-

®-Xp-ap-X¬ X-s∂ B-cw- n-®n-cp-∂p.

F-∂m¬, C-Xv ]-cn-NnX-ambn am-{X-

ta hn-P-bn-®n- p-≈q. Im-c-Ww `qc-ln-X¿°v

e- n-® Xp≠p-`qan em- -I-c-am-bn Ir-jn sN-

øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A-Xp-t]m-

se ]-W-hpw a-Æn-s\ D-¬]m-Z-\-£-a-am-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-≈ ssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw A-h¿-°p≠m-bn-

cp-∂n-√. Iq-Sm-sX C-¥y-bn-se q-cn- m-Kw kw-

ÿm-\-ß-fnepw `q-an ]p-\¿hn-X-c-W \-b-

߃ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw

sN-bv-Xncp-∂p.

C-¥y-bn-se {Km-ao-W Z-cn-{Z-cn¬ `q-cn- m-K-

hpw sN-dp-In-S I¿-j-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. s]m-Xp-

hn¬, A-h¿-°v e- n-® `q-an -e- q-bn-jvTn

Ip-d-™-Xpw a-g-sb am-{Xw B-{i-bn-®v Irjn

sN-øm-hp-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. D-]-Po-h-\ hn-f-

I-tf-bpw Nn-e-t∏mƒ I-∂p-Im-en-I-tf-bpw

B-{i-bn-®m-Wv A-h-cp-sS \n-e-\n-¬]v. {ZpX-

K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ P-\-kw-Jyh¿-≤-\-hpw sXm-

gn-en-\v _-Z¬ am¿-§-ß-fp-sS A-`m-h-hpw

Ir-jn-`q-an-bp-sS {]-Xn-io¿-je-`y-X Ip-Ø-

s\ Ip-d-bp-∂-Xn-\pw X-Zzm-cm Ir-jn- q-an-sb

Xp-≠p Xp-≠pI-fm-°n am-‰-p-∂-Xn-\pw CS-

bm°n. Cu sN-dn-b Ir-jn-bn-Sß-fn¬ \n-

∂p-≈ h-cp-am-\w Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpsS A-Sn-

ÿm-\ B-h-iy-߃-°v a-Xn-bm-Ip-∂n-√.

I¿-j-I Bfl-l-Xy-sb-°p-dn-®v \n-߃ tI-

´n-´p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m. Im¿-jn-Im-h-iy-߃-°v

th-≠n-tbm a-‰v Km¿-ln-Im-h-iy--߃-°v th-

≠n-tbm hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-I-bpw, h-cƒ-®-

bp-tS-tbm a-‰v {]-Ir-Xn-t£m-`-ß-fp-tS-tbm

^-e-am-bn Ir-jn \-in-°p-I-bpw Xm≥ F-

Sp-Ø hm-bv-] Xn-cn-®-S-°m≥ km-[n-°m-sX

h-cp-tºm-gp-am-Wv I¿-j-I¿ B-fl-l-Xy sN-

øp-∂-Xv (t_m-Iv-kv 4.3 Im-Wp-I).

{Km-a, \-K-c k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fn¬ D-b¿∂p

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ t\-

Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]-´n-I-Pm-Xn-]-´n-I-h¿-

§ hn- m-K-߃-°v km-[n-°p-∂n√. Im-c-Ww,

A-Xn-\m-h-iy-am-b A-dnhpw ssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw

A-h¿-°n-√.

Nn{Xw 4.5 Kp-W-ta≥-a-bp-≈ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃

]m-h-ß-fp-sS H-cp kz-]v-\w am-{X-am-Wv.

8 8Zmcn{Zyw

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

\n-ß-fp-sS k-ao-]-Øv A-e-°p-Im-tc-bpw _m¿-_¿am-tc-bpw \n-߃ I-≠n-cn-°pw. A-h-

cp-am-bn A-ev-]-t\-cw Nn-e-h-gn-°p-I-bpw kmw-km-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I. F-¥p-sIm-

≠m-Wv A-h¿ Cu {]-hr-Øn sX-sc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv? A-h¿ Ip-Spw-_-tØm-sSm-∏w F-hn-sS

Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p? H-cp Zn-h-kw F-{X {]m-h-iyw `-£-Ww I-gn-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂p? F-s¥-

¶n-epw `u-Xn-I h-kv-Xp-°ƒ A-h¿-°v kz-¥-am-bp-t≠m? F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv thsdmcp

tPm-en kzo-I-cn-°m-Ø-Xv? Xp-S-ßn-b hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-°p-I. e-`n-® hn-h-c-߃ ¢m-

 n¬ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

{Km-a-ß-fn-se-bpw \-K-c-ß-fn-te-bpw P-\-ß-fp-sS sXm-gn-ep-I-sf-°p-dn-®v H-cp ]- n-I Xømdm-

°p-I. Z-cn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-h-cp-sS hn-h-c-߃ Iq-Sn ti-J-cn-°p-I. c-Wv ]-´n-I-bpw Xm-c-X-ayw

sN-øp-I. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv Z-cn-{Z¿ C-Ø-cw {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv? ¢m n¬

N¿-® sN-øp-I.

Nn{Xw 4.3 ]-cp-Øn I¿-j-I-cp-sSZp-c-h-ÿ

]-cp-Øn I¿-j-I-cp-sS Zp-c-h-ÿ

B-tKm-f-h-¬I-c-W-Øn-s‚ B-Lm-X-hpw {]-Xo-£n-X h-cp-am-\ k-ºm-Z-\ A-h-k-c-ß-fp-sS A-

`m-h-hpw ap-ew, C-¥y-bn-se sa-®-s∏- kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-se sN-dp- q-hp-S-a-I-fm-b I¿-j-I-cpw I¿-

j-I Ip-Spw-_-ß-fpw s\-bv-Øp-Im-cp-sa-√mw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-

te-°v FØn-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. kz-¥w B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hn¬-

°p-∂-Xn-t\m I-Sw hm-ßp-∂-Xn-t\m A-s√-¶n¬ C-X-c

sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fn-eq-sS h-cp-am-\w I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-t\m

km-[n-°p-∂n-S-Øv C-Xn-s‚ B-Lm-Xw Xm-Xv-Im-en-I-am-

bn-cn-°pw. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw hn¬-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ B-kv-

Xn-Iƒ e-`y-a-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm hm-bv-] e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-

\v am¿-§-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-I-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ Nq-j-Wm-fl-

I-am-b ]-en-i \n-c-°n¬ am-{Xw hm-bv-] e- n-°p-I-tbm

sN-øp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ A-h¿ I-S-s°-Wn-bn-em-hp-I-bpw

X¬^-e-am-bn Zo¿-L-Im-e-tØ-°v C-Xn-s≥-d B-Lm-

Xw ]-S¿-∂v ]n-Sn-®v Ip-Spw-_-ß-sf Zm-cn-{Zy tc-J-°v Xm-

tg-°v X-≈n hn-Sp-I-bpw sN-øpw. Cu {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-

sS G-‰-hpw tam-i-am-b cq-]-am-Wv B-fl-l-Xy-Iƒ. C-

Ø-cw B-fl-l-Xy-I-fp-sS F-Æw B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in¬ -

2005 Un-kw-_¿ h-sc 3000 Øn-se-Øp-I-bpw D-b¿-∂v

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. a-lm-cm-{„-bn¬ 2001 \v

tijw B-bn-c-Øn-te-sd I¿-j-I¿ B-fl-l-Xy sN-bv-

Xn- p-≠v.

8 9Zmcn{Zyw

\-K-cZ-cn-{Z-cn¬ knw-l-`m-K-hpw sXm-gn-en-

\pw D-]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p-am-bn {Km-a-ß-fn¬ \n-

∂v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-h-cm-Wv. C-h-sc F-√m-h-

tc-bpw Dƒ-s°m-≈--Ø° co-Xn-bn¬ hy-h-

km-b-h-¬-°-c-W \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]p-tcm-K-an-

®n-´n√. \-K-c-Øn-se Z-cn-{Z-cm-I-s´ sXm-gn-

en-√m-Ø-h-tcm h-√-t∏m-gpw am-{Xw sXm-

gn¬ e-`n-°p-∂ Iq-en-th-e-°m-tcm B-Wv.

k-aq-l-Øn-se G-‰-hpw A-c-£n-X hn-`m-K-

hpw C-Ø-cw Iq-en-th-e-°m-cm-Wv. A-h¿-

°v sXm-gn¬ kp-c-£n-X-Xz-an-√ B-kv-Xn-

bn-√. ]-cn-an-X-am-b ssh-Z-Kv-[y-hpw hn-c-f-

am-b A-h-k-c-ß-fpw am-{X-ta-bp-≈q. A-

Xp t]m-se \n-e\n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb

an-®w Ah¿-°n-√.

Zm-cn-{Zyw F-∂-Xv sXm-gn-en-s≥-d kz-`m-h-

hp-am-bn h-f-sc _-‘-s∏-´p In-S-°p-∂p.

sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bpw A-s√-¶n¬ A-¬-]

sXm-gn-epw, {I-a-an-√m-Ø-Xpw h-√-t∏m-gpw

e-`y-am-Ip-∂ sXm-gn-epw F-√m {Km-ao-W-tc-

bpw \-K-c-hm-kn-I-tf-bpw I-S-s°-Wn-bn-te-

°v X-≈n-hn-Sp-I-bpw Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ Du-´n D-

tem-I-Øn¬ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ ÿeØv ]-cp-Øn Ir-jn sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv C-¥y-bn-em-Wv. 2002-

2003-¬ 8,300 sl-Œ¿. H-cp sl-Œ-dn-se i-cm-i-cn D-¬]m-Z-\w 300 Kg F∂ Xm-gv-∂ \n-c-°em-b-Xn-\m¬

D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ C-¥y-°v aq-∂mw ÿm-\w am-{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. D-b¿-∂ D-¬]m-Z-\ sN-e-hv, Xm-gv-∂-Xpw

A-ÿn-c-hp-am-b hn-f-hv, B-tKm-f hn-e-bn-ep-≈ Ip-d-hv, bp.F-kv.F.bpw a-‰v cm-Py-ß-fpw Cf-hp-Iƒ

\¬-Ip-∂-Xv aq-e-ap-≈ B-tKm-f A-an-tXm-¬-]m-Z-\w, B-tKm-f-h-Xv-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn

kºZvhyhÿ Xp-d-∂p-sIm-Sp-°¬, F-∂n-h I¿-j-I-cp-sS, - {]-tXy-In-®pw B-{‘m-{]-tZ-in-te-bpw a-

lm-cm-„n-b-te-bpw ]-cp-Øn ta-J-e-I-fn¬ - Zp-c-h-ÿ-°pw B-fl-l-Xy-°pw Im-c-W-am-bn. Cu A-h-

ÿ D-b¿-∂ h-cp-am-\w e- n-°m-Ø-Xn-t‚-tbm em- w e- n-°m-Ø-Xn-t‚-tbm {]-iv-\w am-{X-a-√. a-dn-®v,

Ir-jn sb am-{Xw B-{i-bn-®p I-gn-bp-∂ e-£-°-W-°n-\v, sN-dp-In-S \m-a-am-{X I¿-j-I-cp-sS D-]-Po-

h-\-Øn-t‚-bpw \n-e-\n-¬]n-t‚-bpw {]-iv-\w Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

I¿-j-I B-fl-l-Xy-°v [m-cm-fw Im-c-W-߃ hn-Z-Kv-Z¿ ]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. (1) ]-c-º-cm-K-X Ir-jn-bn¬ \n-

∂v A-Xyp-¬-]m-Z-\ ti-jn-bp-≈ hm-Wn-Py hn-f-I-fp-sS Ir-jn-bn-te-°p-≈ am-‰w. B-h-iy-Øn-\p-≈

km-t¶-Xn-I ]n-¥p-Wmkw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ Ip-d-hpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w Ir-jn k-t¶-X-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v Adnhv

\¬-I¬, I¿-j-I¿ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ {]-iv-\-߃-°v s]-s´-∂p-≈ ]-cn-lm-cw \n¿-t±-in-°¬,

Ah-iy k-a-b-Øp-≈ D-]-tZ-i-߃ Xp-S-ßn-b Im¿-jn-I tk-h-\-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v k¿-°m-cn-s‚ ]n≥

hm-ß-epw C-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn. (2) I-gn-™ Ip-td h¿-j-ß-fm-bn Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e-bn-se s]m-Xp-\n-

t£-]-Øn-s‚ Ip-d-hv, (3) h≥-In-S B-tKm-f I-º-\n-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hn-Øp-I-fp-sS ap-f-°m-bv-I-bpw

kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-Iƒ \¬-Ip-∂ hym-P-am-b hn-Øp-I-fpw Io-S-\m-in\n-I-fpw, (4) hn-f-\m-iw, Io-Sm-Wp-

_m-[, h-cƒ-®, (5) 36i-X-am-\w ap-X¬ 120 i-X-am-\w h-sc ]-en-i \n-c-°n¬ kz-Im-cy ]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-

Im-cn¬ \n-∂p-≈ hm-bv-] (6) hn-e-bn-epw em- -Øn-epw Ip-d-hp h-cp-∂ co-Xn-bn¬ h-f-sc hn-e Ip-d-hn-

ep-≈ C-d-°p-a-Xn, (7)hn-f-Iƒ-°m-h-iy-am-b P-e-e`y-X-bp-sS A-`m-hw. sh≈w In´p∂ Ip-g¬

InW¿ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ ]-en-i°v hm-bv-] F-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p

Ch-sb-√mw.

Dd-hnSw: Excerted from A K Mehta and Sourabh Ghosha assisted by RaituElwadhi, "Globalisation, Loss of Livelihoods and Entry into Povetry",Alternative Economic Survey, India 2004-2005, Alternative Survey Group,Daanish Books,Delhi 2005 and PSainath,The Swelling’Register ofDeaths’, The Hindu, 29, December 2005.

9 0Zmcn{Zyw

d-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ {]-

[m-\ L-S-I-ß-fn-sem-∂v I-S-s°-Wn-bm-Wv.

B-Uw-_-c h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS hn-e-tb-°mƒ

Iq-Sn-b \n-c-°n-ep-≈ `-£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-tS-

bpw a-‰v A-h-iy-km-[-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw hn-e-

°-b-‰w Xm-gv-∂ h-cp-am-\-°m-cp-sS t¢-i-

hpw I-„-∏m-Sp-I-fpw Iq-Sp-X¬ Xo-{h-am-°p-

∂p. h-cp-am-\-Øn-te-bpw kz-Øn-te-bpw A-

k-¥p-en-X-am-b hn-X-c-Ww C-¥y-bn-se Zm-

cn-{Zyw ÿn-c-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-

W-am-Ip-∂p .

C-h-sb-√mw k-aq-l-Øn¬ c-≠v hn-`m-K-ß-

sf kr-„n-®p. D¬-]m-Z-t\m-]m-[n-I-fp-sS D-

S-a-ÿ-cm-b D-b¿-∂ h-cp-am-\-°m-cpw A-

Xn-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-bn kz-¥w A-[zm-\-ti-jn

am-{Xw ssI-h-i-ap-≈-h-cpw. Im-em-Im-e-ß-

fn-em-bn [-\n-I-\pw Z-cn-{Z-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈

A-¥-cw h¿-≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. C-¥y-sb kw-

_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw Zm-cn-{Zy-sa-∂-Xv bp-≤-

Im-e-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]-cn-l-cn-t°-≠ H-cp

_-lp-apJ sh-√p-hn-fn-bm-Wv.

4.6 Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿--Ωm¿-P--\ \-b-ßfpw ]--cn--]m-Sn---I--fpw

k¿-°m-cn-s‚ hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-ß-fp-sS {]m-

Y-an-I e-£y-am-bn C-¥y≥ -c-W-L-S-\-bpw

]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw D-b¿-Øn-°m-´p-

∂-Xv km-aq-ly-\o-Xn-bm-Wv. H-∂mw ]-©-

h-’-c ]-≤-Xn (1951 -˛ -56) {]-Im -cw,

"C-∂v km-aq-ln-I-hpw km-º-Øn-I-hp-

am-b am-‰-Øn-\p-≈ B-lzm-\-ap-b-cp-∂-Xn-

\v Im-c-Ww Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw h-cp-am-\-Øn-

t‚-bpw kz-Øn-t‚-bpw A-h-k-c-ß-fp-tS-bpw

A-k-a-Xz-hpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xm-Wv'. c-

≠mw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn (1956˛-61) "km-

º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ Kp-W- -e-߃,

k-aq-l-Øn-se, Xm-c-X-tay-\ Zp¿-_-e P-\-

hn-`m-K-߃-°v I-Sp-X¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww' F-

∂pw Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-

Ωm¿-÷-\-Øn-epw A-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿

kzo-I-cn-® hn-hn-[ X-{¥-ß-fn-epw Du-∂n

s°m-≠m-Wv F-√m \-b-tc-J-I-fpw F-∂v

\-ap-°v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw.

Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-am¿-÷-\-Øn¬ k¿-°m¿

H-cp {Xnap -J k-ao -]-\-am -Wv (ThreeDimensional Approach) kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

H-∂m-a-Xm-bn h-f¿-t®m-∑p-J k-ao-]-\-am-Wv,

(Growth Oriented Approach). km-º-Øn-I

h-f¿-®-bp-sS, - sam-Øw B-`y-¥-tcm-¬]m-

Z-\-Øn-epw B-tfm-l-cn h-cp-am-\-Øn-ep-ap-

≈ {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ h¿-≤-\-hns‚ - ^-

e-߃ k-aq-l-Øn¬ F-√m ta-J-e-I-fn-

te-°pw FØpsa-∂pw Z-cn-{Z P-\-hn-`m-K-

ß-fn-te-°v A-Xv In-\n-™v C-d-ßp-sa-∂pw

(Trickle down), D-≈ {]-Xo-£-bn-em-Wv Cu

kao]-\w kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. 1950- I-fn-epw 1960

I-fp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn-epw C-Xm-bn-cp-∂p B-

kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ Du-∂¬. {Zp-X-K-

Xn-bn-ep-≈ hy-h-km-b-h-Xv-I-c-W-hpw sX-

sc-s™-Sp-Ø Nn-e ta-J-e-bn-se l-cn-X-

hn-π-h-Øn-eq-sS-bp-≈ Im¿-jnI am-‰-ß-fpw

A-¬]hn-I-kn-X ta-J-e-Iƒ-°pw A-hn-I-

kn-X {]-tZ-i-߃-°pw Kp-W-I-c-am-Ip-sa-

∂v {]-Xn-£n-®p. Im¿-jn-I,- hym-h-km-bn-

I cw-K-Øp-≠m-b am-‰-ß-fpw k-º-Zvhy-h-

ÿ-bn-em-sI kw`-hn® am-‰-ß-fpw A-{X

a-Xn-∏p-f-hm-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂v 2,3,

A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ \n-߃ ]Tn-®t√m. P\-

kw-Jymh-f¿-® {]-Xn-io¿-jh-cp-am-\ hf¿-

®-sb ]p-d-tIm-´v h-en-®p. D-≈-h-\pw C√m-

9 1Zmcn{Zyw

Ø-h-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-¥-cw h¿-≤n-®p

h-∂p. {]m-tZ-in-I A-¥-c-hpw h≥-In-S -sN-

dp-In-S I¿-j-I¿ X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-¥-c-hpw h¿-

≤n-°m≥ l-cn-X-hn-π-hw Im-c-W-am-bn. qan

]p-\¿hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-

I-bpw A-Xv \-S-∏n-em-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Xn-cn-

°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. km-º-Øn-I hn-Z-Kv-[-

cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ km-º-ØnIh-f¿-

®-bp-sS Kp-Ww Z-cn-{Z-cn-te-°v- H-´pw In-\n-

™n-d-ßn-bn-√ F-∂m-Wv.

Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS t£-a-Øn-\m-bn C-X-c am¿-§-

߃ A-t\z-jn-°p-tºmƒ A-[n-I B-kvXn

\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-eq-sS sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃

kr-„n-t°-≠-Xn-s‚-bpw A-Xp-h-gn {]-tXy-

I-am-bn Z-cn-{Z¿-°v h-cp-am-\-hpw sXmgne-h-

k-c-ß-fpw h¿-≤n-∏n-t°-≠-Xn-s‚-bpw B-

h-iy-I-X-sb-°p-dn-®v Nn-¥n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.

k-hn-ti-j-am-b Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ ]-

cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS am-{X-ta C-Xv t\-Sm-\m-

Iq. c-≠m-a-sØ k-ao-]-\w, aq-∂mw ]-©-

h-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn (1961˛-66) bn-¬ B-cw-`n-

°p-I-bpw {I-ta-W hn-I-kn-°p-I-bpw sN-

bvX kzbw sXmgn¬, thX\ sXmgn¬

]≤-Xn-Ifp≠v. C-h-bn¬ F-Sp-Øp-]-d-

tb≠ BZy ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv 1970-˛¬ \-S-∏n-

em-°n-b sXm-gn-en-\v Iq-en `-£-Ww ]-cn-

]m-Sn (Food for Work Programme).

]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS ]-cn-t{]-£y-

Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv `q-cn-`m-Kw

Zm-cn -{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw

\-S-∏n-em-°n-b-Xv. kz-bw sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn-

I-fpw, th-X-\ sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw

hym]n-∏n-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ

t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ {]-[m-\ am¿-§-am-bn

Nn{Xw 4.6 sXm-gn-en-\v Iq-en `-£-Ww ]-cn-]m-Sn (Food For work Programme )

9 2Zmcn{Zyw

]-cn-K-Wn-®Xv. kz-bw-sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-

°p-≈ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv {Km-ao-WsXmgn-

ep-¬-]m-Z-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn (Rural EmploymentGeneration Programme REGP), {]-[m-\-a-

{¥n-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-Zm-\ ]-≤-Xn (Prime Min-ister's Rozgar Yojana PMRY), kz¿-W-P-b-

¥n \m-K-cn-I sXm-gn¬-Zm-\ ]-≤-Xn - Sw-arna Jayanthy Shahari Rozgar Yojana(SJSRY) F∂n-h.

{Km-ao-W sXm-gn-ep-¬]m-Z-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn :\-K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kz-bw sXm-gn-e-h-k-

c-߃ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bp-≈ ]-≤-Xn-bm-

Wn-Xv. Jm-Zn-°pw {Km-ao-W hy-h-km-b-߃-

°p-am-bp-≈ I-Ωo-j≥ (Khadi and VillageIndustries Commission) B-Wv C-Xv \-S-∏n-

em-°p-∂-Xv. sN-dn-b hy-h-km-b-߃ B-

cw-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\v _m-¶p-Iƒ ap-tJ-\ hm-bv-

] \¬-Ip-∂ ]-≤-Xn-bm-WnXv.

{]-[m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-Zm-\ ]-≤-Xn:{Km-a-ß-fn-te-bpw \-K-c-ß-fn-te-bpw Xm-gv∂

h-cp-am-\-ap-≈ Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-se A- y-kv-X-

hn-Zy-cm-b sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø bp-hm-°ƒ-°v

G-Xv X-cw kw-cw-`-߃ Xp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\pw

km-º-Øn-Ik-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂ ]-≤-Xn-

bm-Wn-Xv.

kz¿-W-P-b-¥n \m-K-cn-I sXm-gn¬-Zm-\ ]-

≤-Xn: \-K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kz-bw sXm-gn-

epw th-X-\ sXm-gn-epw kr-„n-°m-\p-≈

]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv C-Xv.

B-Zy-Im-e-Øv kz-bw sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn-I-

fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ k-lm-b[-\w hy-‡n-Iƒ-

°v/Ip-Spw-_-߃-°v \¬-Ip-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-

Xn-cp-∂-Xv. 1990 ap-X¬ Cu co-Xn-°v am-‰w

h-∂p. C-t∏mƒ Cu ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n-∂v

km-º-Øn-I k-lm-bw e- n-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-

Zyw kz-bw k-lm-b kw-L-߃ (Self HelpGroups) cq-]o-I-cn-°-Ww. A-h-sc sN-dn-b

kw-Jy k-am-l-cn-°p-hm≥ t{]-cn-∏n-°p-I-

bm-Wv B-Zyw sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu ]-Ww A-

h¿-°n-S-bn¬ X-s∂ sN-dn-b hm-bv-]-Iƒ

\¬-Im-\m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. ti-jw

k¿-°m¿ _m-¶p-Iƒ ap-tJ-\ Cu kz-bw

k-lm-b kw-L-߃-°v `m-Kn-I-am-bn km-

º-Øn-I k-lm-bw \¬-Ip-∂p. A-h-cm-Wv

kz-bw sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v B¿-°v hm-

bv-] sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂v Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

kz¿-W-P-b-¥n {Km-atdm-kvKm¿ tbm-P-\

(SGSY) C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ H-cp ]-≤-Xn-bm-

Wv. C-t∏mƒ Cu ]-≤-Xn- ]p-\xkw-L-Sn-

∏n-®v tZ-io-b {Km-ao-W D-]-Po-h-\ an-j≥

F-∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{Km-a-ß-fn-se Z-cn-{Z-cm-b, A-hn-Z-Kv-[ P-\-

߃-°v th-X-\ sXm-gn¬ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\v

]-eX-cw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \n-e-hn-ep-≠v. C-h-

bn¬ Nn-e-Xm-Wv tZ-io-b sXm-gn-en-\v Iq-

en `-£-Ww ]-cn-]m-Sn (National Food ForWork Programme), k-ºq¿-W {Km-ao-W kz-

bw-sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn (Sampoorna GrameenSwarozgar Yojana SGRY) F∂nh. {]-tXy-

I ssh-Z-Kv-[yw B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø sXm-gn¬

sN-øm≥ X-øm-dp-≈ Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se {]m-

b-]q¿-Øn-bm-b H-cw-K-Øn-\v h¿-j-Øn¬

100 sXm-gn¬ Zn-\-߃ D-d-∏p \¬-Ip-∂ H-

cp \n-b-aw 2005 B-K-Ãv am-k-Øn¬ ]m¿-

e-sa‚ v ]m-km-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. a-lm-flm-

Km-‘n {Km-ao-W sXm-gn-ep-d-∏p \nb-aw

(Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act MGNREGA)F-∂m-Wv C-Xv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \n-

9 3Zmcn{Zyw

b-a-{]-Im-cw \n-e-hn-ep-≈ an-\n-aw Iq-en \n-

c-°n¬ sXm-gn¬ sN-øm≥ X-øm-dp-≈-h¿-

°v Cu ]-≤-Xn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ {]-tZ-i-

ß-fn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu

]-≤-Xn {]-Im-cw 2012˛-13 -¬ 4.4 tIm-Sn Ip-

Spw-_-߃-°v sXm-gn¬ \¬-In.

Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ t\-cn-Sp-hm-\p-≈ aq-∂m-a-sØ

k-ao-]-\w Z-cn-{Z P-\-hn-`m-K-߃-°v G-‰-

hpw Np-cp-ßn-b sNe-hn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-

I-cy-߃ e-`y-am-°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv. k-_v-

kn-Un \n-c-°n-ep-≈ `-£y-[m-\y-߃,

hnZym`ymkw, B-tcm-Kyw, P-e-hn-X-c-Ww,

ip-Nn-Xz ku-I-cy-߃ ap-X-em-b km-aq-ly

D-]-t`mK B-h-iy-߃ s]m-Xp sN-e-hn¬

\¬-In-s°m-≠v P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-X \n-e-

hm-cw sa-®-s∏-Sp-Ømhp∂ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ hn-

`m-h-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn¬ tem-I-Øn¬ X-s∂

ap≥-]-¥n-bn-ep-≈ cm-Py-ß-fn¬ H-∂mWv

C-¥y. Cu co-Xn-bn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ ]-

≤-Xn-Iƒ Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS D-]-t`m-Km-h-iy-߃

\n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\pw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-

„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw B-tcm-Ky hn-Zym-`ym-k

ku-I-cy-߃ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-≈-

h-bm-Wv. A-©mw ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn ap-

X¬-°v Cu k-ao-]-\w Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

"sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ hn-I-kn-®n-´pw Z-cn-{Z¿-

°v A-Xym-h-iy km-[-\ tk-h-\-߃ kz-

bw hm-ßn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-bp-∂n-√. A-Xn-

\m¬ --Ahiy -£y-[m-\y-߃, hn-Zym-`ym-

kw, B-tcm-Kyw t]m-j-Im-lm-cw, Ip-Sn-sh-

≈w, ]m¿-∏n-Sw, hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b ku-I-

cy-߃, ssh-Zyp-Xn Xp-S-ßn-b km-aq-ly-

D-]-t`m-K-ß-fpw \n-t£-]-ß-fpw G-‰-hpw Np-

cp-ßn-b A-f-hn¬ e-`y-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

"Z -cn - {Z -cp -sS `-£-Wmt]m-j-Im-lm-c

A-h--ÿ sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ aq-∂v

_r-l-Øm-b ]-≤-Xn-I-fm-Wv s]m-Xp-

hnXcW k-{º-Zm-bw (Public DistributionSystem PDS), kw-tbm-Pn-X in-ip hn-I-k-

\ ]-cn-]m-Sn (Integrated Child DevelopmentScheme ICDS), D-®-`-£-W ]-cn-]m-Sn (Midday Meals Scheme MMS) F-∂n-h. {]-

[m-\-a -{¥n {Km-ao -W tdm-Uv ]-≤-Xn

(Pradhan Matnri Gram Sadak Yojana), {]-[m-

\-a-{¥n {Km-tam-Z-b tbm-P-\ (PradhanMatnri Gramodaya Yojana), hm-flo-In Aw-

t_-Z v -I¿ ]m¿-∏n -S ]-≤Xn (ValmikiAmbedkar Awas Yojana) F-∂n-h-bpw C-tX

e-£y-tØmsS-bp≈ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fm-Wv.

Np-cp-°-Øn¬ C-¥y C°m-cy-ß-fn-se√mw

Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-am-b ]p-tcm-K-Xn ssI-h-cn-®n-

´p≠v.

k-aq-l-Øn-se ]n-t∂m-°-ap-≈ {]-tXy-I

hn-`m-K-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-

°m¿ A-t\-Iw km-aq-ly kp-c-£m ]-≤-

Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏m°p-∂p-≠v. tI-{μ k¿-°m¿

\-S-∏m°n-b C-Ø-cw ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ H-∂m-

Wv tZ-io-b km-aq-ly k-lm-b ]-≤-Xn

(National Social Assistance Programme).Cu ]-≤-Xn {]-Im-cw \n-cm-ew-_-cm-b ap-

Xn¿-∂ ]u-c-∑m¿-°v k-lm-b-am-bn s]≥-

j≥ \¬-Ip-∂p. Zm-cn-{Zyw A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂

hn-[-h-I-fpw A-K-Xn-I-fm-b kv-{Xo-I-fpw Cu

]-≤-Xn-bp-sS ]-cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂p. Z-cn-

{Z¿°v B-tcm-Ky C≥-jp-d≥-kv \¬-Ip-∂

H-cp ]-≤-Xn-bpw k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-

´p-≠v.

9 4Zmcn{Zyw

4.7 Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ ]-cn-]m-

Sn-Iƒ -˛ H-cp hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I

hne-bn-cp-ج

kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-ew ap-X¬- X-s∂ Zm-

cn-{Zy \n¿-am¿-÷-\-Øn-\p-≈ {i-a-߃ B-

cw-`n-®p. C-∂v ]-e kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-te-bpw

tI-h-e Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS i-X-am-\w tZ-io-b i-

cm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ h-f-sc Xm-gv-∂-Xm-Wv-. Zm-

cn-{Zyw \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v hn-

hn-[ X-cw ]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n-sb-

¶n-epw, hn-i-∏v, t]m-j-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hv, \n-

c-£-c-X, A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS A-

]-cym-]v-X-X Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-¥y-bp-sS ]-e

`m-K-ß-fn-epw km-[m-c-W-am-bn X-s∂ Xp-

S-cp-∂p. I-gn-™ B-d-c ]-Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn

]p-tcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-am-b [m-cm-fw Zm-cn-{Zy

\n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-°n-

sb-¶n-epw au-en-I-am-b H-cp ]-cn-h¿-Ø-

\hpw A-Xn-\p-≠m-bn-´n-√. ]-e ]-≤-Xn-I-

fp-sS-bpw ]p-\¿-\m-a-I-c-W-hpw, kw-tbm-

P\hpw, sN-dn-b am-‰w h-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpw

am{X-amWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. A-h-iy hn-`m-K-

߃-°v A-Sn-ÿm-\ B-hiy--ß-fp-sS e`y-

X-bn-tem D¬]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b-bp-tS-bpw B-

kv-Xn-I-fp-tS-bpw D-S-a-ÿ-Xbntem Imcy-

amb am-‰-ß-sfm-∂pw X-s∂ D-≠m-bn-´n-

√. \-Ωp-sS-- ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS hn-P-b-I-c-am-b

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw a-cp-`q-an-I-fn-epw a-e-{º-tZ-i-ß-fn-se tKm-{X-ta-J-e-I-fn-epw

tPm-en-°v Iq-en `-£-W ]-≤-Xn, kz-bw-sXm-gn¬ ]-≤-Xn, F-∂n-h-°v A-\p-tbm-

Py-am-b G-sX-¶n-epw aq-∂v sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v N¿-®-sN-øp-I-bpw B-i-

bw ]-´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

\n-c-h-[n \-b-tc-J-Iƒ,- ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn tc-J-Iƒ km-º-Øn-I k¿-sΔ-Iƒ

ap-X-em-b-h- B-kp-{X-W I-Ωo-j-s‚ sh-_v-ssk-‰n¬ (www.planningcommission.nic.in)e-`y-am-Wv. C-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv \n-ß-fp-sS kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-epw hm-b-\-im-e-I-fn-epw

D≠mIpw. Cu tc-J-I-fn¬ k¿-°m¿ \-S-Øn-b {i-a-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS hn-e-bn-cp-

Ø-ep-I-fpw e- y-am-Wv. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I. ¢m- n¬ N¿-® sNøpI.

\n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-tØm ]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-tem tdm-Uv \n¿-Ωm-Ww, B-ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ-

°pw hn-Zym-e-b-߃-°p-ap-≈ sI-´n-S-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b {]-h¿-Ø-

\-߃ \n-߃ I-≠n-´p-≠m-Ipw. C-Ø-cw ÿ-e-߃ k-μ¿-in-°p-I. A-hn-sS-bp-

≈ sXm-gn-en-s≥-d kz-`m-hw, sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-sS F-Æw, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°v sIm-Sp-°p-∂ th-X-\w Xp-S-ßn-b-h I-s≠-Øn c-t≠m aq-t∂m t]-Pp-I-fp-≈

dn-t∏m¿-´v X-bm-dm-°-I

hn-I-k-\ {]-h¿-Øn-I-fp-sS (D-Zm: NREGS) dn-t∏m¿-´n-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-

Xn-t\m-Sv _-‘-s∏-´ k¿-°m¿ \-b-tc-J-sb hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-

Øp-I.

9 5Zmcn{Zyw

t_mIvkv 4.4 cm-a-Zm-k sIm¿-Δ-bp-sS F-ßp-sa-Øm-Ø tdm-Uv

k¿-°m-cn-\v 17.44 e-£w cq-] aq-ey-ap-≈ H-cm-fm-Wv Xm≥ F-∂-dn-™-Xn¬, cm-Pv-tI-X {Km-a-Øn-se

cm-a-Zm-kv sIm¿-Δ-°v h-en-b k-t¥m-j-sam-∂pw tXm-∂n-bn-√. 1993 s‚ A-h-km-\w ]- n-I-h¿-§ hn-I-

k-\-Øn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn 17.44 e-£w cq-] sN-e-h-gn-®v cm-Pv-tI-X {Km-a-Øn-te-°v 3 In.ao ssZ¿-Ly-

ap-≈ H-cp tdm-Uv \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ Xo-cp-am-\n-®p.

C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw Z-cn-{Z-am-b Pn-√-I-fn¬ H-∂m-Wv, 55 i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-Iw t]-cpw ]- n-I-h¿-§-°m-

cm-b k¿-Kp-P (Surguja). C-h-cn¬ X-s∂ G-‰-hpw Xm-sg X-´n-ep-≈ 5 i-X-am-\w t]¿ ]-lm-Zn

(Pahadi) A-s√-¶n¬ ln¬ sIm¿-Δ-Iƒ ( Hill Korwas ) F-∂ hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-¥y-bn-se

H´pw ]cnjvIrXc√mØ hn- m-K-am-Wn-Xv. A-h-cp-sS D-∂-a-\-Øn-\m-bn [m-cm-fw ]-Ww sN-e-h-gn-® ]-

e-bn-\w ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-lm-Zn sIm¿-Δ ]-≤-Xn (Pahadi Korwa Project) F-∂

tI-{μ ]-≤-Xn-°v am-{Xw 5 h¿-j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ 42 tIm-Sn cq-] sN-e-h-gn-®p.

G-I-tZ-iw 15,000 ]-lm-Zn sIm¿-Δ-Iƒ Po-hn-®n-cn-∏p-≠v. C-h-cn¬ q-cn- m-K-hpw k¿-Kp-P Pn-√-bn-ep-am-

Wv. F-s¥m-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂m-epw Nn-e cm-{„o-b Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-tS-sb-√mw A-Sn-ÿm-\w

dm-bv-K-Uv Pn-√-bm-bn-cp-∂p. cm-Pv-tI-X-bn-se ]-lm-Zn sIm¿-Δ tdm-Uv \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-\v H-cp X-S- -ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- cm-a-Zm-kn-s‚ Ip-Spw-_w H-gn-sI a-‰p ]-lm-Zn-Iƒ B-cpw X-s∂ A-hn-sS D-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n√.

H-cp k¿-°m-cn-X-c kw-L-S-\ (NGO) {]-h¿-Ø-I≥ ]-d-bp-∂p. "]-lm-Zn sIm¿-Δ-Iƒ-°v A-ev-]w t]m-

epw Kp-W-I-c-am-hp-∂n-s√-¶n-epw A-h¿-°v D-]-Im-c-an-s√-¶n-epw A-Xv {]-iv-\-a-√. H-cp \o-¥¬ Ip-f-

tam _w-•m-thm B-bn-cp-∂m-epw \n-߃ A-Xv ]- n-I-h¿-§ hn-I-k-\-Øn-s\-∂ t]-cn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°-

Ww" cm-a-Zm-kn-s‚ a-I-\m-b cm-a-h-Xm¿ sIm¿-Δ ]-d-™p, "cm-Pv-tI-X hn-t√-Pn¬ b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ ]-

lm-Zn-sIm¿-Δ-Iƒ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p-t≠m F-∂v t]m-epw ]-cn-tim-[n-°m≥ B-cpw X-øm-dm-bn- n-√. Iq-Sm-

sX A-hn-sS ap≥-]v X-s∂ H-cp Xm-Xv-Im-en-I a¨-]m-X (Kutcha Road) D-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂pw B-cpw

]-d-bp-∂n-√. A-h¿ A-ev-]w Np-h-∂ a-Æv sIm-≠p-h-∂p ]-c-Øn. C-∂pw, 17..44 e-£w-cq-] sN-e-h-gn-

®n-´pw A-Xv H-cp km-[m-c-W tdm-Uv B-bn-´n-√.

cm-a-Zm-kn-s‚ B-h-iyw lr-Z-b-kv-]¿-in-bpw e-fn-X-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂p. "F-\n-°v th-

≠-Xv A-ev-]w sh-≈w am-{X-am-Wv. sh-≈-an-√m-sX R-߃ F-ßn-s\ Ir-jn sN-øpw'' B-h¿-Øn-®p-

≈ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v A-t±-lw ]-d-™p. " tdm-Uv \n¿-am-W-Øn-\m-bn 17.44 e-£w cq-] sN-e-h-gn-®-Xn-\v

]-I-cw Ip-d-®v B-bn-c-߃ am-{Xw sN-e-hp h-cp-∂ F-s‚ In-W¿ \-√-Xm-°n X-cm-am-bn-cp-∂n-t√? Ir-

jn q-an-bn-epw Nn-e {I-ao-I-c-W-߃ B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-h¿ A-ev-]w sh-≈w X-∂p-sIm-≠v Xp-

S-ß-s´."

cm-a-Zm-kn-s‚ {]-iv-\-ß-sf-√mw A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏- p. A-h¿-°v th-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv, "]-≤-Xn e-£y-߃

]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.' H-cp D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ A-h-sc ]-cn-l-kn-®p sIm-≠v ]-d-™p. "B ]Ww

H-cp _m-¶n¬ ÿn-c \n-t£-]w \-S-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ A-h¿ ]-Wn-sbm-∂pw F-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n√.

A-Xn-s‚ ]-en-i sIm-≠v am-{Xw F-√m ]-lm-Zn Ip-Spw-_-߃-°pw k¿-Kp-P \n-e-hm-c-Øn¬ I-gn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p.'

cm-a-Zm-kn-t\m-Sv \n-߃-°v F-¥m-Wm-h-iy-sa-t∂m \n-ß-fp-sS {]-iv-\-߃ F-¥m-sW-t∂m B-cpw

A-t\z-jn-®n-√. {]-iv-\-߃-°v ]-cn-lm-c-hpw I-≠n-√. ]-I-cw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ 17.44 e-£w

ap-S-°n D-]-tbm-K-an-√m-Ø H-cp tdm-Uv \n¿-Ωn-®p. 2 In.ao am-{Xw ]-Wn-X, F-ßp-sa-Øm-Ø B tdm-

Un-eq-sS bm-{X sN-øp-tºmƒ A-t±-lw tNm-Zn-®p. "R-ß-fp-sS P-e-£m-a-Øn-\v F-s¥-¶n-epw sN-

øm≥ km-[n-°p-tam k¿'

D-d-hn-Sw: Excerpted from P Sainath, 1996, Everybody Loves a Good Drought, Stories from India'sPoorest Districts, Penguin Books, New Delhi,

9 6Zmcn{Zyw

\-S-Øn-∏n-\v X-S- -am-bn \n¬-°p-∂ aq-∂v

{]-[m-\ Im-c-W-ß-fm-Wv Np-≠n-°m-Wn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. q-an-bp-tS-bpw kz-Øn-t‚-bpw A-

k-¥p-en -X-am-b hn-X-c -W ^-e-am-bn

Zmcn{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ {]¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-sS

t\-cn-´p-≈ Kp-W-^-e-߃ Z-cn-{Z-c-√m-Ø-

h¿ t\-Sn -sb-Sp -Øp. Zm-cn - {Zy -Øn-s‚

hym]vXn I-W-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ Cu B-

h-iy-Øn-\m-bn \o-°n-sh-® hn-`-h-߃

A]-cym-]v -X-am-bn-cp -∂p. A-Xn-ep-]-cn

k¿°m¿ Po-h-\-°m-cpw _m-¶v D-tZym-K-ÿ-

cp-am-bn-cp-∂p Cu ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-t°-

≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu D-tZym-K-ÿ¿ i-cn-bmb

co-Xn-bn-ep-≈ ]-cn-io-e-\w e-`n-°m-Ø-

htcm Xm¬∏-cy-an-√mØ-h-tcm A-gn-a-Xn-

°m-tcm {]m-tZ-in-I-am-b h-tc-Wy hn`m-K-

°m-cp-sS kzm-[o-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂-

h-tcm B-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hn-`-h-߃ Im-

cy-£-a-a-√m-sX D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I-bpw ]mgm-

°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. t]m-cm-Ø-Xn-\v {]m-tZ-

in-I ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-sS ]-¶m-fn-Øw ]≤Xn

\n¿-h-l-W-Øn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an√.

Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-°v Xm-sg-tbm sXm-´p ap-I-fn-

tem D-≈ `q-cn-`m-Kw h-cp-∂ A-h-i hn-`m-

K-ß-sf A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-øp-∂ Im-

cy-Øn¬ k¿-°m¿ \-b-߃ ]-cm-P-b-

s∏´p. Zm-cn-{Zyw \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w sN-øm≥

D-b¿-∂ h-f¿-®m\n-c-°v am-{Xw t]m-cm

F∂v sX-fn-bn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Z-cn-{ZP-\-

hn- m-K-ß-fp-sS k-Po-h ]-¶m-fn-Ø-an-√m-sX,

Hcp ]-≤-Xn-bpw hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn \-S-∏n-em-

°m≥ I-gn-bn-√.

km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®m{]-{In-b-bn¬ Z-cn-{Z¿

k-Po-h-a-bm-bn C-S-s]-Sp-I-bpw km-º-ØnI

h-f¿-®-bn¬ A-h-cp-sS Im-cy-£-a-am-b

kw-`m-h-\ D-≠m-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-tºmƒ

am{Xta Zm-cn-{Zy-sØ ]q¿-W-am-bn Xp-S-®p

\o-°m≥ km-[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. C-Xn-\m-bn

km-aq -ly k-l-I-c-W-ap-≠m-hp-I-bpw

Z-cn{Zsc C-Xn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ t{]m-’m-

ln-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-h-sc i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-

bp-am-Wv sN-tø-≠-Xv. sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃

h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-eq-sS sXm-gn¬ ss\-

]p-Wyhn-I-k-\w, km-£-c-X, B-tcm-Kyw,

F-∂n-h-sb sa®-s∏Sp-I-bpw sN-ø-Ww. A-

Xn-ep-]-cn Zm-cn-{Zy _m-[n-X {]-tZ-i-ß-sf

Nn{Xw 4.7 ]m-gvh-kv-Xp ti-J-cn-°p-∂-h¿: sXm-gn¬ B-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ sX-‰m-b X-c-Øn-ep-≈ \n¿-h-l-Ww h-f-sc Xp-—-am-b h-cp-am-\we-`n-°p-∂ sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ Iq-Sn G-s‰-Sp-°m≥P-\-ß-sf \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-°p∂p.

9 7Zmcn{Zyw

I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw A-hn-sS hn-Zym-e--b-߃,

tdm-Up-Iƒ, ssh-Zyp-Xn, hm¿-Øm-hn-\n-a-b

ku-I-cy-߃, sF.Sn. tk-h-\-߃, ]-cn-

io-e-\ ÿm-]-\-߃ Xp-S-ßn-b A-Sn-ÿm-

\ ku-I-cy-߃ e-`y-am-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv.

4.8 D-]-kw-lm-cw

kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-\p ti-jw \mw G-gv ]-Xn-

‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]n-∂n- p I-gn-™p. km-aq-ly-\o-

Xn-°pw k-a-Xz-tØm-Sp-sam-∏-ap-≈ {Zp-X-K-

Xn-bn-ep-≈ k-¥p-en-X h-f¿-®-bm-Wv \-Ωp-

sS ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-sS Zo¿-L-Im-e e-£yw. GXv

k¿-°m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-tºm-gpw

Zmcn-{Zy\n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w F-∂-Xv \-Ωp-sS {]-

[m-\ e-£y-am-bn-cp-∂p. cm-Py-sØ tI-h-

e Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æw Ip-d-™p. Nn-e kw-

ÿm-\-ß-fn¬- Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw

tZio-b i-cm-i-cn-tb-°mƒ Ip-d-hp-am-Wv. F-

∂n-´pw hn-a¿-i-I¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xv, h-f-sc-b-

[n-Iw ]-Ww \o-°n-sh-°p-I-bpw sN-e-h-

gn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-¶n-epw e-£yw

h-f-sc hn-Zq-c-am-sW-∂m-Wv. {]-Xn-io¿-j

h-cp-am-\-Øn-epw i-cm-i-cn Po-hn-X \n-e-hm-

c-Øn-epw \-ap-°v ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn-´p-

≠v. A-Sn-ÿm-\ B-h-iy-߃ t\-Sn-sb-Sp-

°p-∂ Im-cy-Øn-epw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-≠v. F-

∂m¬ a-‰p cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≠m-b ]p-tcm-K-

Xn-tbm-Sv Xp-e-\w sN-øp-tºmƒ \-Ωp-sS

]p-tcm-K-Xn B-im-h-l-a-√. A-Xn-ep-]-cn hn-

I-k-\-Øn-s‚ k-Zv-^-ew F-√m hn-`m-Kw

P-\-߃-°p-sa-Øn-bn-´n-√. Nn-e hn-`m-K-

߃, k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Nn-e ta-J-e-

Iƒ, cm-Py-Øn-se Nn-e {]-tZ-i-߃ F-

√mw X-s∂ km-aq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I hn-I-

k-\ Im-cy-Øn¬ hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-tfm-

Sp-t]m-epw a-’-cn-°m≥ {]m-]v-X-am-Wv. ]-

s£ a-‰p ]-e-cpw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ hn-j-a-

hr-Ø-Øn¬ (Vicious Circle of Povetry) \n-

∂v X-s∂ ]p-d-Øp I-S-°m≥ {]m-]v-Xn-bn-

√m-Ø-h-cp-am-Wv.

kw-{K-lw (Recap) C-¥y-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-ß-fp-sS {]-[m-\ e-£yw Zm-cn-{Zyw e-Lq-I-cn-°p-I

F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

{Km-a-ß-fn-se i-cm-i-cn Du¿-÷m-h-iy-am-b 2400 IntemI-tem-dn-bpw \-K-c-ß-fn-

se 2100 IntemI-tem-dn-bpw e-`n-°m-\m-h-iy-am-b B-tfm-l-cn D-]-t`m-K sN-e-

hpw F-‰-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b `-t£y-X-c sN-e-hpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J A-

Y-hm tI-h-e Zm-cn-{Zyw.

Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æ-hpw A-\p-]m-X-hpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ P-\-ß-fp-sS Zm-cn-

{Zy-Øn-s‚ hy-Xy-ÿ XeI-fpw Im-em-Im-e-ß-fm-bn kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \ne-

\n¬°p∂ ÿnXn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hni-Zmw-ihpw e-`n-°p-∂p.

9 8Zmcn{Zyw

A- ym-k-߃

1. Z-cn-{Z-sc Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ IntemI-tem-dn-sb A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈

Bibw a-Xn-bm-b-X-√ F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

2 tPm-en-°v Iq-en `-£-Ww ]-cn-]m-Sn F-∂-Xv sIm-≠v D-t±-in-°p-∂-sX-

¥v?

3 Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fn¬ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-

∂ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Iq-Sn B-h-iy-am-Wv. F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

4 h-cp-am-\ k-ºm-Z-\ B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS kr-„n Zm-cn-{Zy-sa-∂ {]-iv-\-sØ

A-`n-kw-t_m-[-\ sN-øp-∂-sX-ß-s\?

5 C-¥y-bn¬ Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\-Øn-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-® {Xn-am-\ k-ao-

]-\w Zm-cn-{Zyw Ip-d-°p-∂-Xn¬ hn-P-bn-®n-´n-√. hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I.

6. ap-Xn¿-∂ ]u-c≥-am¿-°pw, Z-cn-{Z-cpw \n-cm-ew-_-cp-am-b kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw

k-lm-b-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\v k¿-°m¿ kzo-I-cn-® ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-s¥-√mw?

C-¥y-bn-se Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æ-hpw sam-Øw P-\-kw-Jy-bn-se Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-\p-]m-X-

hpw h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw Ip-d-™n- p-≠v. B-Zy-am-bn 1990-¬ tI-h-e Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬

Ip-d-hp-≠m-bn.

`q-cn-`m-Kw Z-cn-{Z-cpw {Km-a-ß-fn-em-Wv Po-hn-°p-∂-Xv. A-h¿ \n-Xy-th-X-\ sXm-gn-ep-

I-fn-epw A-hn-Z-Kv-[ sXm-gn-ep-I-fn-ep-am-Wv G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv

h-cp-am-\-Øn-epw sN-e-hn-epw A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b k-ao-]-\w Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS a-‰v k-hn-ti-j-

X-I-sfm-∂pw ]-cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√.

C-¥y-bn-se Zm-cn-{Zyw \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn aq-∂v k-ao-]-\ co-Xn-I-fm-

Wv ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂-Xv. h-f¿-t®m-∑p-J hn-I-k-\w, {]-tXy-I Zm-cn-{Zy \n¿-am¿-÷-\ ]≤Xn-

Iƒ Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS G-‰-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b B-h-iy-߃ \n¿-Δ-ln-°¬ F-∂n-h.

B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bpw D-¬]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b-I-fpw am-‰p-∂-Xn-\pw Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS

A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-߃ \n-d-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ k¿-°m¿ {i-a-߃ C-\n-bpw B-

h-iy-am-Wv

9 9Zmcn{Zyw

7. Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bpw X-Ωn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw _-‘-ap-t≠m? hn-i-

Zo-I-cn-°p-I

8. \n-߃ H-cp Z-cn-{Z-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se Aw-K-am-sW-∂pw H-cp sN-dn-b I-S Xp-S-

ßm≥ k¿-°m-cn¬ \n-∂pw \n-߃-°v k-lm-bw B-h-iy-am-sW-∂pw k-¶-

ev-]n-°p-I. GXv ]-≤-Xn {]-Im-c-am-Wv \n-߃ k-lm-b-Øn¬ A-t]-£n-

°p-I?

9. {Km-ao-W Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw \-K-c Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

°p-I. Zm-cn-{Zyw {Km-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw \-K-c-ß-fn-te-°v am-‰-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p F-

∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv i-cn-bm-tWm? \n-ß-fp-sS D-Ø-cw km-[q-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈

Zm-cn-{Zy A-\p-]m-X-Øn-se {]-h-W-X-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°pI.

10. \n-߃ H-cp {Km-ao-W-\m-sW-∂v k-¶-¬]n-°p-I. Zm-cn-{Zyw a-dn-I-S-°p-∂-Xn-

\m-bp-≈ Nn-e \n¿-t±-i-߃ \¬-Ip-I.

\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂ A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

1. \n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-Øp-≈ 30 hy-‡n-I-fn¬ \n-∂v, A-h¿ \n-tXy-\ D-]-t`m-Kw sN-

øp-∂ h-kv-Xp-°-sf-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-°p-I. A-Xn-\p ti-jw B-t]-

£n-I -Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ tXm-Xv A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\m-bn D-]-t`m-K \n-e-hm-c-Øn-se A-f-

h-\p-k-cn-®v {I-ao-I-cn-°p-I.

2. Xm-gv-∂ h-cp-am-\-ap-≈ Ip-Spw-_-߃ hn-hn-[ h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°m-bn sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂

]-Ww kw-_-‘n-® hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-°p-I-bpw Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-°p-∂ ]-´n-I ]q¿-

Øn-bm-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I. ]T-\-sØ hn-i-I-e-\w sN-bv-Xv G-Xv Ip-Spw-_-am-Wv a-

‰p-≈-h-sc A-t]-£n-®v Z-cn-{Z¿ F-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I. H-cp hy-‡n-°v 500 cq] sN-e-

hv F-∂-Xv Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bm-bn kzo-I-cn-®v B-scm-s°-bm-Wv tI-h-e Z-cn-{Z¿ F-∂v

I-s≠-Øp-I.

C\w IpSpw_w F IpSpw_w _n IpSpw_w kn IpSpw_w Un

tKm-X-ºv/A-cnk-ky F-Æ]-©-km-cssh-Zyp-Xn/sh-fn-®ws\-øvh-kv-{X-߃

ho- p-hm-S-I

1 0 0Zmcn{Zyw

3. C-¥y-bn-te-bpw U¬-ln tN-cn-bn-te-bpw H-cp hy-‡n-bp-sS D-]-t`m-K h-kv-Xp-°-

ƒ°p≈ H-cp am-k-sØ i-cm-i-cn sN-e-hn-s‚ i-X-am-\w Xm-sg \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-

∂p.' A-cn-bpw tKm-X-ºpw '{Km-a-ß-fn¬ 25 i-X-am-\w F-∂m¬ Hm-tcm 100 cq-]-

bn-epw 25 cq-] "A-cn-°pw tKm-X-ºn-\pw' th-≠n am-{Xw sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂p F-

∂m-Wv A¿-∞w. ]-´n-I hm-bn-°p-I. Xm-sg-bp-≈ tNm-Zy-߃-°v D-Ø-c-sa-gp-Xp-

I.

* hy-Xy-kv-X {Kq-∏p-I-fn-se -£y-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS sN-e-hn-s‚ i-X-am-\-hpw A-h-cp-

sS ap≥-K-W-\-I-fpw Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-I.

* tN-cn-bn-se Ip-Spw-_-߃ Iq-Sp-X-em-bpw [m-\y-ß-tf-bpw ]-b-dp h¿-§-ß-tf-

bpw B-{i-bn-°p-∂p-sh-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m?

* Hm-tcm {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw Po-hn-°p-∂ P-\-߃ G-sX-√mw h-kv-Xp-°-fn-em-Wv G-

‰pw Ip-d-hv sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv? Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-I.

* tN-cn-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ amw-kw, a-’yw, ap- F-∂n-h-°v Iq-Sp-X¬ {]m-[m-\yw \¬-Ip-

∂p-sh-∂v \n-߃ Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-t≠m

C\w {Km-aw \Kcw U¬ln tNcn--Iƒ

A-cn-bpw tKm-X-ºpw 25.0 35.9 28.7

]-b-dp h¿-§-ß-fpw A-Xn-s‚

D-¬-]-∂-ß-fpw 5.7 6.1 9.9

]m-epw ]m-ep-¬-]-∂-ß-fpw 17.4 14.1 10.3

]-g-ß-fpw ]-®-°-dn-I-fpw 15.1 12.7 19.6

a-’y-hpw amw-k-hpw ap-´-bpw 6.3 5.3 13.1

]-©-km-c 3.3 3.8 4.0

D-∏pw kp-K-‘-hy-Rv-P-\-ß-fpw 10.8 10.8 8.1

a-‰p `-£y C-\-߃ 16.5 11.3 6.4

BsI 100 100 100

F-√m C-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw i-X-am-\-sa-∂

\n-e-°v `-£y-h-kv-Xp-°-fn≥-ta-ep-≈ 62.9 72.8 72.8

sN-e-hv

101Zmcn{Zyw

kq-Nn-I

Sen, Amartya & Jean Dreaze. (Eds). (1995) The Political Economy of Hunger, ClarendonPress, Oxford

NAOROJl. DADABHAI, 1996, Povetry and UnBritish Rule in India, Publication Division,Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, Second Edition, New Delhi

SAINATH P, 1996. Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India's Poorest Districts,Penguin Books, New Delhi

SEN, AMARTYA. 1999. Povety and Famine: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation,Oxford Universtiy Press, New Delhi.

SUBRAMANIAM.S, (Ed) (2001) India's Development Experience: Selected Writings ofSGuhan, Oxford Universtiy Press, New Delhi

1 0 2

]T\ e£y߃

$ a\pjyhn`hw, a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw, a\pjyhnIk\w F∂o Bib߃

a\ nem°p∂p.

$ a\pjy aqe[\ Ønep≈ \nt£]w, kmºØnI hf¿®, a\pjyhnIk\w F∂nh

XΩnep≈ _‘w a\ nem°p∂p.

$ hnZym`ymkØn\pw BtcmKyØn\pw th≠nbp≈ Kh¨sa‚ v sNehns‚ BhiyIX

a\ nem°p∂p.

$ C¥ybpsS hnZym`ymk t\´Øns‚ Ahÿ a\ nem°p∂p.

a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw

C¥ybn¬

5

103

5.1 BapJw (Introduction)a\pjycminbpsS ]Sn]Snbmbp≈ hnIm-

kØn¬ henb hyXymkw D≠m°nb

Hcp ImcysØ°pdn®v Nn¥n®pt\m°q. Hcp-

]t£ AXv Adnhv tiJcn-°m\pw

kw`mjWØneqsSbpw ]m´pIfn-eqsSbpw

hniZamb A[ym]\-Øn -eqsSbpw

]Icm\pap≈ a\pjys‚ Ignhp-Iƒ

BImw. Imcy߃ hfsc s]s´∂p

Xs∂ Ffp∏-Ønem°m≥ ]cnioe\-

Øns‚bpw ss\]pWnIfpsSbpw Bh-

iyIX a\pjy≥ Is≠ØpIbmbncp∂p.

hnZym`ymkap≈hcpsS sXmgn¬ ssh-

ZKv[yw A√mØhcptSXnt\°mƒ IqSpX-

emsW∂v \ap°dnbmat√m? AXpsIm≠p-

Xs∂ hnZym`ymkap≈h¿°v C√mØ-hsc-

°mƒ IqSpX¬ hcpam\-ap≠m°m≥

Ignbp∂p. am{Xa√, cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-

ØnI hf¿®°v hnZym-`ymk-ap≈hcpsS

kw`mh\bpw hfsc IqSpXemWv.

hnZym`ymkw hy‡nIƒ°v Db¿∂ hcp-

am\ap≠m°psa∂p am{Xa√, a‰v D∂X-

aqeym[njvTnX KpWßfpw kw`mh\

sNøp∂p. hnZym`ymkw hy‡nIƒ°v

Kh¨sa‚pw kzImcyhy‡nIfpw hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n sNehgn°p∂Xv AXns‚

t\cn´p≈ KpW^ew am{Xw t\m°n Af°cpXv. P\߃°v kzbw t\Sm\mIp

ambncp∂Xnt\°mƒ Db¿∂ Ahkc߃ \¬Ip∂p F∂ ImcyØn¬ shdpw Hcp

\nt£]sa∂ \nebn¬ hnZym`ymkw BZmbIcamWv. A⁄cmbn PohnXw

Xo¿°pambncp∂ ]e¿°pw Ahcnse A¥¿eo\amb IgnhpIsf Db¿Øn-

s°m≠phcp∂Xn\v XpS°w Ipdn°m≥ {]m]vXcm°p∂p F∂XmWv CXn\¿∞w.

(B¬{^Uv am¿j¬)

Nn-{Xw 5.1 I¿jI¿°v Bhiyamb hnZym`ymkhpw ]cnioe\hpw \¬Inbm¬

Im¿jnItaJebn¬ D¬]mZ\£aX h¿[n∏n°m≥ Ignbpw

Htc Afhv `qanbn¬\n∂pw Fßns\bmWvF\n°p≈Xnt\°mƒ

IqSpX¬ DXv]mZ\w Ah\ve`n®Xv.

1 0 4

kaq-l-Øn¬ henb ÿm\hpw A`nam\hpw

\¬Ip∂p. AXv PohnXØn¬ G‰hpw \√

am¿K߃ Xncs™Sp°m≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

kaqlØnse am‰ßƒ a\ nem°m\p≈

Adnhp \¬Ip∂p. AXpt]mse Xs∂

\qX\amb Bib߃°p≈ {]tNmZ\hpw

\¬Ip∂p. IqSmsX hnZym`ymkap≈ sXm-

gn¬ i‡nbpsS e`yX ]pXnb kmt¶XnI-

hnZyIfpsS D]tbmKw kpKaam°p∂p.

kmºØnI hnIk\Øns‚ thKX

h¿≤n∏n°en¬ hnZym`ymkØn\v henb

{]m[m\yamWv kmºØnI imkv{X⁄¿

I¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

5.2 F¥mWv a\pjy aqe[\w

(What is Human Capital)Hcp cmPyw Fßs\bmtWm AXns‚ qan

t]mep≈ uXnI hn`hsØ mŒdnIƒ

t]mep≈ uXnIaqe[\am°n am‰p∂Xv

AtX cq]Øn¬ Xs∂ hnZym¿∞nIfmb

a\pjyhn`hßsf A[y-]-Itcm kmaqly

imkv{X-⁄tcm, imkv{X-⁄tcm t]mep≈-

a\pjy aqe[\am°n am‰m≥ Ignbpw.

kaqlØn\v G‰hpw BZyw Bhiy-ap≈Xv

]cym]vXamb a\pjy aqe[\amWv. AXm-

Is´- hnZym`ymkhpw ]cnio-e\hpw e`n®

BNmcy∑m¿ a‰p DZtymK-ÿ¿ F∂nh-cmWv.

as‰mcp XcØn¬ ]d™m¬ kaqlØns‚

a\pjy hn`-h-ß-fmb hnZ-Kv≤sc kr„n-

°p∂Xn\v Xs∂ a\pjy aqe[\w

AXy¥mt]£nXamWv. a\pjy hn`h-

Øn¬ \n∂pw IqSpX¬ a\pjy aqe[\ sØ

kr„n°p∂Xn\p a\pjy-aqe[\-Ønep≈

\nt£]w Bhiy-amsW∂mWv CXn-

\¿∞w.

Xmsg∏dbp∂ tNmZyßfneqsS F¥mWv

a\pjy aqe[\w F∂v Ipd®pIqSn \ap°v

a\ nem°m≥ Ignbpw.

1. a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ DdhnS߃

Fs¥√mamWv?

2. Hcp cmPysØ kmºØnI hnIk-

\hpw a\pjy aqe[\hpw XΩn¬

GsX¶nepw XcØnep≈ _‘w

\ne\n¬°p∂pt≠m?

3. a\pjys‚ k¿htXm≥apJhnIk-

\amb a\pjy hnIk\hpw a\pjy

aqe[\ cq]oIcWhpw ]ckv]cw

_‘s∏´ncn°p∂pthm?

4. a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØn¬ F¥v

]¶mWv \ΩpsS cmPysØ k¿°mdn\v

sNøm≥ IgnbpI.

5.3 a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚

DdhnS߃ (Sources of HumanCapital)

a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ DdhnSßfn¬

{][m\s∏´hbnsem∂mWv hnZym`ymk

taJebnep≈ \nt£]w. a‰v DdhnS߃

Ch -bmWv . -BtcmKy - taJe -b nep≈

$ hyXykvX \neIfnep≈ 3 IpSpw-

_ßsf Xncs™Sp°pI. 1. hfsc

]mhs∏´h¿ 2. a[yh¿§w 3.

kº∂¿. Hmtcm IpSpw_ßfnepw

B¨Ip´nIƒ°pw s]¨Ip´n -

Iƒ°pw hnZym`ymkØn\p sNe-

hgn°p∂ coXn a\ nem°pI

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃

105

\nt£]w, sXmgn¬

] c n i o e \ - Ø n \ p ≈

\nt£]w, IpSntb‰w,

hnhc-tiJcWw F∂nh.

F¥p-sIm≠mWv \nßfp

sSc£nXm°ƒ hnZym- ym-

k--Øn\pth≠n ]Ww

sNehnSp∂Xv? hcpw -

Imeßfn¬ em`w t\Sp∂-Xn\pth≠n

Iº\nIƒ F{]Imc-amtWm aqe[\

\nt£]w \SØp-∂Xv AXpt]mse

Øs∂bmWv Nne¿ hnZym`ymkØn\pw

]Ww sNehgn°p∂Xv.

hy‡nIfpsS `mhn -

bnse hcpam\w h¿≤n-

∏n°m≥ th-≠n-bmWv

Ah¿ hnZym -`ymk-

Øn¬ \nt£]w

\SØp-∂Xv. hnZym`ym

ksØ t]mseØs∂ Btcm-Kyhpw Hcp

cmPysØ kw_‘n®pw hy‡nIsf

kw_‘n®pw hnIk\Øns‚ {][m\

\nthiamWv (input).BcmWv cmPyØv \∂mbn tPmen sNøp-

∂Xv? BtcmKyw Ipd™ hy‡n-bmtWm

AtXm BtcmKyap≈ hy‡n-bmtWm?

NnIn’m kuIcy߃ e n-°msX AkpJw

_m[n® Hcp sXmgnem-fn°v Dev]mZ\£-

aXbn¬ Ipdhp kw`hn°p-∂Xpaqew

\n¿_‘ambpw tPmenbn¬ \n∂p

hn´p\n¬t°≠n hcp∂p. AhnsS DXv]mZ-

\£aXbn¬ Ipdhp kw`hn°p∂p. AXp-

sIm≠pXs∂ BtcmKytaJebnep≈

sNehv' a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcW Øns‚

Hcp {][m\ DdhnSamWv.

BtcmKy kwc£WØn\mbn ]Ww

sNehm°p∂Xv ]ehn[Ønem-Wv.

{]Xntcm[ Huj[߃ (Preventive medicine),-{]Xntcm[ IpØnsh∏pIƒ (vaccination),tcmKw t`Zam°p∂ Huj[߃ (curativemedicine) -tcmKw t`Zam°m\p≈ NnIn¬k

tkmjy¬ saUnkn≥, BtcmKy km£c-

XbpsS {]NcWw ip≤amb IpSnsh≈

hnXcWw, ipNoIcW \S]SnIƒ XpSßn-

bh. BtcmKy sNehpIƒ t\cn v BtcmKy-

ap≈ sXmgn¬ tk\bpsS e`yXsb

h¿≤n∏n°p∂p AXpsIm≠v CXv a\pjy

aqe[\cq]oIcWØns‚ Hcp {][m\

DdhnSamWv.

sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\w (Job training)Iº\nIƒ XßfpsS sXmgnemfnIƒ°v

sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\Øn\mbn ]Ww sNe-

hgn°p∂p≠v. CXv ]eXcØnemhmw.

(1) Hcp hnZKv[ sXmgnemfnbpsS ta¬t\m-

´Øn¬ Iº\n°p≈n¬ sh®psIm≠p-

Xs∂ sXmgnemfnIƒ°v ]cnioe\w

\¬Imw.

(2) ]pdØp≈ sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\ tI{μ-

Ønte°v sXmgnemfnIsf Ab®v

]cnioe\w \¬Imw.

Cu c≠v Ahÿbnepw Iº\nIƒ sNehv

1 0 6

hln°p∂p≠v. BbXn\m¬ Iº\nIƒ

sXmgnemfnItfmSv Hcp \n›nXkabw

tPmensbSp°m≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂p. Cu

kabØn\p≈n¬ ]cnioe\ØneqsS

e`n® Dev]mZ\£aXm h¿[\hneqsS

Iº\nIƒ t\´w hcpØp∂p. a\pjy

aqe[\ cq]oIcWØns‚ Hcp DdhnSw

Xs∂bmWv sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\Øn\p≈

sNehv. sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\Øn\v sNehgn-

°p∂ XpIsb°mƒ henbtXm-Xnep≈

t\´ßfmWv sXmgnemfnIƒ°v ]cnioe\w

\¬InbXp hgn DXv]mZ\£aX h¿≤n

°ptºmƒ Iº\nIƒ°v D≠mIp∂Xv .

IpSntb‰w (Migration)Db¿∂ iºfap≈ tPmenIƒ e`n°pw

F∂Xp sIm≠mWv P\߃ a‰v {]tZiß

fnte°v IpSntbdn ]m¿°p∂Xv. C¥ybn¬

{Kmaßfn¬ \n∂pw \Kcßfnte°p≈

IpSntb‰Øn\p ImcWw sXmgnen√mbva-

bmWv. D∂X hnZym`ymkw t\Snbh¿

Db¿∂ iºfw {]Xo£n®psIm≠v a‰p

cmPy-ßfnte°v IqSntbdp∂p. Cu c≠v

IpSntb‰ßfnepw bm{Xm sNehpIƒ, IpSn

tbdn ]m¿°ptºmƒ D≠mIp∂ Db¿∂ sN

ehpIƒ, A]cnNnXamb kmaqly kmwkv

ImcnI taJeIfn¬ Pohnt°≠nhcp∂

Xns‚ am\knI {]bmk߃ F∂nhsb

XcWw sNøp∂Xv IpSntb‰Øns‚ `mK

ambne`n°p∂ t\´ßfmWv. AXpsIm≠p

Xs∂ IpSntb‰hpambn _‘s∏´ sNehp

Isf√mw Xs∂ a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oI

cWØns‚ DdhnSßfn¬ H∂mWv.

hnh-c-ti-J-cWw (Information)a\pjy aqe[\w kr„n°p∂Xn\p≈

as‰mcp DdhnSw hnhctiJcWØn\p≈

sNehmWv. sXmgn¬ Itºmfw, hnZym`ymk-

BtcmKy Itºmf߃ F∂nhsb kw_-

‘n® hnhc߃ tiJcn°p∂Xn\pw

P\߃ h≥ XpI sNehgn°p∂p. DZmlc-

Wambn- hnhn[ taJebnse tPmen km[yX-

Ifpw Ahbv°v e`n°p∂ iºfsØ

°pdn®p Adnbp∂Xn\pw, icnbmb sXmgn¬

sshZKv[yw \¬Ip∂ hnZym`ymk ÿm]\-

ßfmtWm Ch F∂pw, BbXnte°v F¥v

sNehv hcpw F∂pap≈ At\zjWß-

fmWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞am°p∂Xv.

a\pjy aqe[\ taJebn¬ \nt£]w \S-

Øp∂Xn\pw AXpt]mseXs∂ e`y-amb

a\pjy aqe[\ hn`hßfpsS e{]Z-amb

D]tbmKØn\pw CØcw hnhc߃

AXymhiyamWv. sXmgn¬ Itºmfw, a‰v

Itºmf߃ F∂nhsb°pdn®v Adnbp∂-

Xn\v sNehm°p∂ XpIbpw a\pjy aqe[\

cq]oIcWØns‚ DdhnSamWv.

a\pjy aqe[\sa∂ kmam\y k¶¬]-

Øns‚ ASnÿm\w uXnI aqe-[\w F∂

BibamWv. c≠v hn[Ønep≈ Cu aqe-

[\߃°v kmayXIfpw hyXymk-

ßfpap≠v.

a\pjy aqe[\hpw kmºØnI

hf¿®bpw(Human capital andEconomic growth)BcmWv tZiob hcpam\Ønte°v Iq

SpX¬ kw`mh\ \¬Ip∂Xv? mŒdnbnse

sXmgnemfnbmtWm, AtXm tkm v‰v-shb¿

DtZymKÿ\mtWm? hnZym`ymkap≈ Hcp

sXmgnemfnbpsS sshZKv[yw AXn√mØ

Hcp sXmgnemfnsb°mƒ A[nIambncn°pw

F∂v \ap°dnbmat√m. am{Xhpa√

107

t_mIvkv 5.1 uXnI aqe[\hpw a\pjy aqe[\hpw.

t_m[]q¿Δap≈ \nt£] Xocpam\ßfpsS ]cnWX^eamWv uXnI aqe[\ cq]oIcWhpw a\pjyaqe[\ cq]oIcWhpw. `uXnI aqe[\Øn\p≈ Xocpam\whcp∂Xv kwc`Is‚ Adnhns\ASnÿm\s∏SpØnbmWv. Hmtcm \nt£]Øn¬ \n∂pw e`n°p∂ {]Xo£nX hcpam\Øns‚ASnÿm\ØnemWv kwcw`I≥ \nt£]߃ Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. DSaÿs‚ t_m[]q¿hambXocpam\Øns‚ {]Xn^eamWv uXnI aqe[\Øns‚ DSaÿX. uXnI aqe[\cq]oIcWsa∂Xv{][m\ambpw kmºØnI-kmt¶XnI {]{InbbmWv. "Hcp hy‡n°v kºmZyw IqSpX¬ t\Sm≥Ignbptam C√tbm F∂v Xocpam\n°m≥ IgnbmØ ImeØmWv AbmfpsS a\pjy aqe[\cq]oIcWw D≠mIp∂Xv. Ip´nIƒ°v sa®s∏´ hnZym`ymk BtcmKy kwhn[m\߃ AhcpsSc£nXm°fpw kaqlhpw Hcp°ns°mSp°p∂p. NßmXnIƒ A[ym]I¿ kaqlw F∂nhsc√mw Hcphy‡nbpsS a\pjy aqe[\ \nt£]Øn¬ D∂XhnZym`ymk L´Øn¬ hsc kzm[o\w sNepØp∂p.IqSmsX Cu L´Øn¬ \S°p∂ a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw kvIqƒ XeØn¬ Xs∂ CXn\Iwcq]s∏´n´p≈ a\pjy aqe[\ cq]o-IcWsØ B{ibn®ncn°p∂p. a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw`mKnIambn Hcp kmaqly {]{InbbmWv. IqSmsX aqe[\amth≠ hy‡nbpsS t_m[]q¿Δap≈Xocp-am\w IqSnbmWv.

Hcp `uXnI aqe[\Øns‚ DSa, DZmlcWw Hcp _kv DSa, B aqe[\w D]tbmKn°p∂nSØvthWsa∂n√. F∂m¬ _kv s{sUh¿ Bb a\pjy aqe[\w KXmKX kabØv B _ n t\msSm∏wD≠mbncn°Ww. uXnI aqe[\w kv]¿i\thZyamWv-. a‰v km[\ßsft∏msse CXv hn]Wnbn¬hn¬°mhp∂XmWv. a\pjy aqe[\w kv]¿i\ thZya√. AXv ]q¿Wambpw AXns‚ DSabpsSicochpw a\ pw IqSnt®¿∂XmWv. a\pjy aqe[\w Hcn°epw hn]Wnbn¬ hn¬°m≥ Ignbn√.F∂m¬ a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ tkh\amWv hn]Wnbn¬ hn¬°p∂Xv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ DXv]mZ\ÿeßfn¬ a\pjy aqe[\ DSabpsS km∂n[yw BhiyamWv. `uXnI aqe[\w AXns‚DSaÿ\n¬ \n∂pw thdn´mWv. F∂m¬ a\pjy aqe[\Øn¬ c≠pw Hcpan®mWv.

Cu c≠v XcØnep≈ aqe[\hpw AXns‚ Ne\Ønepw hyXymks∏´ncn°p∂p. hym]mc\nb{¥W߃ D≈ Nne uXnI aqe[\samgn sI as‰√m uXnIaqe[\hpw cmPy߃°nSbn¬Nen°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬ a\pjyaqe[\Øn\v CØcØn¬ ]q¿Wambpw cmPym¥c Ne\wkm[ya√ .ImcWw ChnsS tZiobXbpsSbpw kwkvImcØns‚bpw XS ßfp≠v. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂`uXnI aqe[\w \ap°v Cd°paXnbn¬ IqSnbpw D≠m°m≥ Ignbpw. F∂m¬ a\pjy aqe[\-cq]oIcWw \S°p∂Xv kºZv hyhÿbp tSbpw kaqlØnt‚bpw DNnXhpw t_m[]q¿Δap≈\bcq]oIcWØnt‚bpw, hy‡nIfpsSbpw Khs◊‚ns‚bpw sNehn‚ ASnÿm\Ønepam Wv.

Imew Ignbpt¥mdpw c≠pXcØnep≈ aqe[\߃°pw aqeytimjWw kw`hn°p∂p.F∂m¬CXns‚ coXnIƒ hyXykvXamWv. b{¥Øns‚ XpS¿®bmb D]tbmKw aqew AXn\p tXbvam\wkw`hn°p∂p. kmt¶XnIhnZy amdp∂tXmsS b{¥ßƒ ImelcWs∏´XmIp∂p. {]mbamIp∂tXmsSa\pjy aqe[\Øn¬ aqeytimjWw kw`hn°p∂p. hnZym`ymkØnepw BtcmKyØnepap≈XpS¿®bmb \nt£]ØneqsS Hcp ]cn[nhsc CØcw aqeytimjWw Ipd®psIm≠phcm≥ Ignbpw.Cu \nt£]w ]pXnb kmt¶XnI hnZybpambn CgpInt®cm≥ a\pjy aqe[\sØ klmbn °p∂p.CXv uXnI aqe[\Øn¬ km[ya√.

a\pjy aqe[\Øn¬ \n∂pw hcp∂ KpW߃ `uXnI aqe[\Øn¬ \n∂pw hcp∂ KpWßfn¬\n∂pw hyXykvXamWv. a\pjy aqe[\w aqew AXns‚ DSabv°v am{Xa√ kaqlØn\pIqSnt\´ap≠mIp∂p. CXns\ _mlnIt\´w F∂p ]dbp∂p. Hcp hnZymkº∂\mb hy‡n°v P\m[n]Xy{]{Inbbn¬ ^e{]Zambn CSs]Sm≥ Ignbpw. IqSmsX cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI kmaqlnI]ptcmKXn°pw kw`mh\ sNøm≥ Ignbpw. hy‡n]camb ipNnXzhpw, BtcmKy ]cn]me\hpw\ne\n¿Øns°m≠v Hcp hy‡n°v kmw{IanI tcmKßsf XSbm≥ Ignbpw. a\pjy aqe[\w kzImcy-kmaqly t\´ßƒ D≠m°p∂p. F∂m¬ uXnI aqe[\w kzImcy em`w am{XamWv D≠m°p∂Xv.AXmbXv BcmtWm km[\߃°pw tkh\߃°pw hne \¬Ip∂Xv, Ah¿°p am{XamWvaqe[\Øn¬ \n∂p≈ KpWw e`n°p∂Xv.

1 0 8

hnZym`ymkw D≈bmƒ D≠m°p∂ hcpam\w

AXn√mØ BfpsS hcpam\tØ°mƒ

A[nIhpambncn°pw. cmPyØns‚

bYm¿∞ tZiob hcpam\w h¿≤n°pI

F∂XmWv kmºØnI hf¿® sIm≠v

A¿Yam°p∂Xv. kzm`mhnIambn Hcp

cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI hf¿®bnte°p≈

hnZym`ymkap≈ hy‡nbpsS kw`mh\ Hcp

\nc£cs‚ kw`mh\sb°mƒ IqSpXem-

bncn°pw. Hcp BtcmKyap≈hy‡n°v

IqSpX¬ Imew sXmgn¬ sNøm≥ Ignbp-

sa¶n¬ BtcmKyhpw kmºØnI hnIk\-

Øns‚ LSIamWv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂

hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, sXmgn¬ ]cnio-

e\w, sXmgn¬ hn]Wnsb Ipdn®p≈ Adnhv,

IpSntb‰w F√mw Xs∂ Hcp hy‡n-bpsS

[\kºmZ\Øn\p≈ Ignhv h¿≤n

∏n°p∂p.

a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ CØcØnep≈

Db¿∂ DXv]mZ\£aX sXmgnemfnIfpsS

DXv]mZ\£aX h¿[n∏n°p∂p F∂pam{X-

a√ \ho\amb I≠p]nSp-Øßfpw kmt¶-

XnIhnZyIfpw kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v {]tNm-

Z\amIp∂p. kaqlØnse am‰ßfpw,

Nn{Xw 5.2 a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ \n¿ΩmWw .U¬lnbnse sXcpthmcØv D≈ Hcp kvIqƒ.

N¿® sNøpI

(a) icnbmb ]T\ ¢mkpIfpsS

KpW߃ Fs¥√mamWv?

(b) Cu hnZymebØnte°v hcp∂

hnZym¿YnIƒ°v KpW]camb

hnZym`ymkw e`n°p∂p F∂v

\n߃ IcpXp∂pthm?

(c) F¥psIm≠mWvCu kvIqfp -

Iƒ°v sI´nS߃ C√mØXv?

C√mØXv?

109

imkv{Xob apt∂‰ßfpw a\ nem -

°p∂Xn\v hnZym`ymkw klmbn°p∂p.

AXpaqew ]pXnb I≠p]nSnØßfpw,

AXns‚ {InbmflIamb {]tbmKßfpw

kpKaam°p∂p. hnZym-`ym-kap≈h¿°v

]pXnbkmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ kzoIcn -

°p∂Xn\v Ffp∏Øn¬ Ignbp∂p.

a\pjy aqe[\Ønse h¿≤\hv kmº-

ØnI hf¿®bv°v ImcWam-Ipsa∂Xn\v

{]Xy£amb sXfnhpIƒ \ncØpI

Ffp∏a√. CXv, IW°m°p-∂Xn¬ hcp∂

{]iv\ßfmImw. DZmlcWw F{X h¿jw

kvIqfn¬ t]mbn ]Tn°p∂p, A[ym]I

hnZym¿∞n A\p]mXw, F{X hnZym¿YnIƒ

kvIqfn¬ tNcp∂p F∂Xns\sb√mw

ASnÿm\am°nbmWv s]mXphn¬ hnZym`ym-

ksØ Af°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ CXv

Hcn°epw hnZym`ymk KpW\nehmcsØ

{]Xn^en∏n°Ww F∂n√. AXpt]mse-

Xs∂ BtcmKy tkh\߃ Af°p∂Xv

s]mXphn¬ ]Wsa∂ am\Iw D]tbmKn-

®mWv. F∂m¬ Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw, acW

\nc°v F∂nh Hcn°epw Hcp cmPysØ

P\ßfpsS bYm¿∞ BtcmKy \nehmc-

sØ {]Xn^en∏n°Ww F∂n√. apIfn¬

kqNn∏n® kqNI߃ D]tbmKn®psIm≠v

hnIknX. hnIkzc cmPyßfnse hnZym`ym-

kw, BtcmKyw, {]Xnio¿j hcpam\w

F∂o -ta-Jebnse t\´ßƒ hnebncpØp-

tºmƒ \ap°v ImWm≥ km[n°p∂Xv

a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ AfhpIfpsS

Hcpan°emWv. F∂m¬ Btfmlcn

bYm¿∞ hcpam\Øns‚ Hcpan°¬ ChnsS

ImWp∂n√ F∂XmWv. as‰mcpXcØn¬

]d™m¬, hnIkzccmPyßfn¬ hf¿∂p-

hcp∂ a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ hf¿®

AXnthKØn¬ D≈XmWv. F∂m¬

Btfmlcn hcpam\Øns‚ hf¿® \nc°v

ChnsS kqNn∏n®t]mse A{XthKØn¬

A√. a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚bpw kmº-

ØnI hf¿®bpsSbpw bmZr›nI _‘w

GXv ZniIfnte°pw amdmhp∂XmWv

F∂mWv CXv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. AXmbXv

Db¿∂ hcpam\w aqew Db¿∂ XeØnep≈

a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWtam t\sca-

dnt®m kw`hn°mw. AXmbXv Db¿∂-

tXmXnep≈ a\pjy aqe[\w hcpam\w

h¿≤n°p∂Xn\p ImcWamIp∂p.

]≠papX¬°pXs∂ kmºØnI hf¿®-

bn¬ a\pjy aqe[\ Ønep≈ {]m[m\yw

C¥y AwKoIcn®n´p≠v. Ggmw ]©h’c

]≤Xn ]dbp∂Xv. "GsXmcp cmPyØns‚

hnIk\ X{¥Ønepw {]tXyIn®v henb

P\kwJybp≈ cmPyØv am\hhn`h

hnIk\Øn\v henb ]¶mWv hln°m\p-

≈Xv. icnbmb am¿§ØneqsS hnZym`ym-

Nn{Xw 5.3 imkv{Xobhpw kmt¶XnIhpamb

a\pjyhn`htijn:

kº∂amb a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ LSI߃.

1 1 0

khpw ]cnioe\hpw \¬Inbm¬ cmPy-

Øns‚ AXnthKØnep≈ kmºØnI

hnIk\Øn\v P\kwJy°v apX¬°q´m-

hm≥ Ignbpw. CXv icnbmb Znibnte°p≈

kmaqlyam‰Øn\v hgnsXfnbn°p∂p.

a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ hf¿®bpw

(hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw) kmºØnI

hf¿®bpw XΩn¬ ImcyImcW _‘߃

ÿm]ns®Sp°m≥ {]bmkambncn°pw.

e`yamb IW°pIfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬

(]´nI 5.1) Cu taJeIsf√mw Htckabw

hfcp∂XmbmWv ImWm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. Hcp

taJebnep≠mIp∂ hf¿® a‰p taJe-

IfpsS hf¿®bv°v i‡n ]Icp∂Xmbn

ImWmw.

C¥y≥ kºZv-hyhÿsbIpdn®v Cu-

bSpØ ImeØv {]kn≤oIcn® c≠v

kzX{¥ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ {]k‡-amWv.

i‡amb a\pjy aqe[\

cq]oIcWw aqew C¥y AXn-

thKw hf¿∂psIm≠n-cn°I-

bmWv. P¿Ω≥ _m¶mb Uyqjv

_m¶v, BtKmf hf¿®m tI{μ-

߃, F∂Xpambn _‘-s∏´ 1.07.

2005 ¬{]kn≤o-Icn® dnt∏m¿´n¬

]dbp∂Xv 2020 BIptºm-tg°pw

temIØn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬

kmºØnI hf¿® ssIhcn-°p∂

\mev cmPyßfn¬ H∂mbn C¥y

amdpsa∂mWv. CXn\v ImcWambn

Ah¿ Nq≠n -°m -Wn°p∂Xv

C¥ybn¬ e`yamb a\pjy

aqe[\amWv. ImcWw cmPyØv

]pcpj≥

kv{Xo

]´nI 5.1 hnZym`ymkØns‚bpw BtcmKyØns‚bpw Nne hnIk\ kqNI߃

hnhc߃ 1951 1981 1991 2001 2014-15

bYm¿∞ Btfmlcn hcpam\w

(cq]bn¬) 7651 12174 15748 23095 72900

kzm`mhnI acW\nc°v(Bbncw P\kwJybv°v) 25.1 12.5 9.8 8.1 6.7

inipacW \nc°v 146 110 80 63 37

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw(h¿jw) 37.2 54.1 59.7 63.9 67

36.2 54.7 60.9 66.9 70

km£cXm \nc°v (%) 16.67 43.57 52.21 65.20 76

Nn{Xw 5.4 sXmgn¬ Iøn¬ Xs∂. C¥y hn⁄m\ kºØvAhÿbnte°v amdp∂p.

111

Db¿∂ tXmXnep≈ PnUn]n t\Sp∂Xn\v

\n¿WmbIamb {]m[m\yamWv a\pjy

aqe[\Øn\p≈Xv. 2005 \pw 2020 \panSbn¬

C¥ybnse icmicn kvIqƒ hnZym`ymk

Imebfhv Ct∏mgp≈Xnt\-°mƒ (Ggv

h¿jw) 40 iXam\tØmfw h¿≤n

°psa∂mWv {]Xo£n°p∂Xv.

""C¥ybpw hn⁄m\ kºZvvhyhÿbpw,

t{]cIi‡nIfpw Ahkcßfpw'' F∂

temI_m¶ns‚ ASpØ ImeØp≈

AhtemI\Øn¬ ]dbp∂Xv, C¥y

hn⁄m\ kºZvhyhÿbnte°v \n¿_-‘-

ambpw amdWsa∂mWv. Ab¿e≠v Ah-

cpsS hn⁄m\w D]tbmKn®Xp t]mse

C¥ybpw sNbvXm¬ \ΩpsS cmPyØns‚

{]Xnio¿j hcpam\w 2002se Bbncw

Atacn°≥ tUmfdn¬ \n∂pw 2020

BIptºmtg°pw aqhmbncw Atacn°≥

tUmfdn¬ FØnt®cpw F∂mWv. ssh-hn-

[y--- ap≈ sXmgnemfnIƒ, \√ cq]Ønep≈

P\m[n]Xyw, hyXykvXamb imkv{X

kmt¶XnI kuIcy߃ F∂nhsb√mw

C¥ybv°v hn⁄m\ kºZv hyhÿbn-

te°v amdm\p≈ A\pIqeamb LSI-

ßfmWv F∂pw Cu dnt∏m¿´v Nq≠n°m-

Wn°p∂p. Npcp°Øn¬ C¥y-bnse

a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw \ΩpsS kºZv

hyhÿsb IqSpX¬ Db¿∂ k©mc]Y-

ßfn¬ FØn°p-sa∂mWv Cu c≠p

dnt∏m¿´pIfpw kqNn∏n°p∂Xv

5.4 a\pjy aqe[\hpw

am\hnI hnIk\hpw (HumanCapital and Human Development)Cu c≠p ]Zßfpw H∂mbn tXm∂m-

sa¶nepw Ch XΩn¬ hy‡amb hyXymk-

ßfp≠v. sXmgnemfnIfpsS DXv]mZ\£aX

h¿≤n∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿§ßfmbmWv

hnZym`ymksØbpw BtcmKysØbpw

a\pjy aqe[\w ]cnKWn°p∂Xv. a\pjy

t£aØn\v Hgn®pIqSm≥ ]‰mØXmWv

hnZym`ymkhpw BtcmKyhpw F∂ Bib-

Øns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv a\pjy-

hnIk\w \ne\n¬°p∂Xv. P\߃°v

FgpXm\pw hmbn°phm\pap≈ Ignhv

D≠mhpIbpw, BtcmKytØmsS Zo¿L-

Imew Pohn°m≥ IgnbpIbpw sNøptºmƒ

am{XamWv Ah¿°v AhcpsS {]mapJy

t_m-Iv-kv 5.2 C-¥y hn-⁄m-\k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ F-∂ \n-e-bn¬

Ign™ ZiIØn¬ C¥y≥ tkm^v‰v-shb¿ hyhkmbw G‰hpw anI® {]IS\amWv

ImgvNh®Xv. hnhckmt¶XnI hnZyIfpsS (IT) km[yXIfp]tbmKn®v Fßs\

C¥ybv°v hn⁄m\ kºZvhyhÿbnte°v amdm≥ Ignbpsa∂ ho£W߃

kwcw`I¿, DZtymKÿ¿, cm{„ob°m¿ XpSßnbh¿ apt∂m´p shbv°p∂p. CØcw

am‰ßfpsS DZmlcWambn ChnsS sImSpØn´p≈Xv {KmaoW¿ Cusabn¬ D]tbmKn-

°p∂XmWv. AXpt]mseXs∂ mhnbpsS am¿§ambn C- KthW≥kns\bmWv IqSpX¬

Db¿Øn°m´p∂Xv. hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZybnse aqeyw \nehne-p≈ kmºØnI

hnIk\sØ B{ibn®mWncn°p∂Xv. hnhckmt¶XnIhnZybpsS aqeyw. hnhckm-

t¶XnI hnZybne[njvTnXamb tkh\߃ a\pjy hnIk\Ønte°v \bn°p∂p

F∂v \n߃ Nn¥n°p∂pt≠m? N¿® sNøpI.

1 1 2

Øn\v A\pkcn®p≈ a‰pImcy߃

Xncs™Sp°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv. DXv]mZ\-

£aX h¿[n∏n°pI F∂ e£yØn-

te°p≈ am¿§amWv hnZym`ymkhpw

BtcmKyhpw F∂mWv a\pjy aqe[\w

]cnKWn°p∂Xv. Cu ImgvN∏mSn¬ km[\-

ßfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw DXv]mZ\w

h¿≤n®n´ns√¶n¬ hnZym`ymk-Ønepw

BtcmKyØnepap≈ \nt£]w \njv^e-

amsW∂mWp hnh£. a\pjy hnIk\

ImgvN∏mSn¬ a\pjycpsS D∂-a\w Xs∂-

bmWv e£yw. BtcmKy hnZym`ymk taJe-

bnse \nt£]ØneqsS a\pjy t£aw

h¿≤n∏nt°≠XmWv. Cu taJe-bnse

\nt£]ØneqsS DXv]mZ\-£aX h¿≤n

°Wsa∂n√. AXpsIm≠v ASn-ÿm\

hnZym`ymkhpw BtcmKyhpw ]ca-{][m\w

Xs∂bmWv. Dev]mZ\£aX IqSp-∂pthm

Ipdbp∂pthm Fs∂m∂pw Cu ImgvN-∏mSn¬

]cnKWn°p∂n√. Cu ImgvN∏mSn¬ F√m

hy‡nIƒ°pw ASn-ÿm-\hnZym`ymkw,

ASnÿm\ Btcm-Kyw F∂nh e`n°p-

∂Xn\v AhImi-ap≠v. AXmbXv km£c-

\mhpI, BtcmKyIcamb PohnXw

\bn°pI F∂Xv F√m hy‡nIfp-sSbpw

AhImi-amWv. C¥ybnse a\pjy aqe[\

cq]oIcW-amWv ChnsS \Ωƒ hniIe\w

sNøp∂Xv.

5.5 C¥y-bnse a\pjy aqe[\

cq]oIcWØns‚ Ahÿ

(State of Human Capital Formation inIndia)

hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, sXmgn¬ ]cnio-

e\w, IpSntb‰w, hnhctiJcWw F∂nhbn-

ep≈ aqe[\ \nt£]Øns‚ ]cnWX-

^eamWv a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWw F∂v

\Ωƒ a\ nem°nbt√m. CXn¬Øs∂

hnZym`ymkhpw BtcmKyhpw a\pjy aqe[\

cq]oIcWØn¬ ]ca{][m\amWv. tI{μ-

Kh¨sa‚ v, kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚ v, {]mtZ-

inI Kh¨sa‚pIƒ (ap≥kn∏¬ tIm¿∏-

tdj≥, \Kck`Iƒ, {Kma]©mb-ØpIƒ)

F∂nhtN¿∂p≈ Hcp s^Ud¬ kwhn-

[m\w BWv C¥ybv°p≈Xv. Hmtcm Xe-

Øn-ep≈ Kh¨sa‚pIfpw sNtø≠

I¿ØhysØ Ipdn®v C¥y≥ `cWLS\

hy‡amb am¿§ \n¿t±i߃ \¬Ip∂p≠v.

AXp{]Imcw BtcmKy hnZym`ymktaJ-

eIƒ°pff sNehv Cu aq∂p XeØn-

ep≈ Kh¨sa‚pIfpw sNtø≠-XmWv.

BtcmKy taJesb Ipdn®p≈ hniIe\w

F´masØ A[ymbØn¬ {]Xn]mZn-

°p∂p≠v. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ChnsS

\Ωƒ hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v am{XamWv

{]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃

Hcp \n¿ΩmWsØmgnemfn,- ho´p-

th-e-°mcn. Ae°pIm-c≥ As√-

¶n¬ kvIqfnse ]yq¨ F∂nh¿

Btcm-Ky-{]iv\w aqew tPmen°v

lmP-cm-ImXncp∂m¬ Xmsg ]d-

bp--∂hsb Fßns\ _m[n°pw?

1) tPmen kpc£

2) Iqen/iºfw

km[yamb ImcW߃ Fs¥ms°

bmbncn°pw?

113

C¥ybn¬ hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw F∂nh

\SØp∂Xv BcmWvF∂v \n߃°-

dnbmtam? hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v hniI-

e\w sNøp∂Xn\v apºv hnZym`ymk Btcm-

Ky-taJebn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v CSs]Sp∂Xns‚

BhiyIXsb Ipdn®v \ap°v a\ nem-

t°≠Xp≠v. C¥ybpsS BtcmKy hnZym-

`ymk taJebn¬ kzImcy ÿm]\ßfpw

Khs◊‚ v ÿm]\ßfpw {]h¿Øn°p-

∂p≠v. BtcmKy hnZym`ymk taJebnse

tkh\ßfpsS ^eambn kzImcy, kmaq-

ly t\´ßƒ kr„n°p∂p. BtcmKy

hnZym`ymk taJebn¬ ]Ww

sNehgn°p∂Xv aqew Zo¿LIme

t\´ßfmWv kr„n°p ∂Xv. BbXn\m¬

AXn¬ \n∂pw, Dƒhentb≠Xn√.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Cu taJebn¬

k¿°m¿ CSs]S¬ AXymhiy-amWv.

DZmlcWambn - Hcp Ip´nsb kuIcy-

ßfn√mØ Hcp kvIqfntem BtcmKy

tI{μØntem {]thin∏n®p F∂ncn°s´.

B Ip´nsb as‰mcp anI® ÿm]\Øn¬

FØn°p∂Xn\p apºp Xs∂ BZy ÿm]-

\-Ønse AkuIcy߃ Ip´nbpsS `mhn-

sbØs∂ AhXmfØnem°ntb°mw.

IqSmsX CØcw tkh\ßfpsS KpW\ne-

hmcsØ°pdnt®m, AXns‚ sNehns\-

°pdnt®m km[mcW D]t`m‡m-°ƒ°v

]q¿Wamb t_m[yw D≠mIWsa∂n√.

Cusbmchÿbn¬ hnZym`ymk BtcmKy

tkh\߃ \¬Ip∂h¿ IpØI A[nImc-

ap]tbmKn®v D]t`m‡m-°sf NqjWØn\v

hnt[bam°p∂p. Kh¨sa‚ v CSs]´p-

sIm≠v ChcpsS tkh\ßfpw CuSm°p∂

hneIfpw \nb{¥Whnt[bam°n hnZym-

`ymk BtcmKy taJebpsS KpW\nehmcw

D d ∏ m t ° ≠ X m W v . A X p s I m ≠ p

Xs∂bmWv k¿°mdns‚ {]k‡n

h¿≤n°p∂Xpw.

C¥ybn¬ tI{μ kwÿm\ XeØnep≈

hnZym`ymk a{¥meb߃, hnZym`ymk-

hIp∏v, hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚ v ÿm]\ßfmb

F≥.kn.C.B.¿.Sn (hnZym`ymk KthjW

Øn\pw ]cnioe\Øn\-Øn\p-ap≈ kanXn

-NCERT), bp.Pn.kn. (bqWnthgvkn‰n

{Km‚ vkv IΩoj≥- UGC), F.sF.kn.Sn.C

(kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymk-Øn\p≈

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sb√mw hnZym`ymk taJebn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

AXpt]mseXs∂ tI{μ kwÿm\

XeØnep≈ BtcmKy a{¥me-b߃,

BtcmKyhIp∏v, hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚ v

ÿm]\ßfmb sFknFwB¿ (saUn-

°¬ KthjWØn\p≈ C¥y≥ Iu¨-

kn¬ - ICMR) F∂nhsb√mw BtcmKy

taJesb i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn¬ hy‡amb

]¶p hln°p∂p.

henb hn`mKw P\߃ Zmcn{ZytcJbv°v

Xmsg Pohn°p∂ C¥ysbt∏mep≈ Hcp

hnIkzc cmPyØv \nch[n t]¿°v ASn-

ÿm\ hnZym`ymkhpw BtcmKyhpw t\Sm≥

tijnbn√ F∂sXmcp hkvXpX-bmWv.

hensbmcp hn`mKw P\߃°v hnZKv≤

NnIn’ e`n°p∂-Xn\pw D∂X-hnZym`ymkw

t\Sp∂Xn\pw CXn\m¬ IgnbmsX

t]mIp∂p≠v. ASn-ÿm\ hnZym`ymkhpw

BtcmKy kwhn[m-\ßfpw Hcp hy‡nbpsS

AhImiam bXn\m¬ kaqlØn¬

]nt∂m°w \n¬-°p∂ ASn®a¿Øs∏´

P\hn`mK-߃°pw A¿lXs∏´ a‰p

hn`mK߃°pw Kh¨sa‚ v kuP\yamb

1 1 4

hnZym`ymk -BtcmKy kwhn[m\߃

Hcp°ns°mSp-t°≠XmWv. C¥ysb 100%

km£cam°p-I. icmicn hnZym`ymk e

{]m]vXn t\SpI, F∂o e£y߃ ssIhcn-

°p∂Xn\v tI{μ-kwÿm\ k¿°mdpIƒ

h≥XpI hnZym`ymk Bhiy߃°mbn

hn\ntbmKn®p hcp∂p.

5.6 C¥ybnse hnZym`ymk

taJe (Education Sector in India)

hnZym`ymk taJebn¬ k¿°m¿ sNe

hns‚ hf¿® (Growth in GovernmentExpenditure on Education.)

hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n F{Xam{Xw

XpIbmWv k¿°m¿ Hmtcm h¿jhpw

sNehgn°p∂Xv F∂v \n߃°dnbmtam?

Cu sNehv c≠pXcØn¬ ]dbmw.

1. k¿°mdns‚ BsI sNehns‚ F{X

iXam\w?

2. Pn Un ]n bpsS F{X iXam\w?

k¿°mdns‚ BsI sNehns‚ F{X

iXam\amWv hnZym`ymkØn\p sNehgn-

°p∂Xv F∂XpsIm≠v kqNn∏n°p∂Xv

hnZym`ymkØn\p Kh¨sa‚ v \¬Ip∂

{]m[m\ysØ Ipdn®mWv. Pn Un ]n bpsS

F{X iXam\w hnZym`ymkØn\v sNe-

hgn°p∂p F∂XpsIm≠¿∞am°p∂Xv

cmPysØ samØ hcpam\Øn¬

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Sn C, sFknFwB¿ F∂nhbpsS

e£yßfpw [¿Ωßfpw Xncn®dnbpI

F{Xam{Xw hnZym`ymk hnIk\-Øn\p-

th≠n sNehgn-°p∂p F∂XmWv. 1952 ¬

\n∂pw 2014 te°v FØptºmƒ

hnZym`ymkØn\p th≠n k¿°m¿

sNehn´Xv BsI sNehns‚ 7.92

iXam\Øn¬\n∂pw 15.7 iXam\ambn

h¿[n®Xmbn ImWmw. AXv PnUn]nbpsS

A\p]mXØnemsW¶n¬ 0.64 iXam\-

Øn¬ \n∂pw 4.13 iXam\ambn h¿[n-

®n´p≠v. hnZym`ymk sNehnep≠mb

h¿≤\hv Cu Hcp GIoIrX

cq]Ønembncp∂n√. Nne h¿jßfn¬

IqSnbpw a‰p Nne h¿jßfn¬ Ipd™pw

Bbn-cp∂p. k¿-°m¿ sNehpItfmsSm∏w

hy‡nIfp-sSbpw [¿Ωÿm]\ßfptSbpw

hnZym`ym-kØn\p-th≠nbp≈ sNehpIfpw

IqSnIq´p-tºmƒ Cu taJebn¬ BsI

sNehm-°p∂ XpI henbXmbncn°pw.

BsI hnZym`ymkØn\p Nnehm°p∂

XpIbn¬ {][m\ ]¶pw {]mYanI hnZym`ym-

kØn\mWv t]mIp∂Xv . D∂X-

hnZym`ymkØn\v sNehmIp∂Xv Xptemw

IpdhpamWv. (tImtfPpIƒ, t]mfnsSIv\nIv,

bq\nthgvkn‰nIƒ apXembh). icmicn

hnZym`ymks®ehv t\m°ptºmƒ G‰hpw

Ipdhv sNehgn°p∂Xv D∂XhnZym`ym-

kØn\v BsW¶nepw Cu taJebnep≈

k¿°mdns‚ Btfmlcn hnZym`ymk sNehv

{]mYanI hnZym`ymkØnse Btfmlcn

hnZym`ymk sNehnt\°mƒ IqSpXemWv

.k¿°mcns‚ ]Ww D∂X hnZym`ymk-

Øn¬ \n∂pw {]mYanI hnZym`ymkØn\v

\¬IWw F∂X√ CXpsIm≠v Dt±in°p-

∂Xv. kvIqƒhnZym`ymkw hn]pes∏SpØp

∂Xn\p th≠n \ap°v IqSpX¬ A[ym]-

Isc Bhiyhpap≠v . Ch¿°v Bhiyamb

115

cp∂p. 1998 ¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v

\nban® X] v aPpwZm¿ IΩn‰n

, 6 hbkv apX¬ 14 hb p-

hsc-bp≈ C¥ybnse F√m

Ip´nI-sfbpw ASpØ ]Øph¿-

j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ (1998 -99 - 2006- 07 ) kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw

\¬Ip-∂-Xn\v IW°m-°nbXv

1.37 e£w tImSn cq]-bmWv.

PnUn]nbpsS 6 iXam\-

sa¶nepw hnZym`ymk anIhn\v

s N e h g n ° W s a ∂ v

ip]m¿ibp≈t∏mƒØs∂ Kh-

¨sa‚ v Cu taJebn¬ Ct∏mƒ

sNehgn°p∂Xv tIhew 4 iXam\w

am{XamWv. PnUn]n-bpsS 6% hnZym`ymk

sNehnte°v hIbncp-ØWw F∂Xv

X XzØn¬ \mw AwKoIcn-®XmWv. hcpw

h¿jßfnse¶nepw Cu XpI h¿≤n∏n-

t°≠Xp≠v. hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw

2009 ¬ C¥ym Kh¨-sa‚ v \S∏m°n.

AXp{]Imcw 6 apX¬ 14 hb phscbp≈

Ip´nIƒ°v kuP\y hnZym`ymkw

Dd∏m°p∂p. AXv auenI AhImiambn

AwKoIcn°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

CubSpØImeØmbn C¥y Kh¨sa‚ v

AXns‚ F√m \nIpXnIfnepw c≠v

iXam\w hnZym`ymk skkv Npa-Ønbn-cp-

∂p. CXv {][m\ambpw {]mYanI

hnZym`ymkØn\mWv Nnehn-Sp∂Xv.

IqSmsX D∂X hnZym`ymkw sa®-s∏Sp-

Øp∂Xn\mbn C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v henb

XpI hIbncpØpIbpw hnZym¿∞n Iƒ°v

hnZym-`ymk hmbv]m k{ºZmbw sIm≠p-

hcnIbpw sNbvXp.

]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂Xv D∂X hnZym`ymk

ÿm]\ßfmWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ F√m

XeØnep≈ hnZym`ymk sNehpIfpw

h¿≤n-∏n-°Ww.

2014-- 15¬ Btfmlcn {]mYanI hnZym`ymk-

s®ehv Hmtcm kwÿm\Øpw hyXykvX-

amWv. G‰hpw Db¿∂Xv (34651 cq])

lnamN¬ {]tZinepw, Ipdhv (4088 cq])

_olmdn -epamWv . CXn\m¬ Hmtcm

kwÿm\-Øns‚-bpw hnZym`ymk

kuIcyßfpw t\´ßfpw hyXykvX-

ambncn°pw.

hnZym`ymkw sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn

hnhn[ hnZym`ymk IΩoj\pIƒ ip]m¿i-

sNbvX XpIIƒ ]cntim[n°ptºmƒ Xs∂

Khs◊‚ v Cu taJebn¬ Ct∏mƒ Nnehgn-

®Xv A]cym]vXamsW∂v a\ nem°m≥

Ignbpw. {]IS-amb hnZym`ymk hf¿®

t\Sp∂Xn\p-th≠n Pn Un ]n bpsS G‰hpw

Ipd™Xv 6 iXam\w F¶nepw

Kh¨sa‚ v sNehgn-®ncn°Ww F∂v 50

h¿j߃°p apºpXs∂ (1964 -¬)

hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXn-

Nn{Xw 5.5 hnZym`ymktaJebnse ]›mØe kuIcyØnep≈\nt£]w Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØXmWv

1 1 6

C-¥y-bn-se hn-Zym- ym-k t\- -߃

{]mb]q¿Ønbmbhcnse km£cXm

\nc°v, {]mYanI hnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm-

°nbhcpsS \nc°v, bphm°ƒ°nSbnse

km£cXm \nc°v F∂o kqNI߃

]cntim[n®mWv Hcp cmPysØ hnZym`ymk

t\´ßƒ hnebncpØp∂Xv. Ign™ c≠v

ZiIßfnse ÿnXnhnhc°W°pIƒ ]´n

I 5.2 ¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂p.

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃

kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hnhn[ L´ßfnep≈ sImgn™pt]m°ns\ Ipdn®v

Hcp hniZ ]T\w (Case Study) \SØpI

(i) {]mYanI hnZym`ymkØnep≈ sImgn™p t]m°v

(ii) 8˛mw ¢m nse sImgn™pt]m°v

(iii) 10˛mw ¢m nse sImgn™pt]m°v

ImcW߃ Is≠Øn ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøpI.

kvIqfnse sImgn™pt]m°v _methebnte°p≈ hgnbmWv. CXv Fßs\bmWv

a\pjy aqe[\Øn\v \jvSap≠mIp∂Xv F∂v N¿® sNøpI.

5.7 `m-hn-bn-te-°p-≈ {]-Xym-i

(Future prospects)F-√m-h¿-°pw hn-Zym- ym-kw- C-t∏m-gpw H-cp hn-

Zq-c kz-]v-\w(Education for all; Still a distantdream).{]mb]q¿Ønbmbhcntebpw bphm°-

fntebpw km£cX \nc°v h¿≤n®p-

sh¶nepw, C¥ybnse Ct∏mgp≈ \nc£-

ccpsS FÆw C¥y°v kzmX{¥yw

]´nI 5.2

C¥y-bnse hnZym- ymk t\ -߃

{Ia \w. hni-Zmw-i-߃ 1990 2000 2015

1. {]mb-]q¿Øn-bm-b-h-cnse km£-cXm \nc°v

-(15 hb- n-\p-ap-I-fnep≈h¿ iX-am-\-Øn¬)

1.1 -]pcp-j-∑m¿ 61.9 68.4 81

1.2 -kv{XoIƒ 37.9 45.4 63

2. -{]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬ \nc°v

(\n›nX {]mb-K-W-Øn¬ D≈-h¿)

2.1 -]pcp-j-∑m¿ 78 85 94

2.2 -kv{XoIƒ 61 69 99

3. -bph-km-£-cXm \nc°v ({]mbw 15\pw 24 CS-bn¬)

3.1 -]pcp-j-∑m¿ 76.6 79.7 92

3.2 -kv{XoIƒ 54.2 64.8 87

117

Ahÿ sa®s∏Spج, {]kh \nc-°nepw

kv{XoIfpsSbpw Ip´nIfpsSbpw BtcmKy-

]cn]me\Ønepw A\pIqeamb am‰ßƒ

D≠mI¬, F∂nhsb√mw kv{XoIfpsS

hnZym`ymkØneqsS am{Xta km[yam-Iq.

{]mb]q¿Øn-bmbhcnse 100% km£cX

t\Sp∂Xn¬ \ap°v C\nbpw _lpZqcw

apt∂m´p t]mtI≠Xp≠v.

D-∂-X hn-Zym- ym-kw t\-Sn-b-hcnse Ip-d-hv-

am-{Xw (Higher Education a few takers).C¥ybnse hnZym`ymk ]ncanUv IpØ-

s\bmWv. D∂XhnZym`ymkcwKØv FØn-

t®cp∂Xv Ipd®pt]¿ am{XamsW-∂mWv

AXv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv. IqSmsX hnZymkº-

∂¿ °nSbnse sXmgnen√mbva cq£amWv.

2011-12 h¿jsØ NSSO IW°v ]Imcw

{Kma-ßfn¬ _ncpZhpw AXn\p apIfnepw

hnZym`ymkap≈ bphm°ƒ°nSbnse

sXmgnen√mbva \nc°v 19% Bbn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ ]´Wßfn¬ CXv XmcXtay\

In´ptºmƒ D≠mbncp∂ P\kwJybv°v

XpeyamWv. ASpØ ]Øph¿jØn\p≈n¬

C¥ybnse 14 hb phscbp≈ apgph≥

Ip´nIƒ°pw kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘n-

Xhpamb hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncn°W

sa∂v 1950 ¬ Xs∂ cWLS\bnse am¿§

\n¿t±iIXØzßfn¬ (DirectivePrinciples) Dd∏p \¬Inbn´p≠v. A∂v

\Ωƒ AXv \¬Inbncps∂¶n¬ C∂v

\ΩpsS cmPyw 100% km£cX--ambncp∂p.

kv-{Xo-]p-cp-j-k-a-Xzw (Gender equality)C¥ybn¬ kv{Xo]pcpj km£cXm \nc-

°nep≈ A¥cw Ipd™p hcp∂ {]Xn-

`mkw kv{Xo]pcpj kaXzØnte-°p≈

NphSphbv∏mbn thWw a\ n-em°m≥. CXv

IqSpX¬ sa®s∏SpØp -∂Xn\mbn

kv{XoIƒ°v hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xv

A\nhmcyamWv. ImcWw kv{XoIfpsS

kmºØnI kzmX{¥yw, kmaqlnI

Nn{Xw 5.6 kv-Iq-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ sIm-gn-™p-t]m-°v _m-e-th-ebn-te-°v \-bn-°p-∂p.

C-Xv a-\p-jy aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ \-„-am-Wv.

1 1 8

Ipdhmbncp∂p, - 16%. G‰hpw IqSpX¬ tZmj-

Ic -ambn _m[n®Xv {Kmaßfnse

_ncpZ[mcnIfmb bphXnIsf-bmWv.

Chcn¬ 30 iXam\Øn\SpØv sXmgnen

√mØ-h-cmbncp∂p. {Kmaßfnsebpw

]´Wßfntebpw {]mYanI hnZym`ymkw

am{Xap≈ bphP\-߃°nSbnse

sXmgnen√mbva \nc°v GXm≠v 3 -6

iXam\am-bncp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂

D∂X hnZym`ymk taJ-e-bv°v \¬Ip∂

hnlnXw C\nbpw h¿≤n-∏nt°≠Xp≠v.

F¶n¬am{Xta D∂XhnZym -`ymk

ÿm]\ßfpsS KpW\nehmcw Db¿-

Øm≥ km[n°q. CXv hgn Ip´nIƒ°v

Nn{Xw 5.7 D∂XhnZym`ymkw Ipd®pt]¿°p am{Xw

5.8 D]kwlmcw (Conclusion)a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚bpw a\pjy hnI-k\-

Øns‚bpw kmºØnI kmaqly t\´ßƒ

hfsc {]k‡amWv. C¥ybn¬ tI{μ-

kwÿm\ k¿°mdpIƒ hnZym`ymk

BtcmKy kwhn[m\߃ sa®s∏SpØp-

∂Xn\v KWyamb XpIhIbncpØp∂p≠v.

kmºØnI hf¿®bpw kaX zhpw t\Sp∂Xn-

\pth≠n cmPysØ hyXykvX P\hn`mK-

߃°v Bhiyamb hnZym`ymk BtcmKy

tkh\߃ Kh¨sa‚ v Dd∏phcptØ-

≠XmWv. imkv{Xkmt¶XnI cwKßfn¬

kºp„amb a\pjy tijnbmWv C¥y-

bv°p-≈Xv. Cu tijnsb \ΩpsS cmPy-

Øns‚ hf¿®bv°pw KpWØn\pw DXIp∂

coXnbn¬ D]tbmKn°pI F∂XmWv Cu

ImeL´w \tΩmSv Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv.

CØcw hnZym`ymk ÿm]\-ßfn¬ \n∂pw

sa®s∏´sXmgn¬ sshZKv[y-tØmSp IqSnb

hnZym`ymkw t\Sm\mhpw. At∏mgpw \ap°v

apºn¬ Ahtijn°p∂ tNmZyw

F¥psIm≠mWv hnZym`ymkan-√mØ hsc

At]£n®v hnZymkº∂cn¬ Ct∏mgpw

IqSpX¬ sXmgnen√mbva \ne-\n¬°p∂Xv

F∂XmWv.

119

1. \ΩpsS cmPysØ a\pjy aqe[\Øns‚ c≠v {][m\ DdhnS߃ FgpXpI.

2. cmPysØ hnZym`ymk t\´Øns‚ kqNI߃ Fs¥√mw?

3. hnZym`ymk t\´ßfn¬ F¥psIm≠mWv C¥ybn¬ {]mtZinI hyXymkw

ImWp∂Xv?

4. a\pjy aqe[\hpw am\h hnIk\hpw XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃ FSpØv FgpXpI?

kw{Klw (Recap)

hnZym`ymk taJebnep≈ \nt£]w a\pjys\ a\pjy aqe[\am°n am‰p∂p.

a\pjy aqe[\w {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xv Db¿∂tXmXnep≈ DXv]mZ\£aX

bmWv. CXv t\Sp∂Xv a\∏q¿hamb \nt£] Xocpam\ßfn¬ \n∂mWv.

`mhnbn¬ hcpam\am¿K߃ h¿[n°psa∂ {]Xo£bnemWv Cu Xocpam\߃

D≠mIp∂Xv.

hnZym`ymkw, sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\w, BtcmKyw, IpSntb‰w, hnhctiJcWw

F∂nhbnep≈ \nt£]ßfmWv a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØns‚ DdhnS߃.

a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØns‚ ASnØd `uXnI aqe[\amWv. `uXnI

aqe[\ cq]oIcWhpw a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWhpw XΩn¬ Nne kmayXIfpw

sshPmXyßfpw D≠v.

a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØn\p≈ \nt£]w Imcy£aambXpw hf¿®

h¿[n∏n°p∂XpamWv.

a\pjy t£aØns‚ Ahn`mPyLSIamWv hnZym`ymkhpw BtcmKyhpw F∂

BibØns‚ ASnÿm\ØnemWv a\pjyhnIk\w. F¥psIms≠∂m¬

P\߃°v FgpXm\pw hmbn°m\pap≈ Ignhv D≠mhpIbpw Zo¿LImew

BtcmKytØmsS Ccn°m≥ IgnbpIbpw sNøptºmƒ am{XamWv Ah¿°v

AhcpsS {]mapJya\pkcn®p≈ a‰p Imcy߃ Xncs™Sp°m≥ Ignbp∂Xv.

BsI Kh¨sa‚ v sNehns‚ F{X iXam\w hnZym`ymkØn\p sNehgn°p∂p

F∂Xv k¿°mdns‚ hnZym`ymktØmSp≈ kao]\sØ kqNn∏n°p∂p.

A`ymkw(exercise)

1 2 0

5. a\pjy aqe[\hpambn XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ Fßs\bmWv am\h hnIk\w Hcp

hnimeamb Bibw Bhp∂Xv?

6. a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØn\v klmbn°p∂ LSI߃ GsX√mw?

7. C¥ybnse kvIqfpIfptS bpw Bip]{XnIfptS bpw {]h¿Ø\ßsf Fßs\bmWv

Kh¨sa‚ v kwhn[m\w kpKaam°p∂Xv?

8. Hcp cmPyØns‚ hnIk\Øn\v hnZym`ymkw Hcp {][m\ \nthiamWv F∂v

IcpXp∂p. Fßs\?

9. a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØns‚ DdhnSsa∂ \nebn¬ Xmsgs°mSpØh

N¿®sNøpI

1. ASnÿm\ BtcmKy kuIcy߃

2.IpSntb‰hpambn _‘s∏´ sNehv

10. a\pjy hn`hßsf ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn°p∂Xn∂v BtcmKy hnZym`ymk

taJebnse sNehpIsf Ipdn®v Adnhv t\SpI F∂Xv BhiyamWv. ÿm]n°pI.

11. Fßs\bmWv a\pjy aqe[\Ønep≈ \nt£]w kmºØnI hf¿®sb

klmbn°p∂Xv?

12. icmicn hnZym`ymkw Dbcp∂ tXmSpIqSn temIØp≈ AkaXzw Ipdbp∂ {]hWX

D≠mIp∂p. A`n{]mbw ]dbpI

13. Hcp cmPyØns‚ kmºØnI hnIk\Øn¬ hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ ]¶v

]cntim[n°pI?

14. Fßs\bmWv hnZym`ymkØnep≈ \nt£]w kmºØnI hf¿®sb

DtØPn∏n°p∂Xv?

15. hy‡n Iƒ°v sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂Xns‚ BhiyIX F¥mWv?

16. C¥ybn¬ kv{Xo hnZym`ymkw t{]m’mln∏nt°≠ Xns‚ BhiyIXsb Ipdn®v

N¿®sNøpI.

17. hnZym`ymk BtcmKy taJebn¬ hyXykvX XcØnep≈ Kh¨sa‚ v CSs]Sep-

IfpsS BhiyIXsb°pdn®v A\pIqeamb hmZw \ncØpI.

18. C¥ybnse a\pjy aqe[\ cq]oIcWØns‚ {][m\ {]iv\߃ \nßfpsS

ImgvN∏mSn¬ Fs¥√mamWv?

19.. hnZym`ymk-BtcmKy ÿm]\ßfnse ^okv LS\ \nb{¥nt°≠Xv \nßfpsS

ImgvN∏mSn¬ A XymhiyamtWm? BsW¶n¬ F¥psIm≠v?

121

\n¿t±in°s∏´ A[nI {]h¿Ø\߃ (Suggested additional activities)

klm-bI kma-{Kn-Iƒ

]pkvXI߃

BECKER, GARY S. (1964). Human Capital. 2nd Edition, Columbia UniverstiyPress, NewYork.FREEMAN, RICHARD (1976).The Overeducated American. AcademicPress.NewYork.Government ReportsEducation in India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government ofIndia for recent years.Annual Reports, Ministry of HumanResource Development, Government of India.sh_v ssk‰v

www.education.Inc.inwww.cbse.nic.inwww.ugc.ac.inwww.aicte.ernet.inwww.ncert.nic.inwww.finmin.nic.in

1. Fßs\bmWv am\h hnIk\ kqNnI IW°m°p∂Xv. temI am\hhnIk\

kqNnIbn¬ C¥ybpsS ÿm\w F{XmasØXmWv?

2. kao]`mhnbn¬ C¥y hn⁄m\m[njvTnX kºZv-hyhÿ bnte°v \oßpIbmtWm?

¢m v apdnbn¬ N¿® sNøpI.

3. ]´nI 5.2¬ \¬Inb IW-°p-Isf hymJym\n°pI.

4. hnZymkº∂≥ F∂ \nebn¬ hnZym`ymkcwKtØ°v Xm¶ƒ F¥p kw`mh\ \evIpw.

(DZmlcWw- HmtcmcpØcpw HmtcmcpØsc ]Tn∏n°pI)

5. hnZym`ymkw, BtcmKyw, sXmgn¬ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ \¬Ip∂

DdhnSßfpsS enÃv Xømdm°pI.

6. tI{μKh¨sa‚ns‚ a\pjyhn`h hnIk\hpw BtcmKyhpw F∂ hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿ v

hmbn®p kw{Kln°pI. kmºØnI k¿thbnse kmaqly taJebpambn _‘s∏´

A≤ymb߃ hmbn°pI.

1 2 2

]T\ t\ -߃

* Cu A≤ymbw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ {KmahnI-k-\-hpw, AXp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ hnj-b-ßfpw a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

* C¥y-bpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v {KmaoW taJe-bpsS, Dƒ{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w

F{Xam{Xw \n¿Æm-b-I-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

* {Kma-hn-I-k-\-Øn¬ hmbv]m- hn-]-W-\- hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ°p≈ kp{]-[m-\-amb ]¶n-s\-

°pdn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

* Poh-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ kpÿn-c-am-°p-∂-Xn\v \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sshhn-[y-ap-

≠mIWw F∂v {Kln-°p-∂p.

* kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-°p≈ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

{KmahnIk\w{KmahnIk\w{KmahnIk\w{KmahnIk\w{KmahnIk\w

6

123

6.1 BapJw

Zmcn{Zyw F∂Xv C¥y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂

hen-b sh√p-hn-fn-bm-sW∂v \mem-asØ

A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®p-t√m. Zmcn{Zyw A\p- -

hn-°p∂ _lp`qcn-]£w C¥y-°mcpw ASn-

ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃t]mepw e`ya√msX

{Kma-{]-tZ-ißfn-emWv hkn-°p-∂Xv F∂pw

\mw I≠p-.

Irjn-bmWv {KmaoWtaJ-e-bn¬ D]-Po-h-\-

Øns‚ apJyam¿§w. hymh-km-bnI \K-c-ß-

fpsS hf¿®-bpw, hnI-k-\hpw am{X-a√ C¥y-

bpsS bYm¿∞ hnI-k\w adn®v {KmaoW

taJ-ebpsS hnI-k-\-w IqSn-bmsW∂v

Km‘nPn A`n - {]m -b-s∏-´n -´p -≠v. CXv

cmPyØns‚ ka{K hnIk-\-Øns‚ tI{μ-

XeamWv.

{KmahnI-k\w F∂ BibØn\v C∂pw

Gsd {]k-‡n-bp-≈-Xv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v

\n߃°-dn-bmtam? ]pØ≥ hnh-c-km-t¶-

XnI kt¶-X-ßfpw , Iq‰≥ hyh-kmb

irwJ-e-I-fp-ambn B[p-\nI \K-c-߃

hf¿®-bn-te°p IpXn-°p-tºmƒ F¥n\v

{Kmao -W-ta -J -e°v C{Xbpw henb

{]m[m\yw \¬I-W-sa∂v \mw Hcp ]t£

Nn¥n-t®-°mw. F∂m¬, AXn\p Imc-

Wap≠v. `mc-X-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬

aq∂n¬ c≠n-tesd hcp∂ P\-߃

Im¿jnIhrØn-sb-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

F¶n-epw, Im¿jnItaJ-e-bpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-

a-X-bm-I-s´, C\nbpw Ahsc Xmßn \n¿Øp-

∂-Xn\v ]cym-]vX-hp-a√. cmPy-Øns‚ aq∂n¬

H∂p hcp∂ P\-ßfpw cq£-amb Zmcn-{Zy-

Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂p. X∑qew \ΩpsS cmPyw

]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ {KmaoW

C¥y i‡n {]m]n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cu A[ym-

b-Øn¬ \ap°p {Kma-hn-I-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v

Nn¥n-°mw.

6.2 F¥mWv {Km-a hnI-k\w?

{KmahnI-k\w F∂Xv Hcp ka-{K-]-Z-am-Wv.

{Kmakº-ZvLS\bpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn-

\mWv AXv Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂-Xv. sh√p-hn-

fn-Iƒ \nd-™-Xpw, ]pØ≥ {ia߃ Bh-

iy-ap≈Xpamb Nne taJ-e-I-sf-°p-dn-®mWv

ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah Xmsg sImSp-

°p-∂p.

$ km£-cX, hnti-jn®v kv{Xo km£-

cX, hnZym`ymkw, sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn.

$ ipNn-Xzw, s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKyw F∂nh

Dƒs°m≈p∂ am\hnI hn -h-ß-fpsS

hnI-k-\w.

$ sshZyp-Xn, Pe-tk-N-\w, hmbv]m-hnXc-

Ww, tZio-b-]m-X-I-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-

°p∂ t]mjI]mX (feeder roads)Ifp-tS-bpw, {Kmao-W-]m-X-I-fp-tSbpw

\n¿Ωm-Ww.

$ Im¿jnI Kth-j-W-Øn -t‚ -bpw,

AXns‚ hn]p-eo-I-c-W-Øn-t‚-bpw, hnh-

c-hn-X-c-W-Øn-t‚bpw e`y-X-bpw, kuI-

cy-ßfpw DƒsIm-≈p∂ ASn-ÿm\

kuI-cy-ß-fpsS hnI-k\w.

aÆn¬ Dgp-Xp-a-dn-°p-∂-hcmWv AXns‚ bYm¿∞ Ah-Im-in-Iƒ˛ a‰p-≈-h-cm-Is´

A∏w £n-°p∂ B{in-X¿ am{X-am-Ip-∂p. ˛ Xncp-h≈ph¿

1 2 4

$ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-w (land reforms)

$ Hmtcm {]tZ-i-tØbpw DXv]m-Z-\sØ

klm-bn-°p∂ hn -h-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\w.

$ Zmcn{Zy \n¿Ωm¿÷-\-Øn-\pw, P\-kw-

Jy-bnse Zp¿_-e-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS Pohn-

Xkm-l-N-cy-߃ KWy-amb coXn-bn¬

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw DX-Ip∂ DXv]m-Z-

\-]-c-hpw, \n¿Ωm-W-]-c-hp-amb sXmgn-

eh k-c-߃ krjvSn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ.

C¥y-bpsS Im¿jn-I- -Im¿jn-tI-Xc taJ-e-

I-fn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p∂hcpsS DXv]m-Z-\-£-

aX h¿[n∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-߃ Is≠-

Øp-I-bpw, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v Ah -e`yam-

°p-Ibpw sNø-W-sa-∂mWv CXp-sIm-≠¿∞-

am-°p-∂-Xv. `£y-kw-kv°-cWw XpSßn

Im¿jn-tI-Xc taJ-e-I-fn¬ sshhn-[y-am¿∂

Ah-k-c-߃ \mw Ah¿°v e`y-am-°-Ww.

`h-\-ß-fn-epw, sXmgn¬ta-J-e-I-fnepw

G‰hpw Npcp-ßnb sNe-hn¬ G‰hpw anI®

Btcm-Ky-ipNnXz kuI-cy-ßfpw, km¿Δ-

{XnI hnZym-`ym-khpw `mc-X-Ønse ASn-

ÿm\hn`m-K-߃°v \¬tI-≠Xv {ZpX-K-Xn-

bn-ep≈ {KmahnI-k-\-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-

£n-X-am-Wv.

Pn.-Un.-]n.-bn¬ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS ]¶m-

fnØw Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂-t∏m-gpw, Cu taJ-

ebn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ P\-ßsf AXv Imcy-

ambn kzm[o-\n-®n√ F∂v ap≥A[ym-b-Øn¬

\mw I≠p. kmº-ØnI ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-fpsS

Bhn¿`m-h-tØmsS 1990-I-fn¬ Im¿jnI

taJ-e-bnse {]Xn-h-¿j-hf¿®m\n-c°v 2.3

iX-am-\-Øn-te°v Xmgp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

CXv ap≥h¿j-ß-fn-te-Xn-t\-°mƒ Xptemw

Ipd-hm-bn-cp-∂p. 1991 apX-ep≈ s]mXp-ta-Jem

\nt£-]-Ønse hen-b -Ip-d-hmWv CXn\p

apJy-Im-c-W-ambn Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. AXp

IqSm-sX, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fnse A]-

cym-]vX-X, hyh-km-bnI taJ-e-bn-epw, a‰p

sXmgn¬ta-J-e-I-fnepw sshhn-[y-am¿∂

sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS A`m-hw, sXmgn-ep-I-fpsS

h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ Aÿnc kz`mhw apX-em-b-

hbpw {Kmao-W-hn-I-k-\-Øn\p {]Xn-_-‘-

ambn. Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-amb Cu {]Xn-`m-k-

Øns‚ A\-¥-c- ew C¥y-bpsS hnhn-[- m-

K-ß-fnse I¿j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ {]I-S-amb

Akz-ÿ-X-bmWv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬,

kpÿn-c-hn-I-k\w km[y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn,

{Kmao-W-`m-c-X-Øn\v khn-ti-j-am-bp≈

hmbv]m-hn-]-W-\-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ, Im¿jnI

sshhn-[yw, ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS ]¶v F∂n-

hsb \mw Kuc-h-ambn ho£n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

]cnioen°pI

Hmtcm amk-tØbpw h¿Ø-am-\-∏-{X-

߃ ]cn-tim-[n®v B {]tZ-isØ

{KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

{]iv\-ß-fpw, Ah-bv°p≈ ]cn-lm-c-

ßfpw Is≠-Øp-I. ASp-Øp≈ {Kma-

Øn¬ sN∂v {Kmao-Wsc kμ¿in-°p-

I. Ah-cpsS {]iv\-߃ ASp-Ø-dn-

bm≥ {ian-°p-I. Ah-cpsS {]bm-k-

߃ a\- n-em-°p-I. B {]iv\-߃

¢m n¬ N¿®-sN-øp-I.

Kh¨sa‚ v sh_vssk‰v t\m°n Cu

ASpØ ImeØv \S-∏m-°nb {Kmao-

W-]-≤-Xn-I-tf-bpw, Ah-bpsS e£y-

ß-tfbpw kw_-‘n® Hcp enÃv Xøm-

dm-°p-I. (http:/www.rural.nic.in)

125

6.36.36.36.36.3 {Kmaßfnse hmbv]m hnX-c-W-{Kmaßfnse hmbv]m hnX-c-W-{Kmaßfnse hmbv]m hnX-c-W-{Kmaßfnse hmbv]m hnX-c-W-{Kmaßfnse hmbv]m hnX-c-W-

hpw, hn]-W-\-hpwhpw, hn]-W-\-hpwhpw, hn]-W-\-hpwhpw, hn]-W-\-hpwhpw, hn]-W-\-hpw.....

hmbv]mhnX-cWw: {KmaoW kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-

bpsS hf¿® {][m-\-ambpw aqe-[-\-\n-t£-

]sØ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Imem-\p-kr-

X-am-bn, Im¿jn-I-˛kmaq-lnI _m¶nßv

]≤Xnbpw _lpXe \-bhpw ssIsIm-≠-

Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv {Kmao-Wm-h-iy-ßsf th≠-

hn-[-Øn¬ \nd-th-‰m≥\ap°v Ign-™-Xv.

1982˛¬ tZiob Im¿jnI {KmaoW hnI-k-

\-_m¶v (NABARD)s‚ kwÿm-]-\w,

{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn-ep≈ F√m [\-Im-cy-

{]h¿Ø\-ß-tfbpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥

klm-b-I-am-bn. lcn-X-hn-πhw hmbv]m-hy-h-

ÿn-Xn-bn¬ {][m-\-am-‰-߃°v hgn-sX-fn-®p.

CXmWv {Kmao-W-hmbv]m k{º-Zm-bsØ

DXv]m-Z-t\m-∑p-J-am-°p-∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv.

hmWnPy _m¶p-Iƒ, {]mtZ-inI {KmaoW-

hmbv]-, {Kmao¨ _m¶p-Iƒ, k-l-I-cW

kwL-߃, `qhnI-k-\-_m-¶p-Iƒ F∂n-

ßs\-bp≈ hnhn[ ÿm]-\-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-

∂-XmWv {KmaoW _m¶nßns‚ C∂sØ

LS-\. Xosc sNdnb \nc-°n¬ hmbv]

\¬Im≥ Npa-X-e-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv Cu

ÿm]-\-߃. HutZym-KnI hmbv]m kwhn-

[m\w {Kmao-W, kmaq-ln-I, hnI-k-\-hp-ambn

A{X-sbm∂pw kwtbm-Pn-X-a-√. Xs∂-bp-a√

Cu kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ [mcmfw ]mfn-®-I-fp≠v.

Cu hnS-hp-Iƒ \nI-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, Ipd-hp-Iƒ

]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv kzbw

klm-b-kw-L-߃ AYhm Self Help GroupSHG) cq]w sIm≠-Xv. hmbv]m kwhn-[m-\-

Øn¬ CuSv \¬tI-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-am-sW-

∂n-cn-t°, Zcn-{Zy-cmb {KmaoW IpSpw-

_-߃ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw hmbv]m-irw-J-e-

bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-Ip-∂p. kzbw klm-b-

kw-L-߃ Hmtcm AwK-Øn¬\n∂pw Npcp-

ßnb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v Ah-cnse

anX-hy-b-ioew sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw, kºm-

Zy-ioew t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

anX-amb ]en-i-\n-c-°n¬ sNdnb Xh-W-I-

fmbn Xncn-®-S-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Bh-iy-°m-

cmb AwK-߃°v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p. am¿®v

2003 Ah-km-\-tØmsS Xs∂ Ggv e£-Øn-

tesd kzbw klm-b-kw-L-߃ hmbv]m-_-

‘n-X-am-b-Xmbn IW-°m-°-p-∂p. kwLmw-K-

ß-fn¬ \n∂p kam-l-cn-°p∂ XpIsb

sNdnb ]en-i°v \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ CØ-c-

Øn-ep≈ hmbv]m-hn-X-c-WsØ "ssat{Im

s{I-Un‰v' {Kmao¨ _m¶p-Iƒ F∂v hnfn-°p-

∂p. kzbw klm-b-kw-L-߃ kv{Xo

im‡o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb e£y-߃°mbn sNe-h-

gn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw IS-sa-Sp-°p∂ XpI Bfp-

Iƒ D]-t`mK Bh-iy-߃°mbn sNe-hn-Sp-

∂p F∂-XmWv {][m-\-ambn Btcm-]n-°-s∏-

Sp∂X.v hmbv]-sb-Sp-°p-∂-h¿ DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-

amb e£y-߃°mbn XpI hn-\n-tbm-Kn--°m-

ØXv F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂ tNmZyw ChnsS

Db-cp-∂p.

{Kmao-W- _m-¶nßv: hna¿im-\m-flI

]T\w {Kmao-W-_m-¶n-ßns‚ hnI-k-\-Øn-ep-

≠mb h≥Ip-Xn∏pw, sXmgn-en-epw, hcp-am-\-Øn-

ep-ap-≠mb h¿≤-\hpw Im¿jnI Im¿jn-tI-

Xc taJ-e-I-fn¬ hen-b-kzm-[o\w sNep-Øn-

bn- p-≠v. hnti-jn-®v, lcn-X-hn-π-h-Øn-\p-ti-

jw, sXmgn¬I-s≠-Øm\pw, hmbv]m-ku-I-

1 2 6

cy-ßfpw, hn-hn-[-hmbv]-Ifpw \n¿Ωm-W

-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃°mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hm\pw AXv I¿j-I¿°v klm-b-I-am-bn.

CtXmsS £maw Ipd-™p. `£y-kp-c£

ssIh-cn-°m\pw, IqSpXembn [m\y-kw-`-c-

Ww- \-S-Øp-hm\pw, CXn-eqsS \ap°v Ign-

™n- p-≠v.-F-¶nepw, \ΩpsS _m¶nwßv kwhn-

[m\w ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ip‰-a‰-Xm-sW-∂v

]dbm≥ Ignbn√. hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ Hgn-

sI-bp≈ a‰v HutZym-KnI ÿm]-\-ß-sf√mw

\nt£-]-k-am-l-c-WsØ {Kma-Øns‚

kwkvIm-c-am°n am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]cm-

P-b-s∏- p. AXn-eq-sS-am-{Xsa, DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-

s∏´ hmbv]-sb-Sp-∏p-Im-cn-eqsS \¬Inb XpI

Xncn-®p-e-`n-°p-I-bp-≈q. Im¿jn-I-hmbv]m

k{º-Zm-b-Ønse A]m-I-X-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw

]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-SmsX -\n¬°p-∂p. hmkvX-h-

Øn¬, I¿j-I¿ FSpØ hmbv] Xncn-®-S-

°mØ-Xn\p≈ Imc-W-sa-¥mWv? Ah¿

a\:]q¿Δ-amWv hmbv] Xncn-®-S-°m-ØXv

F∂mWv A[n -Im -cn -Iƒ Db¿Øp∂

Btcm]Ww. F¥mWv Cu {]kvXm-h-\-

t_mIvkv 6.1 Zcn{Z h\n-X-Iƒ°p≈ _m¶v

h\n-X-I-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn\pw Zmcn-{Zy-\n¿Ωm¿P-\-Øn-\p-ambn tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw- n®

kmaq-lnI kwL-S-\-bmWv IpSpw-_-io. Zcn{Z h\n-X-Iƒ°m-bp≈ sNdnb tkhnwKvkv

_m¶v F∂ \ne-bn¬ 1995 ¬ \nt£]w e£yw-h-®p-sIm≠v Hcp s{IUn‰v skmssk‰n

Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw Hcp tImSn cq] kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv \nt£-]-Øn-

t‚bpw ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-bn¬, Gjy-bnse _m¶p-I-fn¬ G‰hpw henb

A\u-tZym-Kn-I-_m-¶nwßv irwJ-e-bmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS a‰p

kwcw-`-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v www.kudumbasree.com F∂ sh_vssk‰v

kμ¿in-°p-I.

ChbpsS hnPbØn\v \nZm\amb a‰v ImcW߃ Is≠Øm≥ \n߃°v Bhptam?

]cnioen°pI

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv hmbv] A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ kzbw klm-b-kw-L-߃ kμ¿in-

°p-I. Cu kwL-ß-fpsS tbmK-ß-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-I. Cu kwL-S-\-I-fpsS cq]-tc-

J-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ dnt∏m¿ v Xøm-dm-°p-I. kwL-Øns‚ Bcw- w, AwK-kw-Jy, \nt£-

]-Øp-I, hmbv]m C\-߃, hmbv]-bpsS D]-tbmKw F∂nh cq]-tc-J-bn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-Øp-I.

kzbwsXmgn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ hmbv] FSp-°p-∂-h¿ as‰-s¥-¶nepw Bh-iy-

߃°mbn Cu XpI D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂pt≠m F∂v Is≠-Øp-I. hmbv] FSpØ

Nne hy‡n-Isf I≠v kwkm-cn-°p-Ibpw, Ah-cn¬ sXmgn¬ kwcw`w XpS-ßm-Ø-

h-tcmSv {]tXy-I-ambn Imc-W-߃ At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. Cu {]iv\w

¢m n¬ N¿® sNøp-I.

127

IfpsS bmYm¿∞yw.?

kmº-Øn-I-]-cn-jvIm-c-߃°v tijhpw

{Kmao-W-_m-¶nßv taJ-e-bpsS hnI-k-\hpw,

]ptcm-K-Xnbpw ]nd-In¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu

ÿnXn sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥, _m¶p-Iƒ Xß-

fpsS kao-]\w amt‰-≠-Xp-≠v. tIh-ew,

hmbv] ZmXm-°-fm-ImsX, _m¶p-Iƒ hmbv]-

sb-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-ambn \√ _‘w ÿm]n-s®-

Sp-t°-≠-Xp≠v. I¿j-I¿°v kmº-Øn-I-k-

lmbw hnhn[Xc-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-

Øm\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

6.4 Im¿jnI hn]-W-\-ta-Je

\mw \ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ £y-[m-\y-

߃, ]g-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, F∂nh £y-

hn-]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂Xv Fß-s\-bm-

sW∂v \n߃°-dn-bptam? sshhn-[y-am¿∂

hn]-W\ irwJ-e-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Ch-sb√mw

]e-bn-S-ß-fn-ep≈ `£y hn]-Wn-I-fn¬

FØp-∂-Xv. cmPy-Øp-S-\o-f-ap≈ Im¿jn-tIm-

ev]-∂-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww. kwkvI-c-Ww,

]m°nßv, XcwXn-cn-°¬, hnX-cWw F∂nh

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp {]{In-b-bmWv Im¿jnI

hn]-W-\w.

kzmX{¥yw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≥]v, I¿j-I¿

Irjn-sN-bvXp-≠m-°nb Dev]-∂-߃ I®-h-

]cnioen°pI

\nß-fpsS ASp-Ø-{]-tZ-iØp \S-∂-tXm, ]{X-am-[y-a-߃, sSen-hn-j≥ F∂n-h-

bn-eqsS \n߃ Adn-™tXm Bb I¿jI Bfl-l-Xy-Isf Ipdn®v ]Tn-°m≥

{ian-°p-I. Ign™ h¿j-ß-fn¬ D≠mb `qcn-]£w I¿jI Bfl-l-Xy-Ifpw

]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ hy‡-am-Ip∂ Hcp hkvXp-X-bp-≠v. Ah-cn¬ `qcn-]-£hpw

Im¿jnImh-iy-߃°pw a‰p-ambn IS-sa-Sp-Ø-h-cm-Wv. hnf-\m-ihpw, A]-cym-]vX-

amb hcp-am-\hpw, anI® sXmgn¬ Ah-k-c-ß-fpsS A`m-hhpw aqew XpI Xncn-®-S-

°m≥ Ah¿°v km[y-am-bn-√. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ PohnX {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fmWv Bfl-

l-Xy-t]m-se-bp≈ ISpØ Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°m≥ Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. kam-\-

am-b-tI-kp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ¢m n¬ N¿®-sN-øp-I.

Im¿j-nI-k-l-I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ, `qhn-Ik\ _m¶p-Iƒ, {]mtZ-inI {Kmao-W-_m-

¶p-Iƒ, Pn√m-k-l-I-c-W-_m-¶p-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ {KmaoW taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-

s∏´p {]h¿Øn-°p∂ _m¶p-Iƒ kμ¿in-°p-I. Cu _m¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v hmbv]

FSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-߃, hmbv] FSpØ XpI, CuSn-\-Øn¬ ]W-b-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ, ]en-i, XpI AS-t°≠ Ah-km\ XnøXn F∂n-h-sb-°p-

dn®v enÃv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

hnf-\miw sImt≠m, a‰p-Im-c-W-߃sImt≠m kl-I-c-W-_m-¶p-I-fn¬ \n∂v

hmbv] sbSpØ I¿j-I¿°v ]Ww Xncn-®-S-°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬, Ah-cpsS

ISw Fgp-Xn-Ø-t≈-≠-XmWv. A√m-Ø-]-£w, Bfl-l-Xy-t]m-ep≈ A]-I-S-I-c-

amb am¿K-߃ sXc-s™-Sp-tØ-°mw. \n߃ CXnt\mSv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m?

1 2 8

S-°m¿°v hn¬°p-tºmƒ, I®-h-S-°m¿ Af-

hn-epw, Xq°-Øn-epw, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fnepw

\oXn-\n-jvT-a-√mØ kao-]-\-amWv ssIs°m-

≠-Xv. I¿j-I¿°v Itºmf hne-\n-e-hm-c-

sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-hn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬, Ipd-™-

hn-e°v D¬]-∂-߃ hn¬°m≥ Ah¿

\n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. Dev]-∂-߃ kw`-cn®v

sh®v Db¿∂-hn-e°v ]n∂oSv hn]-W\w \S-

Øm≥ sa®-s∏´ kw`-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-߃

Ah¿°v e`y-a√m-Xmbn-cp-∂p. C°m-e-Øp-

t]mepw, Irjn-sN-ø-p∂ hnf-hns‚ ]Øp

iX-am-\-Øntesdbpw anI-®- kw- -c-W-kw-hn-

[m-\-Øns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ ]mgm-bn-t]m-hp-I-

bm-sW∂ hkvXpX \n߃°dn-bmtam?

AXp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂, kzImcy I®-h-S-°m-

cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb{¥n°m≥

k¿°mcns‚ CS-s]S¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-

Øo¿∂p.

hn]-W-\-ta-Je sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥, \mw

Ahew-_n® \mepam¿§-ßsf°pdn-®mWv

ChnsS N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv. H∂m-a-Xm-bn,

IrXyhpw kpXm-cy-hp-amb hn]-W-t\m-]m-

[nIƒsIm≠v hn]-Wn-I-fpsS \nb-{¥Ww

km[y-am-°n. Cu \bw I¿j-I¿°pw, D]-

t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw Hcp-t]mse e-{]-Z-am-bn.

GXm≠v Ccp-]-Øn-tb-gm-bn-c-tØmfw hcp∂

hn]-Wn-Isf \nb-{¥nX Itºm-f-ß-fm-°p-

∂-Xn-eqsS am{Xta, Ahsb ]q¿Æ-h-f¿®-

bn¬ FØn-°m≥ Ign-bq. c≠m-a-Xm-bn,

tdmUv, sdbn¬sh, kw -c-Wime-Iƒ, \ne-

h-d-Iƒ, ioX-kw- -c-Wn-Iƒ, kwkvI-c-W-bq-

Wn-‰p-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\

kuI-cy-ß-fpsS e`yX Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

\mw ssIh-cn-t°≠ e£y-߃ IW-°n-se-

Sp-°p-tºmƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ ASn-ÿm\ kuI-

cy-߃ Xptemw A]-cym-]vX-am-b-Xn-\m¬,

Ahsb {ZpX-KXnbn¬ sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-

≠v. I¿j-I-cpsS D¬∏-∂-߃°v \ymb-hne

Dd -∏m -°p∂ kl-I-c -W-hn -] -W\w

Kh¨sa‚ v \b-Øns‚ mK-ambncp∂p F∂-

XmWv aq∂m-a-Xmbn Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. KpP-dm-

Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-

tbbpw, cmPy-Øns‚ a‰p Nne mK-ß-tfbpw

]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ £oc-k-l-I-

cW kwL-߃ t\Sn-b hnPbw kl-I-c-

W-kw-L-߃ \S-Øp∂ anI® {]h¿Ø-\-

߃°p≈ DZm-Ø-amb km£y-amWv. F∂n-

cp-∂m-epw, ASp-Ø-Im-eØv kl-I-c-W-kw-

L-߃°v Xncn-®Sn t\cn- n- p-≠v. I¿j-I-cpsS

bYm¿∞ AwK-kwJy e`y-am-°m-Ø-Xpw,

hn]-W-\-kw-kvI-cW kwL-߃°n-S-bn¬

\√-_‘w ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xpw, Ign-hp-

sI´ [\-Im-cy-am-t\-Pvsa‚p-Ifpw CXn\p

Imc-W-am-bn. \mem-a-Xmbn

(i)Im¿jn-tIm¬]-∂-߃°p≈ Xmßp-

hne Dd∏m°¬

(ii)^pUv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥y- hgn

Acn, tKmXºv F∂n-h-bpsS kw -c-Ww

(iii) s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{º-Zmbw (P D S)hgn-bp≈ `£y-[m-\y-߃, ]©-kmc

F∂n-h-bpsS hnX-c-Whpw Dd-∏m-°¬

F∂n-h-bmWv sNtø-≠-Xv. I¿j-I-cpsS

hcp-am\w Dd-∏m-°m-\pw, ]mh-s∏- -h¿°v

`£y-[m\yw anX-am-b-\n-c-°n¬ e`y-am-

°m\pw Cu \S-]-Sn-Iƒ e£yanSp-∂p.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ds≠-∂n-cn-

°nepw, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im¿, \m´n≥]pd-ß-fn¬

cmjv{So-b-ta¬t°m-bva-bp-≈-h¿, h≥In-S-hym-

129

]m-cn-Iƒ, kº-∂-I¿j-I¿ F∂n-h¿ Dƒs∏-

Sp∂ kzIm-cy-hn-]Wn samØw Im¿jn-I--

{Ib-hn-{I-bsØ Iog-S-°n-I-gn-™p. kzIm-

cy-ta-Je Im¿jn-tIm¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS knwl-

`m-Khpw ssIIm-cyw-sN-øp-tºmƒ, Cu taJ-

e-bn¬ i‡n-bp‡w DS≥ Xs∂ Kh¨sa‚ v

CS-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ hn-hn[

-C-S-s]-S¬aqew Im¿jn-I-hn-]Wn _lp-Zqcw

apt∂-dn-°-gn-™p. Kh¨sa‚ v ]cn-an-X-

s∏SpØnsIm-≠p≈ Irjn-bpsS hmWn-Py-h-

Xv°-c-Øn-eqsS I¿j-I¿°v Db¿∂ hcp-

am\w t\Sm≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v Nne \nco-

£-I¿ Nq≠n-Im- p-∂p-≠v. CtX-°p-dn®v \nß-

fpsS Imgv®-∏mSv F¥mWv?

_Z¬ hn]-W\ am¿§-ßfpsS DZbw:

I¿j-I¿ Xß-fpsS D¬∏-∂-߃ t\cn v D]-

t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v \¬Ip-∂-Xv Ah-cpsS hcp-

am-\Øn¬ h¿≤-\hv D≠m-°p-∂p. ]©m-

_v, lcn-bm-\, cmP-ÿm≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse

Apni Mandi, ]qss\-bnse Hadaspar Mandi ,B{‘{]-tZ-inse ]gw ]®-°dn am¿°-‰p-I-

fmb Rythu Bazars, Xan-gv\m- nse Irjn-am¿°-

‰p-I-fmb Uzhavar- Sandies F∂nh CØcw

hn]-Wn-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv. ]®-°-dn-

Iƒ, ]g-߃ apX-emb KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈

Im¿jn-tIm-ev∏-∂-߃ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v

\nch[n tZiob _lpcmjv{S mÃv^pUv

irw-J-e-Iƒ I¿j-I-cp-ambn Icm-dn¬- G¿s∏-

Sp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿ I¿j-I¿°v Bh-iy-amb

hnØn-\-߃ \¬IpI am{X-a-√, ap≥°q´n

\n›-bn® {]Im-c-ap≈ XpI°v Dev∏-∂-߃

kzoIcn°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu {Iao-I-c-W-

߃ I¿j-I-cpsS hne \jvSw Ipd-°m-\pw,

Im¿jnI Dev∏-∂-ß-fpsS hcp-am\ h¿≤-

\°pw klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-sa∂v \nco-£n-°p-

∂p. CØcw kwhn-[m-\-߃sIm≠v sNdp-

InS I¿j-I-cpsS hcp-am\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

km[n-°ptam? CsX-°p-dn®v \nß-fpsS

Imgv®∏mSv F¥mWv?

Nn{Xw 6.1 \nb-{¥nX hn]-Wn-Iƒ Irjn-°m¿°pw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°pw KpW-I-c-am-Wv.

1 3 0

6.5 Dev]m-Z\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse

sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-cWw

Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bnse sshhn-[y-h-Xv°-cWw

{][m-\-ambpw c≠p-Im-cy-߃°v Du∂¬

\¬Ip-∂p. Im¿jnI hnf-hns‚ ]pXnb amXr-

I-Isf B{i-bn-°-emWv H∂v. arK-kw-c-£-

Ww, tImgn -h-f¿Ø¬, a’y-_-‘\w

(fisheries) F∂n-ßs\ Im¿jnI A\p-_‘

taJeIfn-te°pw Im¿jn-tI-X-c-ta-J-e-bn-

te°pw Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬\n-∂p≈

sXmgn¬i‡n ssIam-dpI F∂-XmWv c≠m-

a -sØ -[¿Ωw. D]-Po -h-\-am¿§-Øn\v

Irjnsb am{Xw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xp aqew

\jvS-km-≤yX C√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Dev]m-

Z\ {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ sshhn-[y-h-XvI-cWw

Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. Cu sshhn-[y-h-XvI-

cWw {Kmao-W-P-\-߃°v Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-hpw-

kp-ÿn-c-hp-amb D]-Po-h\ km[y-X-I-fmWv

Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Im¿jnI sXmgn-ep-

Iƒ A[n-Ihpw \S°p-∂Xv Jmcn^v kok-

Wn-emWv. Pe-tkN\ kuIcyßfpsS

A]cym]vX dm_nkok-Wn¬, {Kmao-W-P-\-

߃°v Irjn em`-I-c-a-√m-ØXm°p∂p.

]cnioen°pI

ASp-Øp≈ ]gw ]®-°-dn-am¿°‰v kμ¿in®v Ahn-SpsØ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-

bpI. Npcp-ßn-bXv ]Øn\w ]g-ßfpw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw Irjn-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ CS-߃

Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-I. F{X-Zqcw ]n∂n- mWv Cu Dev∏-∂-߃ hn]-Wn-bn¬ FØn-

t®¿∂-sX-∂pw Ah hn]-Wn-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hml-\-kw-hn-[m-\-߃ Dev]-

∂-ß-fpsS hnesb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂pw a\- n-em-°p-I.

sNdp-In-S-]-´-W-ß-fn¬ I¿j-I¿°v Xß-fpsS Dev]-∂-߃ hn]-W\w \S-Øm-\p≈

\nb-{¥nX Itºmf kwhn-[m-\-ap-≠v. AhnsS I¿j-I¿°v Xß-fpsS km[-\-km-a-

{Kn-Iƒ kw`-cn-°m-\p≈ {Iao-I-c-W-ß-fp-ap-≠v. GsX-¶nepw Hcp \nb-{¥nX Itºmf

taJe kμ¿in®v AXns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw a\- n-em-°p-I.

\n›nX hne \ne-hm-c-tØ-bpw, hnhn[ C\w Dev]-∂-ß-tf-bpw-Ip-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃

tiJ-cn-°p-I.

]cnioen°pI

\nß-fpsS {Kma-Øn-tem, Ab¬{Km-a-Øntem I¿j-I¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ a‰p hn]-

W-\-k-{º-Zm-b-߃ a\- n-em-°p-I. Cu hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ \n∂v \nb-{¥n-X-I-tºm-f-

߃°p≈ hyXym-k-߃ Is≠-Øp-I. Cu hn]-Wn-Iƒ°v Kh¨sa‚ns‚ klm-

bhpw, kl-I-c-W-ßfpw Bh-iy-amtWm? Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ Fß-s\-bmWv AXp

\¬tI-≠Xv? N¿®-sN-øp-I.

131

AXn\m¬ Zmcn{ZysØ t\cn-Sm\pw hcp-am\w

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw em -I-c-amb a‰p-sXm-gn-ep-

Iƒ Is≠-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v

Im¿jnI A\p-_-‘-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IqSp-

X¬ {i≤ sNep-tØ≠nbn-cn -°p∂p.

{KmaoW taJ-e-bn¬ kpÿn-c-amb Poh-t\m-

]m-[n-Iƒ th≠p-thmfw Ds≠-∂n-cns°

h¿≤n-®p-h-cp∂ A≤zm-\-ti-jn-bpsS knwl-

`m-KsØbpw Im¿jn-tI-Xc taJ-e-I-fnse

sXmgn-ep-I-fn-te°v Xncn®p hnSp-∂-XmWv

DNnXw.

Im¿jn-tI-X-c-a-√mØ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ°v

hnhn[ hi-ß-fp -≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne

taJeIƒ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hf¿® Dd-∏m-

°p-∂-Xpw Ne-\m-fl-Ihpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\m-fl-

I-hp-am-Wv. AtX kabw a‰p-≈-h-bm-Is´

DXv]m-Z-\-£-aX Ipd™v Xosc A]-cym-]vX-

hp-am-Wv.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bpsS kPo-h-amb D]-ta-

J-e-I-fn¬ Im¿jntIm¬]∂ kwkvI-cW

hyh-km-b-߃ (Agro Processing Industries),`£y-kw-kvI-cW hyh-km-b-߃, XpI¬

hyh-kmbw, hnt\m-Z-k-©mcw apX-em-bh

Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. a¨∏m{X \n¿Ωm-Ww, ssIØ-

dn, Ic-Iu-iew XpS-ßnb ]c-º-cm-KX IpSpw-

_-hy-h-km-b-ß-fn¬ ss\]p-Wy-ap-≈-h-cp-

s≠-¶nepw Ah¿°v ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-

ßfpw, a‰p -k-lm-b-e -`y -Xbpw Xosc

IpdhmWv. {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnse _lp`qcn-

]£w kv{XoIfpw Im¿jnI hrØn-bn¬

hym]r-X-cm-Wv. ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-I-s´, Im¿jn-tI-

Xc taJ-e-I-fn-emWv sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv.

kao] Ime-ß-fn¬ kv{XoIfpw Im¿jn-tI-

X-c-amb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ tXSm≥ XpSßn-bn´p-

≠v. (t_mIvkv 6:2 ImWpI)

arK-kw-c-£Ww (Animal Husbandry)C¥y-bnse Im¿jnIkaqlw Irjnbpw

Imen-h-f¿Øepw CS-I-e¿∂ Im¿jnI hyh-

ÿ-sb-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. ]ip, Fcpa,

BSv, ]£n- F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Pohn h¿§

t_mIvkv 6.2: Xan-gv\m-Snse "X≥h' ]≤Xn

"X≥h' F∂Xv Xan-gv\mSv kwÿm-\Øv B[p-\nI Im¿jnI kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-

fn¬ kv{XoIƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip∂ Hcp ]≤-Xn-bm-Wv. CXv Im¿jn-tIm-ev]m-Z-\-

£-a-Xbpw hcp-am-\hpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Im¿jnI taJebnse kv{XoI-fpsS kPo-

h-amb ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p. Xncp-®n-d-∏-≈n-bn¬ A¥q-Wn-b-Ωm-fns‚ Farmwomen’s group ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n ® kv{XoIƒ hfsc hnP-b-I-c-ambn aÆnc ItºmÃv

D≠m-°p-I-bpw, hnev°p-I-bpw, Cu kwcw`w hgn \√-h-cp-am\w D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. a‰p Nne h\nXm Im¿jnI {Kq∏pIƒ, sNdp-hmbv] hyhÿbn¬ an\n

_m¶pIfmbn {]h¿ Øn°p∂XneqsS kz¥w {Kq∏pIfn¬ kºmZyap≠m°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. h¿≤n® kºmZyØneqsS Ah¿ sNdpInS, Km¿lnI {]h¿Ø\ßfmb

Iq¨Irjn, tkm∏v \n¿ΩmWw , ]mh \n¿ΩmWw F∂n hsb t{]m’mln∏n°pIbpw

sNøp∂p.

1 3 2

kº-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-eqsS IpSpw-_-Øn-

\m-h-iy-amb hcp-am-\w, £y-kp-c-£, KXm-

K-Xw, C‘-\w, t]mjWw F∂nh h¿[n-∏n-

°m≥ Ign -bpw. a‰p `t£ym-Xv]m-Z\

{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf XS- -s∏-Sp-ØmsX Xs∂

Cu Im¿jnI hyh-

ÿsbapt∂m´v sIm≠v-t]m-

Im≥ \ap°v Ign-bpw. arK-kw-

c-£-W-ta-Je `qc-ln-X-cpw,

]m¿iz-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏- -h-cp-amb

70 Zi-e£w sNdp-InSI¿j-

I¿°p sXmgn¬ {]Zm\w

sNøp-∂p. Hcp \√ hn`mKw

kv{XoIfpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬

sXmgn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v.

(Nm¿ v 6.1 ImWp-I)

C¥y-bnse ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-

fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ tXmXv

F{]-Im-c -am -sW∂v CXp

hy‡-am-°p-∂p. tImgn, Xmdmhv C\-

Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ hf¿Øp-]-£n-Iƒ 42 iX-

am\w BWv. Igp-X-Iƒ, H´-I-߃, IpXn-c-

Iƒ, a -°p-Xn-c-Iƒ, tImh¿I-gp-X-Iƒ F∂n-

h-bpsS FÆw Xosc Ipd-hm-Wv. 1997¬ 287

Zi-e£w Imen-I-sf-sIm≠v A\p-Kr-lo-X-am-

bn-cp∂p C¥y. Ah-bn¬ Fcp-a, t]mØv

F∂nh 90 Zi-e-£-amWv. Ign™ 3

Zim_v[-ß-fmbn C¥y-bpsS £oc-ta-Je

hfsc anI® coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p- h-cp-∂p.

1960˛2002 Ime-L- -Øn¬cm-PysØ £otcm-

ev]m-Z\w \men-c- n-bne[nIambn h¿≤n®p..

[hf hnπh (Operation flood)Øns‚ hnP-

b-I-c-amb \n¿Δ-l-W-Øns‚ e-am-Wn-Xv.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v £oc-I¿j-I-cn¬\n-

∂p≈ ]m¬ kw`-cn-®v, kwkvI-c-W-Øn-\p-

tijw hnhn[ kl-I-cW kwL-߃hgn

\K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ FØn-°p-∂p. £oc-

I¿j-I¿°v CXn-eqsS anI® hcp-am\w e`y-

am-Ip-∂p. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ £oc-k-l-I-c-W-

kw-L-߃hgn anI® {]h¿Ø\w Imgv®-

Nn{Xw 6.2. (]\w-N-°c/i¿°c \n¿ΩmWw

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- -sXm-gn-em-Wv.)

Nm¿ v 6.1. (C¥ybnse ]£narK kºØns‚

hnXcWw 1997.)

a‰p-≈h

]£n-h-f¿Ø¬

]ip, Fcpa

BSpw sNΩ-cn-bmSpw

]∂n

133

sh® KpP-dmØnse ""Aaq¬'' F∂ ÿm]-

\-Øns‚ hnPbamXrI CX-c-kw-ÿm\-

߃°v {]tNm-Z-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cd-®n, ap´,

Iºnfn apX-em-b-hbpw a‰v Dt]m¬]-∂-

ßepw Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bnse sshhn-[y-

h¬°-c-WsØ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

a’y-_-‘\w (Fisheries) a’y-_-‘-\-

Øn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v Pemib߃

AΩbpw ZmXm-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠v

Xs∂ kap-{Zw, ]pg-Iƒ,- X-Sm-I-߃, Ipf-

߃, Acp-hn-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Pe-

k-©-b-߃, a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-

X -Øns‚ Ahn -`mPy `mK -ß-fm -Wv .

Ah¿°Xv Poh-Zm-bIi‡n-bm-Ip-∂p. C¥y-

bn¬ Cu taJ-e-bn -te-°p≈ _P‰v

hnlnXØn¬ {Iam\pKX hf¿®bpw a’y-

_-‘-\-Ønepw Pe-Irjn (Aqua Culture)bnsebpw \qX\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS Ah-

X-c-Whpw a’y-_-‘-\-Øns‚ hnI-k-\-

Øn¬ hen-b-]¶v hln-®p. BsI at’ym-

ev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ 49 iX-am-\hpw Dƒ\m-S≥

Pem-i-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWvv. _m°n 51 iX-

am\w a’y-k-ºØv IS-en¬ \n∂mW,v

samØ B`y¥c DXv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ (GDP)1 .4 iX-am -\ -amWv a’y-k-º-Øns‚

kw`mh\. C¥y-bn¬ a’yw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-

°p∂ apJy kwÿm-\-߃ Xan-gv\mSv,

tIcfw, KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cmjv{S F∂n-h-bm-

Wv. a’y-_-‘-\-Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂

IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv.

sXmgn-en-√m-bva, Ipd™ Btfm-l-cn-h-cp-

am\w, CX-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ sXmgn¬ Is≠-

Øm≥ Ign-bm-bvI, \nc-£-c-X, IS-_m≤yX

F∂nh a’y sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-

cn-°p∂ {]iv\-ß-fn¬s∏-Sp∂p. kv{XoIƒ

t\cn´v a’y-_-‘-\-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn

G¿s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ib-‰p-aXn hn]-Wn-

bn¬ 60 iX-am-\hpw B`y-¥chn]-Wn-bn¬

40 iX-am-\hpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv kv{XoI-

fm-Wv. kv{Xo-Iƒ°v hn]-Wn-bn¬ aqe-[\w

Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬, kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-L-

߃h-gnbpw kl-I-c-W-kw-L-߃h-gnbpw

hmbv]m-ku-I-cy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-

Xp≠v.

]gw˛]®°dnIrjn (Horticulture)^e- q-bn-jvSn-bp≈ aÆpw, \√ Imem-h-ÿ-

bpw-sIm≠v kº-∂-amb C¥y tXm -hn-f-I-

fmb ]g-߃, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, Ing-ßp-h¿§-

߃, ]pjv]-߃, Huj-[-k-ky-߃, kpK-

‘-k-ky-߃, kpK-‘-hy-⁄-\-߃,

\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ apX-em-bh Irjn-sN-øp-∂-

Xn¬ Gsd ap∂n-emWv. sa®-s∏´ sXmgn-e-h-

k-c-߃ \¬Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Blm-chpw,

t]mj-Whpw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn\pw Cu

hnf-Iƒ {][m-\-]¶v hln-°p-∂p. 1991 apX¬

2003 hsc-bp≈ Ime-w AXns‚ khn-ti-j-

amb ]≤-Xn-I-fmepw, ]cn-{i-a-ß-fmepw Hcp

Nn{Xw 6.3. (BSpta°¬ ˛ {KmaoWtaJe

bnse {][m\ [\kºmZ\ am¿§w.)

1 3 4

kph¿Æ-bp-K-sa∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sm≥ tbmKy-am-

Wv. ]gw ]®°dn -ta-J-e-bnse \ΩpsS

\nt£-]-a-{Xbpw XnI®pw Dev]m-Z-\-]-chpw

^e-{]-Z-hp-ambn Xo¿∂n-´p-≠v. am{X-a-√,

kpÿn-c-amb sXmgn¬ km[y-XIƒ \¬Ip-

∂-Xnepw Cu -ta-Je ap∂n´p \n¬°p-∂p.

amºgw, hmg-∏gw, \mfn-tI-cw, Iip-h-≠n,

kpK-‘-hy-⁄-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS Dev]m-

Z-\-Øn¬ temI-cm-jv{S-߃°n-S-bn¬ t\Xr-

ÿm\w ssIøm-fp-I-bmWv C¥y. ]g-ß-fp-

sSbpw ]®-°-dn-I-fp-sSbpw Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-em-

Is´ C¥y c≠mw-ÿm-\Øv FØn-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. ]gw ]®°dn -I¿j-I¿°v kmº-ØnI

`{ZX Dd-∏m-°p-hm\pw Zmcn-{Zy-ta-J-e-bn-ep≈

I¿j-I-cpsS PohnXw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw CXv

hgn-sbm-cp-°n. ]pjv]-Ir-jn, \gvkdn \n¿Ωm-

Ww, k¶-c-hn-Øp-ev]m-Z-\w, Snjyp-Iƒ®¿,

]pjv]-˛-^e hnev]-\, `£y-kw-kvI-cWw

F∂o taJ-e-Iƒ {KmaoW taJ-e-bnse

kv{XoIƒ°v BZm-b-I-c-amb sXmgn¬

{]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

AwK-kw-Jy -bn¬ C¥y-

bnse ]£n-ar-K-k-ºØv

(Livestock) anIhv ]pe¿Øp-

∂p-sh-¶nepw CX-c-cm-Py-ß-fp-

ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ

Ah-bpsS D¬]m-Z-\-£-aX

Xptemw Ipd-hm-Wv. DXv]m-Z-

\-£-aX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn \mw kmt¶-XnI hnZy

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw \√-

bn\w arK-ßsf hf¿Øn-sb-

Sp-°p-Ibpw thWw. AtXm-

sSm∏w anI® arK-tcm-K-Nn-In-’-bpw, arK-kw-

c-£-Wam¿Khpw Dd-∏m-°Ww ]m¿iz-h¬°-

cn-°-s∏´ sNdp-InS I¿j-I¿°pw qcln-X-

cmb sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw sa®-s∏´ hmbv]m-

ku-Icyw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNøWw. -

]£n arK-k-º-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z-\-Øn-eqsS

kpÿn-c-amb D]-Po-h-\-am¿§-߃ krjvSn-

°m≥ km[n°pw. sa®-s∏´ CS-s]-S-en-eqsS

at’ym-ev]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ \ap°p

km[n-®n- p-≠v.

F∂n-cp-∂mepw {Iam-Xo-X-amb a’y-_-‘-

\-hpw, Peaen-\o-I-c-Whpw \nb-{¥n-t°-≠-

Xp-≠v. a’y-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ°m-bp-≈-t£-a-

{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Zo¿L-Im-e-t\- -߃ ssIh-

cn-°p∂ hn[-Ønepw D]-Po-h\w sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ hn[-Ønepw ]p\:{Iao-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. ]gw ]®°dnIrjn hnP-b-{]-Zhpw

kpÿn-c-hp-amb Hcp Poh-t\m-]m[n Bb-Xn-

\m¬ Cu taJ-e°v KWy-amb t{]m’m-

l\w \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. AtXm-sSm∏w ]gw

Nn{Xw 6.4. (tImgnhf¿Ø¬ ˛ C¥ybnse ]£narK

kºØns‚ {][m\ LSIw)

135

]®°dn IrjnbpsS \n¿Æm-bI hf¿®°v

sshZyp-Xn, ioXo-I-c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-߃, kw -

c-Wn-Iƒ, hn]-W\ irJ-e-Iƒ, sNdp-InS

kwkvI-cW bqWn-‰p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpƒ s∏-

sS-bp≈ ASn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ßfpw hnI-kn-

X-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnX-c-Whpw Dd-

∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

a‰p Poh-t\m-]m-[n -Iƒ (Alternate

Livelihood Options) C¥y≥ kº-

Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]e taJ-e-I-fnepw kaqe

]cn-h¿Ø\w sIm≠p-h-cm≥ hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-

I-hnZy (ICT) °pIgn-™n-´p-≠v. 21-˛mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw `£y-kp-c-

£bpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Im¿jnI taJ-

e°v \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v hln-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa-

∂Xv s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´ hkvXp-X-

bm-Wv. `£y Zu¿e-`ytam a‰v {]Xn-k-‘n-

Itfm Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ ]£w

tkm^v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v IrXy-amb

IW-°pIfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AXv

ap≥Iq´n {]h-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\pw £maw t]mse-

bp≈ AXym-lnX kw`-h-߃ KWy-ambn

Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy

Gsd klm-b-I-amWv. ]pXn-b-km-t¶-XnI

hnZy-sb-Ip-dn®pw AXns‚ {]tbm-K-sØ-°p-

dn®pw hne-\n-e-hmcw, hnf-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-

Py-amb Imem-hÿ, aÆns‚ e- q-bn-jvTX

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Aaq-ey-amb Adn-hp-

Iƒ ]I-cp-hm≥ hnh-c-km-t¶-Xn-I-hnZy

klm-bn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ Im¿jnI taJ-e-

bnepw ICT bpsS kzm[o\w hep-Xm-Wv, Hcp

kaqlw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ k¿§m -flI

tijnbpw Adnhpw ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ Im¿jn-I-ta-J-esb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂-Xn¬ ICT Gsd \n¿Æm-b-I-am-Wv.

{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ sXmgn¬ {]Zm\w sNøp-

∂-Xn\pw Irjn {]m]vX-am-Wv. C¥y-bpsS

{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn¬ XpS-cp∂ hnh-c-km-t¶-

XnI hnZy-bpsS ]co-£-W-ßfpw {]tbm-K-

ßfpw cmPy-Øns‚ a‰v `mK-ß-fn-te°pw

hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. (t_mIvkv 6.3 ImWp-I)

6.6 ssPhIr-jnbpw kpÿnc hnI-k-

\hpw

Ign™ Ipd®p h¿j-ß-fn¬ cmk-h-fhpw

IoS-\m-in-\nbpw \ΩpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn¬ hcp-

Øp∂ Zqjy- -e-ßsfIpdn®v P\-߃°n-S-

bn¬ henb t_m[-h-Xv°-cWw \S-∂p-h-cp-

∂p-≠v. Im¿jnI hrØn-bn¬ I¿j-I¿ D]-

tbm-Kn-°p∂ cmk-h-f-ßfpw hnj-en-]vX-amb

IoS-\m-in-\n-Ifpw \n¿_m[w \ΩpsS Blm-

c-ir-J-e-bnepw FØn-t®-cp-∂p. aÆn-t\bpw

Pe-t{km-X- p-I-sfbpw Ah hnj-en-]vX-am-

°p-∂p ssPh-k-º-Øns\ aen-\-am-°p-∂p.

Nn{Xw 6.5. (tX\o® hf¿Ø¬ ˛ {KmaoW

kv{XoIfpsS hyhkmb kwcw` {]h¿Ø\w)

1 3 6

{]Ir-Xn-sbbpw ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw XIn-Sw-a-

dn-bv°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°n-W-

ßp∂ kmt¶-XnIhnZy Is≠-tØ-≠-Xv

kpÿn-c-hn-I-k-\-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-

am-Wv. AØ-c-Øn¬ ]cn--ÿnXn °nW-ßp∂

Hcp Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv ssPh-Ir-jn. Npcp-°-

Øn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn k¥p-e-\sØ hos≠-Sp-

°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp ka{K Irjn-co-Xn-bmWv

ssPh-I-jn. `£y-kp-c£ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-

\mbn temsI-ºmSpw ssPh-ambn Dev]m-Zn-

∏n°-s∏-Sp∂ £y]Zm-¿∞-߃°v hf-sc-

tbsd Bh-iy°m-cp≠v. (t_mIvkv 6.4ImWp-I.)

ssPh-Ir-jn -bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

(Benefits of Organic Farming): Xt±-io-b-ambn

Dev]m-Zn-∏n-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ Nne-hp-Ip-d™

ssPh-hn-`-h-ßfpw Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw, \mw

Ct∏mƒ {]tbm-Kn-°p∂ Nne-th-dnb cmk-h-

f-߃, IoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ, AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-

jn-bp≈ (H.Y.V) hnØp-Iƒ, F∂n-h-tbm-

°mƒ sa®-s∏- -Xm-Wv. ImcWw Ah \nt£-

]-Øn-s\mØ BZmbw \¬Ip-∂p. ssPthm-

t_mIvkv 6.3: Hmtcm {Kmahpw Adn-hns‚ tI{μw

aps_-bnse {io. cØ≥Sm‰ {SÃns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Xan-gv\m-´nse sNs∂-bn¬

Fw.-Fkv kzman-\m-Y≥ dnk¿®v ut≠-j≥ (Rural Prosperity Jamshedji Tata NationalVirtual Academy ÿm]n-®p. Xmsg X´n¬ ASn-ÿm\ Adn-hp-Iƒ ]I¿∂p \¬Im≥

{]m]vX-cmb Hcp Zi-e£w sXmgn-em-fn-Isf AwK-ß-fmbn Cu A°m-Zan \n›-bn-®n-

´p-≠v. Cu t{]m{Km-an-eqsS Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ C‚¿s\‰v kuI-cy-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb t]gvk-

W¬ Iºyq-´¿, hoUntbm tIm¨^-d≥knMv kuI-cyw, kvIm\¿, t^mt´m-tIm-∏n-

b¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ tkh\w {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Hcp {]tZ-iØv hyXy-kvX-amb tkh-

\-߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øn\v \ymb-amb hcp-am-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p. mcXk¿°m¿

100 tImSn cq] apX¬ apS-°nbmWv, Cu b⁄-Øns‚ mK-am-bXv .

t_mIvkv 6.4: ssPh `£Ww

ssPh-`£W-Øn\v temI-sa-ºmSpw {]Nm-c-ta-dp-I-bm-Wv. ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw £y

hyh-ÿ-bpsS GXm≠v ]Øp-i-X-am\-tØmfw ssPh-Irjn taJ-e-bn-emWv Dev]m-Zn-

∏n-°p--∂-Xv. ssPhm-lmc ]Zm¿∞-ß-fpsS hnev]\ \S-Øp-hm≥ lcn-X-]-Zhn (GreenStatus) D≈ sNdp-InS irwJ-e-Ifpw kq∏¿am¿°-‰p-Ifpw D≠v. km{º-Zm-bnI hn]-

Wn-I-fn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Dev]-∏-∂-ß-tf-°mƒ ssPthm-ev]-∂-߃°v 10 apX¬

100% hsc hne-Iq-Sp-X-ep-≠v.

137

ev]-∂-߃°v Bh-iy-°m¿ IqSp-X-em-b-Xn-

\m¬ Ah anI® hcp-am-\hpw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.

cmk-Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ Dev]-∂-ß-

tf-°mƒ ssPh-Ir-jn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Dev]-∂-

߃ t]mjI kº-∂-am-sW∂v hnhn-[-cm-Py-

ß-fn¬ \S∂ ]T-\-߃ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

km{º-Zm-bnI coXn-tb-°mƒ ssPh-Ir-jn-

bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Imbn-Im-[zm\w Bh-iy-am-b-

Xn -\m¬, C¥y-bn¬ BI¿j-I-amb

tXmXn¬ sXmgn¬ {]Zm\w sNøm≥ ssPh-

Ir-jn°v Ign-bpw. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI-ambn

kpÿn-c-amb coXn-bn¬ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw IoS-

\m-in\n hnap-‡-am-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw BWv Cu

Irjn-co-Xn-bpsS t\´w. (t_mIvkv 6.5 ImWp-

I.)

ssPh-Ir-jn°v {]Nmcw e`n-bv°-W-sa-¶n¬

I¿j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ t_m[-h-Xv°-cWw \S-

tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. am{X-a√ ]pXnb

kmt¶-XnIhnZy kzoI-cn-bv°m≥ Ah¿ k∂-

≤-cm-tI-≠-Xp-ap≠v. ssPh-Irjn hnI-kn-∏n-

°m≥ \mw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp Im¿jnI

\bw Ah-ew-_n-°-Ww. AtXm-sSm∏w ASn-

ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ß-fnse A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw

am¿°-‰n-ßn-ep≈ {]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-l-cn-t°-

≠-XmW.v {]mcw- -h¿j-ß-fn¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-

bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnf-hns‚ e`yX B[p-\nI

Irjn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnf-hn-t\-°mƒ Xptemw

Ipd-hm-bn-cp -∂p. sNdp-InSI¿j-I¿°v

h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Dev]m-Z\w ssIh-cn-°p-∂Xv

Gsd {ia-I-c-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. thK-Øn¬ tISm-

Ip-∂-Xn\v km[y-X-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Cu Dev]-

∂-߃ Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v kw`-cn-°m≥

{]bm-k-am-Wv. ssPh-Ir-jn-bn¬ Imew-amdn

Irjn-sN-øm-hp∂ hnf-Iƒ Xo¿Øpw ]cn-an-

X-am-Wv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Irjn-bpsS kpÿnc

hnI-k-\-Øn\v ssPh-Irjn Hcp apX¬ Iq´p-

t_mIvkv 6.5: alm-cm-jv{S-bnse ssPh-]-cp-Øn-Ir-jn.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ cmkIoS-\m-in-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Irjn-sN-øp∂ ]cp-Øn-s®-Sn, ssPh-

am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-sa∂v {]apJ NGO Bb "{]IrXnbpsS' Inkm≥ taØ

1995 ¬ D∂-bn-®-t∏mƒ, C¥ysb hkv{Xan√mØhcpsS \mSv B°Wtam F∂v \mKv]q-

cnse Central Institute for Cotton Research s‚ Ub-d-IvSdpsS adp-tNmZyw Gsd N¿®mhn-

j-b-am-bn. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement s‚ \ne-hm-c-Øn\v

A\p-kr-X-am-bn- C∂v 130 Hmfw I¿j-I¿ 1200 slIvS¿ qan-bn¬ ssPh-Ir-jn-bn-eqsS

]cpØn Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. P¿a-\n-bnse AwKo-IrX GP≥kn-bmb AGRECO Cu

]cpØn Dev]-∂-߃ ]cn-tim-[n°p-Ibpw D∂X KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap-≈-sX∂v km£y-s∏-

Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v. C¥y≥ I¿j-I-cn¬ 78%hpw \ma-am{X I¿j-I-cmWv Ch¿

Iøm-fp∂ icm-icn Irjn-`qan shdpw 0.8 slIvS¿ am{X-hpw. CXv samØw Irjn-`q-an-

bpsS 20% tØmfw hcpw F∂mWv Inkm≥ taØ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v

AØcw I¿j-I¿°v kº-Øn-s‚bpw aÆv kwc-£-W-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ ssPh-

Irjn Zo¿L-Ime ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ em -I-c-am-Wv.

DdhnSw Lyla Bavadam, Green Alternative, Frontline 29th July 2005

1 3 8

X-s∂-bm-Wv. C¥y-bv°m-Is´ B`y-¥-chpw

hntZ-io-b-hp-amb hn]-Wn-I-fn¬ ssPh-Irjn

Dev]-∂-߃ hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn¬ anI-®-t\´w

ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n- p-≠v. ssPh-Ir-jn-

bn-eqsS `£yhpw `t£y-X-c-hp-amb Dev]-

∂-߃ Ipd™ Nnehn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°m-

\m-Ip-sa∂v \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? Iq´p-Im-

sc, Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v \nß-fpsS A`n-

{]m-b-sa-¥m-Wv.

6.7 D]-kw-lmcw

{it≤-b-amb Fs¥-¶nepw am‰-߃ kw -hn-

°p-∂-Xp-h-scbpw {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bpsS

]nt∂m-°m-hÿ \ne-\n¬°p-sa-∂Xv Hcp

hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. £otcm-Xv]m-Z-\w, £otcm¬-

]-∂-߃, tImgn- -Xm-dmhp hf¿-ج a’y-

Irjn, ]gw ]®-°-dn-Irjn F∂n-h-bn-eqsS

{KmaoW Dev]m-Z-\-tI-{μ-ßsf sshhn-[y-h-

XvI-cn-®p-sIm≠pw B`y-¥-chpw sshtZ-in-I-

hp-amb Itºm-f-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-

s°m≠pw {Kmao-W-ta-J-esb Ne-\mfl-I-am-

°n-bmte DXv]-∂-߃°mbn \mw apS-°nb

\nt£-]-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-amb em`w \ap°v

t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\m-Iq. AXn-ep-]cn hmbv], hn]-

W\w F∂o ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃ sa®-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw, I¿j-I¿°n-W-ßp∂ Im¿-

jnI \b-߃ ssIsIm-≈p-Ibpw kwÿm-

\sØ Im¿jnI Un∏m¿´p-sa‚p-Ifpw I¿-

jI kwL-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ \nc-¥ckº¿-

°-߃ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw, Im¿jnI

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS \nc-¥-amb hne-bn-cp-

ج \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn -eqsS

am{Xta Cu taJ-e-bnse A[zm-\-ti-jnbpw

hn`-h-ti-jnbpw e£y-{]m]vXnbnse-Øp-

I-bp-≈q.

C∂v \ap°v ]cn-ÿn-Xn-sbbpw {KmaoW

hnI-k-\-sØbpw c≠v hyXykvX taJ-e-I-

fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-bv°m≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-\mbn

\mw hn`n∂ kml-N-cy-ß-fnse ]cn-ÿn-

Xn°nW-ßp-∂Xpw kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\v

DX-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kmt¶-XnI hnZy hnI-kn-∏n-

s®-Sp-t°-≠-Xp≠v. Hmtcm {Kma Iq´m-bva°pw

ssIh-cn-bv°m-\p≈ e£y-߃°v A\p-tbm-

Py-amb am¿§-߃ CXn-\mbn Ah-ew-_n-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-bpsS hnhn-[-kw-ÿm-\-ß-

fn¬ kam-\-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ anI® I¿j-

]cnioen°pI

C¥y-bn¬ ssPh-co-Xn-bn¬ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ A©v {]ikvX Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS enÃv

Xøm- dm-°p-I.

ASp-Øp≈ kq∏¿ am¿°-t‰m, ]®-°-dn-°-S-tbm, Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v tÃmdp-Itfm

kμ¿in-°p-I. hne, KpWw, ]ckyw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssPthm-ev]-

∂-ß-fp-tSbpw A√mØ hbp-tSbpw enÃv Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Hcp ]gw˛]®°dn-Ir-jn-ÿew kμ¿in®v, AhnsS IrjnsNøp∂ Dev]-∂-ß-fpsS

hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. Ah¿ \S-∏n-em-°nb sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ t\ -

ß-tfbpw tIm -ß-tfbpw ]‰n N¿® sNøp-I.

139

I¿ ssIh-cn® hnP-b-Km-Y-Iƒ CX-c-kw-ÿm-

\-߃°v amXr-I-bm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. DZm-Ø-

amb Cu kwcw- -Øn\v B°w Iq´p-∂-Xn\v

kw{Klw

{KmahnI-k\w F∂Xv Hcp ka{K]Z-amWv kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-

fn¬ ]nt∂m°w \n¬°p∂ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]≤-

Xn-IfpsS Bkq-{X-W-amWv CXpsIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

_m¶nw-Kv, hn]W\w, kw -c-Wn-Iƒ, KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-߃, sa®-s∏´ Bibhn\n-

a-b-Øn-\p≈ kuI-cy-߃ FÆ-Ønepw KpW-Ønepw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-sIm≠v

Cu taJ-e-I-fpsS bYm¿∞-amb hn -h-ti-jnsb e-{]m-]vXn-bn-se-Øn-°m≥

Ign-bpw.

]£n-ar-K-kw-c-£-Ww, a’y-Irjn F∂n-ßs\ Im¿jn-tI-X-c-ta-J-e-I-fnse

sshhn-[yh-XvI-cWw, Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ D≠m-Im-\n-S-bp≈ \jvS-km-[y-X-

Iƒ adn-I-S-°p-hm\pw {Kmao-W-P-\-߃°v Dev]m-Z-\-]-chpw kpÿn-c-hp-amb D]-

Po-h-\-am¿§-߃ Hcp°p-hm\pw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-ambn ÿnc-X-bp≈ DXv]m-Z-\-{]-{Inb F∂ \ne-bn¬ ssPhIr-

jn°v Db¿∂ {]m[m\y-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A`ymkw

{]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ ]T\w F∂ coXn \ap°v kzoI-cn-°mw.

1 . {KmahnI-k\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-sX¥v? {Kma-hn-I-k-\-

Ønse \n¿WmbI {]iv\-߃ Is≠-ØpI?

2. {KmahnI-k-\-Øn¬ hmbv]-bpsS {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v N¿®-sN-øpI?

3. ]mh-s∏- -h-cpsS Bh-iy-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ssat{Im s{IUn-‰ns‚

]¶v hni-Z-am-°p-I.?

4. {KmaoW hn]-Wn-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v Kh¨sa‚ v ssIsIm≠ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ hnh-cn-°pI?

5. kpÿn-c-amb D]-Po-h-\-Øn\v Im¿jnItaJ-e-bnse sshhn-[y-h-XvI-c-

1 4 0

WØns‚ Bh-iy-IX hy‡-am-°pI?

6. C¥y-bnse {KmahnI-k-\-Øn¬, {Kmao-W-_m-¶nßv kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ ]¶ns\

hna¿i-\m-XvI-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

7. Im¿jnI hn]-W\w F∂m-se¥v?

8. Im¿jnIhn]-W\kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v XS w \n¬°p∂LS-I-ß-tf-sX∂v kqNn-

∏n-°pI.

9. Im¿jnI hn]-W-\-Øns‚ a‰v am¿K-߃ Fs¥√mw? DZm-l-c-W-߃ \¬IpI.

10. lcnX hnπ-hhpw (Green Revolution) kph¿Æ hnπ-hhpw (Golden Revolution) XΩn-

ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Fgp-Xp-I.

11. Im¿jnI hn]-W\ kuI-cy-ßsf sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ k¿°m¿ kzoI-cn® \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v \n߃ Icp-Xp-∂pt≠m? N¿®-sN-øp-I.

12. {KmaoW sshhn[y h¬°-c-WsØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂Xn¬ Im¿jn-tI-Xc

sXmgn-ens‚ ]¶v hy‡-am-°p-I.

13. sshhn-[y-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-߃ F∂ \ne-bn¬ arK-kw-c-£-Ww,a’y-

_-‘-\w, ]gw˛ ]®°dn-Irjn F∂n-h-bpsS {]m[m\yw Fgp-Xp-I.

14. `£y kpc-£bpw kpÿnc hnI-k-\hpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnh-c-km-t¶-XnI

hnZy (ICT) kp{]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. A`n-{]m-b-sagpXp-I.

15. ssPh-Irjn F∂m-se¥v? AsX-ßn-s\-bmWv kpÿnc hnI-k-\sØ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p-∂Xv?

16. ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS t\ -ßfpw tIm -ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.

17. ssPh-Ir-jn-bpsS {]mcw-`-Im-eØv t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ {]iv\-ß-fpsS enÃv Xøm-

dm°p-I.

klm-b-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ

ACHARYA, S.S. 2004. Agricultural Marketing, State of the Indian Farmer, aMillennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

ALAGH, Y.K. 2004. State of the Indian Farmer, a Millennium Study — an Overview.Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

CHAWLA, N.K., M.P.G. KURUP and V. P. SHARMA. 2004. Animal Husbandry, State ofthe Indian Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

141

DEHADRAI, P.V. and Y.S. YADAV. 2004. Fisheries Development, State of the IndianFarmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

JALAN, BIMAL. (Ed.). 1992. The Indian Economy: Problems and Perspectives. PenguinPublication, New Delhi.

NARAYANAN, S. 2005. Organic Farming in India. NABARD Occasional Paper No: 38,Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai.

SINGH, H.P., P.P. DUTTA and M. SUDHA. 2004. Horticulture Development, State of theIndian Farmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

SINGH, SURJIT and VIDYA SAGAR. 2004. Agricultural Credit in India: State of the IndianFarmer, a Millennium Study. Academic Foundation, New Delhi.

SINHA, V.K. 1998. Challenges in Rural Development. Discovery Publishing House,New Delhi.

TODARO, MICHAEL P. 1987. Economic Development in the Third World. OrientLongman Ltd, Hyderabad.

TOPPO, E. 2004. Organic Vegetable Gardening: Grow Your Own Vegetables. Unit forLabour Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

k¿°m¿ ]T-\-߃

Successful Governance Initiatives and Best Practices: Experiences from Indian States,Government of India in Coordination with Human Resource Development Centreand UNDP, Planning Commission, Delhi, 2002.

Annual Reports, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, New Delhi.

sh_v ssk‰p-Iƒ

www.dahd.nic.in

1 4 2

]T\ t\´ßƒ

$ kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\߃, sXmgnemfn, sXmgn¬i‡n, sXmgnen√mbvaXpSßnb sXmgnepambn _‘s∏´ ASnÿm\ Bibßsf Ipdn®vAdnbp∂p.

$ hyXyÿ taJeIfnse, hnhn[ßfmb kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬kv{XobptSbpw ]pcpjt‚bpw ]¶mfnØØns‚ kz`mhw Adnbp∂p.

$ sXmgnen√mbvabpsS {]IrXhpw hym]vXnbpw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

$ hnhn[ taJeIfnepw {]tZißfnepw sXmgnehkc߃kr„n°p∂Xn\mbp≈ k¿°m¿ {ia߃ hnebncpØp∂p.

sXmgn¬ :

hf¿®bpw, A\u]NmcnI

hXvIcWhpw

a‰v {]iv\ßfpw.

7

143

7.1 BapJw

P\߃ sshhn[yam¿∂ sXmgnep

Ifnte¿s∏´ncn°p∂p. Nne¿

IrjnbnS߃, mŒdnIƒ, _m¶p

Iƒ, hym]mc ÿm]\߃, a‰v

sXmgnenS߃ F∂nbn¬

sXmgnseSp°ptºmƒ a‰p Nne¿

hoSpI fn¬ Ccp∂psIm≠v

sXmgnepIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p.

CXn¬ s\bvØv, \q¬\qev]v,

IcIuie hkvXp \n¿ΩmWw

XpSßnb ]cºcmKX sXmgnepIƒ

am{Xa√, hnhc hn\nab

kmt¶XnI hyhkmb Ønse

t{]m{KmanwKv t]mep≈ \qX\ sXmgnepIfpw

Dƒs∏Sp∂p. apºv mŒdn tPmen F∂m¬

]´Wßfnse mŒdnIfn¬ tPmen sNøpI

F∂mbncp∂p A¿∞am°nbncp∂Xv.

F∂m¬ C∂v, {Kmaßfnse hoSpIfn¬

\n∂p t]mepw ^mŒdn D¬∏∂߃

\n¿Ωns®Sp°m≥ kmt¶XnIhnZy \sΩ

{]m]vXcm°n bcn°p∂p.

F¥psIm≠v P\߃ sXmgnen¬

G¿s∏Sp∂p? hy‡nIƒ F∂ \nebnepw

kaqlØnse AwKßsf∂ \nebnepw

\ΩpsS PohnXØn¬ sXmgn¬ \n¿WmbI

]¶v hln°p∂p. D]Poh\Øn\v th≠n

bmWv P\߃ sXmgnen¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xv.

Nne¿°v ]Ww ]mcºcyambn D≠v

As√¶n¬ e`n°p∂p. Ah¿ CXn\v th≠n

sXmgneSp°p∂n√. ]Ww Btcbpw ]q¿W

kwXr]vXcm°p∂n√. sXmgnen¬

G¿s∏SpI F∂Xv, Bflm`nam\w

\¬Ip∂Xn\pw \sΩ a‰p≈hcpambn

A¿∞]q¿Wambn CSs]Sp∂Xn\v

Ignhp≈h\m°p∂Xn\pw klmbn°p∂p.

Hmtcm sXmgnemfnbpw tZiob

hcpam\Ønte°v Xt‚Xmb ]¶v

tN¿°pIbmWv sNøp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v

Xs∂ Hcp D]Poh\am¿§w t\SnsbSp°pI

F∂Xns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞w, hnhn[

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂

XneqsS kmºØnI hnIk\Øn¬ ]¶mfn

bmIpI F∂XmWv. \mw \ap°v -th≠n

Nn{Xw 7.1 ]©m_nse Pe‘dnse hoSpIfnep≠m°nb

^pSv_mfpIƒ, _lpcm„ Iº\nIƒ hn¬°p∂p.

Rm≥ FXn¿°p∂Xv b{¥ßsfb√, b{¥ßtfmSp≈ {`atØbmWv. sXmgn¬ Npcp°¬

b{¥ßsf∂v hnfn°s∏Sp∂htbmSp≈ {`aw. sXmgnen√msX, ]´nWn NsØmSpßm\mbn

Bbnc°W°n\v P\߃, sXcphnte°dnbs∏Sp∂Xphtcbpw a\pjy≥ Cu sXmgn¬

Npcp°¬ XpS¿∂v sIm≠ncn°pw.

almflmKm‘n.

1 4 4

am{Xa√ A≤zm\n°p∂Xv. \sΩ

B{ibn®cn°p∂hcpsS Bhiy߃ IqSn

km£mXvIcn°p∂Xn\mbn sXmgn¬ sNøp

tºmgmWv PohnXw A¿∞hØmIp∂Xv.

sXmgnens‚ {]m[m\yw Xncn®dn™Xv

sIm≠p Xs∂bmWv almflmKm‘n,

hnZym`ymktØmsSm∏w ssIsXmgnep

Ifpƒs∏sSbp≈ ]eXcw sXmgnepIfpsS

]cnioe\Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬InbXv.

sXmgnseSp°p∂hsc°pdn®v ]Tn°ptºmƒ

\ΩpsS cmPysØ sXmgnens‚ KpWta∑

sb°pdn®pw, AXns‚ {]IrXsØ°pdn®pw

Dƒ°mgvN D≠mIp∂p. AXpt]mse \ΩpsS

am\hhn`hsØ°pdn®v a\ nem

°p∂Xn\pw Ahsb IrXyambn

Bkq{XWw sNøp∂Xn\pw, sXmgnseSp°p

∂hsc°pdn®p≈ Adnhv klmbn°p∂p.

tZiob hcpam\Ønte°v, hnhn[ hyhkm

bßfptSbpw hnhn[ taJeIfptSbpw

kw`mh\ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\pw

kaqlØnse ]m¿izhXvvIcn°s∏´ hn`mK

߃s°Xncmbp≈ NqjWw, _methe

XpSßnb kmaqly {]iv\߃ a\ nem

°m\pw CXv klmbIamIp∂p.

7.2 sXmgnemfnIfpw sXmgnepw

( Workers and Employment.)

F¥mWv sXmgn¬? BcmWv sXmgnemfn?

Hcp I¿jI≥ hben¬ ]WnsbSp°p

tºmƒ Ah≥ As√¶n¬ Ahƒ `£y

[m\yßfpw hyhkmb߃°mhiyamb

AkwkvIrX hkvXp°fpw Dev]mZn∏n

°p∂p. XpWnan√pIfnepw b{¥Ødn

Ifnepw ]cpØn hkv{Xßfmbn amdp∂p.

temdnIƒ km[\ßsf Hcp ÿeØv

\n∂pw a‰v ÿeßfntes°Øn°p∂p. Cu

coXnbn¬, Hcp cmPyØv Hcp h¿jØn¬

Dev]mZn∏n°s∏Sp∂ km[\ßfptSbpw

tkh\ßfptSbpw BsI ]Waqey

sØbmWv samØw B`y¥tcm¬]∂sa∂v

hnfn°s∏Sp∂sX∂v \ap°dnbmw. CXn

t\msSm∏w Cd°paXn°mbn \¬Ip∂

XpIbpw Ib‰paXnbn¬ \n∂v \ap°v

e`n°p∂ XpIbpw tN¿∂ Hcp A‰aqeyw

IqSn ]cnKWn°pI. Cu aqeyw [\mflItam

(Positive) (Cd°paXn aqeytØ°mƒ

IqSpX¬ Ib‰paXn aqeyaps≠¶n¬).

EWmflItam (Negative) (Cd°paXn aqey

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃.

\nßfpsS hoSpIfnepw Ab¬ hoSpIfnepw

kv{XoIƒ°v kmt¶XnI _ncpZßfpw,

UntπmaIfpw, BhiyØn\v kabhpw

D≠mbncp∂n´pw sXmgnen\v t]mImXncn°p

∂Xv \n߃ I≠pImWpw. F¥psIm≠mWv

Ah¿ sXmgnen\v t]mImØsX∂v AhtcmSv

At\zjn°pI. F√m ImcWßfpw ]´nI

bm°pI. Ah¿ tPmen°v t]mtI≠Xp s≠∂v

\n߃ IcpXp∂pt≠m? F¥psIm≠v?

¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøpI. Ahsc tPmen°v

]d™b°p∂Xn\v sNtø≠ am¿§ßfpw

N¿® sNøpI, Nne kmaqlyimkv{X⁄¿

hmZn°p∂Xv, ho´Ωam¿ thX\an√msX

hoSpIfn¬ sNøp∂ sXmgn¬ samØ

tZiotbm¬]∂Ønte°p≈ kw`mh\bmbn

]cnKWn°Wsa∂pw Aßs\ Ahcpw

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂

Xmbn IW°m°Wsa∂pamWv. \n߃

A\pIqen°p∂pt≠m?

145

tØ°mƒ IpdhmWv Ib‰paXn aqeysa

¶n¬) ]qPytam (Zero) (Cd°paXn

aqeyhpw Ib‰paXn aqeyhpw Xpeyam

sW¶n¬) BImw. hntZi CS]mSpIfn¬

\n∂p≈ Cu A‰kwJy (+ As√¶n¬) IqSn

Iq´ptºmƒ cmPyØns‚ B h¿jsØ

samØw tZiotbm¬]∂w e`n°p∂p.

samØ tZiotbm¬]∂Ønte°v

kw`mh\ sNøp∂ GsXmcp {]h¿Ø-

\tØbpw kmºØnI{]h¿Ø\w

(Economic Activtiy) F∂v hnfn°mw.

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfnte¿s∏´ncn-

°p∂ F√mhtcbpw AXv GXf-hnemsW-

¶nepw sXmgnemfnIƒ (Workers) F∂v

hnfn°mw. tcmKw, ]cn°v, a‰v imcocI

AhiXIƒ F∂nhaqetam tamiw

Imemhÿ, BtLmj߃, kmaqln-Itam

aX]ctam Bb NSßpIƒ XpSßn-bh

aqetam XmXvImenIambn sXmgnen¬ \n∂v

hn´p\n¬°p∂psh¶n¬ IqSnbpw Ahsc

sXmgnemfnIfmbn IW°m°mw. CØcw

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂

apJysXmgnemfnIsf klmbn-°p∂hcpw

sXmgnemfnIfn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. s]mXpsh

Hcp sXmgnepSa°v Iogn¬ thX\w

e`n°p∂ sXmgnen¬ G¿s∏Sp∂-hsc

am{XamWv sXmgnemfnIfmbn IW°m

°p∂X.v F∂m¬ CXßs\b√, kzbw

sXmgn¬ sNøp∂hcpw sXmgnemfnIfn¬

Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

]e apJßfp≈XmWv C¥ybnse sXmgn

ens≥d kz`mhw. Nne¿°v h¿jw apgph≥

sXmgn¬ e n°p∂p. a‰v Nne¿°v h¿jØn¬

Ipd®v amkßfn¬ am{Xw sXmgn¬

e`n°p∂p. ]e sXmgnemfnIƒ°pw Xß

fpsS sXmgnen\v \ymbamb Iqen e`n°p

∂n√. sXmgnemfnIfpsS FÆw IW°m°p

tºmƒ kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn

te¿s∏´ncn°p∂ F√mhtcbpw sXmgnep≈

hcmbn IW°m°p∂p. ]eXcØnep≈

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ kPoh

ambn G¿s∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂hcpsS

FÆadnbm≥ \n߃°pw Xm¬]cy

ap≠mIpw. 2011˛12 ¬ GItZiw 47.3 tImSn

Dd® sXmgn¬ i‡n C¥y°p≠mbncp∂p.

\ΩpsS _lp`qcn]£w P\ßfpw

{Kmaßfn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂Xn\m¬, sXmgn¬

i‡nbn¬ IqSpXepw {KmaoWcmWv. Cu

47.3 tImSn sXmgn¬ i‡nbn¬ \men¬ aq∂v

`mKhpw {KmaoW sXmgnemfnIfmWv.

sXmgnemfn Ifn¬ GItZiw 70 iXam\hpw

]pcpj∑mcmWv. _m°n kv{XoIfpw. (Cu

c≠v hn`mKßfnepw hcp∂ tPmen

FSp°p∂ Ip´nIƒ Dƒs∏sS) {KmaoW

sXmgn¬ i‡nbn¬ aq∂nsem∂pw kv{Xo

IfmWv, F∂m¬ \Kcßfn¬ CXv A©n

sem∂v am{XamWv. ]mNIw, hndIv tiJc

Ww, Pe tiJcWw, Irjn]Wn XpSßnb

sXmgnepIfmWv kv{XoIƒ sNøp∂Xv.

Ch¿°v ]Wamtbm [m\yß fmtbm

bmsXm∂pw e`n°p∂n√. CXn-\m¬ Xs∂

Cu kv{XoIsf sXmgnemfnIƒ F∂

KWØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂n√. Chtcbpw

sXmgnemfnIƒ F∂v hnfn°s∏SWsa∂v

kmºØnI imkv{X⁄¿ hmZn°p∂p≠v

7.3 P\ßfpsS sXmgn¬

]¶mfnØw (Work Participation ofPeople )Hcp cmPysØ sXmgn¬ kmlNcyw

hniIe\w sNøm\p≈ kqNI amWv

1 4 6

sXmgnemfn P\kwJym\p]mXw (WorkerPopulation Ratio). Cu kqNIw cmPyØnse

Nc°v tkh\ßfpsS D¬]mZ\Øn¬

kPoh ]¶mfnØap≈ P\ßfpsS A\p

]mXw Adnbp∂Xn\v D]Icn°p∂p. Cu

A\p]mXw Db¿∂XmsW¶n¬, P\ßfpsS

]¶mfnØw Db¿∂XmsW∂pw A\p]mXw

icmicntbm Xmgv∂tXm BsW¶n¬,

P\ßfn¬ hfsc hensbmcp `mKw kmº

ØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ t\cn´v ]s¶Sp

°p∂n√ F∂pamW¿∞w.

P\kwJy F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿∞w \n߃

Xmgv∂ ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn®pht√m. Hcp

\n›nX kabØv, Hcp {]tXyI {]tZiØv,

A[nhkn°p∂ P\ßfpsS BsI FÆ

amWv P\kwJy. C\n, \n߃°v C¥y

bnse sXmgnemfn P\kwJym\p]mXw

AdnbWsa¶n¬, C¥ybnse sXmgnem

fnIfpsS BsI FÆsØ, P\kwJy

sIm≠v lcn®v AXns\ 100 sIm≠v

KpWn®m¬ aXn.

]´nI 7.1 ImWn°p∂Xv, kmºØnI

{]h¿Ø\ßfn¬, hnhn[ P\ßfpsS

]¶mfnØamWv. Hmtcm 100 hy‡nIfnepw

GItZiw 39 t]¿ (IrXyambn ]d™m¬

38.6t]¿) C¥ybn¬ sXmgnemfnIfmWv.

\Kc{]tZißfn¬, Cu A\p]mXw 36 Dw

{Kma{]tZißfn¬ CXv 40 Dw BWv.

F¥psIm≠mWv C{X hyXymkw? {Kmaß

fnse P\߃°v Db¿∂ hcpam\w e`n°p

∂Xn\pXIp∂ hn`h߃ am{Xsa e`n°p

∂p≈q. AXn\m¬ sXmgn¬ ItºmfØn¬

IqSpXembn ]s¶Sp°phm≥ Ignbp∂n√.

an°hcpw kvIqfntem tImtfPntem a‰v

]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßfntem t]mIp∂n√.

AYhm Bsc¶nepw t]mIp∂ps≠¶n¬

Xs∂ Ah¿ CS°v sh®v ]T\w Ahkm\n

∏n°pIbpw sXmgn¬i‡nbpsS mKambn

amdpIbpw sNøp∂p. AtXkabw \Kc{]tZ

ißfn¬, _lp`qcn`mKw t]¿°pw, ]eXc

Ønep≈ ÿm]\ßfn¬ ]Tn°phm≥

km[n°p∂p≠v. \KcP\X°v hnhn[

XcØnep≈ sXmgnehkc߃ e`yamWv.

Ah¿ AhchcpsS tbmKyX°pw sshZKv[y

Øn\pa\pkcn®p≈ sXmgn¬ At\zjn®p

sIm≠ncn°p∂p. kmºØnImhÿ ]cn-an-

X-amb {Kmaßfnep≈hsc ho´nencn°m≥

A\phZn°p∂n√. kv{XoItfmSv XmcXayw

sNøptºmƒ, ]pcpj∑mcmWv sXmgnen¬

G¿s∏Sp∂hcn¬ IqSpX¬ sXmgn¬

]¶mfnØ\nc°nep≈ hyXymkw \Kc

]T\{]h¿Ø\߃.

sXmgnens\ Ipdn®p≈ GXv ]T\-

hpw sXmgn¬ P\kwJym\p ]mX-

Øns≥d AhtemI\Øn¬ \n∂v

XpSßWw. F¥psIm≠v?

Nne kaqlßfn¬, ]pcpj∑m¿°v

th≠{X hcpam\w t\Sphm≥

Ignbp∂n-s√¶n¬ t]mepw kv{XoIsf

tPmen°v Ab°p∂n√. F¥p

sIm≠v?

]´nI 7.1

C¥ybnse sXmgnemfn P\kwJym\p]mXw(2011˛2012)

(Worker Population Ratio in India 200˛11-12)

enwKw sXmgnemfn P\kwJym\p]mXw

BsI {Kmaw \Kcw

]pcpj∑m¿ 54.6 54.7 54.3

kv{XoIƒ 22.8 26.1 13.8

BsI 39.2 40.8 35.0

147

ßfn¬ IqSpXemWv. Hmtcm 100 \Kckv{Xo

Ifnepw GItZiw 15 t]¿ am{XamWv

kmºØnI {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ G¿s∏´ncn

°p∂Xv. {Kma{]tZißfnemIs´ Hmtcm 100

kv{XoIfnepw GItZiw 25 t]¿ sXmgn¬

ItºmfØn¬ ]¶mfnIfmIp∂p. F¥p

sIm≠mWv kv{XoIƒ ˛ \Kc{]tZisØ

kv{XoIƒ {]tXyIn®pw sXmgn¬ FSp°m

ØXv?]pcpj∑m¿°v Db¿∂ hcpam\-

ap≈nSsØ√mw kv{XoIƒ tPmen°v

t]mIp∂Xv \ncp’mls∏SpØs∏Sp-∂p.

\Ωƒ ap≥]v]d™Xnte°v Xncn®p

t]mImw. kv{XoIƒ sNøp∂ ]e ho´p-tPm-

en-Ifpw D¬]mZ\]camb {]h¿Ø\ambn

AwKoIcn°s∏Sp∂n√. sXmgnens‚ Cu

k¶pNnXamb \n¿hN\w kv{XoIfpsS

sXmgnens\ AwKoIcn°mXncn°p∂Xn\pw

AXphgn cmPysØ kv{XosXmgnemfnI

fpsS FÆsØ Npcp°n IW°m°p∂

Xn\pw ImcWamIp∂p. kz¥w hoSpIfn

tebpw IrjnbnSßfntebpw ]eXcØn

ep≈ sXmgnepIfn¬ kPohambn

G¿s∏Sp∂ kv{XoIsf°pdn®v Nn¥n®p

t\m°q. Ah¿°v bmsXmcphn[ Iqenbpw

e`n°p∂n√. IpSpw_hpw IrjnbnShpw

IrXyambn t\m°n\SØp∂ kv{XoIfpsS

FÆhpw IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn kv{Xo

sXmgnemfnIfpsS FÆw IW°mt°≠

Xt√?

7.4 kzbwsXmgn¬

Is≠Ønbhcpw Iqen°v

sXmgnseSp°p∂hcpw. (Selfemployed and Hired workers.)sXmgnemfn -- P\kwJym\p]mXw sXmgnemfn

IfpsS ÿnXnsb Ipdnt®m AhcpsS

kmlNcyßsf Ipdnt®m Fs¥¶nepw

kqNn∏n°p∂pt≠m? Hcp hyhkmb

kwcw`Øn¬ sXmgnseSp°p∂ sXmgnemfn

bpsS ÿnXn Adnbp∂XneqsS \ΩpsS

cmPysØ sXmgnemfnIfpsS GIam\

cq]hpw - sXmgnens‚ KpW\nehmchpw -

e`n°p∂p. Hcp sXmgnemfn°v sXmgnen

t\mSpŠaaX, Ah\v Asæn Ahġv

Iº\ntbmSpw a‰v kl{]h¿ØItcmSpap≈

hnizmkyX F∂nhbpw Adnbm≥

klmbn°p∂p.

\ap°v \n¿ΩmWtaJebn¬ sXmgnseSp

°p∂ 3 sXmgnemfnIsf ]cnKWn°mw Hcp

kna‚ vIS DSaÿ≥, Hcp \n¿ΩmW

sXmgnemfn, Hcp knhn¬ F©n\ob¿.

ChtcmcpØcpsSbpw ]ZhnIƒ hyXykvX

amIbm¬, Ahsc hyXykvX coXnbn¬

hnfn°p∂p. Xs‚ D]Poh\w Is≠Øp

∂Xn\mbn Hcp hyhkmb kwcw`Øns‚

DSabmbncn°pIbpw B kwcw`w \SØn

s°m≠p t]mIpIbpw sNøp∂ Hcmsf

kzbw sXmgn¬ sNøp∂h≥ (Self Employed)F∂v hnfn°mw. CØcØn¬ kna‚ v

ISbpSa Hcp kzbwsXmgn¬ sNøp∂

BfmWv. C¥ybnse sXmgn¬i‡nbn¬

GItZiw 52 iXam\hpw CØc°mcmWv.

\n¿ΩmWsXmgnemfnIƒ Xm¬Im-enI Iqen

sXmgnemfnIƒ AYhm \nXythX\

sXmgnemfnIƒ (Casual Wage Labourers)

1 4 8

°pIbpw sXmgnen\p≈

{]Xn^ew hmßn°p

Ibpw-- sNøp∂p. \n¿-ΩmW

Iº\nbn¬ tPmen sN-

øp∂ knhn¬ F©n\o-

bsd t]msebp -≈h¿

ÿnc- -iºf-°mcmWv. Hcp

hy‡ntbm ÿm]\tam

Hcp sXmgnemfnsb ÿnc-

ambn tPmen°v sh°p-

Ibpw Ah\v -As√ ¶n¬

Ahƒ°v ÿncamb-

iºfw-- \¬IpIbpw sNøp-

∂ p s h ¶ n ¬ , A Ø c w

sXmgn -emfnIsf ÿnc

iº-f°m¿ F∂v hnfn°p

∂p. sXmgn¬-i‡nbpsS 18

iXam\w C°q´cmWv.

Nm¿´v 7.1 ]cntim[n°pI. D]Poh\

Øn\mbn kzbw sXmgn¬ sNøp∂hcmWv

_lp`qcn`mKw kv{Xo ]pcpj∑mcpw.

samØw sXmgn¬ i‡n

bpsS 50 iXam\Øne

[nIhpw ChcmWv F∂v

Ub{Kßfn¬ -\n∂v ImWm

hp∂XmWv. ]pcpj∑m¿°pw

kv{XoIƒ°pw- c≠masØ

apJy -sXmgn¬ DdhnSw

Iqen∏WnbmWv. kv{XoI

fn¬ 31 iXam\hpw ]pcpj

≥amcn≥ 29 iXam\hpw

C°q´Øn¬s∏S p∂p .

ÿnciºf°msc ]cnKWn

°ptºmƒ kv{XoItf°mƒ

(13 iXam\w) IqSpX¬

F∂dnb-s∏Sp∂p. C¥y-bpsS sXmgn¬--

i‡nbpsS 30 iXam\w ChcmWv. CØcw

sXmgnemfnIƒ, a‰p≈hcpsS IrjnbnS-

ßfn¬ Xm¬ImenIambn sXmgnseSp-

Nn{Xw 7.2 C„nI \n¿ΩmWw.: Xm¬ImenI Iqen sXmgnens‚ Hcp cq]w.

Nm¿´v 7.1 sXmgn¬ hnXcWw enwKm Snÿm\Øn¬

]pcpj sXmgnemfnIƒ kv{Xo sXmgnemfnIƒ,

kzbw sXmgn¬

sNøp∂h¿,

XmXvImenI Iqen sXmgnemfnIƒ

ÿncw iºf°m¿,

10%

37%50%

18%

32%53%

149

]pcpj≥amcmWv (20 iXam\w). ÿnciºf

tPmenIƒ IqSpX¬ sshZKv[yw Bhiy-

ap≈XmWv CXns\mcp ImcWw. ÿnciºf

tPmenIƒ°v IqSpX¬ sshZKvZyhpw

Db¿∂XeØnep≈ km£cXbpw

Bhiyap≈Xn\m¬ kv{XoIƒ°v Hcp

]cn[nhsc CØcw tPmen sNøm≥

km[n°p∂n√.

Nm¿´v 7.2 ]cntim[n®v,

sXmgn¬i‡nbpsS {Kma-

\KchnXcWw \ap°v

XmcXayw sNømw. kzbw

sXmgn¬ sNøp∂hcpw

IqensXmgnemfnIfpw

{KmaoW taJebnemWv

IqSpXse∂v ImWmw. \Kc

ßfn¬ kzbwsXmgn¬

Is≠Ønbhcpw ÿnc

iºf°mcpamWv IqSpX¬.

{Kmaßfn¬ `qcn`mKw

t]cpw kz¥w IrjnbnS

ßfn¬ sXmgnseSp°p∂

hcpw kzX{¥ambn Irjn sNøp∂hcpamb

Xn\memWv kzbw sXmgnen¬ sNøp∂

hcpsS ]¶v Db¿∂ncn°p∂Xv.

\-K-c {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se sXm-gn-en-s‚ kz`m-hw

hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv F-√m-h¿-°pw m-Œ-dn-Iƒ,

I-S-Iƒ, a-‰v hy-Xy-kv-XX-cw Hm- o-kp-Iƒ F-

∂n-h \-S-Øn-sIm-≠p t]m-Ip-hm≥ km-[n-°p-

Nm¿- v 7.2 {]-tZ-im-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ sXm-gn¬ hn-X-c-Ww.

{Km-ao-W sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ\-K-c sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,

Xm-Xv-Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

kz-bw sXm-gn¬sN-øp-∂-h¿

ÿn-cw i-º-f-°m¿,

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

* s]m-Xp-sh, th-X-\-Øn-\m-bn ÿn-c-am-tbm Xm-¬Im-en-I-am-tbm sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂ I¿-j-

I sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw, m-Œ-dn sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw, _m-¶p-I-fn-epw a-‰v Hm- o-kp-I-fn-epw ¢m¿-

°v-am-cm-bpw k-lm-bn-I-fm-bpw sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ. ap-I-fn-se N¿-

®-bn¬ \n-∂v ]m-X-tbm-c-ß-fn¬ ]-®-°-dn I-®-h-Sw \-S-Øp-∂-h-sc-t∏m-se-bp-≈ kz-bw

sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cpw, tUm-Œ¿, h-°o¬, F-©n-\o-b¿ F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ hn-Z-Kv-Z-cpw sXm-

gn-em-fn-I-fm-sW-∂v a-\- n-em-b-t√m. Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-sb kz-bw-sXm-gn¬ I-s≠-Øn-b-

h¿, ÿn-c-i-º-f-°m¿, Xm-Xv-Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ F-∂n-ß-s\ b-Ym-{I-aw A,

B, C F-∂v tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

1. H-cp k-eq-Wn-s‚ D-S-a

2. ÿn-c-am-bn tPm-en sN-øp-I-bpw F-∂m¬ Zn-h-k-°q-en A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ th-X-\w e- n-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂ H-cp A-cnan-√v sXm-gn-em-fn .

1 5 0

∂n-√. A-Xn-ep-]-cn \-K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se kw-

cw`߃-°v ÿn-c-am-bn sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf B-

h-iy-hp-ap-≠v.

7.5 -D-¬]m-Z-I-bq-Wn-‰p-I-fn¬,

hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fn¬, Hm-^o-kp-

I-fn¬ sXm-gn¬ (Employment inFirm, Factories and Offices)H-cp cm-Py-Øn-s‚ km-º-Øn-Ihn-I-k-\w ]p-

tcm-K-an-°p-tºmƒ Ir-jn-bp-tS-bpw A-\p-_-‘

{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fp-tS-bpw ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-∂v sXm-

gn¬ hym-h-km-bn-I - tk-h-\ ta-J-e-I-fn-te-

s°m-gp-Ipw. Cu {]-{In-b-bn¬ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

{Km-a-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v \-K-c-ß-fn-te-°v tN-t°-

dpw. A-h-km-\-L-´-ß-fn¬ tk-h-\ ta-J-e

A-Xn-th-Kw hn-I-kn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w sam-Øw

sXm-gn-en¬, hym-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-bp-sS ]-¶v

Np-cp-ßp-∂p.

hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn-se sXm-gn¬ hn-X-c-Ww ]-

cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Cu am-‰w a-\-kn-em-Ipw.

s]m-Xp-sh F-√m km-º-Øn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-

tf-bpw F- v hy-Xy-kv-X hn`m-K-ß-fm-°n Xn-cn-

®n-cn-°p-∂p. A-h: i. Ir-jn, ii. J-\-\-hpw

I-√p-sh- pw, iii. D-¬]-∂ \n¿-Ωm-Ww, iv. ssh-

Zyp-Xn, Kym-kv, P-e-hn-X-c-Ww v. \n¿-Ωm-W-

{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ vi. hym-]m-cw, vii. K-Xm-K-X-

hpw kw -c-W-hpw, viii. tk-h-\-߃ F-∂n-h-

bm-Wv. Cu h¿§o-I-cWw Iq-Sp-X¬ e-fn-X-am-

°m≥, Cu hn- m-K-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf aq-∂pta-J-e-I-fm-°n Xn-cn-®n-

cn°p-∂p. 1) ap-I-fn¬ ]-d-bp-∂ (i) Dƒ-s∏-Sp-

∂ {]m-Y-an-I ta-J-em 2) ii Dw iii Dw iv Dw vDw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ Zzn-Xo-b-ta-J-e, 3) vi Dw viiDw viii Dw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ tk-h-\ta-J-e. ]- n-I

7.2 {]-Im-cw 2011 -˛ -12¬ hy-Xy-kv-Xta-J-e-I-

3. `m-c-Xo-b kv-t‰-‰v _m-¶n-se Iym-jy¿

4. kw-ÿm-\k¿-°m¿ Hm- o-kn¬ Zn-h-k-th-X-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-I-bpw am-

kw tXm-dpw th-X-\w e- n-°p-∂-Xp-am-b H-cp ssS-∏n-Ãv.

5. ssI-Ø-dn s\-bv-Øp-Im-cm≥

6. ]-®-°-dn sam-Øhn-X-c-Wim-e-bn-se Np-a- p-sXm-gn-em-fn

7. s]-]v-kn, sIm-°-tIm-f, an-cn‚m, F-∂n-h hn¬-°p-∂ io-X-f-]m-\ob I-S-bp-sS D-S-a

8. I-gn-™ A-©v h¿-j-am-bn am-k i-º-fw kzo-I-cn-®p sIm-≠v ÿn-c-am-bn, kz-Im-cy B-

ip-]-{Xn-bn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂ \-gv-kv.

* Cu aq-∂v hn- m-K-ß-fn-epw sh-®v G-‰-hpw ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-b A-h-ÿ-bn-ep-f-f-h¿, Xm¬v-

Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv F-∂v km-º-Øn-I im-kv-{X-⁄¿ Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-

∂p. B-scm-s°-bm-Wn-h-sc-∂pw, F-hn-sS-bm-Wv C-h-sc Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂pw F-¥p-sIm-

s≠-∂pw I-s≠-Øm-tam?

* Xm-¬°m-en-I Iq-en-sØ-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\-°m¿ F-∂n-h-sc-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ h-

cp-am-\-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv kz-bw-sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cm-sW-∂v ]-d-bm-tam? sXm-gn-en-s‚ Kp-

W-ta-∑-bp-sS a-‰v kq-N-I-߃ I-s≠-Øp-I.

151

fn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cp-sS hn-X-c-Ww

I-s≠Ømw.

`q-cn- m-Kw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-tS-bpw sXm-gn-en-s‚

ap-Jy D-d-hn-Sw {]m-Y-an-Ita-J-e X-s∂-bm-Wv.

sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS 24 i-X-am-\-Øn-\v am-{X-

ta Zzn-Xo-b ta-J-e sXm-gn¬ \¬-Ip-∂p-≈q.

G-I-tZ-iw 27 i-X-am-\w sXm-gn-em-fn-I-ƒ tk-

h-\-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. ]-´n-I 7.2 Im-Wn-°p-∂-

Xv {Km-ao-WC-¥y-bn-se sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bn¬

G-I-tZ-iw 64 i-X-am-\w t]-cpw Ir-jn-tb-bpw

h-\-k-º-Øn-t\-bpw a-’y-

_-‘-\-tØ-bpw B-{i-bn-

°p∂-h-cmWv F∂mWv

GI-tZ-iw 20 i-X-am-\w

{KmaoWsXm-gn -em-fn -Iƒ

\n¿-Ωm-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-

epw D-¬v-]-∂ \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-

epw a-‰v hym-h-km-bn-I {]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-fn-epw G¿-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{Km-ao-W sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬

G-I-tZ-iw 16 i-X-am-\-

Øn\v am-{X-ta tk-h-\

taJe sXm-gn¬ \¬-Ip-∂p-

≈q. \K-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬

Irjn H-cp {]-[m-\ sXm-gn¬ D-d-hn-S-a-√. A-

hn-sS ap-Jy-am-bpw tk-h-\ ta-J-e-sb-bm-Wv

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.G-I-tZ-iw

60 i-X-am-\w \Kc sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw tk-h-\-

ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. \Kc sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS G-

I-tZ-iw 35 i-X-am-\-Øn-\v sXm-gn¬ \¬-Ip-

∂-Xv ZznXobta-J-e-bm-Wv.

Nn-{Xw 7.3 h-kv-{X \n¿amW sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ: kv{XoI-fpsS

km∂n[yw h¿-≤n-®p h-cp-∂ m-Œ-dn sXm-gn¬

]- n-I 7.2 sXm-gn¬-i-‡n hn-X-c-Ww-ta-J-em-Sn-ÿm-a-Øn¬ (2011-12)

ta-J-e Xm-a-k ÿ-ew enw-Kw B-sI

{Km-aw \-K-cw ]p-cp-j≥ kv-{Xo.

{]m-Y-an-I ta-J-e 64.1 6.7 43.6 62.8 48.9

Zzn-Xo-b ta-J-e 20.4 35.0 25.9 20.0 24.9

Xr-Xo-b/ 15.5 58.3 30.5 17.2 26.8

tk-h-\-ta-J-e

B-sI 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1 5 2

7. 6 sXm-gn-en-s‚ h-f¿-®-bpw L-S-

\m am-‰-hpw (Growth and Changein Structure of Employment)

A-[ym-bw 2, 3 F-∂n-h-bn¬ C-¥y-bp-sS B-

kq-{X-W-X-{¥-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v hn-i-Z-am-bn ]Tn-

®p-h-t√m. C-hn-sS \-ap-°v c-≠v hn-I-k-\ kqNn-

I-Iƒ - sXm-gn-en-s‚-bpw sam-ØB`y-¥-tcm-

ev-]m-Z-\-Øn-t‚-bpw h-f¿-® - ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

tZ-io-tbm-¬-]-∂-Øn-t‚-bpw sXm-gn-en-t‚-bpw

h-f¿-®-bn-eq-sS k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb hn-I-kn-

∏n°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv \-Ωp-sS 60 h¿-j-am-bp-

≈ B-kq-{X-Whn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ e-£yw.

1950-˛2010 Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ sam-Øw B-`y-¥-

tcm-¬-]-∂-Øn-s≥-d h-f¿-® A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn

sXm-gn-en-se h-f¿-®-tb-°mƒ D-b¿-∂ tXm-Xn-

em-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Pn.Un.]n. h-f¿-

®-bn¬ F-√m-bv-t∏-gpw hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ D-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ sXm-gn¬

hf¿® 2 i-X-am-\-tØm-S-Sp-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.

1990 I-fp-sS A-h-km-\-Øn-se {]-Xn-Iq-e-amb

hn-I-k-\-am-Wv Nm¿- v 7.3 Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. sXm-

gn¬h-f¿-® Xm-gm≥ Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw C-¥y-bp-

sS B-kq-{X-W-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-L- -ß-fp-tS-Xn-

\v Xp-ey-am-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Cu Im-e-L- -

Øn¬ Pn Un ]n.bp-sS h-f¿-®-bpw sXm-gn-en-

s‚ h-f¿-®-bpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ A-¥-cw h¿-≤n-®p

h-cp-∂-Xpw \mw I-≠p. C-Xn-\¿-∞w sXm-gn-e-

h-k-c-߃ h¿-≤n-°m-sX Iq-Sp-X¬ N-c-°v

tk-h-\-߃ \-ap-°v D-¬-]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥

C¥y≥ k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-°v I-gn-™p F-∂m-

Wv. Cu {]-Xn-`m-k-sØ sXm-gn¬ c-ln-X h-

f¿-® (Jobless Growth) F-∂m-Wv hn-Z-Kv-Z¿ hn-

ti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Pn.Un.]n.tbm-Sv Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºm-gp-≈

sXm-gn-en-s‚ h-f¿-®-bm-Wv \mw C-Xv h-sc a-

\-kn-em-°n-b-Xv. sXm-gn-en-t‚-bpw Pn.Un.]n.bp-

tS-bpw h-f¿-®co-Xn sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS

hn-hn-[ hn-`m-K-ß-sf F-ß-s\ _m-[n-®p-sh-

∂v a-\-kn-em-t°-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-Wv. G-

Xv X-c-Øn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-ep-I-fm-Wv \-Ωp-sS cm-

Py-Øv kr-„n-°-∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-∂v a-\-kn-em-

°m≥ C-Xn¬ \n-∂v km-[n-°pw.

ap≥-]v ]-d-™ c-≠v kq-N-I-߃ - hn-hn-[ hy-

h-km-b-ß-fn-se P-\-ß-fp-sS sXm-gn-epw A-

h-cp-sS ÿn-Xn-bpw - ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw. C-¥y

H-cp Im¿-jn-I cm-Py-am-sW-∂v \-ap-°-dn-bmw.

_-lp`q-cn`m-K-hpw {Km-a-hm-kn-I-fpw ap-Jy

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

F-√m ]-{X-ß-fn-epw H-cp `m-Kw sXm-gn¬ A-h-k-c-߃-°m-bn am-‰n h-®n- p-≠v. Nn-e ]-{X-

߃ B-gv-N-bn-se H-cp Zn-h-kw H-cp {]-tXy-I A-\p-_-‘w X-s∂- AXmWv ln-μp Zn-\-]-{X-

Øn-se Hm-∏¿-Nyq-Wn-‰n-kv (Opportunities), ssSw-kv Hm- v C-¥y-bn-se F-k‚ v (Ascent)F-∂n-ß-s\ - C-Xn-\m-bn C-d-°p-∂p. ]-e I-º-\n-I-fpw A-h-bp-sS sXm-gn¬ H-gn-hp-Iƒ ]-c-

kyw sN-øp-∂p. A-Ø-cw `m-K-߃ sh-´n-sb-Sp-°p-I, B I-º-\n-Iƒ kz-Im-cy ta-J-e/

s]m-Xp ta-J-e, X-kv-Xn-I-bp-sS t]-cv, X-kv-Xn-I-bp-sS F-Æw, ta-J-e- {]m-Y-an-Iw, Zzn-Xo-bw,

Xr-Xo-bw - B-h-iy-am-b tbm-Ky-X-Iƒ, F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ tIm-f-ß-fp-≈ H-cp ]- n-I hn-I-kn-

∏n-°p-I. ]-{X-ß-fn¬ ]-c-kyw sN-øp-∂ H-gn-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®v ]- n-I X-øm-dm-°p-I. A-Xv ¢m-

kn¬ hn-i-I-e-\w sN-øp-I.

153

D-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[n-bm-bn Ir-jn-sb I-W-°m-

°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. C-¥y-bpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ ]-e

cmPy-ß-fn-te-bpw hn-I-k-\ X-{¥-߃ e-

£yw sh-®-Xv Ir-jn-sb B-{i-bn-°p-∂ P-\-

hn`m-K-ß-fp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw Ip-d-®psIm-≠p-h-

cn-I F-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.

Im¿-jo-Ita-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-en¬\n-∂v Im¿-

jo-tI-X-cta-J-e-bn-te-°p-≈ km-c-am-b am-‰-

sØ-bm-Wv hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn-se sXm-gn¬-

i-‡n hn-X-c-Ww Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. (]- n-I 7.3

Im-Wp-I) 1972- 73 -¬ G-I-tZ-iw 74 i-X-am-\w

sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bpw G¿-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv {]m-Y-an-

I-ta-J-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. 2011-˛12¬ Cu A-\p-

]m-Xw 50 i-X-am-\-am-bn Ip-d-™p. Zzn-Xo-b-Xr-

Xo-b ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv C-¥y≥ sXm-gn¬-i-

‡n-bp-sS tim`-\-am-b `m-hn Im-Wp-∂-Xv.

Cu ta-J-e-I-fp-sS ]-¶v b-Ym-{I-aw 11 % Øn¬

\n-∂v 24 % B-bpw, 22% Øn¬ \n-∂pw 27%

B-bpw h¿-≤n-®n-cn-∂p.

hn-h-[ sXm-gn¬ ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≈ sXm-gn¬-i-

‡n hn-X-c-Ww Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv I-gn-™ \m-

ev Zim-–-°m-e-am-bn (1972-˛2012) Im-e-L-´-

Øn¬, kz-bw sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cpw ÿn-c-

i-º-f-°m-cpw Xm-¬Im-en-I Iq-ensXm-gn-em-fn-

I-fm-bn am-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p F-∂m-Wv.

F∂n-cp-∂m-epw Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿ sXm-gn¬ I-

s≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv kz-bwsXm-gn¬ ta-J-e-

bn¬ X-s∂-bm-Wv .

C-ß-s\ kz-bw sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cpw ÿn-

c-h-cp-am-\-°m-cpw Xm¬-Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-

em-fn-I-fm-bn am-dp-∂ {]-{In-b-sb sXm-gn¬

i‡n-bp-sS Xm-¬Im-en-I-h-Xv-I-c-Ww (Casual-

Nm¿- v 7.3 sXm-gn-en-t‚-bpw sam-Øw B`y-¥-tcm-¬]-∂-Øn-t‚-

bpw h-f¿-® 1951- 2012 (%)

3.6 4.22.8 3.3

4.8

5.7 5.8

3.4

6.1 6.1

8.7

0.390.85

2.03

1.99 1.84 1.731.89

1.5

0.98

2.28

0.280

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1951-56 1961-66 1974-79 1985-90 1997-2000 2005-10

GDP Employment

1 5 4

sation of work force) F-∂m-Wv hn-Z-Kv-Z¿ hn-fn-

°p-∂-Xv. C-Xv sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ÿn-Xn A-

tß-b-‰w t¢-i-I-c-am-°n Xo¿-°pw F-ß-s\?

Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ m-K-Øv A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se H-cp

]T-\w {i-≤n-°p-I.

7. 7 C-¥y≥ sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-

sS A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I-h¬-IWw.

(Informalisation of Indian Workforce)

Iq-ensXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw h¿-≤n-®p

h-cp-∂-Xm-bn \mw ap≥- m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v a-\-

]-«n-I 7.3 sXm-gnÂ-L-S-\-bn-se {]-h-W-X-IÄ-(ta-J-em-X-e-¯n-epw sXm-gn Øn-XnX-e-¯n-epw) 1972-þ2012(i-X-am-\-¯nÂ)

C-\w 1972 þ 73 1983 þ 84 1993 þ 94 1999 þ 2000 2011 þ 12ta-J-e

{]m-Y-an-Iw 74.3 68.6 64 60.4 48.9

Zzn-Xo-bw 10.9 11.5 16 15.8 24.3

tk-h-\w 14.8 16.9 20 23.8 26.8

BsI 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

 n-em-°n. kzm-X-{¥y-e-œn-°m-ew ap-X¬-°v

X-s∂ C-¥y-bp-sS B-kq-{X-Whn-I-k-\-Øn-

s‚ e-£y-ß-fn-sem-∂v, C-hn-Sp-sØ P-\-߃-

°v am-\y-am-b D-]-Po-h-\ am¿-§w t\-Sn-sb-Sp-

°p-I F-∂-Xm-Wv. hn-I-kn-Xcm-Py-ß-fn-te-Xp-

t]m-se, Im¿-jn-Icw-K-Øv A-[n-I-ap-≈ sXmgn-

em-fn-I-sf hy-h-km-b ta-J-e-bn-te-°v B-I¿-

jn-°-W-sa-∂pw A-h¿-°v sa-®-s∏- Po-hn-X

\n-e-hm-cw e`y-am-°-W-sa-∂pw hy-h-km-b-h-

¬I-c-W X-{¥w hn`m-h-\w sN-øp-∂p. Bkq-

{X-Whn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ 60 h¿-j-߃ ]n-∂n-

´n- pw C-¥y≥ sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bn-

]-«n-I 7.3 sXm-gnÂ-L-S-\-bn-se {]-h-W-X-IÄ-(ta-J-em-X-e-¯n-epw sXm-gn Øn-XnX-e-¯n-epw) 1972þ-2012(i-X-am-\-¯nÂ)

sXm-gn Øn-Xn

kz-bw-sXm-gn 61.4 57.3 54.6 52.6 52.0sN-¿p-¶-hÀ

Øn-cwi-¼-f-¡mÀ 15.5 13.8 13.6 14.6 18.0

Xm-ÂIm-en-IIq-en 23.2 28.9 31.8 32.8 30.0sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ

BsI 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

155

e-[n-I-hpw ap-JyD-]-Po-h-t\m-]m-[n-bm-bn B-

{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv Ir-jn-sb X-s∂-bm-Wv.

km-º-Øn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-

Øn¬, h¿-j-߃ I-gn-bp-t¥m-dpw sXm-gn-en-

s‚ Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw tim-jn-®p-h-cnI-bm-Wv. 10

ap-X¬ 20 h¿-j-w h-sc tPm-en sN-bv-Xn- pw Nn-

e sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v {]-k-hm-\-¥-c B-\p-

Iq-ey-߃, s{]m-hn-U-≠v -≠v, {Km-‰zn-hn-‰n,

s]≥-j≥ ap-X-em-b-h e-`n-°m-Ø-Xv F-¥p-

sIm-≠m-Wv? s]m-Xpta-J-e-bn¬ H-cp sXm-gn-

em-fn sN-øp-∂ A-tX tPm-en a-s‰m-cmƒ kz-

Im-cy ta-J-e-bn¬ sN-øp-tºmƒ Ip-d-™ th-

X-\w e- n-°p-∂-Xv F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

C-¥y-bn-se H-cp sN-dn-b hn`m-K-Øn-\v am-{X-

ta ÿn-ch-cp-am-\w e`n-°p-∂p-≈q F-∂v

\n߃-°v Im-Wmw. hn-hn-[ sXm-gn¬ \n-b-a-

ßfn-eq-sS k¿-°m¿ C-h-cp-sS A-h-Im-i-߃

kw-c-£n-°p-∂p. C-h¿ sXm-gn-em-fnkw-L-S-\-

Iƒ cq-]n-I-cn-°p-∂p. sa-®-s∏-´ th-X-\-Øn-

\pw a-‰v km-aq-lykp-c-£m ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ-°pw

th-≠n A-h¿ sXm-gn-ep-S-a-I-tfm-Sv hn-e-t]-ip-

∂p. B-scm-s°-bm-W-h¿? C-h-sc Xn-cn-®-dn-

bp-∂-Xn-\v sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-sb Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-

J-e, A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e F-∂n-ß-s\ c-

≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. C-h kw-L-Sn-X ta-J-e, A-

kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e F-∂o t]-cp-I-fn-epw hn-fn-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F-√m s]m-Xp-ta-J-em ÿm-]-\-

ß-fpw ]-Øn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ

sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂ kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e ÿm-]-\-

ß-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-

e. A-Xp-t]m-se C-Ø-cw ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬

tPm-en sN-øp-∂-h-sc Hu-]-Nm-cn-I sXm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ F-∂pw hn-fn-°p-∂p. a-s‰-√m kw-cw`-

ß-fpw A-Xn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xm-Wv A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e. C-{]-Im-cw

e-£-°-W-°n-\v I¿-j-I-cpw I¿-j-I sXm-gn-

em-fn-I-fpw sN-dphy-h-km-b kw-cw- -I-cpw A-

hn-sS sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂ P-\-ß-fpw A-Xp-t]m-

se Iq-en-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fn-√m-Ø kz-bw-sXm-

gn¬ kw-cw- ß-fpw F-√mw Dƒ-s]-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

* C-¥y-sb t]m-ep-≈ H-cp cm-Py-Øn-\v, 2 i-X-am-\w sXm-gn¬h-f¿-® \n-e-\n¿-Øp-I-sb-

∂-Xv F-fp-∏-a-s√-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m?F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

* k-º-Zv hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ N-c-°v tk-h-\-߃ D-¬]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw F-∂m¬

A-[n-I sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ F-¥m-Wv kw- -

hn-°p-I? F-ßn-s\-bm-Wv sXm-gn¬c-ln-X h-f¿-® D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv?

* km-º-Øn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄-cp-sS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Xm-¬Im-en-I sXm-gn¬ co-Xn, P-\-ß-

fp-sS h-cp-am-\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ A-Ø-cw {]-Xn`m-k-ß-sf \mw kzm-K-Xw sN-

tø-≠-Xm-Wv. H-cp \m-a-am-{XI¿-j-I≥, ap-gp-h≥k-a-b I¿-j-I-sØm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn am-dp-

∂p-sh-∂v k-¶¬-]n-°p-I. X-s≥-d Zn-h-k Iq-en-bn¬ \n-∂v Iq-Sp-X¬ h-cp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ip-

tºmƒ A-bmƒ k-t¥m-j-hm-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? A-s√-¶n¬

Hu-j-[ hy-h-km-b cw-K-sØ H-cp ÿn-c-i-º-f-°m-c≥ Zn-h-kth-X-\ sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn

am-dp-tºmƒ, A-h-\v h-cp-am-\h¿-≤-\-hv D-s≠-¶n¬ t]m-epw A-bmƒ k-t¥m-j-hm-\m-

bn-cn-°p-tam? ¢m-kn¬ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

1 5 6

A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e.\n¿-Ωm-W-sØm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ, Np-a-´p-sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn H-∂n-

e-[n-Iw sXm-gn-ep-S-a-°v Io-gn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-

°p-∂ Im¿-jo-tI-X-c Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw

Cu ta-J-e-bn¬-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h¿-

s°-√mw km-aq-ly kp-c-£m ]-≤-Xn-I-fp-≠v.

A-h¿ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈-h-sc-

°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v. k-º-Zv

hy-h-ÿ h-f-cp-tºmƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿ Hu-]-

Nm-cn-Ita-J-e sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-bn am-dp-I-

bpw A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn¬, G¿-s∏- n-cn-

°p-∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw Ip-d-bp-

I-bpw sN-øp-sa-∂m-Wv B-kq-{Xn-X hn-I-k-

\w hn`m-h-\w sN-øp-∂-Xv. ]-s£ C-¥y-bn¬

F-¥m-Wv kw -hn-®-Xv? Xm-sg \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-

∂ Nm¿- v (Nm¿- v 7.4) t\m-°p-I. Hu-]-Nm-cn-

I - A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈ sXm-gn¬-

i-‡n hn-X-c-Ww Im-Wmw.

`m-Kw 7.2 ¬ C-¥y-bn¬ G-I-tZ-iw 47.3 tIm-

Sn sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-s≠-∂v \mw I-≠p. G-I-

tZ-iw 3 tIm-Sn t]¿ am-{X-am-Wv, Hu-]-Nm-cn-I

ta-J-e-bn¬ ]-Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. cm-Py-Øv Hu-

]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h¿

F-{X i-X-am-\-sa-∂v I-W-°p Iq-´m-tam? G-

I-tZ-iw 6% (3/47.3 X 100) A-Xm-b-Xv _m-°n

94 i-X-am-\w sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw A-\u-]-N-cn-

I ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. Cu 3 tIm-Sn Hu-]-Nm-

cnIsXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 0.6 tIm-Sn, A-Xm-b-Xv

20% (0.6/3 X 100) am-{X-am-Wv kv-{Xo-Iƒ.

A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn¬, ]p-cp-j-∑m¿ sXm-

gn¬ i-‡n-bp-sS 69 % h-cp-∂p.

1970 I-fp-sS A-h-km-\w ap-X¬ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I

ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ h-f-cp-∂n-s√-

∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-™, C-¥y-bpƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ ]-e

hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-ß-fpw A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-

e-bn-se kw-cw-`ß-sf {i-≤n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.

A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°pw kw-cw-`-߃-°pw H-cp ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\w

e- n-°p-∂n-√. A-h¿-°v k¿-°m-cn¬ \n-∂p-≈

am¿-§-\n¿-t±-i-ß-tfm kw-c-£-W-tam e- n-°p-

∂n-√. bm-sXm-cp \-„-]-cn-lm-c-hpw \¬-Im-sX

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sf ]n-cn-®p-hn-Sp-∂p. Im-e-l-c-W-

s∏-´ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bm-Wv A-\u-]-Nm-cn-

Ita-J-e-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. bm-sXm-cp

hn-[ I-W-°p-I-fpw C-hn-sS X-øm-dm-°n kp-

£n-°m-dn-√. Cu sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ Xm-a-kn-°p-

t_m-Iv-kv 7.1 Hu-]-Nm-cn-Ita-J-em sXm-gn¬

Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-ep-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-߃ ti-J-cn-°p-∂-Xv cm-Py-Øn-s‚ hn-

hn[ `m-K-ß-fn-ep-≈ Fw-tπm-bv-sa‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©p-Iƒ ap-tJ-\ tI-{μ sXm-gn¬ a-{¥m-

e-b-am-Wv. C-¥y-bn-se Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se ap-JysXm-gn¬-Zm-Xm-hv B-sc-∂v \n-߃-

°-dn-bm-tam? 2012 ¬ B-sI-bp-≈ 3 tIm-Sn Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-em-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ 1.8

tIm-Sn-bpw sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂-Xv s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. C-hn-tS-bpw ]p-cp-j≥-am-cm-Wv Iq-

Sp-X¬. kv-{Xo-Iƒ Hu-]-Nm-cn-Ita-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS B-dn-sem-∂v am-{X-am-Wp-

≈-Xv. 1990 I-fp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn¬ km-º-Øn-I]-cn-jv-I-c-W {]-{In-b-Iƒ B-cw-`n-®-Xn-\p

ti-jw Hu-]-Nm-cn-Ita-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ Ip-d-hp-≠m-bn- p-s≠-∂v

km-º-Øn-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥-am¿ Np-≠n-°m- p-∂p. \n-߃ F-¥v I-cp-Xp-∂p?

157

∂-Xv ]p-d-tºm-°p-I-fn-epw tN-cn-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-

epw B-Wv. A-¥m-cm-{„ sXm-gn¬ kw-L-S-\

(ILO) bp-sS C-S-s]-S-en-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v, A-ev-]w

ssh-In-bm-s\-¶n-epw K-h -sa‚ v A-\u-]-Nm-

cn-I ta-J-e kw-cw -ß-sf \-ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

\pw A-hn-Sp-sØ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v km-aq-ly

kp-c-£m \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ B-cw- n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw {i-

a-߃ B-cw- n-®n- p-≠v.

7.8 sXmgnen√mbva

(Unemployment)]ecpw ]{Xßfn¬ sXmgn¬

HgnhpIƒ t\m°p∂Xv

\n߃ I≠ncn°pw. Nne¿

kplrØp°fneqsSbpw

_‘p°fneq sSbpw BWv

sXmgnet\zjn°p∂Xv .

A∂∂sØ tPmen°v

Xßsf hnfn°p ∂Xn\mbn

ImØp \n¬°p∂

sXmgnemfn Isf ]e

Nn-{Xw 7.4 h-gn-tbm-c I-®-h-Sw: h¿-≤n-®p h-cp-∂ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I

ta-J-e sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ

Nm¿-´v 7.4 Hu-]-Nm-cn-I / A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ, 2009 -2010 sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS F-Æw (Z-i-e-£-Øn¬)

Nu

mb

er

of

Wo

rk

er

s(i

n

mil

lion

)300

250

200

150

100

5 0

0

2 96

300

131

M a l e F e m a l e

1 5 8

t_m-Iv-kv 7.2 A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn-se A-\u-]-Nm-cn-Ih-¬I-c-Ww.

60 e-[n-Iw Xp-Wn-an-√p-I-fn¬ sXm-

gn-se-Sp-°p-∂ 1,50,000 tØm-fw

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ D-¬m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ D-

¬∏-∂Øm¬ k-º-∂-am-b H-cp

\-K-c-am-Wv A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv. Cu

sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ \q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn

h-cp-am-\ kp-c-£n-X-Xzw t\-Sn-bn- p-

≠v. A-h¿-°v kp-c-£n-X-am-b tPm-

en-bpw, Po-hn-°m-\p-≈ th-X-\-hpw

D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-h-cp-sS B-tcm-Ky-

hpw hm¿-≤-IyIm-e-hpw kw-c-£n-

°p-∂-Xn-\m-bp-≈ km-ap-ln-I kp-

c-£m ]-≤-Xn-I-fpw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A-h¿-°v i-‡-am-b sXm-gn-em-fn

kw-L-S-\-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-h

X¿-°-߃ ]-cn-l-cn-°p-I am-{X-a-

√ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-Xv, sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°pw Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\pw B-h-iy-am-

b t£-a{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-epw G¿-

s∏- n-cp-∂p. 1980 I-fp-sS Xp-S-°-Øn¬, C-¥y-bn-ep-S-\o-f-ap-≈ Xp-Wn-an-√p-Iƒ A-S-®p-]q´m≥

Xp-S-ßn. apw-ss_ t]m-ep-≈ Nn-e ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ an-√p-Iƒ h-f-sc th-K-Øn¬ A-S-®p-]q- n.

A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zn¬ A-S-®p-]q- ¬ {]-{In-b h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw, G-I-tZ-iw 10 h¿-j-tØm-fw, h-

en-®p \o-´n. Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬, G-I-tZ-iw 80,000Øn-e-[n-Iw ÿn-c sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-

°pw 50,000 Øn-e-[n-Iw Xm¬-Im-en-I sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw sXm-gn¬ \-„-s∏-Sp-I-bpw A-

h¿ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-te-°v X-≈-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-l-Ω-Zm-_m-Zv

\-K-cw Nn-e km-º-Øn-I ]n≥hm-ß-en-\pw (Recession) {I-a-k-am-[m-\ {]-iv-\-߃-°pw

{]tXy-In-®v h¿-£o-b e-l-f-Iƒ-°v, km-£yw h-ln-®p. ap-gp-h≥ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw a-[y

h¿-§ hn- m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-te-°pw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-te-°pw F-Sp-

sØ-dn-b-s∏- p. hym-]-I-am-b a-Zy-]m-\-hpw B-fl-l-Xy-bpw hym]-I-ambn.

Ipp-Spw-_-Øn-se i-‡n-tI-{μ-Øn-se am-‰w - sXm-gn¬ \-„-

s∏- H-cp an-√v-sXm-gn-em-fn sh-fp-Øp-≈n sXm-en-I-f-bp-∂p.A-

tX-k-a-bw A-h-s≥-d `m-cy H-cp ]p-Xn-b sXm-gn-em-b _o-Un

sX-c-∏n¬ G¿-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p

159

\Kcßfnepw ImWmhp∂XmWv. Nne¿

^mŒdnIfnepw Hm^nkpIfnepw t\cn´v

sN∂v, XßfpsS _tbmUm‰ \¬In

AhnSßfn¬ Fs¥¶nepw tPmen Hgnhp

t≠m F∂v At\zjn°p∂p. {Kma{]tZi

ßfn¬ ]ecpw sXmgn¬ tXSn ]pdØp t]m-

Ip-∂n-√.A-h¿ sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ, sh-dp-

sX ho- n-en-cn-°p-∂p. Nn-e¿ Fw-tπ-bv-sa‚ v F-

Iv-kv-tN-©p-Iƒ ap-tJ-\-bp-≈ sXm-gn-e-h-k-

c-߃ e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn t]-cv \¬-In Im-

Øn-cn-°p-∂p. \m-j-W¬ km-ºnƒ k¿-tΔ

Hm-^o-kv (NSSO) sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-sb \n¿-h-

Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, sXm-gn¬ e- y-a-√m-Ø-Xp sIm-

≠v sXm-gn-se-Sp-°m-Ø-h-cpw, Fw-tπm-bv-sa‚ v

F-Iv-kv-tN-©p-Iƒ ap-tJ-\-tbm _-‘p-°-fpw

kp-lr-Øp-°-fpw ap-tJ-\-tbm sXm-gn-ep-S-a-Iƒ-

°v A-t]-£-Iƒ \¬-In-tbm \n-e-hn-ep-ep-≈

km-l-N-cy-Øn-epw {]-Xn- -e-Øn-epw sXm-gn¬

sN-øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ k-∂-≤-X A-dn-bn-®v sXm-gn-

e-t\z-jn-°p-∂-h-cpw Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂ km-l-Ncyw

F-∂mWv. sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø hy-‡n-sb I-s≠-

Øp-∂-Xn-\v ]-e am¿-§-ß-fp-ap-≠v. A-cZn-h-k-

Øn¬ H-cp a-Wn-°q¿ t]m-epw sXm-gn¬ e`n-

°m-Ø B-sf-bm-Wv sXm-gn¬ c-ln-X≥ F∂v

km-º-Øn-I hn-Z-KvZ¿ hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.

sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ Z-Ø-߃ e`y-

am-°p-∂ aq-∂v D-d-hnS-ß-fp-≠v. C-¥y≥ Im-

t\-jp-am-cn dn-t∏m¿- p-Iƒ (Reports of Censusof India), \m-j-W¬ km-ºnƒ k¿-sΔ Hm-

¿Kss\tkj≥ (NSSO) s‚ sXm-gn-epw sXm-

gn-en-√m-bv-a km-l-N-cy-ß-fpw kw-_-‘n-® dn-

t∏m¿- v, Fw-tπm-bv-sa‚ v F-Iv-kv-tN-©p-I-fn-se

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈-h¿-°v i-cn Nn-”w (tick mark ) \¬-Ip-I

$ G-gv Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw Ip-Spw-_-Øn-se aq-∂v Aw-K-ß-fpw sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂

tlm- -en-se sXm-gn-em-fn .

$ C-cp-]-Øn-b-©v A-[ym-]-I-cp-≈ kz-Im-cykv-Iq-fn-se A-[ym-]-I≥

$ t]m-en-kp-Im-c≥

$ k¿-°m¿B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se \-gv-kv.

$ ssk-°nƒ dn-£m-°m-c≥

$ H-º-Xv sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-≈ Xp-Wn-°-S-bp-sS D-S-a

$ ]-Øn-e-[n-Iw _- p-I-fp-≈-Xpw 20 s{sU-h¿-am-cpw, I-≠-Œ¿-am-cpw, a-‰p sXm-gn-em-fn-I-f-

ap-≈ _-kv I-º-\n-bn-se s{sU-h¿

$ ]-Øv sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-≈ \n¿-Ωm-W-°-º-\n-bn-se kn-hn¬ F-©n-\o-b¿.

$ kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m¿ ÿm-]-\-Øn¬ Zn-h-k-Iq-en A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂

I-ºyq- ¿ Hm-∏-td-‰¿

$ ssh-Zyp-Xn Hm- o-kn-se Kp-a-kv-X≥.

1 6 0

sXm-gn-en-\pw ]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-am-bp-≈ c-Pn-

kv-t{S-j≥ kw-_-‘n-® U-b-d-Œ¿ P-\-d-en-s‚

dn -t∏m¿ -´p -Iƒ (Director General ofEmployment and Training of Registrationwith Employ-ment Exchanges) F-∂n-h. C-

h Hm-tcm-∂pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv

\-ap-°v \¬-Ip-∂-sX-∂n-cn-°n-epw

sXm-gn-en-√m-Ø-h-cp-sS {]-Ir-X-

sØ-°p-dn-®pw cm-Py-Øv \n-e-hn-en-

cn-°p-∂ hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈

sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-sb-°p-dn-®pw, \-ap-

°v A-dn-hv \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.

\-ap-°v hy-Xy-kv-X co-Xn-bn-ep-≈

sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a D-t≠m? Cu A-

[ym-b-Øn-s‚ B-Zy J-fin-I-

bn¬ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-® co-Xn-bn-ep-≈

sXm-gn-en-√-bv-a-sb {]-Xy-£ sXm-

gn-en-√m-bva(Open unemployment)F-∂v hn-fn-°p-∂p. C-¥y-bnse Ir-

jn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂

sXm-gn-en-√-bv-a-sb {]-—-∂

sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a? F-∂m-Wv

km-º-Øn-I im-kv-{X-⁄¿

hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv. F¥m-Wv {]-

—-∂ sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a? H-cp

I¿-j-I-\v \m-ev G°¿ Ir-

jn`q-an D-s≠-∂pw Hcp h¿-

jw Cu Ir-jn-bn-S-Øn-se F-

√m {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°p-am-bn

A-bm-fpw c≠v sXm-gn-em-fn-

I-fpw a-Xn F-∂pw k-¶¬-]n-

°p-I. F-∂m¬ A©v sXm-

gn-em-fn-I-fpw IpSpw-_-Øn-se

a-‰w-K-ß-fm-b m-cy, Ip- n-Iƒ

Xp-S-ßn-b-h-tc-bpw C-hn-sS

sXm-gn-en-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, B A-

h-ÿ-bm-Wv {]-—∂ sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a. 1950 I-

fn¬ \-S-∂ H-cp ]T-\w A-\p-k-cn-®v C-¥y-bn-

se I¿-j-I sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn¬ aq-∂n-sem-∂v

t] -cpw {] -— -∂ sXm -gn -en -√m -b v -a

A\p`hn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

Nn-{Xw 7.5 an-√n-se sXm-gn¬ \-„-s∏- sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ,

Xm-¬Im-en-I tPm-en-Iƒ-°m-bn Im-Øp \n¬-°p-∂p.

Nn-{Xw 7. 6 I-cn-ºv sh-´p-∂-h¿: {]-—-∂ sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a Im¿-jo-I

sXm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.

161

Nn-e B-fp-Iƒ \-K-c{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°v Ip-

Sn-tb-dp-I-bpw, A-hn-sS Ip-d-®p Im-ew sXm-

gn¬ sN-bv-Xv a¨-kq¨ Im-e-am-Ip-tºmƒ

kz-¥w {Km-a-Øn-te-°v Xn-cn-®p h-cn-I-bpw sN-

øp-∂-Xv \n-߃ I-≠n-cn-°pw. F-¥p-sIm-≠m-

Wv A-h¿ A-Ø-c-Øn¬ s]-cp-am-dp-∂-Xv.? Im-

c-Ww Im¿-jn-Ita-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ

Im-en-I-am-Wv. h¿-j-Øn-se F-√m am-k-ß-

fn-epw A-h¿-°n-hn-sS sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fn-√.

Ir-jn-bn-S-ß-fn¬ sN-øm≥ sXm-gn-en-√m-sX

h-cp-tºmƒ A-h¿ sXm-gn¬ tX-Sn \-K-c-{]-

tZ-i-ß-fn¬ t]m-Ip-I-bpw A-hn-sS sXm-gn¬

F-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. C-Ø-cw sXm-gn-en-

√m-bv-a-sb, Im-en-IsXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a (SeasonalUnemployment) F-∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

CXpw C-¥y-bn¬ km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Im-Wp-

∂ H-cp Xcw sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bm-Wv.

h-f-sc Ip-d-™ sXm-gn¬ h-

f¿-®-bm-Wv, \mw tc-J-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bn-´p-≈-sX-¶n-epw Zo¿-

L-Im-ew sXm-gn-en-√m-Xn-cn-

°p-∂-h-sc \n-߃ I-≠n-

´p-t≠m? hn-Z-Kv-[¿ ]-d-bp-∂-

Xv, C-¥y-bn-se P-\-߃-°v

A-Ø-c-Øn¬, Zo¿-L-Im-ew

sXm-gn-se-Sp-°m-sX I-gn-bp-

hm≥ km-[n -°p -I-bn -√

F∂m-Wv. A-h-cp-sS \n-cm-

im-P-\-I-am-b km-º-Øn-I

km-l-N-cyw A-ß-s\ C-cn-

°p-hm≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bn-

√. C-h¿ hr-Øn-lo-\-hpw

A-\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-hpw A-]-I-

S-I-c-hp-am-b Np-‰p-]m-Sn-ep-≈

tPm-en-I-fpw A-Xp-t]m-se

sN-øm≥ {]-bm-k-ap-≈ tPm-en-I-fpw, G-s‰-Sp-

°p-hm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xm-gv-∂h-cp-

am-\-ap-≈ Ip-Spw-_-߃-°v sXm-gn¬ e`n-°p-

∂-Xn-\pw A-Xp-h-gn A-h¿-°v am-\y-am-b Po-

hn-Xkm-l-N-cy-߃ H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-am-bp-≈

[m-cm-fw{i-a-߃ tI-{μ- kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-

cp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂p-≠v. C-h Xp-S¿-∂p-≈ `m-

K-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-tim-[n-°mw.

7.9 k¿-°m-cpw sXm-gn¬ kr-„n-

bpw (Government and EmploymentGeneration)2005 se tZ-io-b {Km-ao-W sXm-gn-ep-d-∏p]-cn-

]m-Sn \n-߃ Hm¿-°p-∂p-≠-t√m? ssh-Z-Kv[yw

B-h-iy-an-√m-Ø sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-hm≥ X-øm-

dp-≈ {Km-ao-W Ip-Spw-_-߃-°v h¿-j-Øn¬

100 Zn-h-k-sØ D-d-∏m-b th-X-\ sXm-gn¬ hm-

Nn-{Xw 7. 7 k¿-°m¿ t\-cn-´v sXm-gn¬ kr-„n-°p-∂ co-Xn-bm-Wv

A-W-s°-´p-I-fp-sS \n¿-Ωm-Ww.

1 6 2

Kv-Zm-\w sN-øp-∂ ]-≤-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. {Km-a-{]-tZ-

i-ß-fn¬ sXm-gn-e-t\z-j-I¿-°v sXm-gn¬ kr-

j-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°n-b

]e ]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ H-∂v.

kzm-X-{¥ym-\-¥-c-Im-ew ap-X¬ sXm-gn¬ kr-

„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, sXm-gn¬ A-h-k-c-߃ D-≠m-

°p-∂-Xn-\pw tI-{μ-kw-ÿm-\ k¿-°m-cp-Iƒ

h-f-sc {]-[m-\ ]¶m-Wv h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

{i-a-ß-sf {]-Xy-£w, ]-tcm-£w F-∂n-ß-s\

c-≠m-bn Xn-cn-°mw. H∂mw K-W-Øn¬ s]-Sp-

∂-Xm-Wv \n-߃ sXm´v ap≥`m-K-Øv ]Tn-®,

-c-W-]-c-am-b Im-cy-߃-°m-bn hy-Xy-kv-X

h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬ P-\-߃-°v t\-cn-´v \n-b-a-\w

\¬-Ip-I F-∂-Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se k¿-°m¿ hy-

h-km-b-ß-fpw tlm- -ep-I-fpw K-Xm-K-Xÿm-

]-\-ß-fpw B-cw- n-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn, t\-cn-

v sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-

∂p. k¿-°m¿ kwcw`ß-fn-se N-c-°v tk-h-

\-ß-fp-sS D¬]mZ\w h¿-[n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ k¿-

°m¿ kwcw -ß-fn¬ \n-∂v A-kw-kv-Ir-X h-

kv-Xp-°ƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ kz-Im-cy kw-

cw`߃ Ah-cp-sS D-ev-]m-Z-\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-

I-bpw AXn-ep-sS k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-se sXm-

gn-e-h-k-c-߃ h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. D-

Zm-l-c-W-am-bn k¿-°m¿ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-ep-≈

D-cp-°p I-º-\n, A-Xn-s‚ D-¬]m-Z-\w h¿-≤n-

∏n-°p-tºmƒ, k¿-°m¿ I-º-\n-bn-se sXm-gn-

e-h-k-c-߃ h¿-≤n-°p-∂p. A-tXk-a-bw X-

s∂ Cu k¿-°m¿ I-º-\n-bn¬ \n-∂v D-cp-

°phmßp-∂ kz-Im-cy I-º-\n-bpw D-¬]m-Z-

\w h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn sXm-gn-e-h-

k-c߃ kr-„n-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

CXm-Wv k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn-se k¿-°m¿ {i-

a-ß-fp-sS -e-am-bn ]-tcm-£-am-b sXm-gn-e-

h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-∂ co-Xn.

sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-sS -

Zmcn{Zyw \n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\m-bn

[mcm-fw ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏n-em-°p-

∂-Xm-bn \m-emwA-[ym-b-Øn¬ \mw I-≠p.

A-h sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

≈ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ F-∂v Iq-Sn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Cu ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-√mw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-

„n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈-Xv am-{X-a-√ e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv

a-dn-®v, {]m-Y-an-Im-tcm-Kyw, {]m-Y-an-I hn-Zy- ym-

kw, {Km-a {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-se Ip-Sn-sh-≈w,

t]mj-Im-lm-cw, h-cp-am-\-hpw sXm-gn-epw kr-

„n-°-∂-Xn-\p-≈ B-kv-Xn-Iƒ hm-ßn-°p-∂-Xn-

\m-bp-≈ k-lm-bw, th-X-\ sXm-gn¬ kr-„n-

®p sIm-≠p-≈ k-aq-l B-kv-Xn-I-fp-sS hn-I-

k-\w, ho-Sp-I-fp-tS-bpw ip-No-I-c-W ku-I-cy-

ß-fp-tS-bpw \n¿-Ωm-Ww, ho-Sp-Iƒ \n¿-an-°p-

∂-Xn-\p-≈ k-lm-bw, {Km-ao-W tdm-Up-I-fp-

sS \n¿-Ωm-Ww, X-cn-ip `q-an-bp-tS-bpw ]m-gv

`qan-bp-tS-bpw hn-I-k-\w, Xp-S-ßn-b tk-h-\-

߃ \¬-Ip-∂-Xn-\pw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.

7.10 D-]-kw-lm-cw

C-¥y-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS L-S-\-bn¬

am-‰-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv

]pXn-b sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ Iq-Sp-X-epw I-≠p

h-cp-∂-Xv.C-°m-e-Øv tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bp-sS

hnIm-k-hpw D-b¿-∂ km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy-bp-sS B-

hn¿- m-h-hpw aq-ew sN-dp-In-S / hy-‡n kw-cw-

-߃-°pw A-s√-¶n¬ ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈ sXm-

gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°pw, _-lp-cm-{„Ip-Ø-I-I-tfm-Sv

t\-cn- v a-’-cn-®m¬ am-{X-ta \n-e-\n-¬]p-≈q

F-∂ A-h-ÿ kw-Pm-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]p-dw

]-Wn-I-cm¿ (out sourcing) C-∂v H-cp km-[m-c-

W kw- -h-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\¿-∞w h≥-

In-S I-º-\n-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS sN-dn-b k-hn-tij

163

h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ A-S-®p ]q-´p-I-bpw (D-Zm-l-c-W-

Øn\v \n-b-aw, Iw-]yq- ¿ t{]m-{Km-an-ßv, D-]t`m-

‡r tk-h-\-߃ ap-X-em-b-h) X-ß-fp-sS h≥-

In-S tPm-en-Iƒ A¬-]m¬-]-am-bn hn-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ t]m-ep-ap-≈ sN-dn-b kw-cw-`-߃-°pw

ssh-Z-Kv-[y-ap-≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ-°pw \¬-Ip-∂-Xm-

Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ em`I-c-sa-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p.C-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v B-[p-\n-I-am-b

Hcp hy-h-km-b-im-e A-s√-¶n¬ H-cp Hm^o-

kv F-∂ ]-c-º-cm-K-X-am-b B-i-bw am-dn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. C-∂v ]-e¿-°pw ho-Sp-Iƒ X-s∂-bm-

Wv tPm-enÿ-ew. ]-s£ Cu am-‰-ß-sfm-∂pw

hy-‡n sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v A-\p-Iq-e-a-√. sXm-

gn-en-s‚ kz-`m-hw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I-

am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. h-f-sc Ip-d-®p t]¿-°v am-{X-

ta km-aq-lykp-c-£m ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ e- y-am-Ip-

∂p-≈q.

I-gn-™ c-≠v Z-im-–-ß-fm-bn, sam-Øw B`y-

¥-tcm¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈

hf¿® D-≠m-bn- p-≠v. ]-s£, A-tXm-sSm-∏w

D-≠m-tI-≠ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-ß-fn-se h¿-≤-\-

hv D-≠m-bn- n-√. C-Xv sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-

„n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bp-≈, {]-tXy-In-®pw {Km-a-{]-tZ-

i-ß-fn¬, {i-a-߃-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-°p-hm≥

k¿-°m-cp-I-sf \n¿-_-‘n-X-am-°p-∂p.

1 6 4

kw-{K-lw ( Recap)

$ ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ km-º-Øn-I{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sam-Øw tZ-io-

tbm-ev-]-∂-Øn-te-°v kw- m-h-\ sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ F-√m-h-cpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-

fm-Wv.

$ cm-Py-sØ P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A-©n¬ c-≠p`m-K-hpw ]-e-X-cw km-º-Øn-I {]-h¿-

Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ C-¥y-bn-se sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bn¬ q-cn- m-K-hpw ]p-cp-j-∑m-cm-Wv, {]-tXy-In-®pw {Km-

ao-W ta-J-e-bn¬-\n-∂p-≈-h¿.

$ C-¥y-bn-se _-lp`q-cn- m-Kw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw kz-bw sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

Xm-¬Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpw ÿn-c-i-º-f-°m-cpw tN¿-∂v C-¥y-bp-sS sXm-

gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS ]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xm-sg-tb h-cp-∂p-≈q.

$ C-¥y-bn-se sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bn¬ A-©n¬ aq-∂v m-K-hpw D-]-Po-h-\-Øn-\m-bn Ir-

jn-tb-bpw A-\p-_-‘{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-tf-bp-am-Wv B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

$ Cu-b-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øm-bn sXm-gn-en-s‚ h-f¿-®m th-Kw Ip-d-™n- p-≠v.

$ C-¥y-bp-sS km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\v ti-j-ap-≈ Im-e-L- -Øn¬ tk-h-\-

ta-J-e-bn-se sXm-gn-e-h-k-߃ h¿-≤n-®n- p-≠v. Cu ]p-Xn-b tPm-en-Iƒ `q-cn- m-K-

hpw A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. A-Xp t]m-se sXm-gn-en-s‚ kz-`m-hw an-°-

hm-dpw Xm-¬Im-en-I co-Xn-bn-ep-am-Wv.

$ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b sXm-gn¬Zm-Xm-hv k¿-°m-cm-Wv.

$ {Km-ao-W C-¥y-bn-se sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bp-sS s]m-Xpcq-]-am-Wv {]-—-∂ sXm-gn-en-√mbva

$ C-¥y-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS L-S-\-bn¬ am-‰-߃ D-≠m-bn- p-≠v.

$ ]-e-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ ]-≤-Xn-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw \-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw t\-cn- pw A-√m-sX-bpw

sXm-gn¬ kr-„n-°m≥ k¿-°m¿ {i-an-®p h-cp-∂p.

A- ym-k-߃ -

1. B-cm-Wv sXm-gn-em-fn?

2. sXm-gn-em-fn P-\-kw-Jy A-\p-]m-Xw \n¿-h-Nn-°p-I.

3. Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h¿ - H-cp bm-N-I≥, H-cp tam-„m-hv, H-cp I-≈-°-S-Øp-Im-c≥, H-cp

Nq-Xm- -°m-c≥ - sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-tWm? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

165

4. H-‰-s∏- -Xv I-s≠-Øp-I.

1. H-cp k-eq-Wn-s‚ D-S-a

2. H-cp sN-cp-∏p-Ip-Øn

3 . a-Z¿ U-b-dn (Mother Dairy) bn-se Im-jy¿

4. H-cp Syq-j≥ am-ÿ

5. {Sm≥-kv-t]m¿-´v Hm-∏-td-‰¿

6. \n¿-Ωm-WsXm-gn-em-fn

5. ]p-Xn-b-Xm-bn D-≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ sXm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ `q-cn-`m-K-hpw taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

(tk-h-\ /D-¬]m-Z-\)

6. \m-ev Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ D-s≈m-cp ÿm-]-\w ----------------- F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. (Hu-]-Nm-cn-Iw/ A-\u-

]-Nm-cn-Iw)

7. cm-Pv kv-Iq-fn¬ t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. kv-Iqƒ C-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ A-h≥ Ir-jn-bn-S-Øn¬ tPm-en

sN-øp-∂p. A-h-s\ H-cp sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn I-W-°m-°m-\m-hp-tam? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

8. \-K-c-Øn-se kv-{Xo-I-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ {Km-ao-W kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv sXm-gn-en-

\pv t]m-Ip-∂-h-cn¬ Iq-Sp-X-epw. F-¥psIm-≠v?

9. ao-\ H-cp Ip-Spw-_n-\n-bm-Wv. A-h¿ ho- p-tPm-en-I-sf-√mw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v ]p-d-sa ¿-Øm-hn-

s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-epw \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-epw D-≈ Xp-Wn-°-S-bn¬ tPm-en-°v sN-øp∂p. A-h-

sc sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn I-W-°m-°m-tam? F-¥p-sIm-≠v ?

10. H-‰-s∏- -Xv I-≠-Øp-I

1. D-S-a-ÿ-s‚ Io-gn¬ sXm-gn-se-Sp-°p-∂ D-¥p-h-≠n-°m-c≥,

2 . I¬-∏-Wn-°m-c≥,

3 sa-°m-\n-Iv I-S-bn-se sXm-gn-em-fn,

4. jq t]m-fo-jv sN-øp-∂ Ip- n.

11. 1972˛-73 se C-¥y-bn-se sXm-gn¬-i-‡n hn-X-c-Ww Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-s\

hni-I-e-\w sN-øp-I-bpw sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-hn-X-c-W-Øn-s≥-d kz- m-h-Øn-\p-≈ Im-c-W-sa-

s¥-∂v I-s≠-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-I. 45 h¿-j-߃-°v ap-ºp-≈ C-¥y-bp-sS ÿn-Xn-bm-Wn-

sX-∂v {i-≤n-®p-h-t√m!

Xmak ÿew sXmgn¬i‡n (Zie£Øn¬)

]pcpj≥ kv{Xo samØw{Kmaw 125 69 194

\Kcw 32 7 39

1 6 6

{]-tZ-iwP-\-kw-JymI-W-°p

-Iƒ (tIm-Sn-bn¬)

sXm-gn-em-fn ˛ -P-\-

kwJy A-\p-]m-XwI-W-°m-°-s∏-´ sXm-gn-em-

fn-I-fp-sS F-Æw (tIm-Sn-bn¬)

{Km-aw 71.8 41.9 7 1/ 100 x 41 = 30.12\-K-cw 28.52 33.7 ?

sam-Øw 100.40 39.5 ?

12 1999 - 2000 Im-e-L- -Øn-se, C-¥y-bp-sS P-\-kw-Jy-bpw sXm-gn-em-fn P-\-kw-Jy-\p-]m-X-

hp-am-Wv Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \n-߃-°v C-¥y-bp-sS sXm-gn¬-i-‡n (\-K-c-Øn-te-

bpw sam-Ø-Øn-epw) I-W-°m-°m-tam?

13 ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\-ap-≈ sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ {Km-a-ß-fn-te-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ \-K-c-ß-fn-em-Wv.

F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

14 ÿn-c-h-cp-am-\ sXm-gn-ep-I-fn¬ h-f-sc Ip-d-®v kv-{Xo-Iƒ am-{X-ta Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. F-

¥p-sIm-≠v?

15. sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS L-S-\m-]-c-am-b hn-X-c-W-Øn-s‚ k-ao-]-Im-e {]-h-W-X-Iƒ hn-e-bn-

cp-Øp-I.

16. 1970 I-tfm-Sv Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ hn-hn-[ hy-h-km-b-ß-fn-ep-S-\o-fw, sXm-gn¬-i-‡n

hnX-c-W-Øn¬ am-‰-ß-sfm-∂pw D-≠m-bn- n-√. \n-ß-fp-sS A- n-{]m-b-sa-¥v?

17. I-gn-™ A-º-Xv h¿-j-ß-fn¬, cm-Py-Øv kr-„n-°-s∏- sXm-gn-ep-I-fp-sS A-f-hv, C-¥y-bp-

sS Pn.Un.]n h-f¿-®-tbm-Sv k-am-\-X-bp-≈-Xm-sW-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? F-ß-s\?

18. A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-tb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I ta-J-e-bn¬

kr-„n-t°-≠-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-am-tWm? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

19. hn-Œ-dn-\v H-cp Zn-h-kw 2 a-Wn-°q¿ am-{X-am-Wv sXm-gn¬ e- n-°p-∂-Xv .Zn-h-k-Øn-se _m-°n

k-a-bw, A-h≥ tPm-en A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bm-Wv. A-h≥ sXm-gn¬c-ln-X-\m-tWm? F-¥v sIm-

≠v ? hn-Œ-dn-s\ t]m-ep-≈-h¿, G-Xv X-cw sXm-gn-em-Wv sN-øp-∂-Xv?

20. \n-߃ H-cp {Km-ahm-kn-bm-Wv. \n-ß-fp-sS {Km-a]-©m-b-Øn-\v th-≠ D-]-tZ-i-߃ \¬-

Im≥ \n-ß-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏- m¬, \n-ß-fp-sS {Km-a-Øn-s‚ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃

kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw th-≠n G-Xv X-cw {]-hr-Øn-I-fm-Wv \n-߃ \n¿-t±-in-°p-I.

21. B-cm-Wv Xm-Xv-Im-en-I Iq-en sXm-gn-em-fn?

22. H-cp sXm-gn-em-fn A-\u-]-Nm-cn-Ita-J-e-bn-em-Wv sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v \n-߃-s°-ß-

s\ a-\- n-em-°mw?

167

\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏-´ A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃

1. H-cp {]-tZ-iw - H-cp tIm-f-\n-tbm sX-cp-thm - Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I. A-Xn-s\ 3-4 D-]-ta-J-e-I-

fm-°n Xn-cn-°p-I. A-hn-sS Xm-a-kn-°p-∂ Hm-tcmhy-‡n-bpw G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-

߃ ti-J-cn-°m-hp-∂ X-c-Øn¬, H-cp k¿-sΔ \-S-Øp-I. Hm-tcm ta-J-e-bp-tS-bpw sXm-

gn-em-fn P-\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xw I-W-°m-°p-I. hn-hn-[ D-]-ta-J-e-I-fn-se sXm-gn-em-fn P\-

kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-Øn-se hy-Xym-k-sØ Ip-dn-®v hy-Jym-\n-°p-I.

2. Ip- n-I-sf {Kq-∏p-I-fm-°n Xn-cn-®v kw-ÿm-\-sØ hn-hn-[{]-tZ-i-߃ hn- Pn-®p \¬-Ip-

I. H-cp {]-tZ-i-Øn¬ {]-[m-\-am-bpw s\¬-Ir-jn-bm-Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-∂v sX-ßv Ir-

jn-bp-tS-Xv. aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xv a-’y_-‘-\w ap-Jy sXm-gn-em-bn-cn-°p-∂ H-cp Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-

am-Wv. \m-e-a-tØ-Xv, Iq-Sp-X¬ t]-cpw I-∂vIm-en ]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂ \-Zo-Xo-

c-am-Wv. Cu \m-ev{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw G-Xv X-cw sXm-gn-ep-I-fm-Wv kr-„n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv F-

∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®p-≈ H-cp hn-h-c-Ww X-øm-dm-°p-I.

3. \n-ß-fp-sS {]m-tZ-in-I hm-b-\-im-e k-μ¿-in-°p-I. A-hn-sS C-¥y K-h¨-sa‚n-s≥-d

{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-am-b Fw-tπm-bv-sa‚ v \yq-kv- B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I. I-gn-™ c-≠v am-k-

sØ Hm-tcm e-°-hpw ]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 7 e-°-߃ D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. C-h-bn¬ \n-∂v 25

sXm-gn¬]-c-ky-߃ sX-sc-s™-Sp-Øv Xm-sg-bp-≈ ]- n-I ]p¿-Øn-bm-°p-I. (B-h-iy-

sa-¶n¬ ]- n-I hn-]p-eo-I-cn-°p-I) sXm-gn-en-s≥-d kz- m-hw N¿-® sN-øp-I.

C\߃ ]ckyw 1]ckyw 2

1 Hm^okns‚ t]cv

2 hIp∏v / Iº\n.

3 kzImcyw/s]mXp / kwbp‡ kwcw`w

4 XkvXnIbpsS t]cv

5 taJe - {]mYanIw /ZznXobw/tkh\w

6. XkvXnIbpsS / HgnhpIfpsS FÆw.

7. Bhiyamb tbmKyX.

1 6 8

4. \n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-Øv tdm-Uv \n¿-Ωm-Ww, P-e-kw- c-Wn-I-fn-se a-Æv \o-°wsN-ø¬, kvIqƒ

sI- n-S-ß-fp-tS-bpw B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fp-tS-bpw k¿-°m¿ Hm- o-kp-I-fp-tS-bpw \n¿-Ωm-Ww, sN°v-

Um-ap-I-fp-tS-bpw Z-cn-{Z¿-°p-≈ ho-Sp-I-fp-tS-bpw \n¿-Ωm-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b ]-e X-cw {]-h¿-Ø-

\-߃ k¿-°m¿ sN-øp-∂p-≠v. C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-s≥-d hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I hne-

bn-cp-ج dn-t∏m¿- v X-øm-dm-°p-I. Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂ {]-iv-\-߃ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-bn-cn-°-

Ww 1. F-ß-s\-bm-Wv {]-hr-Øn I-s≠-Øn-b-Xv? 2. A-\p-h-Zn-® Xp-I? 3 . {]-tZ-i-hm-kn-I-

fp-sS kw`m-h-\ 4. Dƒ-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂ B-fp-I-fp-sS F-Æw -]p-cp-j-∑m-cpw kv-{Xo-I-fpw, 5 .

\¬-In-b th-X-\w. 6. A-Xv B {]-tZ-i-Øv bm¿-∞-Øn¬ B-h-iy-am-tWm? A-Xp-t]m-se

Cu {]-hr-Øn \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ ]-≤-Xn-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- hn-a¿-i-\m-fl-I hn-e-bn-cp-ج

Iq-Sn Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I

5. Cu A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øm-bn [m-cm-fw k-∂-≤ kw-L-S-\-Iƒ Ip-∂n≥ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw hc≠

{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-epw sXm-gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-„n-°p-∂-Xn-\v ap≥-ssI F-Sp-°p-∂p-≠v. C-Ø-cw

{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ \n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-Øv Im-Wp-∂p-sh-¶n¬, A-hn-Sw k-μ¿-in-°p-I-bpw

dnt∏m¿- v X-øm-dm-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I.

klm-bI hn -h-߃

CHADHA,G.K.and P.P.SAHU,2002.’Post-reform Setbacks in RuralEmployment:Issues that Need Further Scrutiny’.Economic and PoliticalWeekly,May25,pp.1998-2026

DESAI,S and M.B.DAS,2004.’Is Employment Driving India’s GrowthSurge’Economic and Political Weekly, July3,pp,3045-3051

GHOSE,AJIT K.1999.’Current Issues of Employment Policy in India.’Economic andPolitical Weekly,September4,pp 2592-2608

HIRWAY,INDIRA.2002.Employment and Unemployment Situation in 1990s:Howgood are NSS Data’Economic and Political Weekly,May 25,pp 2027-2036

JACOB, PAUL.1986.Concept of ‘work’ and estimates of ‘workforce’-An appraisalof tjet, reatment of activities relating to non marketed output’ Sarvekshsna,VolIX.No.4April.

169

KULSHTHRA. A. C, GULABS SINGH, ALOK K and R. LMISHRA,2000Workforce in the Indian National Income Accounts Statistics,”TheJournel of Income and Wealth,Vol.22 No.2,July pp 3-39

PRADHAN,B.K. and M.R.SALUJA,1996. ‘Labour Statistics in India:AReview’,Margin,July-September, Vol.28,Number 4,pp.319-347

RATH,NILAKANTHA.2001,’Data on Employment, Unemployment andEducation:Where to go from here?’Economic and Political Weekly,June9, ,pp 2081-2087.

SUNDARAM,K.2001.Employment-Unemployment Situation in the Nineties:SomeResults from NSS 55th Survey’, Economic and Political Weekly,August 11 pp.3039-3049.

VISARIYA,PRAVIN.1996.Structure of Indian Workforce,1961-1994',The IndianJournal of Labour Economics, Vol.39, No.4,pp.725-740

Government Reports Annual Reports, Ministry of Labour, Government of India,DelhiCensus of India 2011,Primary Census Abstract, Registrar General ofCensus Operations,Ministry of Home Affairs,Government of India,DelhiEconomic Survey, Ministry of Finance,Government of India.Reports on Employment and Unemployment Situation in India,Ministry of Statisticsand Planning,Government of India.

sh_v ssk‰v

www.censusofindia.nic.inwww.mospi.nic.in

1 7 0

]T\ t\´ßƒ

$ kmºØnI, -kmaqlnI ]›mØe kuIcytaJebn¬ C¥y t\cnSp∂

{][m\ sh√phnfnIƒ Fs¥√mw F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.

$ kmºØnIhnIk\Øn¬ ]›mØekuIcyßfpsS ]¶v Xncn®dn-

bp∂p.

$ ]›mØekuIcyßfpsS Hcp \n¿WmbI LSIw F∂\nebn¬

Du¿÷Øns‚ ]¶v a\ nem°p∂p.

$ BtcmKy, Du¿PtaJeIfnse {]iv\ßfpw km[yXIfpw a\ n-em-

°p∂p.

$ C¥ybnse BtcmKy ]›mØekuIcyßsfIpdn®v a\ nem°p∂p.

]›mØe kuIcy߃

8

171

8.1 BapJw

C¥ybnse Nne kwÿm\߃, Nne

{]tXyI taJeIfn¬, a‰p kwÿm\ß-

tf°mƒ, IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´ {]IS\w

ImgvNsh°p∂Xv F¥psIm≠msW∂v

Ft∏msg¶nepw Nn¥n®n´pt≠m? Im¿-

jnI taJebnepw ]gw]®°dn D¬]mZ-

\Ønepw ]©m_v, lcnbm\, lnamN¬

{]tZiv F∂o kwÿm\߃ IqSpX¬

A`nhr≤ns∏´Xv F¥psIm≠mWv? alm-

cm{„bpw KpPdmØpw IqSpX¬ hymhkm-

bnI ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn®Xv F¥psIm-

≠mWv? F¥psIm≠mWv "ssZhØns‚

kz¥w \mSv' F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ tIcfw

km£-cXbnepw BtcmKy]cn]me\-

Ønepw ipNoIcW kuIcyØnepw,

AXpt]mse [mcmfw hnt\mZk©mcn-

Isf BI¿jn°p∂Xnepw anI®v

\n¬°p∂Xv? F¥psIm≠mWv I¿ÆmS-

Ibnse hnhckmt¶XnI hyhkmbw

temI{i≤ ]nSn®p]‰p∂Xv?

Chs°√mw ImcWw, Hmtcm kwÿm--

\ßfpw, Ah¿°v anIhp≈ taJeIfn¬

sa®s∏´ ]›mØekuIcy߃

ssIhcn®ncn°p∂p F∂XmWv. Nne¿°v

sa®s∏´ PetkN\ kuIcyßfp≠v. a‰v

Nne¿°v anI® KXmKX kuIcyß-fm-

Wp-≈Xv, As√¶n¬ Ah \n¿ΩmW

hyhkmb߃°mhiyamb AkwkvIr-

XhkvXp°ƒ e`yamIp∂ hn[Øn¬

XpdapJßtfmSv ASpØv InS°p∂-

hbmWv. I¿ÆmSIbnse _wKepcp t]m-

ep≈ ]´W߃ _lpcmjv-{SIpØI-

Isf BI¿jn°p∂Xv, Ah¿ temtIm-

Øc \nehmcØnep≈ hm¿Ømhn\nab

kuIcy߃ \¬Ins°m≠m-Wv. cmPy-

Øns‚ hnIk\Øn\v kuIcy-samcp-

°p∂ CØcw ]n¥pWm LSI-ßsf-

sb√mw tN¿Øv ]›mØe kuIcy-

߃ (Infrastructure) F∂v hnfn-°mw.

Aßns\bmsW-¶n¬ ]›mØe

kuIcy---߃ Fßns\sb-√mamWv hnI-

k\Øn\v klmbIam-Ip∂Xv?

8.2 F¥mWv ]›mØe kuIcy-߃? ( What is Infrastructure ?)

Im¿jnIhpw hymhkmbnIhpamb D¬-

]m -Z -\Ønt‚bpw B`y¥chntZi

hym]mc-Ønt‚bpw hmWnPyØnt‚bpw

apJy taJeIƒ°mhiyamb ]n¥pWm

tkh-\-߃ \¬IpIbmWv ]›mØe

kuI-cy-߃ sNøp∂Xv. tdmUpIƒ,

sdbn¬-thIƒ, XpdapJ߃, hnam\-

Ømhf-߃, AWs°´pIƒ, sshZypX

]≤Xn-Iƒ, FÆ-hmXI ss]∏v sse\p-

Iƒ, hm¿Ømhn-\nab kuIcy߃,

kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtfPpIfpw Dƒs∏Sp∂

hnZym-`ym-khyhÿIƒ, Bip]{XnIƒ

""Bhiyap≈ ]e Imcy߃°pw \ap°v ImØncn°m\mIpw, ]t£ Hcp

Ip™n\v AXv Ignbn√; ImcWw Ip™nt\mSv "\msf' F∂v ]dbm\mIn√.

AXns‚ t]cv C∂v F∂mWv. Aßs\ Xs∂bmWv ]›mØekuIcyßfpw''

K{_ntbe ankv{S¬; - Nnenb≥ Ihn

1 7 2

DSs∏-Sp-∂ BtcmKytaJe,

IpSnsh≈w Dƒs∏sS-bp≈

ipNoIcW kuIcy-߃,

_m¶pIƒ, C≥jqd-≥kv a‰v

[\Imcy hyhÿ-Iƒ,

XpSßnbh Dƒ-s∏Sp∂ [\

k{ºZmbw F∂nhsb√mw

Chbn¬ Dƒs∏Sp∂p. Ch-

bn¬ NneXv Nc°v tkh\-

ßfpsS D¬]mZ\Øn¬

t\cn v ]¶v hln°p-∂h-bm-

Wv. a‰p≈h kºZvhyh-

ÿ-bnse kmaqly taJe

]SpØp -b¿Øp∂-Xn\ v

Bhiy-amb ]tcm-£ ]n-

¥pW \¬-Ip∂--hbp-amWv.

]›mØe kuIcy-ßsf

c≠mbn Xcw Xncn°m-

h p∂XmWv . -kmºØn -

Ihpw kmaq-lnIhpw. Du¿-

÷w, K-XmKX hm¿-Ømhn-

\n-a-bw F∂nhtbmSv _-

‘-s∏´ ]›mØe kuI-

cy߃ BZy-sØ KW-

Ønepw, hn -Zym`ymkw, B-tcmKyw,

]m¿∏nSw XpSßnbh c≠ma-sØ

KWØn-epw s]Sp∂p.

Nn{Xw 8.1. hf¿®sb XzcnXs∏SpØp∂ IÆnIfmWv

tdmUpIƒ

Nn{Xw 8.2 kvIqfpIƒ : Hcp cm{„Øns‚ {][m\s∏´

]›mØe kuIcyßfn¬ H∂v.

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

\nßfpsS {]tZiØv As√¶n¬ ]cnkcßfn¬ ]e XcØnep≈

]›mØekuIcyßfpw D]tbmKn°p∂p≠mbncn°pw. Ahsb√mw

]´nIs∏SpØpI. Ipd®pIqSn kuIcy߃ AhnsS Bhiyamtb°mw.

Ah Xcw Xncn®v ImWn°pI.

173

8.3 ]›mØe kuIcyßfpsS{]k‡n (Relevance ofInfrastr-ucture)

Hcp B[p\nIhymhkmbnIkºZv

hyhÿbpsS Imcy£aamb {]h¿Ø-

\Øn\v AXymhiyamb ]n¥pWm

kwhn[m\amWv ]›mØe kuIcy-

߃. B[p\nI Im¿jnItaJebpw

Chsb h≥tXmXn¬ B{ibn°p∂p.

C∂v e`yambn´p≈ tdmU,v -sdbn¬, -

I∏¬ am¿§ßsf√mw, hnØpIfptSbpw

IoS-\min\nIfptSbpw cmkhfßfp

tSbpw Im¿jnI D¬]mZ\Ønt‚bpw

thK-Ønepw h≥tXmXnepap≈ Nc°v

\o°-Øn\v klmbn°p∂p. ASpØ

ImeØm-bn Im¿jnItaJebpsS

ssh]peyw aqew C≥jpd≥kv - _m¶nwKv

kuIcy-ßsfbpw B{ibn°p∂p≠v.

]›mØe kuIcy߃ D¬]mZ\

LSIßfpsS D¬]mZ\£aX h¿≤n-

∏n®p sIm≠pw P\ßfpsS PohnX

KpW\nehmcw Db¿Øns°m≠pamWv

kmºØnI hnIk\Øns\ klmbn-

°p∂Xv. ]›mØe

ku-IcyßfpsS A]-

cym -] vXX Btcm -Ky -

taJ-ebnepw H´\-h[n

{]XnIqe ^e-߃ D-

≠m°p-∂p≠v. ip≤Pe

hnXcW cwK-Øpw ip-

No---IcW cwK-Øpap≈

]ptcmKXn bm\-Iamb

]e Pe-P\ytcmK-ß-

fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ tcmKm-

XpcX- tcm-Kw hcm\p≈

km[yX (Morbidtiy) eLqIcn°p-∂Xn\pw

Ah ]nSns]Sptºmƒ AXns‚ ImTn\yw

Ipd°p∂Xn\pw km[n®n´p≠v. Pehpw

ipNoIcWkuIcyßfpw BtcmKyhpw

XΩnep≈ hy‡amb _‘Øn\p

]pdsa, BtcmKyc£mImcyßfn¬

KXmKX hm¿Ømhn\nab kuIcy-

ßfpsS KpWta∑bpw {][m\ ]¶v hln-

°p∂p. P\\n_nUamb taJeI-fn¬,

hmbpaen\oIcWw, KXmKX-hp-ambn

_‘s∏´p≈ A]IShpw kpc£-bn√m-

bvabpw tcmKmXpcXsb kzm[o\n-°p∂p.

8.4 C¥ybnse ]›mØe kuI-cy-ßfpsS Ahÿ (The Stateof Infrastructure in India)

]cºcmKXambn, Hcp cmPyØns‚

]›mØe kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\-

Øn\v k¿°m¿ am{XamWv DØchmZn.

]s£ Cu taJebn¬, k¿°mcns‚

\nt£]w A]cym]vXamsW∂v ImWmw.

C°meØv, ]›mØekuIcyßfpsS

hnIk\Øn¬ kzImcy taJe X\n®pw,

s]mXptaJetbmSv ]¶v tN¿∂pw sNøp-

Nn{Xw 8.3 AWs°´pIƒ

1 7 4

∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfpw {][m\s∏´-XmWv.

\ΩpsS P\ßfn¬ _lp`qcn`mK-hpw

{Kma{]tZiß-fnemWp≈Xv. C∂v temI-

Øv C{Xb-[nIw kmt¶XnI ]ptcmKXn

D≠mbn´pt]mepw {KmaoW kv{XoIƒ,

Im¿joImhin„߃, DW° NmWIw,

hndIv, XpSßnb ssPh C‘\߃

Xs∂bmWv XßfpsS Du¿÷m-hiy-

߃°mbn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Ah¿

hndIv, sh≈w a‰v ASnÿm\ Bhiy-

߃°p≈ kma{KnIƒ F∂nh-°mbn

Zo¿LZqcw k©cn°p∂p. 2001 se Imt\-

jpamcn IW°v {]Imcw C¥y≥ {Kma-

ßfnse 56 iXam\w hoSpIƒ am{Xta

sshZypXoIcn°s∏´n´p≈q. 43 iXam\w

t]¿ Ct∏mgpw asÆÆbmWv D]tbmKn-

°p∂Xv. GItZiw 90 iXam\w {KmaoW

IpSpw_ßfpw ]mNIØn\v ssPh

C‘\߃ Xs∂bmWv D]tbm-Kn°p-

∂Xv. Chcn¬ 24 iXam\Øn\v am{Xta

ss]∏v sh≈ kuIcyw e`yam--Ip-∂p≈q.

GItZiw 76 iXam\w P\-ßfpw

IpSnsh≈Øn\v, Xpd mb IpSn-sh≈

tiJcßfmb InWdpIƒ, Ipf-߃,

Pekw`cWnIƒ, XSmI-߃, \Zn-Iƒ,

tXmSpIƒ apXemb-hsbbmWv B-{i-

bn°p∂Xv. {Kma{]-tZi-ßfnse 20 i-Xam-

\Øn\v am{Xta B[p\nI coXnbn-ep-≈

ipNoIcW kuIcy߃ e`n°p-∂p≈q.

]´nI 8.1 ]cntim[n°pI. C¥ybnte-

bpw a‰v Nne cmPyßfntebpw ]›mØ-

e kuIcyßfpsS Ahÿ XmcXayw

sNbvXn-cn°p∂Xmbn ImWmw. ]›m-Ø-

e kuIcyßfmWv hnIk\Øns‚ ASn-

Ø-d F∂v hym]Iambn AwKoIcn-°-s∏-

´-XmWv. Cu e£yØnseØm≥ C-¥y

C\nbpw DW¿∂v {]h¿Øn-t°≠n-bn-

cn°p∂p. Pn.Un.]n.bpsS 34 iX-am-\w

am{X-amWv C¥y ]›mØe ku-Icy-

߃°mbn am‰nsh-

°p∂p≈q. CXv ssN-\,

Ct¥m-t\jy F-∂o cmPy-

ß-fp-tSXn-s\ At]-£n®v

hf-sc Ipd-hmWv.

Nne kmºØnI im -

kv {X⁄¿ kqNn∏n -

°p∂Xv Ipd®v Zimw -

_vZ߃-°p≈n¬. C¥y

temIØnse aq-∂masØ

henb kºZvhyhÿ-bm-

Ip-sa-∂mWv. CXv kw-

`hn°Wsa¶n¬ C-¥y-

bpsS]›m-Øe kuIcy-

-ßfn -se \nt£]w -

IpØs\ Db¿-tØ≠-Nn{Xw 8.4. Hcp \√ hoSpw IpSnsh≈hpw C∂pw

A{]m-]y-amWv

175

Xp≠v. GsXmcp cmPyØn-epw hcpam\w

h¿≤n-°ptºmƒ ]›mØ-e kuIcy-

ßfpsS BhiyIXbn¬ am-‰w hcp∂p.

Ipd™ hcpam\ap≈ cmPy-ßfn¬

PetkN\w, KXmKXw, sshZyp -Xn

XpSßnb ASn-ÿm\ taJeIfmWv

{][m\w. F∂m¬ kºZvhyhÿIƒ

]Izamhp-Ibpw AhbpsS ASn-ÿm\

D]t`mKm -hiy߃ \ndth‰p -Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ Irjn-

bpsS {]m[m\yw Ipdbp-Ibpw ]›mØe

kuIcyßtfmSv _‘-s∏´ a‰v tkh\-

߃ IqSpX¬ Bhiy-ambn hcnIbpw

sNøp∂p. AXpsIm-≠mWv Db¿∂

hcpam\ap≈ cmPyß-fn¬ sshZypXn°pw

hm¿Ømhn\nab --]›mØe kwhn[m\-

Øn\pw henb {]m[m\yw hcp∂Xv.

Cßs\ ]›mØe kuIcyßfpsS

hnIk\hpw kmºØnI hnIk\hpw

ssItIm¿Øv sIm≠mWv apt∂dp∂Xv.

]cym]vXamb tXmXnep≈ PetkN\

kuIcyßfpsS hnImkØnemWv an°-

hmdpw Irjn B{ibn®p \n¬°p-∂Xv.

hymhkmbnI A`nhr≤nbmIs´ Du¿÷

hnIk\Ønepw sshZyptXm-¬]mZ\w,

KXmKXw, hm¿Ømhn\nabw XpSßnbh-

sbbpw B{ibn®ncn°p∂p. Hcp Imcyw

hy‡amWv ]›mØe ku-Icy-ßfpsS

hnIk\Øn\v icnbm-b {i≤ \¬Inbn-

√msb¶n¬ AXv kmº-ØnIhnIk\-

Øn\v hensbmcp XS am-Im-\nSbp≠v.

Cu ]mT`mKØv Du¿÷w, BtcmKyw,

F∂nhtbmSv _‘s∏´ c≠v ]›mØe

kuIcyßsfbmWv hniIe\hnt[b-

am°p∂Xv.

cmPyw ]›m-Øe sa®-s∏´ sa®-s∏´ Hmtcm 100 sshZyp-tXm¬

kuIcy \nt£-]w, Pe-t{kmX p ipNo-I-cW t]¿°n-S-bn-te ∏mZ\w (_ney¨

PnUn]nbpsS I-fpsS {]m]yX kuI-cy-ß-fpsS bpw samssa¬ kwh) iXam\Øn¬ iX-am-\-Øn¬ e`yX iX-am-\- hcn-°m-cpsS

(2003) (2012) Øn¬ (2012) FÆw (2012)

ssN\ 20 92 65 81 4208

tlmt¶mMv 4 92 100 223 38

C¥y 5 84 35 69 980

kuØv sImdnb 7 98 100 110 497

]m°nÿm≥ 2 91 47 67 94

knwK]q¿ 5 100 100 153 45

Ct¥mt\jy 14 84 59 115 170

]´nI 8.1 C¥ybntebpw a‰p cmPyßfntebpw ]›mØe kuIcy߃

DdhnSw : temI hnIk\kqNnI, temI_m¶v sh_vssk‰v : www.worldbank.org / (*)samØw aqe[\kzcq]WsØ kqNn∏n°p∂p.

1 7 6

8.5 Du¿Pw (Energy)\ap°v Du¿÷Øns‚ Bhiysa¥v?

GsXms° cq]ØnemWv Du¿÷w e`y-

ambncn°p∂Xv? cmPyØns‚ hnIk\

{]{Inbbn¬ \n¿ÆmbIambLSI-amWv

Du¿÷w. AXv hyhkmb߃°v

AXymhiyamWv. Irjn°pw AXnt\mSv

_‘s∏´ cmkhfßfptSbpw IoS\min-

\nIfptSbpw Im¿jntIm-]IcW-ßfp-

tSbpw D¬]mZ\Ønepw hnXcWØnepw

h≥tXmXn¬ Du¿÷w BhiyamWv.

\ΩpsS hoSpIfnse ]mNImhiyØn\pw

shfn®Øn\pw a‰pw Du¿÷w Bhiy-

amWv. Du¿÷w D]tbmKn°msX D¬]m-

Zn-∏n°m≥ km[n°p∂ GsX¶nepw Hcp

km[\tØtbm tkh\tØtbm Ipdn®v

\n߃°v Nn¥n°m≥

Ignbptam?

Du¿PØns‚ t{kmX p-

Iƒ (Sources of Energy):hmWnPyhpw hmWntPyX-

chp-amb Du¿P t{kmX p-

Iƒ \ap°p≠v. s]t{Smfn-

bhpw sshZypXn -bpw

hmWn-tPym¿÷ t{km-X-

 p-I-fmWv. ImcWw Ah

hn¬-°p-I-bpw hmßp-Ibpw

sN-øp -∂-XmWv. hmWn -

t÷y-Xc Du¿PDdhnS-ß-

fmWv hndIv , Im¿jn -

Imhin„-߃, DW-°

NmWIw F∂nh, Imc-Ww

* \n߃ ]{Xw hmbn°ptºmƒ `mcXv \n¿Ωm¨, {]tXyI Dt±i hml\w

(SPV), {]tXyI kmºØnI taJe (SEZ), \n¿an®v, {]h¿Øn∏n®v, ssIam‰w

sNøpI (BOT), s]mXp-kzImcy ]¶mfnØw (PPP) F∂nßs\-bp≈

{]tbmK߃ I≠ncn°pw Ch Dƒs°m≈p∂ hm¿ØIƒ, Nn{X߃

F∂nh tiJcn®v Hcp ]pkvXIØn¬ H´n°pI. Cu ]Zmhen-Iƒ

Fßns\bmWv ]›mØe kuIcyßtfmsS _‘s∏Sp∂Xv.

* Cu A[ymbØns‚ Ahkm\`mKØv \¬Inbncn°p∂ kqN\Iƒ

D]tbmKn®v a‰v ]›mØe kuIcyßsf Ipdn®p≈ hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI.

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

Nn{Xw 8.5 Imfh≠nIƒ C¥ybnse

{Kma{]tZißfnse KXmKXØn¬ C∂pw {][m\

]¶phln°p∂p.

177

Ch {]Ir-Xn -bn¬/h\-ßfn¬ \n∂v

t\cn´v e`n-°p-∂-hbmWv.

hmWntPym¿Pw s]mXpsh D]tbmKn-

°pt¥mdpw Ipd™p hcp∂hbmWv

(PesshZypX]≤Xn CXns\mcp A]-

hmZamWv). F∂m¬ hmWntPyXc

Du¿÷w s]mXpsh ]p\cp¬]mZn∏n-

°m≥ Ignbp∂hbmWv. C¥y≥ IpSpw_-

ßfnse 60 iXam\Øne[nIhpw, km[m-

cW ]mNIØn\pw a‰v Xm] Bhiy߃-

°pambn B{ibn°p∂Xv ]cºcmKX

Du¿P t{kmX pIsfbmWv.

]mcºtcyXc Du¿PDdhnS߃ (NonConventional Sources of Energy):hmWnPy-- hmWnt÷yXc Du¿PDdhnS

ßsf ]cºcmKX Du¿÷DdhnS߃

F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂p. a‰v aq∂v {][m\

Du¿÷ DdhnS߃ IqSnbp≠v. Ch

s]mXphmbn ]mcºtcyXc

Du¿÷DdhnS߃ F∂dn-bs∏Sp∂p.-

kutcm¿Pw Im‰n¬ \n∂p≈ Du¿Pw,

XncameIfn¬ \n∂p≈

Du¿Pw F∂nh. C¥y

Hcp DjvWtaJe cmPyam-

bXn\m¬, Npcpßnb Nne-

hn¬ e`yamb km-t¶--XnI-

hnZyIƒ IqSn D]-tbm--Kn-

®m¬, C¥y°v Cu aq∂v

coXnbnepw Afh‰

Du¿Pw D¬]mZn∏n°m≥

km[n-°pw. C\nbpw a‰v

Nnehv Ipd™ coXnIƒ

\ap°v hnIkn -∏n°m -

hp∂XpamWv.

hmWnPy Du¿÷Øns‚

Nn{Xw 8.7 Im‰mSn b{¥w: sshZypXn

D¬]mZ\Øns‚ as‰mcp t{kmX v

Nn{Xw 8.6 hndImWv {][m\s∏´ Du¿P t{kmX v

1 7 8

D]t`mK amXr -I. (Cons-umption Pattern of CommercialEnergy): C¥ybn¬

D]tbmKn°p∂ samØw

Du¿÷Øns‚ 74 iXam\hpw

hmWnPyDu¿-÷amWv. CXn¬

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ (54 iXam\w)

I¬°cnbpw; sXm´p ]n∂n¬

FÆ 33 iXam-\hpw, {]IrXn

hmXIw 9 iXam -\hpw

PesshZypXn 3 iX-am\-hpw

BWv. hmWntPyXc Du¿P

DdhnSßfmb hndIv, NmWIw,

Im¿joIm -hin„߃ XpSßnb-h

samØw Du¿PD]t`mKØn-s‚ 26

iXam\w hcp∂p.

C¥ybnse Du¿PtaJebnse G‰-hpw

A]ISIcamb khntijXbpw kºZv

hyhÿtbmSp≈ _‘hpw {IqUv Hmbn-

ent‚bpw s]t{Smfnb-Øn-s‚bpw Cd°p-

aXnsb B{ibn°p-∂XmWv. CXv kao]-

`mhnbn¬ IpXn®p-bcm\pw km[y-Xbp≠v.

Nn{Xw 8.8 kutcm¿÷Øn\v [mcmfw km[yXIfp≠v

kºZvhyhÿbnse hnhn[ taJeIƒ

D]t`mKw sNøp∂ hmWntPym¿P

Øns‚ Afhv ]´nI 8.2˛¬

\¬Inbncn°p∂p. 1953˛54˛¬

hmWntPym¿PØns‚ G‰hpw henb

D]t`m‡mhv KXmKXtaJe-bmWv.

XpS¿∂p≈ Imebfhn¬ Km¿ln-Iw,

Irjn, hyhkmbw F∂o taJeI-fpsS

D]t`mKw h¿≤n®p hcptºmƒ KXm-

KXtaJebpsS D]t`mK-Øns‚ ]¶v

]´nI 8.2 hmWnPyDu¿Pw taJe Xncn®p≈ D]-tbmKw (%)

taJe 1953-˛54 1970- ˛ 71 1990˛-91 2014˛-15

IpSpw_߃ 10 12 12 22

Irjn 01 03 8 18

hyhkmbw 40 50 45 45

KXmKXw 44 28 22 2

a‰n\w 5 7 13 13

BsI 100 100 100 100

DdhnSw : HºXmw ]©h’c]≤Xn, thmfyw II, A≤ymbw 6, Bkq{XW°Ωoj≥`mcXk¿°m¿, \yqU¬ln, 1947 Dw 2016-˛se F\¿Pn Ãm‰nÃnIvkv, sk≥{S¬Ãm‰nÃn°¬ Hm^okv, an\nkv{Sn Hm^v Ãm‰nÃnIvkv B≥dv t{]m{KmwCw]vfnsat‚j≥, `mcX k¿°m¿.

179

Pn.Un.]n.bpsS 8 iXam\w hm¿jnI

hf¿®m \nc°v km[y-amIWsa¶n¬

sshZyptXmev]m-Z\Øn¬ 12 iXam\-

tØmfw hm¿jnI h¿≤\hv D≠mIWw

F∂mWv.

C¥ybn¬ 2013 h¿jØn¬ Du¿ -

tPm¬]mZ\Øns‚ 70 iXam\hpw Xm-

t]m¿P t{kmX pIfn¬ \n∂mWv. Pe-

ssh-ZypXn, Im‰n¬ \n∂p≈ sshZypXn

F∂nh 16 iXam\w Bbncn°ptºmƒ

Nm¿´v 8.1

C¥ybn¬ hyXykvX t{kmX pIfn¬ \n∂v D¬]mZn∏n°s∏´ sshZypXn -

2013

PesshZypXnbpw Im‰n¬ \n∂p≈

sshZypXnbpw

Xm]sshZypXn

a‰p≈h

BWh sshZypXn

Ipd™phcp∂p. F√m

hmWn -tPym¿P D]t`m

Khpw ]cnKWn °ptºmƒ

ip≤o -Icn® FÆbpw

hmXIhpw BWv G‰hpw

IqSpX¬ D]t`mKw

sNøp∂Xv. {ZpXKXn -

bnep≈ kmº-ØnI

hf¿®m \nc°v \ne -

\n¬°p-∂-Xn\m¬, Du¿-

t ÷ m ] - t ` m K Ø n e p w

A X n \ - \ p k r - X a m b

h¿≤\hp≠v.

sshZyptXm¿÷w (Power / Eletcrictiy):B[p\nI kwkvImcØn¬ G‰hpw

IqSpX¬ hnIkn∏n°s∏´

Du¿Pcq]amWv sshZyp-tXm¿Pw. Hcp

cmPy-Øns‚ kmºØnI hnIk\w

\n›bn-°p∂Xn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\-

ap≈ Hcp ]›mØe kuIcyamWv

sshZypXn. CXns‚ tNmZ\Øns‚

hf¿®m\nc°v, Pn.Un.]n.bpsS hf¿®m

\nc°nt\°mƒ s]mXpsh Db¿∂-

XmWv. Nne ]T\߃ ]dbp∂-Xv, \ap°v

1 8 0

BWthm¿Pw shdpw 2 iX-am\w am{X-

amWv. c≠v Xcw Du¿P t{kmX v - Pew,

Im‰v - F∂n-hsbbmWv C¥ybpsS

Du¿P\bw t{]m’mln∏n°p∂Xv.

ImcWw Ah t^mkn¬ C‘\ßsf

B{ibn°p-∂n√. am{Xa√ Im¿_¨

hnk¿P\w IpdhpamWv. F∂n´pt]mepw

Cu c≠v DdhnSßfn¬ \n∂p≈

sshZyptXm¬]mZ-\Øn¬ {]Xo-£n®

thKØn-ep≈ hf¿® e`n°p-∂n√.

Ipd™ sNehn¬ sshZypXn D¬]mZn∏n-

°mhp∂ am¿KamWv BWthm¿Pw.

Ct∏mƒ samØw Du¿tPm]t`mK-Øns‚

tIhew 2 iXam\w am{XamWv Cu

Du¿P-Øns‚ kw`mh\. F∂m¬

BtKmf i-cm-icn 13 iXam\amWv. CXv

Xptemw IpdhmWv. BbXn\m¬, Nne

hnZKvZ¿ \n¿t±in°p∂Xv

BWht{kmX- neqsS IqSpX¬

sshZypXn D¬]mZn∏n-°W-sa∂mWv.

F∂m¬ ]cnÿnXn-bptSbpw kpÿnc

hnIk\Ønt‚bpw ho£W-Øn¬

CXn\v henb FXn¿∏p-Ifp≠v. FXn¿-

∏pIƒ Fs¥ms°bm-bncn-°p-sa∂mWv

\n߃ IcpXp∂Xv?

Du¿P taJebnse Nne sh√p -

hnfnIƒ. (Some Challenges in thePower Sector) : hyXykvX

Du¿tPm¬]mZ\bqWn‰pIƒ Dev]mZn-

∏n°p∂ Du¿Pw apgph\mbpw A¥na

D]t`m‡m°fn¬ FØp∂n√. Hcp

`mKw Du¿P\nebßfn¬ Xs∂

D]t`mKw sNøs∏Sp∂p. IqSmsX Hcp

`mKw {]kcW \„amWv. _m°nbp≈-

XmWv \ap°v hoSpIfnepw B^okpI-

fnepw ^mŒdnIfnepsa√mw FØp∂Xv.

C¥ybpsS Du¿PtaJebnse sh√p-

hnfnIƒ

H∂v, 7 apX¬ 8 iXam\w hsc hm¿jnI

hf¿®m\nc°v ssIhcn°p∂Xn\v

C¥ybpsS Du¿tPm¬]mZ\Øns‚

ÿm]nXtijn ]cym]vXa√. h¿[n®p

hcp∂ sshZypXnbpsS Bhiyw

\ndth‰m≥ C¥ybpsS hmWntPym¿-

PØns‚ D¬]mZ\Øn¬ 7 iXam\w

hm¿jnIh¿≤\hv t\tS≠Xp≠v.

Ct∏mƒ 20,000 saKm-hm´v sshZypXn

am{Xta {]Xn -h¿jw IqSpXembn

D¬]mZn∏n -°p∂p≈p. ]≤XnIƒ

icnbmb hn[w {]h¿Øn°mØXn\m¬

ÿm]nXtijn ]q¿Wambn D]tbmK-

* a‰v Du¿P DdhnSßsf At]£n®v \maam{Xamb Hcp ]¶v am{Xta BW-

thm¿PØn¬ \n∂v e`n°p∂p≈q. F¥psIm≠v?

* kutcm¿Phpw Im‰n¬\n∂p≈ Du¿÷hpw XncameIfn¬ \n∂p≈

Du¿Phpsa√mw mhnbpsS Du¿P DdhnS߃ BWv. Chsb XmcXayw sNbvXv

KpWßfpw tZmjßfpw Is≠Øn ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøpI.

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

181

s∏SpØm≥ km[n-®n´n√.

c≠v, sshZypXn hnXcWw sNøp∂

kwÿm\ sshZypXn t_m¿UpIƒ (SEB)GItZiw 500 tImSn cq]bne-[nIw

\„ØnemWv. {]kcW -hnXcW

\„hpw, sshZypXn hne \n›bn°p∂-

Xnse ]nghpw, a‰ v C\-ßfnse

Imcy£a°pdhpw aqeamWv CXv

kw`hn°p∂Xv. Nne hnZKv[¿ Nq≠n-

°mWn°p∂Xv I¿j-I¿°v sshZypXn

hnXcWw sNøp∂-XmWv \jvS-Øn\v

t_mIvkv 8.1 Hcp am‰w kr„n°¬

Xms\ ]´WØn\v Hcp ]pXnb apJ—mb hcpIbmWv - Hcp ]cnÿnXn

kulm¿Zamb apJw. Zo¿LImew sIm≠pam{Xw km[yamIpsa∂v IcpXnbncp∂

h≥tXmXnep≈ kutcm¿PØns‚ D]tbmKw kºØns‚bpw Du¿÷Øns‚bpw

anXhybØneqsS t\SnsbSpØncn°p∂p. sh≈w Xnf∏n°p∂Xn\pw {Sm^nIv

sse‰pIƒ°pw ]ckyØn\p≈ t_m¿UpIƒ°pw F√mw kutcm¿÷w

D]tbmKn®v hcp∂p. Cu AXpeyamb ]co£WØn\v t\XrXzw \¬InbXv Xms\

ap≥kn∏¬ tIm¿∏tdj≥. ]´WØnse F√m sI´nSßfnepw kutcm¿P hm´¿

lo‰dpIƒ ÿm]n°Wsa∂v \n¿_‘am°n.

(BKÃv 1, 2005 se Outlook amKkn\n¬ h∂ 'ta°nwKv F Un^d≥kv ' F∂

]w‡nbn¬ \ns∂Sp∂Xv)

* CØcØn¬ ]cºcmKX a√mØ Du¿÷w IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´ coXnbn¬

D]tbmKn°m\p≈ \n¿t±i߃ \¬Imtam?

t_mIvkv 8.2 sshZypXn hnXcWw - U¬lnbn¬

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw Xeÿm\sØ sshZypXn ssIImcyw sNøp∂ coXn

\mep{]mhiyw amdnbncn°p∂p 1951 ¬ U¬ln kwÿm\ sshZypXn t_m¿Uv

(DSEB) ÿm]n®p. ]n∂oSv CXv 1958 ¬ U¬ln Ce{Œnkn‰n kssπ A≠¿tS°nwKv

Bbn amdn. 1997 s^{_phcnbn¬ U¬ln sshZypX t_m¿Uv (Delhi Vidjut Board -DVB) \nehn¬ h∂p. Ct∏mƒ U¬lnbnse sshZypXn hnXcWw c≠v kzImcy

ÿm]\ßfmWv ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv, dneb≥kv F\¿Pn enan‰Upw (BSEScmP[m\n ]h¿ enan‰Uv & BSES bap\ ]h¿ enan‰Uv) Sm‰m ]h¿ enan‰Upw

(NDPL). GItZiw 28 e£w D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v sshZypXn \¬Ip∂Xv ChcmWv.

sshZypXn \nc°ns‚ LS\bpw a‰v {IaoIcWtØmSv _‘s∏´ {]iv\ßfpw

\nco£n°p∂Xv U¬ln sshZypXn dKpte‰dn IΩnj≥ (DERC) BWv. sshZypXn

hnXcWw henb tXmXn¬ sa®s∏Spsa∂pw D]t`m‡m°ƒ°v henb

t\´ap≠mIpsa∂pw {]Xo£n®ncp∂psh¶nepw A\p`hw Xr]vXnIcambocp∂n√.

1 8 2

{][m\ ImcWw F∂mWv. ]e CS-

ßfnepw sshZypXn tam„n°-s∏Sp∂Xpw

SEB IfpsS \jvSw h¿≤n∏n-°p∂p.

aq∂v , sshZypXn\n¿ΩmWcw -KØv

kzImcy -ta-J-e-bpsS ]¶v C\nbpw

h≥tXmXn¬ Db¿-tØ-≠Xp≠v. AXp

t]mse Xs∂ hntZ-i \nt£-]Icp-

tSXpw.

\mev, cmPyØns‚ hnhn[ `mKßfnep-

≠mIp∂ Zo¿Lt\cap≈ ]h¿I´pIfpw

Db¿∂ sshZypXn Nm¿Ppw s]mXpP\-

ßfn¬ Akzmckyw D≠m°p∂Xn\pw

ImcWamIp∂p.

A©v, C¥ybnse Du¿PØns‚ apJy

DdhnSamb Xm]sshZypX taJe, I¬-

°-cnbptSbpw a‰v AkwkvIrX hkvXp°-

fptSbpw e`yX Ipdhv A\p`hn°p∂p.

-BbXn\m¬ XpS¿®bmbp≈ kmº-

ØnI hnIk\hpw P\kwJymh¿≤-

\hpw, C∂v C¥ybn¬ D¬]mZn∏n-°p∂-

Xnt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ sshZypXn Bhiy-

am°p∂p. IqSpX¬ s]mXp\n-t£]w,

IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´ KthjW-hnIk\

{ia߃, ]cyth£Ww, kmt¶XnI-

amb anIhpw Is≠Øep-Ifpw, ]p\cp¬-

]mZn-∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂ Du¿P DdhnS-

ßfpsS D]tbmKw XpSßnbhbneqsS

Du¿PØns‚ e`yX h¿≤n∏n°mw.

sshZypXn hnXc-W taJebn¬, Du¿P

taJebnse ÿm-]nX-tijn h¿≤n∏n-

°p∂Xn\m-bp≈ \nt£]߃ \SØp-

∂-Xn\v ]Icw, Du¿P taJe kzImcy-

h¬Icn°m\p≈ {ia߃ \SØpI-

bmWv k¿°m¿ sNøp∂Xv. (t_mIvkv

8.2 ImWpI). IqSmsX sshZypXn°v IqSp-

X¬ hne NpaØphm\pw A\phZn®p. CXv

Nne taJeIfn¬ ISpØ BLmXta-

ev]n®p. (t_mIvkv 8.3 ImWpI) CXv

icnbmb Hcp \bamsW∂v \n߃ Icp-

Xp∂pt≠m?

8.6 BtcmKyw

BtcmKysa∂Xv, tcmKßfpsS A`mhw

am{Xa√, HcmfpsS tijn Xncn®dnbp∂-

Xn\p≈ IgnhpIqSnbmWv. HcmfpsS

t£aØns‚ AfhptImemWnXv. Hcp

t_mIvkv 8.3 Du¿÷ kwc£Ww: tImw]mŒv ^vfqdk‚ v emºp (CFL)Isf t{]m’mln∏n°¬

_yqtdm Hm^v F\¿Pn F^njy≥knbpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ kn.F^v.F¬

_ƒ_pIƒ°v km[mcW _ƒ_pItf°mƒ 80 iXam\w Ipdhv sshZypXn am{Xta

Bhiyap≈q. C≥tUm- Gjy≥ F∂ kn.F^v.F¬ \n¿ΩmXmhv

]d™Xpt]mse ]Øv e£w 100 W _ƒ_pIƒ°v ]Icw 20 W kn.F^v.F¬

_ƒ_pIƒ D]tbmKn®m¬ \ap°v 80 saKmhm´v (MW) sshZypXn em`n°m≥

Ignbpw. CXneqsS 400 tImSn cq] \ap°v t\´ap≠m°m≥ Ignbpw.

DdhnSw: "bqkv tIma¨sk≥kv Sp tkmƒhv ]h¿ s{sIknkv ' \tcjv ant\m®,

sXl¬°, HtŒm_¿ 1, 2005.

183

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

\nßfpsS ho´n¬ GXpXcw Du¿PamWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv? hyXykvX

Du¿P߃°mbn F{Xcq] sNehgn°p∂psh∂v c£nXm°tfmSv tNmZn®p

I≠p]nSn°pI. BcmWv \n߃°v Du¿Pw {]Zm\w sNøp∂Xv? FhnsSbmWv

AXv D¬]mZn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xv? \nßfpsS ho´n¬ shfn®w e`n°p∂Xn\pw £Ww

]mIwsNøp∂Xn\pw Zo¿LZqcbm{XIƒ°psa√mw klmbIcamb

NnehpIpd™ _Z¬ Du¿÷ DdhnSßsf Ipdn®v \n߃°v Nn¥n°mtam?

Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI ]cntim[n°pI. hnIk\Øns‚ ^e-{]Zamb

Hcp kqNIamWv Du¿÷ D]t`mKw F∂v \n߃ IcpXp∂pt≠m?

cmPyw 2015 se Btfmlcn 2013 se Btfmlcn

hcpam\w (PPP) Du¿P D]t`mKw

(bpFkv tUmfdn¬) (Intem{Kmw FÆbv°v

XpeyambXv)

C¥y 3,840 585

Ct¥mt\jy 4,810 864

CuPn]vXv 6,640 938

bp.sI. 36,880 3,252

P∏m≥ 36,290 3,898

bp.Fkv.F 50,610 7,165

DdhnSw: thƒUv sUhe]vsa‚ v C≥Unt°‰¿kv. www.worldbank.org

* \nßfpsS {]tZiØv/kwÿm\Øv sshZypXn hnXcWw sNøp∂Xv

Fßns\? \nßfpsS \KcØnse samØw sshZypXn BhiyIX

Is≠ØpI. Fßns\bmWv AXv Is≠Øp∂Xv?

* sshZypXnbpw a‰v Du¿Phpw kwc£n°p∂Xn\p≈ hnhn[ coXnIƒ

D]tbmKn°p∂Xv \n߃ {i≤n®ncn°pw. DZmlcWambn Kymkv

D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ Imcy£aambpw anXambpw D]tbmKn°p∂Xn-

s\°pdn®v Kymkv GP≥knIƒ \n¿tZiw \¬Imdp≠v. \nßfpsS

c£nXm°tfmSpw apXn¿∂htcmSpw CXv N¿® sNøpI. ]dbp∂ Imcy߃

FgpXnsbSp°pI ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøpI.

1 8 4

cm{„Øns‚ kºq¿Wamb hf¿®-

tbmSpw hnIk\tØmSpw _‘s∏´

ka{Kamb Hcp {]{InbbmWv BtcmKyw.

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬ apsºmcn°epw

C√mØ coXnbn¬ BtcmKycwKØv

BtKmf Xe-Øn¬ am‰w \S∂n´p≠v.

F¶nepw, Hcp cmPyØns‚ BtcmKy]c-

amb Ahÿ Hcp Iq´w AfhptImen-

eqsS ]dbpI {]bmkamWv. s]mXpsh

inip acW\nc°v (Infant Mortaltiy Rate),amXracW\nc°v (Maternal MortaltiyRate) , Bbq¿ssZ¿Lyw (LifeExpectancy), t]mjImlmc \nehmcw

(Nturitional Levels), ]Icp∂Xpw A√mØ-

Xpamb AkpJß-fpsS (Communicableand Non-communicable Diseases)km∂n≤yw XpSßnb kqNI-߃ ]cnK-

Wn®p sIm≠mWv P\XbpsS BtcmKy-

sØ hnZKv[¿ Af°p∂Xv.

Hcp cmPyØv Nc°v tkh\߃ D¬]mZn-

∏n°m\hiyamb BtcmKytØm-

sSbp≈ a\pjy hn`htijn Dd∏p\¬-

Ip∂Xv BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcy-

ßfpsS hnImkamWv. BtcmKyc£m

kuIcy߃ P\߃°v A¿lXs∏´-

XmsW∂v hnZKvZ¿ hmZn°p∂p. kao]-

ImeØmbn BtcmKyIcamb PohnXm-

hImiw Dd∏p \¬tI≠Xv k¿°mcpI-

fpsS DØchmZnØamWv. Bip]{XnIƒ,

tUmŒ¿am¿, \gvkpam¿, a‰v ]mcmsaUn-

°¬ s{]m^jWepIƒ, InS°Iƒ,

Bip]{Xn D]IcW߃, sa®s∏´

Huj[ \n¿ΩmW hyhkmbw XpSßnb-

hsb√mw Dƒs∏Sp∂XmWv BtcmKy

]›mØe kuIcy߃. BtcmKyap≈

P\X°v BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcy-

ßfpsS km∂n≤yw am{Xw t]mcm Ah

F√mh¿°pw {]m]yambncn°pIbpw

thWw. \¬Im≥ ]Wan√mØ ImcW-

Øm¬, tcmKw t`Zam°p∂-Xnt\m {]Xn-

tcm[n°p∂-Xnt\m Bhiyamb Btcm-

Ky-c£m kuIcy߃ Hmtcm hy‡n-

°pw e`n°p∂Xn¬ bmsXmcp hn[

hogvNbpw kw`hn°cpsX∂v Bkq{XW-

Øns‚ BZy L´w apX¬ Xs∂ \ΩpsS

\bw cq]oIcn®h¿ hn`mh\w sNbvXn-

cp∂p. Cu e£yw t\SnsbSp°p∂Xn¬

\mw hnPbn®n´pt≠m? hnhn[ XcØn-

ep≈ BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcyß-

sf°pdn®v ]Tn°p∂Xn\p apºmbn

C¥ybnse BtcmKyØns‚ Ahÿ-

sb-°pdn®v \ap°v t\m°mw.

BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcyßfpsS

Ahÿ (State of Health Infrastructure):BtcmKy hnZym`ymkw, `£WØn¬

ambw tN¿°¬, acp∂pIfpw hnjßfpw,

BtcmKytaJebnse tPmen, P\\

acW hnhml kw_‘nbmb ÿnXn-

hnhc IW°pIƒ (Vital Statistics),am\knI hf¿®°pdhv, NnØ{`aw XpS-

ßnb BtcmKy]camb {]iv\߃ \nb-

{¥n°pIbpw Bhiyamb am¿K \n¿-

tZi߃ \¬IpIbpw sNtø≠Xv k¿-

°mcns‚ cWLS\m]camb ISabmWv.

tI{μ k¿°m¿, tI{μ BtcmKy - IpSpw-

_-t£a kanXn (Cetnral Council forHealth and Family Welfare) bneqsS

hnhn[ßfmb \bßfpw ]≤XnIfpw

Bkq{XWw sNbvXv \S∏nem°n hcp-

∂p. kwÿm\߃°pw tI{μ `cW

{]tZi߃°pw a‰v ÿm]\߃°pw

cmPysØ {][m\s∏´ BtcmKy ]≤-

185

XnIƒ \S∏nem°p∂Xn\v Bhiy-amb

kmt¶XnIhpw kmºØn-Ihpamb

klmbw \¬IpIbpw hnhc߃ tiJ-

cn-°Ibpw sNøp∂Xv ChcmWv.

C¥y°v ImemImeßfmbn hfsc

hnimeamb BtcmKy ]›mØe

kuIcyßfpw, hyXykvX Xeßfnep≈

a\pjy hn`hhpw hf¿ØnsbSp°m≥

km[n®n´p≠v. {]mYanItcmKytI{μ-߃

(PHCs) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ hnhn[

XcØnep≈ Bip]{XnIƒ {KmaoW

XeØn¬ Xs∂ ÿm]n°s∏´n´p≠v.

(t_mIvkv 8.5 ImWpI). AXp t]mse

kzImcy taJebnepw, ]e k∂≤

kwLS\Iƒ \SØp∂Xpamb [mcmfw

Bip]{XnIfpw ChnsSbp≠v. saUn°¬

tImtfPpIfnepw, ^m¿akn tImtfPpI-

fnepw \gvknwKv tImtfPpIfnepw ]cnio-

en® hnZKv[cmWv Cu Bip]{XnI-

fnse√mw {]hrØnsbSp°p∂Xv.

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw BtcmKy

BtcmKytaJebnse uXnI kmlNcy-

ßfn¬ FSpØp ]dbØ° hnImkw

D≠mbn´p≠v. 1951--˛2013 hsc k¿°m¿

Bip]{XnIfptSbpw Unkvs]≥-kdnIfp-

tSbpw FÆw 9,300 ¬ \n∂v 44,000 Bbn

Db¿∂p. Bip]{Xn InS°IfpsS FÆw

1.2˛¬ \n∂v 6.3 e£ambn Db¿∂p. Cu

Imebfhn¬ \gvkpamcpsS FÆw 0.18-¬

\n∂pw 23.44 e£ambpw Atem∏Xn

tUmŒ¿amcpsS FÆw 0.62-˛¬ \n∂pw 9.2

e£ambpw Db¿∂p BtcmKy ]›m-

ØekuIcyßfpsS hnIk\-^eambn

hkqcn, Rcºp {hWw, F∂o tcmK߃

D∑qe\w sNøp∂Xn\pw IpjvTtcmKw,

Nn{Xw 8.9 cmPyØns‚ Gdnb `mKßfnepw BtcmKy

]›mØekuIcyßfpsS A`mhaps≠∂v ImWp∂p.

1 8 6

hcpsS 46 iXam\Øn\pw A√mØhcp-

sS 80 iXam\Øn\pw BtcmKyc£m

kwhn[m\߃ \¬Ip-∂Xv kzImcy

taJebmWv.

CubSpØ ImeØv sshZyimkv{X

hnZym`ymkØnepw ]cnioe\Ønepw

sshZyimkv{X kmt¶XnI hnZybnepw

tcmK\n¿WbØnepw Huj[ßfpsS

\n¿ΩmWØnepw hn¬]\bnepw, Bip-

]{Xn \n¿ΩmWw, sshZyimkv{X tkh-

\߃ \¬I¬ XpSßnb taJeIfn-

epsa√mw kzImcy taJe°mWv

B[n]Xyw. 2001 -02 ¬ 13 e£Øne[nIw

sshZyimkv{X kwcw`ßfpw Ahbn¬

tPmensbSp°p∂ 22 e£w BfpIfp-

ap≠mbncp∂p. CXn¬ 80 iXam\Øn-

t]mfntbm F∂nhsb GXm≠v C√mXm-

°p∂Xn\pw ImcWambn.

kzImcy taJebnse BtcmKy

]›mØekuIcy߃ (Private SectorHealth Infrastracture): Nc°pIfpw tkh-\-

ßfpw hnXcWw sNøp∂ Imcy-Øn¬

s]mXptaJe A{X hnPba√. F∂m¬

kzImcy taJe Cu cwKØvIpXn®p

Ibdp-IbmWv. C¥ybnse 70 iXam\-

Øntesd Bip]{XnIfpw kzImcy

taJebnemWv. e`yamb Bip]{Xn

InS°Ifn¬ A©n¬ c≠v `mKtØmfw

kzImcy taJebpsS \nb{¥W-Ønem-

Wv. 60iXam\tØmfw Unkv-s]≥kdn-

Ifpw (Dispensaries) kzImcy taJebn¬

Xs∂bmWv. InSØn NnIn’n°p∂-

]´nI 8.3 C¥ybnse s]mXpP\mtcmKy ]›mØe

kuIcy߃ (1951-2010)

C\w 1951 1981 2000 2008-˛10

Bip]{XnIƒ 2,694 6,805 15,888 12,760*

InS°Iƒ 1,17,000 504,538 7,19,861 5,76,793*

Unkv]≥kdnIƒ 6,600 16,745 23,065 24,465

]n.F®v.knIƒ 725 9,115 22,842 23,458

D] tI{μ߃ -˛ 84,736 1,37,311 1,45,894

kn.F®v.kn.Iƒ ˛ 761 3,043 4,510

DdhnSw: ÿqekmºØnI imkv{XØn\pw BtcmKyØn\pambp≈ tZiob

IΩoj≥, BtcmKy-IpSpw_t£a a{¥mebw, `mcX k¿°m¿, \yqUƒln

2005 Dw hnhn[ h¿jßfnse \mjW¬ sl¬Øv s{]mss^¬, 2010.

www.cbhidghs.nic.in.

187

t_mIvkv 8.5 C¥ybnse BtcmKy k{ºZmbw (Health System in India)

C¥ybnse BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcyßfpw BtcmKyc£bpw {XnXe

k{ºZmbØn¬ D≈XmWv {]mYanIw, ZznXobw, {XnXobw. BtcmKyc£bn¬

Dƒs∏Sp∂Xv \nehnep≈ BtcmKy{]iv\ßsf°pdn®pw Ahsb Xncn®dnbp∂-

Xn\pap≈ hnZym`ymkw, Ahsb

XSbpIbpw \nb{¥n°pIbpw

sNøpI, `£We`yX sa®s∏Sp-

ØpI, icnbmb t]mjImlmcw

e`yam°pI, Bh-iyamb Pee`y-

Xbpw, ipNoI-cW kuIcyßfpw

Dd∏phcp-ØpI, amXr-inip Btcm-

Ky kpc-£, apJyamb kmw-{I-an-

Itcm-Kßfn¬ \n∂pw £Xßfn¬

\n∂pw D≈ {]Xn-tcm[w, am\kn-Im-

tcmKy ]cnc£, Ahiy acp∂p-

IfpsS e`yX F∂nhbmWv.

{Kma{]tZi-ßfn¬ {]mYanI

BtcmKy ]cnc£ \¬Ip∂Xv {]khip-{iqj ]cnNmcnI (Auxiliary Nursing Midwife -ANM) bmWv. {]mYanI BtcmKy ]cnc£ \¬Ip∂Xn\v {Kma{]tZißfnepw sNdp

]´Wßfnepw Bip]{XnIƒ ÿm]n®n´p≠v. AhnsS Hcp tUmŒdpw Hcp \gvkpw

]cnanXamb Afhn¬ acp∂pIfpw e`yambncn°pw. Ah {]mYanI BtcmKy

tI{μ߃ (PHCs), kmaqlnI BtcmKy tI{μ߃ (CHCs), BtcmKy D]tI{μ߃

(Sub Cetnres) F∂nhbmWv. Hcp tcmKnbpsS Ahÿ ]n.F®v.kn.Ifn¬ ssIImcyw

sNøm≥ IgnbmØXmWv F¶n¬ B tcmKnsb ZznXob As√¶n¬ XrXob Bip]{Xn

hn`mKßfnte°v ip]m¿i sNøpw. ikv{X{Inb, FIvkv-td, C.kn.Pn. XpSßnbh-

bv°p≈ sa®s∏´ kuIcyßfp-≈XmWv ZznXob Xe BtcmKyc£m ÿm]\߃.

Ah {]mYanI BtcmKyc-£mZmbIcmbpw IqSpX¬ sa®s∏´

kuIcy߃ \¬Ip∂-hcmbpw {]h¿Øn°p∂p. Chbn¬

`qcn`mKhpw Pn√ Bÿm\-ßfnepw henb \Kcßfnepw BWv

{]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. {]mYanI Zz nXob hn`mKßfnse

Bip]{XnIƒ°v Gs‰Sp-°m≥ km[n-°mØ F√m k¶o¿Æamb

BtcmKy {]iv\-ßfpw Gs‰Sp°m≥ Ignhp≈ AXym[p\nI

NnIn’m D]Ic-Wßfpw acp∂pIfpw e`yamIp∂

Bip]{XnIfpw BWv XrXob taJebn¬ s]Sp-∂Xv.

XrXob taJebn¬ [mcmfw anI® ÿm]\߃ Dƒs∏Sp∂p.

Ch KpWta∑bp≈ sshZyimkv{X hnZym`ymkhpw KthjW

kuIcyßfpw Hcp°p∂tXmsSm∏w khntijamb BtcmKyc£m kwhn[m\߃

A health awareness meeting in

1 8 8

e[nIhpw Hcp hy‡nbpsS DSaÿXbn-

ep≈tXm As√¶n¬ Ah \SØn-

s°m≠v t]mIp∂Xn\v t]cn\v Hcp

hy‡nsb sXmgnen\v sh®n´p≈tXm

Bb ÿm]\ßfmWv. C¥ybnse

kzImcy BtcmKy taJe hf¿∂Xv

kzX{¥am-bn´mWv F∂mWv. hnZKv[¿

A`n{]mb-s∏Sp∂Xv henb \nb{¥-

Wßsfm∂pw Ah°p≠mbncp∂n√.

Nne kzImcytUmŒ¿am¿°v cPnkvt{S-

j≥ t]mepw D≠mbncp∂n√. Chsc

hymP tUmŒ¿am¿ F∂v hnfn°p∂p.

1990 apX¬ DZmchXvIcW \S]SnIfpsS

^eambn, hntZi C¥y°mcpw hyhkm-

bnIfpw Huj[ Iº\nIfpw AXym[p-

\nI kuIcyßtfmSv IqSnb kq∏¿

kvs]jymen‰n Bip]{XnIƒ Bcw`n®p.

C¥ybnse kº∂tcbpw saUn°¬

SqdnÃpIsf BI¿jn°p∂Xn\mbncp∂p

IqSn \¬Ip∂p. Hmƒ C¥y C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v saUn°¬ kb≥kv (AIMS), \yqU¬ln,

t]mÃv {KmPpth‰v C≥Ãn‰yq´v NfioKUv, Phl¿em¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v t]mÃv

{KmPpth‰v saUn°¬ FPpt°j≥ B‚ v dnk¿®v (JIPMER) t]m≠nt®cn, \mjW¬

C≥Ãn‰yq´v t^m¿ sa‚¬ sl¬Øv B≥Uv \yqtdmkb≥kkv (NIMHANS) _mw•q¿,

Bƒ C¥y C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v sslPo≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv sl¬Øv sIm¬°Ø F∂nh

Ahbn¬ NneXmWv.

DdhnSw : ÿqekmºØnI imkv{Xhpw BtcmKyhpw kw_-‘n® tZiob

IΩojs‚ dnt∏m¿´v, 2005.

t_mIvkv 8.6 BtcmKy hnt\mZ k©mcw Hcp sa®-s∏´ Ahkcw(Medical, Tourism - A Great opportuntiy)

ikv{X{InbIƒ°pw, Icƒ am‰n sh°p∂Xn\pw Z¥NnIn’bv°pw kuμcy

kwc£WØn\mbn t]mepw hntZinIƒ Iq´tØmsS C¥ybnte°v

hcp∂Xmbn Hcp ]t£, sSenhnj\n¬ \n∂pw ]{Xhm¿ØIfn¬ \n∂pw

\n߃ Adn™pImWpw. F¥psIm≠mWnXv? \ΩpsS BtcmKyc£

kwhn[m\߃ tbmKycmb hnZKv[ tUmŒ¿amcpw AXym[p\nI NnIn’m

kwhn[m\ßfpw IqSnt®¿∂XmbXn\mepw CtX NnIn’bv°mbn kz¥w

cmPyØv \¬tI≠n hcp∂Xnt\°mƒ Ipd™ sNehnemWv ChnsS NnIn’

e`n°p∂Xv F∂Xn\mepamWv CXv. 2004-˛05 ¬ 1,50,000 Øne[nIw hntZinIƒ

sshZyimkv{X ]cnNcWØn\mbn C¥ybnseØn. Cu kwJy Hmtcm h¿jhpw

15% I≠v Dbcp∂p. hnZKv[cpsS A`n{]mbØn¬ 2012 BIptºmtg°pw BtcmKy

hnt\mZk©mcØneqsS 10,000 tImSn cq]bne[nIw kºmZn°m≥ km[n°pw.

IqSpX¬ hnt\mZk©mcnIsf BI¿jn°p∂Xn\mbn BtcmKy ]›mØe

kuIcy߃ sa®s∏SptØ≠Xp≠v.

189

CXv. (t_mIvkv 8.6 ImWpI). C¥ybn-

se `qcn`mKw t]¿°pw AXym[p\nI

kuIcyßtfmSv IqSnb (Super Speciatly)Bip]{XnIƒ {]m]yamtWm? \n߃

F¥v IcpXp∂p? Cs√¶n¬ F¥p-

sIm≠v? Hmtcm C¥y°mc\pw am\yamb

BtcmKyc£m kuIcy߃ e`n°p∂-

Xn\v F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv?

C¥ybnse sshZyimkv{X k{ºZm-

b߃ (Indian Systems of Medicine – ISM) :Bbq¿thZ, tbmK, bp\m\n, kn≤,

{]IrXnNnIn’, tlmantbm]Xn, (AYUSH)F∂o 6 k{ºZmb߃ tN¿∂XmWv

C¥ybnse sshZyimkv{X k{ºZmbw.

Ct∏mƒ 3,167 ISM Bip]{XnIƒ 26,000

Unks]≥kdnIƒ (Dispensaries),cPnÿ sNbvX 7e£w NnIn’I¿

F∂nh ChnsSbp≠v. F∂m¬ Cu

taJebnse hnZym`ymkØn\pw Kthj-

WØn\pw \n›nX am\Zfiw \¬Im-

\p≈ Hcp N´°qSv hnIkn∏n°m\mbn

H∂pw sNbvXn´n√. ISM \v hfscb[nIw

km≤yXIfp≠v. Ah ^e{]Zhpw kpc-

£nXhpw sNehv Ipd™Xpam-Ibm¬

\ΩpsS BtcmKy {]iv\߃ Hcp henb

Afhv hsc ]cnlcn°m≥ km[n°pw.

t_mIvkv 8.7 kmaqly kwLS\Ifpw emt`— C√mØ ÿm]\ßfpw -

BtcmKy kwc£WØn¬ (Communtiy and Non profit Organisations inHealthcare)

Hcp \√ BtcmKy c£m k{ºZmbØns‚ {][m\ LSIw kmaqlnI

]¶mfnØamWv. P\߃°v {]mYanI BtcmKy k{ºZmbßfn¬ ]¶mfnØhpw

]cnioe\hpw e`n°p∂XneqsSbmWv CXv {]h¿Øn°pI. \ΩpsS cmPyØns‚

Nne `mKßfn¬ Cu coXn apºpXs∂ Bcw`n®n´p≠v. AlΩZm_mZnse tkh

(SEWA) , \oeKncnbnse At°m¿Uv (ACCORD) F∂nh C¥ybn¬

{]h¿Øn°p∂ CØcØnep≈ Nne k¿°mcnXc kwLS\ (NGO) Iƒ°v

DZmlcWßfmWv. sXmgnemfn kwLS\Iƒ AhbpsS AwK߃°mbn _Z¬

BtcmKyc£m tkh\߃ \S∏nem°pIbpw sXm´SpØ {Kmaßfnep≈h¿°v

sNehpIpd™ BtcmKyc£m kwhn[m\߃ \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂p. Cu

cwKsØ G‰hpw {]kn≤ambXpw ap≥]¥nbn¬ \n¬°p∂XpamWv, 1983˛¬

ÿm]n®Xpw a[y{]tZinse Zp¿Kn¬ (Durg) OØokvKUv ssa≥kv {ianIv kwLv

(CMSS) \SØn hcp∂Xpamb jmlnZv Bip]{Xn. {Kmaßfn¬ Btcm-Kyc£m

kuIcy߃ Hcp°p∂Xn\mbn Ipd®v DZya߃ IqSn \S∂n´p≠v.

almcm{„bnse Xms\. DZmlcWw ChnsS ]´nIh¿K hn`mKßfnse kwLS-

\Iƒ' I„Imcn kwLmX≥ (Kashtakari Sanghathan) F∂ kwLS\ - km[mcW

AkpJ߃°v G‰hpw Ipd™ sNehn¬ NnIn’n°p∂Xn\mbn {Kmaßfnse

kv{Xo BtcmKyc£ {]h¿ØI¿°v ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂p

1 9 0

BtcmKy hyhÿ: Hcp hna¿i\mflI

hnebncpج

ap≥]v ]d™Xpt]mse Hcp cmPy-

Øns‚ BtcmKyÿnXn hnebncptØ-

≠Xv inipacW\nc°v, {]khm\¥c

acW\nc°v, Bbq¿ssZ¿Lyw, t]mjIm-

lmc \nehmcw, ]Icp∂Xpw A√mØXp-

amb tcmKßfpsS km∂n≤yw XpSßnb

kqNI߃ t\m°nbmWv. Nne

BtcmKy kqNIßfpw AXn¬

C¥ybpsS ÿm\hpw ]´nI 8.4˛¬

\¬Inbncn -°p∂p. hnZKvZcpsS

A`n{]mbØn¬ BtcmKytaJebn¬

k¿°mcn\v henb ]¶mWp≈X. v

DZmlcWØn\v, BtcmKy-cwKsØ

sNehv Pn.Un.]n bpsS 4.7 iXam\amWv.

a‰v hnIknX˛hnIkzc cmPyßtfmSv

XmcXayw sNøptºmƒ CXv

\ncmiP\Iamw hn[w Xmgv∂XmWv.

Hcp ]T\w ]dbp∂Xv temI P\kwJy-

bpsS 17 iXam\tØmfw am{Xap≈

C¥ybn¬ `bm\Iamb coXn-bn¬ 20

iXam\w BtKmf tcmK `mcw (GlobalBurden of Disease – GBD) D≠v. Hcp

]´nI 8. 4

C¥ybpsSbpw a‰v cmPyßfntebpw BtcmKykqNI߃ --2013 (Health Indicators inIndia and other coutnries, 2013)

kqNI߃ C¥y ssN\ bp.Fkv-.F. {ioe¶

inipacW\nc°v/1000 P\\ßfn¬ 47 13 6.4 10.5

A©phb n¬ Xmsgbp≈ Ip´nIfpsS 61.3 14.6 7.5 12.2acW\nc°v/1000 P\\ßfn¬

hnZKv-[cpsS ta¬t\m´Ønep≈ 53 99 99 99{]khw (iXam\Øn¬)

tcmK{]Xntcm[ IpØnsh∏v 72 99 99 99FSpØIp´nIƒ (%)

BtcmKys®ehv PnUn]nbpsS 3.9 5.2 17.9 3.4iXam\Øn¬

samØw k¿°m¿ sNehn¬ BtcmKy 4.4 10.3 18.7 7.9taJebpsS hnlnXw iXam\Øn¬

samØw kzImcy BtcmKy sNehn¬ 86 79 21 83hy‡nIfpsS Iøn¬ \n∂pwsNehmIp∂ XpI.

DdhnSw: temI BtcmKy ÿnXn hnhc°W°pIƒ -2016 www.worldbank.org.

191

\nßfpsS {]tZitØm ]cnkcßfntem D≈ Hcp {]mYanI BtcmKy tI{μw

kμ¿in°pI. AXpt]mse kzImcyBip]{XnIfptSbpw saUn°¬

et_md´dnIfptSbpw kvIm\nMv tI{μßfptSbpw acp∂v ISIfptSbpw a‰v

kuIcyßfptSbpw hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI.

* \ΩpsS saUn°¬ tImtfPpIfn¬ \n∂v Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]Tn®ndßp∂

Bbnc°W°n\v saUn°¬ _ncpZ[mcnIfp≠t√m. ChcpsS tkh\w

{]Xn^ew \¬In {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ tijn-bn-√mØ ]mhßsf

klmbn°phm\mbn {]kh ]cnNmcIcpsS Hcp kwLw cq]oIcn°mtam.

Cu hnjbØn¬ ¢m n¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwLSn∏n°pI.

* NnIn’ sNehv sIm≠v am{Xw Hmtcm h¿jhpw P\kwJybpsS 2.2 iXam\w

t]¿ Zmcn{Zy tcJ°v Xmtg°v X≈s∏Sp∂Xmbn Hcp ]T\w ]dbbp∂p.

Fßs\?

* \nßfpsS {]tZiØp≈ Bip]{XnIƒ kμ¿in°pI. AhnsS\n∂v

{]Xntcm[ IpØnshbv]pIƒ FSp°p∂ Ip´nIfpsS FÆw I≠p]nSn°pI.

A©v h¿j߃°p apºv {]Xntcm[ IpØnhbv]v FSpØncp∂ Ip´nIfpsS

FÆw Bip]{Xn Poh\°mtcmSv At\zjn°pI. hnhc߃ ¢m n¬ N¿®

sNøpI.

* Bkmanse c≠pIp´nIƒ - eo\ Xeq°vZm¿ (16) Dw kpj¥ al¥ (16) bpw

tN¿∂v {]mtZinIambn e`yamb sNSnIƒ -ssht°m¬, Dan, a‰v Ahin„߃-

D]tbmKn®v PmKv F∂ Hcp Bbp¿thZ sImXpIv \nhmcnWn hnIkn∏n®p.

]co£Ww hnPbIcambncp∂p. [tjmZv bm{X (I≠p]nSpØw), tbmP\,

sk]v‰w_¿ 2005]. \qX\ NnIn’m coXnIƒ D]tbmKn®v BtcmKy ÿnXn

sa®s∏SpØm≥ Ignbp∂htcm As√¶n¬ P\ßfpsS AkpJ߃

am‰nsbSp°m\p≈ ]®acp∂pIƒ Adnbmhp∂htcm Bb Btcsb¶nepw

\n߃°dnbmsa¶n¬ Ahcpambn kwkmcn°pI. Ahsc ¢mkn¬

sIm≠phcnIbpw Fßs\bmWv Ah¿ AkpJ߃ t`Zam°p∂Xv F∂

hnhc߃ tiJcn°pIbpw sNøpI. Cu hnhc߃ ]¶p hbv°pI. {]mtZinI

]{Xßfnte°pw amKkn\pIfnte°pw FgpXpI.

* BtcmKy hnt\mZk©mcnIsf BI¿jn°p∂Xn\mbn C¥ybnse

]´Wßfnse BtcmKy ]›mØe kuIcy߃ temtImØc

\nehmcØn¬ FØn°Wsa∂v \n߃ IcpXp∂pt≠m? As√¶n¬

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

1 9 2

{]tXyI tcmKwaqew AImeØn¬

acWaSbp∂ BfpIfpsS FÆw

Af°p∂Xn∂pw B tcmKsØØpS¿∂v

{]h¿Ø\tijn \„s∏´ Ahÿbn¬

(Disabiltiy) F{X Imew InS°p∂p F∂v

IW°m°p∂-Xn\pap≈ kqNnIbmWv

GBD.

C¥ybn¬ GBD bpsS ]IpXnbpw

hcp∂Xv AXnkmcw (Diarrhoea), ae-

º\n (Malaria), £bw (Tuberculosis)F∂o ]I¿®hym[nIƒ aqeamWv. Hmtcm

h¿jhpw FItZiw 5 e£w Ip´nIƒ

PeP\ytcmKßfm¬ acn°p∂p. AIDSs‚ A]ISÿnXnbpw h¿≤n°p∂p.

t]mjImlmc°pdhpw {]Xntcm[

acp∂pIfpsS A]cym]vXamb {]Zm\hpw

aqew 2.2 Zie£w Ip´nIƒ Hmtcm

h¿jhpw acn°p∂p.

C∂v 20 iXam\Øn¬ Xmsg P\߃

am{Xta s]mXp BtcmKy kuIcy߃

D]tbmKn°p∂p≈q. 38 iXam\w

{]mYanImtcmKy tI{μß (PHC) fn¬

am{Xta Bhiy-Øn\v tUmŒ¿am¿ D≈q

F∂pw 30 iX-am\w PHCIfn¬ am{Xta

Bhiy-Øn-\p≈ acp∂ns‚ tiJchpw

D≈q F∂pamWv Hcp ]T\w sXfnbn-

°p∂Xv

{Kma-\Kc th¿Xncnhpw Zcn{Z - [\nI

th¿Xncnhpw ( Rural-Urban and Poor-Rich Divide): C¥ybnse P\ßfn¬

70 iXam\hpw {KmaßfnemsW¶nepw

Bip]{XnIfn¬ A©n¬ H∂v am{Xta

AhnsSbp≈q. Unkvs]≥kdnbpsS

GXm≠v ]IpXnbmWv {KmaoW C¥ybn-

ep≈Xv. 6.3e£w Bip]{Xn InS°I-

fn¬ GXm≠v 30 iXam\w am{XamWv

{Kma{]tZißfnep≈Xv. AXmbXv,

{KmaoW P\X°v Bhiyamb sshZyim-

kv{X ]›mØe kuIcy߃ e`ya√.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ P\ßfpsS

BtcmKyÿnXnbn¬ hyXymk߃

\ne\n¬°p∂p. Bip]{XnIsf kw_-

‘n®nStØmfw {Kma{]tZißfn¬ Hcp

e£w t]¿°v 0.36 Bip]{Xn am{Xta

e`n°p∂p≈q. \Kcßfn¬ 3.6 Bip]-

{XnIfmWv Hcp e£w t]¿°mbpffXv.

Hcp ]´Whmknsb kw_‘n®v G‰hpw

{][m -\ -s∏´ASnÿm\ BtcmKy -

c£mkuIcyß-fmb FIvksd, c‡-

]cntim[\m kuI-cy߃ apX-embh

t]mepw {Kma{]tZi-ßfn-se PHC Ifn¬

e`ya√. _olm¿, a[y{]tZiv, cmP-

ÿm≥, DØ¿{]tZiv, XpSßnb kw-

ÿm\ßfn¬ BtcmKyc-£mkuIcy-

ßfn¬ _lpZqcw ]n∂n-emWv. {Kma-

{]tZißfn¬ BtcmKyc£m kuIcy-

{KmaoWP\Xbv°v Bhiyamb ]›mØe kuIcy߃ e`yam°p∂Xn\v

k¿°m¿ {i≤n°Wtam? F¥mbncn°Ww k¿°mcns‚ ap≥KW\? Hcp

kwhmZw kwLSn∏n°pI .

* \nßfpsS {]tZiØv BtcmKy ]cnc£mtaJebn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂

k¿°m¿ CXc kwLS\Isf (NGO) Is≠ØpI AhcpsS {]h¿Ø\ßsf

Ipdn®p≈ hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI. ¢m n¬ N¿® sNøpI.

193

ßfn√mØ P\ßfpsS FÆw Ipd®v

h¿jßfmbn h¿≤n®n´p≠v.

{KmahmknIƒ°v _meNnIn’

(Paeditarics), kv{Xo tcmK NnIn’ (Gyne-cology) A\kvXojy (Anesthesia), {]kh

kw_‘amb NnIn’ XpSßnb

{]tXyI {i≤ Bh-iy-amb NnIn’m

kuIcy-߃ e`ya√. AwKoIrXamb 380

saUn°¬ tImtfPpIfn¬ \n∂pw 44,000

sshZyimkv{X _ncpZ[mcnIƒ {]Xn-

h¿jw ]pdØndßp∂ps≠¶nepw {Kma-

Ign™ Iptd h¿jßfneqsS cmPyØns‚ s]mXp BtcmKyÿnXn hfsc

sa®s∏´n´p≠v. Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw Db¿∂ncn°p∂p. inipacW \nc°v

Ipd™ncn°p∂p. hkqcn \n¿am¿P\w sNøs∏´n´p≠v. IpjvTtcmKw, t]mfntbm

F∂nh \n¿Ωm¿P\w sNøp∂Xn\p≈ e£y߃ hnPbn®n´p≠v. Chsb am‰n

\n¿Øn t\m°ptºmgmWv Cu ÿnXnhnhc IW°pIƒ sa®ambn tXm∂p∂Xv.

temIØnse a‰p cmPyßfpambn Chsb XmcXayw sNøpI. temImtcmKy

kwLS\bpsS temImtcmKy dnt∏m¿´pIfn¬ \n∂pw Cu hnhc߃

e`n°p∂XmWv. F¥mWv \n߃°v Is≠Øm\mIp∂Xv?

* Hcpamkw \nßfpsS ¢mkv \nco£n°pI. F¥psIm≠mWv Nne Ip´nIƒ

CSbv°nsS ¢mkn¬ lmPcmImXncn°p∂Xv? CXv AhcpsS BtcmKy

{]iv\߃ aqew BsW¶n¬ Ah¿°v F¥p Xcw AkpJ߃ BWp≈Xv

F∂v Is≠ØpI. AhcpsS {]iv\sØ°pdn®pw AhscSp°p∂ NnIn’m

coXnsb Ipdn®pw amXm]nXm°ƒ sNehgn°p∂ ]WsØ Ipdn®p≈

hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI. ¢mkn¬ N¿® sNøpI.

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

]eXcØnep≈ BtcmKy ]cnc£ \S]SnIƒ D≠mbn´pw amXr BtcmKyw

C\nbpw sa®-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

1 9 4

{]tZißfn¬ tUmŒ¿amcpsS £maw

\ne\n¬°p∂p. Chcn¬ A©nsem∂v

tUmŒ¿amcpw IqSpX¬ kmºØnIt\ -

Øn-\mbn cmPyØn\v ]pdtØ°v t]mIp-

Ibpw a‰v ]ecpw \Kcßfnse kzImcy

Bip]{XnIfnse tPmen sXsc™Sp-

°pIbpw sNøp-∂p.

{Kmaßfntebpw \Kcßfntebpw G‰-

hpw ]mhßfmb 20 iXam\w P\߃

XßfpsS hcpam\Øns‚ 12 iXam\hpw

BtcmKyc£°mbn sNehgn°ptºmƒ

[\nI¿ AhcpsS hcpam\Øns‚ 2

iXam\w am{Xta CXn\mbn sNehgn-

°p-∂p≈q. ]mhs∏´h\v tcmKw hcp-

tºmƒ F¥v kw`hn°p∂p? NnIn’m-

hiyØn\mbn ]pcbnSw hn¬°pItbm

Ip´nIsf ]Wbwsh°pI t]meptam

sNtø≠nhcp∂p. k¿°m¿ \SØp∂

Bip]{XnIfn¬ BhiyØn\v kuIcy-

an√mØnStØmfw, Ah¿°v kzImcy

Bip]{XnIsf B{ibnt°≠n hcp∂p.

CXv Ahsc ISs°Wnbnte°pw Nne-

t∏mƒ acWØnte°pw hgnsh°p∂p.

kv{XoIfpsS BtcmKyw (Women'sHealth) : C¥ybnse P\kwJybn¬

GItZiw ]IpXntbmfw kv{XoIfmWv.

Ah¿°v hnZym`ymkØnepw kmº-Øn-

I {]h¿Ø\ßfnse ]¶mfnØ-Ønepw

BtcmKyc£m kuIcyßfpsS Imcy-

Ønepw ]pcpj≥amtcmSv XmcXayw

sNøp-tºmƒ, hfscb[nIw tIm´ßƒ

(disadvantages) D≠v. 2011 se sk≥kkv

{]Imcw Ip´nIfnse kv{Xo-]pcpjm\p-

]mXw 2001-˛se 927˛¬ \n∂v 2011-˛¬ 914

Bbn Id™p. CXv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv

kv{Xo {`qWlXy cmPyØv h¿≤n®p hcp-

∂p F∂XmWv. 15 hb n¬ Xmsgbp≈

3 e£tØmfw s]¨Ip´nIƒ hnhm-lnX-

IfmsW∂v am{Xa√ Ah¿ Hcp

Ip´ns°¶nepw P∑w \¬InbhcpamWv.

15 hb n\pw 49 hb n\pw CSbnep≈

hnhmlnXcmb kv{XoIfn¬ 50 iXam\-

Øne[nIw t]¿°pw, c‡°pdhv

(Anemia), Ccpºv ASßnb t]mjIm-

lmc-°pdhv aqeap≈ hnf¿® (NturitionalAnemia) D≈hcmWv. CXv 19 iXam\w

amXracWw kw`hn°p∂Xn\v ImcW-

amIp∂p. tcmKmhÿ°pw amXracW-

Øn\pw as‰mcp {][m\ ImcWamWv

K¿`—n{Zw.

BtcmKysa∂Xv G‰hpw {][m\s∏´

s]mXpapXepw a\pjymhImihpamWv.

s]mXp BtcmKy tkh\߃ hntI-

{μoIrXam°pIbmsW¶n¬ sa®s∏´

BtcmKyc£m kuIcy߃ F√m ]uc-

∑m¿°w e`n°pambncp∂p. tcmK߃-

s°-Xncmbp≈ Zo¿LIme t]mcm´ß-

fpsS hnPbw F∂Xv, hnZym`ymk-

tØbpw Imcy£aamb BtcmKy ]›m-

Øe kuIcyßtfbpw B{ibn®ncn-

°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ BtcmKy-

tØbpw hy‡n ipNnXztØbpw Ipdn®v

P\ßsf t_m[h¬Icn°pIbpw Imcy-

£-aamb BtcmKyk{ºZmbw {]Zm\w

sNøpIbpw sNtø≠Xv hfsc \n¿Wmb-

I-amWv. Cu {]{Inbbn¬ hnhckmt¶-

XnI taJebptSbpw hm¿Øm-hn\n-ab

taJeIfptSbpw ]¶v AhKWn -

°s∏ScpXv. BtcmKyc£mkuIcy-

ßfpsS e{]m]vXn, {]mYanIBtcmKy-

c£m kuIcyßsf B{ibn®ncn°p∂p.

BtcmKyc£m kuIcyßfpsS ]ca-

amb e£yw sa®s∏´ PohnX KpW\ne-

hmcw t\SnsbSp°m≥ klmbn°pI

195

F∂XmhWw. C¥ybnse {Kmaß-

fntebpw \Kcßfntebpw BtcmKyc-

£m kuIcy߃ XΩn¬ ISpØ th¿-

Xncnhp≠v. Cu th¿Xncnhv th≠coXn-

bn¬ ]cnKWn®ns√¶n¬ \ΩpsS cmPy-

Øns‚ kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhp-

amb LS\ Aÿncs∏´pt]mtb°mw.

F√mh¿°pw ASnÿm\ BtcmKy

]cnc£ Dd∏p hcpØp∂Xn\v BtcmKy

]›mØe kuIcy߃ F√mh¿°pw

{]m]vXamhpIbpw sNehv Xmßmhp∂

Xmhp-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

8. 7 D]kwlmcw

kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpamb ]›m-

ØekuIcy߃ Hcp cmPy-Øns‚

hnIk\Øn\v AXymhiyamWv. Hcp

]n¥pW kwhn[m\w F∂ \nebv°v

AXv D¬]mZ\ LSIßfpsS D¬]mZ\-

£aX h¿[n∏n®pw PohnX KpW\ne-

hmcw sa®s∏SpØnbpw F√m kmº-

ØnI {]h¿Ø\ßtfbpw kzm[o\n-

°p∂p. kzmX{¥yØn\p tijap≈

Ign™ Ggv Zim–ßfn¬ C¥ybpsS

]›mØekuIcy߃ sa®s∏Sp-Øp∂-

Xn¬ Ak¥penX coXnbn-emsW¶nepw

FSpØp ]dbØ° A`n -hr≤n

D≠mbn´p≠v. {KmaoW C¥ybpsS ]e

`mKßfnepw C∂pw \√ tdmUp-Itfm

hm¿Ømhn\nab kuIcyßtfm

sshZypXntbm hnZymebßtfm Bip]-

{Xn-Itfm FØnbn´n√. C¥y B[p\n-

Ih¬°cWØnte°v NphSpsh°p-

tºmƒ ]cnÿnXn{]iv\߃ a\ nem-

°ns°m≠v KpWta∑bp≈ ]›mØe-

`uXnI kuIcyßfptSbpw s]mXp tkh\ßfptSbpw Hcp irwJebmWv

]›mØekuIcy߃. CXn\v ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂Xn¬ Du¿÷ BtcmKy

]›mØekuIcy߃°v Xpey {]m[m\yap≠v. Hcp cmPyØns‚

kmºØnI hnIk\Øn¬ CXv {][m\∏´ ASnØdbmWv.

Db¿∂ hf¿®m\nc°v \ne\n¿Øm≥ ]›mØekuIcy߃

ImemImeßfn¬ sa®s∏SptØ≠Xv BhiyamWv. CubSpØ Imeßfn¬

\ΩpsS sa®s∏´ ]›mØe kuIcy߃ hntZi\nt£]Itcbpw

hnt\mZk©mcnItfbpw C¥ybnte°v BI¿jn®n´p≠v.

{KmaoW ]›mØekuIcy߃ hnIkn∏n°pI F∂Xv hfsc

{][m\s∏´XmWv.

]›mØekuIcy hnIk\Øn¬ Db¿∂tXmXn¬ \nt£]w tiJcn°m≥

s]mXp-kzImcy ]¶mfnØw BhiyamWv

{ZpXKXnbnep≈ kmºØnI hf¿®bv°v Du¿Pw hfsc {][m\amWv.

C¥ybnse sshZypXnbpsS D¬]mZ\Ønepw D]t`mKmhiyØnepw C¥y-

bn¬ hfsc henb A¥cw \ne\n¬°p∂p≠v .

kw{Klw (Recap)

1 9 6

Du¿÷£maw ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn ]mcºtcyXc Du¿÷ DdhnS߃°v

henb ]n¥pW \¬tI≠Xp≠v .

sshZypXnbpsS D¬]mZ\Ønepw {]kcWØnepw hnXcWØnepw

hfscb[nIw {]iv\߃ t\cnSp∂p.

a\pjys‚ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb t£aØns‚ AfhptImemWv

BtcmKyw.

kzmX{¥yØn\ptijw BtcmKy tkh\ßfpsS uXnI kmlNcyßfn¬

FSpØp]dbØ° hnIk\hpw BtcmKykqNIßfn¬ {it≤bamb

Db¿®bpw D≠mbn´p≠v.

P\ßfpsS Bhiy߃ \ndth‰m≥DXIp∂ hn[Ønep≈ s]mXp

BtcmKykwhn[m\߃ C√ .

BtcmKy]cnc£m kuIcy߃ D]tbmKn°p∂Xn¬ {Kma -\Kc

taJeIfnepw Zcn{Z-[\nI hn`mK߃°nSbnepw henb A¥cw \ne\n¬-

°p∂p.

cmPyØpS\ofw s]¨acW\nc°nepw {`qWlXybnepw D≈ h¿≤\hv

kv{XoIfpsS BtcmKysØ°pdn®v DXvIWvT D≠m-°p-∂p.

\nb{¥n°s∏´ kzImcytaJe BtcmKytkh\߃ BtcmKy

kmlNcyßsf sa®s∏SpØp∂p≠v. AtXkabw BtcmKy]cnc£m

kuIcy߃ \¬Ip∂Xnepw BtcmKyt_m[h¬°cWØn\pw NGO Ifpw

a‰v kaql ]¶mfnØhpw hfsc {][m\s∏´XmWv.

s]mXpP\mtcmKysØ ]n¥pWbv°p∂Xn\v Xt±iobamb NnIn’m

kuIcy߃ Db¿Øns°m≠phtc≠Xp≠v. C¥ybn¬ BtcmKy

hnt\mZk©mcw hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\v henb km[yXIfmWp≈Xv.

ku-Icy߃°p≈ Bhiyw ]cnKWn-

t°≠XmWv. kmºØnI]cnjvImc \S-

]SnIƒ e£yw hbv°p∂Xv kzImcy-

taJesb s]mXphmbpw hntZi\nt£-

]Isc {]tXyIn®pw BI¿jn°p∂-

Xn\mbp≈ {iaßfmWv. CXn\mbn

B\pIqeyßfpw t{]m¬kml\ßfpw

\¬Ip∂p≠v. Du¿Pw, BtcmKyw F∂o

c≠v ]›mØe kuIcyßsf am{Xw

hniIe\w sNbvXpsh¶nepw F√m

]›mØe kuIcyßfpw F√mh¿°pw

Xpeyambn e`yamt°≠Xv BhiyamWv.

197

1. ]›mØekuIcy߃ F∂ Bibw hniZoIcn°pI.

2. ]›mØekuIcyßsf c≠mbn Xncn®n´p≠v. GsX√mw? hniZoIcn°pI.

Ah]ckv]cw _‘s∏´ncn°p∂Xv Fßs\?

3. ]›mØekuIcy߃ D¬]mZ\sØ DtØPn∏n°p∂Xv Fßs\?

4. Hcp cmPyØns‚ kmºØnIhnIk\Øn¬ ]›mØekuIcy߃°v henb

]¶p≠v. \n߃ tbmPn°p∂pthm? hniZoIcn°pI.

5. C¥ybnse {KmaoW]›mØe kuIcyßfpsS ÿnXn F¥mWv?

6. Du¿PØns‚ {]m[m\ysa¥v? hmWntPym¿P DdhnS߃ hmWntPyXc Du¿P

DdhnS߃ F∂nh XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃ Fs¥√mw?

7. sshZypXn D¬]mZ\Øns‚ aq∂v ]›mØe DdhnS߃ GsX√mw?

8. {]kcW ˛ hnXcW \„w F∂XpsIm≠v \n߃ Dt±in°p∂Xv F¥v?

Ah Fßns\ eLqIcn°mw.

9. hnhn[XcØnep≈ hmWntPyXcDu¿÷ DdhnS߃ GsX√mw ?

10. C¥ybnse ]p\cp¬]mZn∏n°mhp∂ Du¿PDdhnSßfpsS D]tbmKØneqsS

Du¿P {]Xnk‘n adnIS°mw. \ymbnIcn°pI.

11. Ign™Imeßfn¬ Du¿÷ D]t`mKcoXn Fßns\bmWv amdnbXv?

12. kmºØnIhf¿®m \nc°pw Du¿÷D]t`mK \nc°pw Fßns\

_‘s∏´ncn°p∂p?

13. C¥ybpsS sshZypXntaJe t\cnSp∂ {]iv\߃ Fs¥√mw?

14 C¥ybnse Du¿÷{]Xnk‘n ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn Cu ASpØImeØv

kzoIcn® ]cnjvImc߃ N¿® sNøpI.

15. \ΩpsS cmPysØ P\ßfpsS BtcmKyØns‚ {][m\ khntijXIƒ

Fs¥√mw?

16. BtKmf tcmK`mcw F∂m¬ F¥v ?

17. \ΩpsS BtcmKy ]cnc£mk{ºZmbØns‚ {][m\ \yq\XIƒ N¿® sNøpI.

18. Fßs\bmWv kv{XoIfpsS BtcmKyw Hcp henb DXvIWvTbmbn amdp∂Xv?

19. s]mXpP\mtcmKyw F∂Xns‚ A¿∞w hniZoIcn°pI. tcmK߃

\nb{¥n°p-∂Xn\mbn Cu ASpØ h¿jßfn¬ k¿°m¿ kzoIcn® {][m\

s]mXpP\mtcmKy \S]SnIƒ N¿® sNøpI.

20. Bdv C¥y≥ sshZyimkv{X k{ºZmb߃ XΩnep≈ hyXymk߃

Fs¥√mw?

21. BtcmKyc£m ]≤XnIfpsS ^e{]m]vXn Fßns\sb√mw h¿[n∏n°mw?

A`ymk߃

1 9 8

\n¿t±in°p∂ A[nI {]h¿Ø\߃

1. \nßfpsS hoSpIfn¬ Hcp saKmhm´v sshZypXn FØn°p∂Xn\v 30 apX¬

40 e£w cq]hsc sNehgn°p∂Xmbn \n߃°dnbmtam? Hcp ]pXnb

sshZypXn \nebw ÿm]n°p∂Xn\v tImSn°W°n\v cq] sNehphcpw.

\nßfpsS hoSpIfn¬ Du¿÷kwc£Ww Bcw`n°m≥ Cu ImcWw

aXnbmhpIbnt√? sshZypXnkwc£Ww ]Wkwc£WamWv.

bYm¿∞Øn¬ AXv sshZypXn D¬]mZ\tØ°mƒ F{Xtbm hepXmWv.

Hmtcm amkhpw \nßfpsS ho´nse sshZypXn_n¬ IønseØptºmƒ

C{Xb[nIw sse‰pIfpw ^m\pIfpw Bhiyans√∂v \n߃°v a\ n-

emhpw. Pm{KXtbmsSbpw {i≤m]q¿Δhpw D]tbmKn°pI am{XamWv

\n߃°v sNøm\p≈ G‰hpw \√ Imcyw. \nßfpsS ho´nep≈ a‰v

AwKßsfbpw Cu DZyaßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØpI. hyXymkw a\ nem°pI.

\nßfpsS ho´nse Hcp amksØ sshZypXn D]t`mKw Ipdn®phbv°pI.

sshZypXn kwc£WØn\mbn kzoIcn® X{¥ßƒ \S∏nem°nbXn\v

tijw sshZypXn _n√nse hyXymkw a\ nemIpw.

2. GsX√mw ]›mØekuIcy ]≤XnIfmWv \nßfpsS {]tZiØv

]ptcmKan®p sIm≠ncn°p∂Xv F∂v Is≠ØpI? AXn\ptijw Xmsg

]dbp∂h I≠p]nSn°pI

i) ]≤Xn°mbn A\phZn® hnlnXw

ii) AXns‚ [\t{kmX v

iii) AXn\v F{X sXmgnehkc߃ kr„n°m≥ Ignbpw

iv) Cu ]≤Xnbn¬ ]q¿ØoIcn°ptºmƒ AXpsIm≠p≠mIp∂

ka{Kamb t\´ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

v) Cu ]≤Xn ]q¿Ønbmhm≥ F{X ImesaSp°pw

vi) Cu ]≤Xnbn¬ G¿s∏´ncn°p∂ Iº\n/Iº\nIƒ GsX√mw?

3. \nßfpsS kao]Øp≈ Hcp Xmt]m¿÷ D¬]mZ\ \nebw/

PesshZyptXm¬]mZ\ \nebw/BWthm¿÷ D¬]mZ\ \nebw

F∂nhbntesX¶nepw kμ¿in°pI. Fßs\bmWv {]h¿Øn°p∂sX∂v

\nco£n°pI.

4. Ab¬ hoSpIfnse Du¿÷D]t`mKsØ Ipdn®v Hcp k¿th

\SØp∂Xn\mbn \nßfpsS ¢mknse Ip´nIsf hnhn[ {Kq∏pIfmbn

Xncn°pI, G‰hpw IqSpX¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ C‘\w GXmsW∂pw,

AhbpsS Afhpw IW°m°m≥ e£yanSp∂Xmbncn°Ww k¿tΔ.

199

REFERENCES

Books

* JALAN , BIMAL (Ed.). The Indian Economy — Problems and Prospects, PenguinBooks, Delhi, 1993.

* INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2017-18 KALAM , A.P.J. ABDUL withY.S. RAJAN . 2002. India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium. Penguin Books,Delhi.

* PARIKH , KIRIT S. AND RADHAKRISHNA (Eds.). 2005. India DevelopmentReport 2004-05. Oxford Universtiy Press, Delhi.

Government Reports

* Energy Statistics 2016, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,Government of India.

* The World Health Report 2002. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life,World HealthOrganisation, Geneva.

* Report of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, Ministry ofHealth and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, 2005.

hyXykvX {Kq∏pIƒ°v {Km^pIƒ Xømdm°mw. Hcp {]tXyI C‘\Øn\v

ap≥KW\ sImSp°p∂Xn\p≈ ImcW߃ Is≠ØpI.

5. B[p\nI C¥ybpsS BWh Du¿÷ÿm]\ßfpsS in¬∏nbmb tUm tlman

`m`bpsS PohnXtØbpw {]h¿Ø\ßtfbpw ]‰n Hcp ]T\w \SØpI.

6. "bp≤Ønte¿s∏Sp∂ cmPy߃ A\mtcmKyIcamb Hcp temIw kr„n°p∂p.

AXpt]mse hnIrXamb kao]\ßfpw AS™ a\ pw am\knIamb

A\mtcmKyhpw kr„n°p∂p "Cu hnjbØn¬ Hcp kwhmZw/¢mkv N¿®

kwLSn∏n°pI.

2 0 0

* Tenth Five Year Plan, Vol.2, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi.

* The India Infrastructure Report: Policy Imperatives for Growth and Welfare 1996.Expert

Group on the Commercialisaton of Infrastructure Projects. Vols.1, 2 and 3 Ministry ofFinance. Government of India, New Delhi.

* World Development Report 2004. The World Bank, Washington DC.

* India Infrastructure Report 2004. Oxford Universtiy Press, New Delhi.

* Economic Survey 2004-2005. Ministry of Finance, Government of India.

* World Development Indicators, 2013, The World Bank, Washington.

* World Health Statistics 2014, World Health Organisation, Geneva.

* National Health Profile (NHP) of India for various years, Cetnral Bureau of HealthIntelligence, Goverment of India, New Delhi.

Websites

On energy related issues:www.pcra.orgwww.bee-india.comwww.edugreen.teri.res.inhttp://powermin.nic.inOn health related issues:http://www.aiims.eduhttp://www.whoindia.orghttp://mohfw.nic.inwww.apollohospitalsgroup.comwww.worldbank.orzg

201

]T\ e£y߃ ]T\ e£y߃ ]T\ e£y߃ ]T\ e£y߃ ]T\ e£y߃

$ ]cnÿnXn F∂ BibsØ°pdn®v a\ nem°pI.

$ ]cnÿnXn A]Nbw, hn`htimjWw F∂nhbpsS ImcWßfpw eßfpw

hnebncpØpI.

$ C¥ybn¬ ]cnÿnXn t\cnSp∂ sh√phnfnIƒ a\ nem°pI.

$ kpÿnchnIk\w F∂ Bibhpambn ]mcnÿnXnI {]iv\ßsf _‘-

s∏SpØpI.

]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw]cnÿnXnbpw kpÿnchnIk\hpw

(Environment and Sustainable Development)

9

2 0 2

9.1 B-ap-Jw9.1 B-ap-Jw9.1 B-ap-Jw9.1 B-ap-Jw9.1 B-ap-Jw

C¥y≥ kºZvhyhÿ t\cnSp∂

hnhn[ {]iv\ßsf°pdn®v ap≥ A[ym-

bßfn¬ \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXt√m?

]cnÿnXnbpsS ss\k¿KnI kz`mh-

Øn\v henb hne\¬In sIm≠mWv \mw

CXp hsc t\Snb kmºØnI hnI-

k\߃. Db¿∂ kmºØnIhf¿®

hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ BtKmfh¬°cW

ImeL´Ønte°v ImseSpØpsh°p-

tºmƒ, cmPyØns‚ ap≥ hnIk\ ]mX-

Iƒ ]cnÿnXn°v kr„n® BLmXhpw,

\mw a\∏q¿hw Xncs™Spt°≠

kpÿn--chnIk\hpw \ΩpsS a\ n¬

D≠mtI≠XmWv. CXphsc \mw kzoI-

cn® kpÿnca√mØ hnIk\ ImgvN-

∏mSv, kpÿnchnIk\Øns‚ sh√p-

hnfnIƒ F∂nh a\ nem°p∂Xn\v

kmºØnI hnIk\Øn¬ ]cnÿn-

XnbpsS {]m[m\yhpw kw`mh\Ifpw

BZyw \mw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v. CXv

a\ n¬ Du∂ns°m≠v Cu A≤ymb-

sØ aq∂v `mKßfmbn Xncn°mw. BZy-

`mKw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv ]cnÿnXn-

bpsS I¿Øhyßfpw {]m[m\yhpamWv.

C¥ybpsS ]cnÿnXn AhÿbmWv

c≠mw `mKw N¿®sNøp∂Xv. aq∂mw

`mKw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv kpÿnc-

hnIk\w t\Sm\p≈ X{¥ßfpw

\S]SnIfpamWv.

9.29.29.29.29.2 ]-cn-ÿn-Xn: - \n¿-h-N-\-hpw]-cn-ÿn-Xn: - \n¿-h-N-\-hpw]-cn-ÿn-Xn: - \n¿-h-N-\-hpw]-cn-ÿn-Xn: - \n¿-h-N-\-hpw]-cn-ÿn-Xn: - \n¿-h-N-\-hpw

[¿Ωhpw ([¿Ωhpw ([¿Ωhpw ([¿Ωhpw ([¿Ωhpw (Environment:Definition And Functions)))))

`qtKmfss]XrIhpw `qanbnse F√m

hn`mKßfpsS kºq¿ÆXbpw IqSn -

t®¿∂XmWv ]cnÿnXn. ]ckv]cw

_‘s∏´pInS°p∂ Poh\≈Xpw C√m-

ØXpamb F√m LSIßfpw tN¿∂-

XmWv ]cnÿnXn. ]£nIƒ, arK߃,

sNSnIƒ, ImSpIƒ, a’y߃, apXemb-

hsb√mw Poh\p≈ hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp-

∂-hbmWv. hmbp, Pew, aÆv, ]mdIƒ,

kqcy{]Imiw F∂nhsb√mw Poh\n-

√mØ hn`mKØn¬-s∏Sp∂hbmWv.

]cnÿnXnbnse Poh\p≈Xpw A√mØ-

Xp-amb LSIßfpsS ]ckv]c _‘-

sØ-°pdn®v ]Tn°m\mWv ]cnÿnXn

]T\w \ΩtfmSv Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv.

]cnÿnXnbpsS [¿Ω߃ (Functionsof the Environment):\m-ev {]-[m-\ [¿-Ω-߃ B-Wv ]-cn-ÿn-

Xn \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

]cnÿnXn AtX]Sn \ne\n¿Ønbm¬ Zie£°W°n\p h¿jw Poh≥

\ne\n¿Øm≥ Ignbpw. {]IrXnsb \in∏n°p∂Xn¬ G‰hpw henb

]¶phlnbv°p∂ GI h¿§w a\pjy\mWv. a\pjyhwiw AXns‚

kmt¶XnI hnZyIfp]tbmKn®v a\∏q¿Δtam A√msXtbm Zqchym]Ihpw

KXnam‰m≥ IgnbmØXpamb am‰ßfmWv {]IrXnbn¬ D≠m°p∂Xv.

A⁄mX≥

203

1. hn`-h-߃ {]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I

hn`h߃ F∂v ChnsS kqNn∏n®Xv

]p\ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ hn`h-

ßfpw ]p\ÿm]n°m≥ IgnbmØ

hn`hßfpw tN¿∂mWv. D]tbm

Kn°p -t¥mdpw Ipdbmt\m,

tXbvam\w hcmt\m km[y -

Xbn√mØ hn`hß-fmWv ]p\ÿm

]n-°m≥ Ignbp∂h. AXm-bXv Cu

hn`hßfpsS {]Zm\w F√m-bvt∏mgpw

D≠m-bn-cn°pw. DZmlcW-ambn, Im´n-

se ac߃, kap{ZØnse

a’y߃ F∂nh. adn®v, D]tbmKn-

°pt¥mdpw IpdpItbm \in°pI-

tbm sNøp∂ hn`hßfmWv ]p\-

ÿm-]n°m≥ IgnbmØ hn`h߃.

DZm: J\nP C‘\w (fossil fuel)2. F√m ]mgvhkvXp°tfbpw BKnc-

Ww sNbvXv C√mXm°pI.

3. P\nXI sshhn[yßfpw ssPh

sshhn[yßfpw kr„n®v {]IrXn-

bn¬ Poh≥ \ne\n¿ØpI.

4. {]Ir -Xn -Zr -iy -߃ t]mep≈

kuμcymflI tkh\߃ \¬IpI

(Aesthetic Services).]cnÿnXnbpsS [¿ΩßfpsS tNmZ\w

AXns‚ hmlItijn°p≈n¬ (carryingcapactiy) \n¬°ptºmƒ am{XamWv

]cnÿnXnbpsS [¿Ω߃ kpKaambn

\SØm≥ Ignbp∂Xv. ]cnÿnXn°v ]p\-

ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ hn`hßfpsS hf¿-

®m \nc°nt\°mƒ IqSpX¬ BhcpXv

hn`hßfpsS D]tbmKw F∂mWv CXv

A¿∞am°p∂Xv. AXp]mse Xs∂ ]mgv

hkvXp°sf BKncWw sNbvXv \in∏n-

°m\p≈ ]cnÿnXnbpsS tijntb-°mƒ

(assimilating capactiy) IqSpXemhcpXv

]cnÿn-Xnbnep≠mIp∂ ]mgvh-kvXp-°ƒ.

Cßs\b√ kw` -

hn°p∂sX¶n¬ ]cnÿnXn°v

AXns‚ aq∂masØ [¿Ω-

amb kpÿncX t\Sm≥

IgnbmsX hcmw. CXv

]cnÿnXn \mi-Øn-te°v

\bn°p∂p .temIw apgph\pw

C∂pff Ahÿ-bmWnXv.

hnIkzccmPyßfn-se h¿-[n®p

hcp∂ P\kwJy, hnI-knX

cmPyßfnse kar≤-amb

D¬]mZ\w, D]t`mKw F-∂n-

hsb√mw ]cnÿnXn°v henb

BLmXw D≠m°p -Ibpw

AXns‚ H∂pw c≠pw

[¿Ω߃ sNøp∂Xn\v XS -

amhpIbpw sNøp∂p. Iptd-

Nn{Xw 9.1 Pemib߃: sNdpXpw a™p]mfnIfpap≈

lnameb≥ AcphnIƒ aen\amImØ ip≤Pe DdhnSßfmWv.

2 0 4

tbsd hn`h߃ C√mXmbnØocpIbpw

]cnÿnXnbpsS BKncWtijn

(Absorptive capactiy) apIfn¬ ]mgvhkvXp-

°ƒ kr„n°s∏SpIbpw sNøp∂p. BKnc-

Wtijn F∂Xp sIm≠pt±in°p∂Xv

A]NbsØ C√mXm°m\p≈ ]cnÿn

XnbpsS IgnhmWv. \Ωfnt∏mƒ ]cnÿn

Xn\miØns‚ Bcw- -ØnemWv F∂XmWv

AXns‚ ew. Ign™Ime hnIk\߃

\ZnIsfbpw a‰v Pemibßsfbpw aen\am

°pIbpw h‰n°pIbpw sNbvXXn\m¬ Pew

Hcp kmºØnIhkvXphmbn amdn. IqSmsX

]p\ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂Xpw A√mØ-

Xpamb hn`hßfpsS Xo{hhpw hym]-

Ihpamb D]t`mKw Nne hn`hßsf-sb¶n-

epw D]tbmKn®p Xo¿°p∂ Ahÿbn-

te°v FØnt®¿∂p. AXpaqew ]pXnb

hn`h߃ Is≠Øp∂Xn\v Bhiyamb

kmt¶XnIhnZy°pw KthjWØn\pw

h≥XpIIƒ sNehgn°p∂Xnte°v \mw

\n¿_‘nXcmbn. IqSmsX sh≈Øns‚bpw

hmbphns‚bpw D¬Ir„X \„amIp∂Xv

aqew D≠mIp∂ ]cnÿnXnbpsS A]Nbw

BtcmKys®ehv h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\pw

ImcWamIp∂p. (C¥ybn¬ Fgp]Xv iX-

am\tØmfw Pew aen\amWv). CXp-aqew

h≥tXmXnep≈ izmktImit-cmK-ßfpw

PeP\ytcmKßfpw C¥ybn¬ h¿≤n°p-

Ibpw BtcmKy sNehpIƒ IqSpIIbpw

sNøp∂p. BtKmf ]cnÿnXn{]iv\ß-fmb

BtKmfXm]\hpw (Global warming),Hmtkm¨timjWhpsa√mw (Ozonedepletion) Imcy߃ IqSpX¬ ZpcnXØnem-

°pIbpw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmºØnI {]Xn-

k‘n h¿[n∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p. AXn-

\m¬ EWm-flI ]cnÿnXn BLmX-

ßfpsS AhkcmflI sNehv (OportuntiyCost) hfsc hepXmsW∂v CXn¬\n∂pw

hy‡am°mw.

Hcp henbtNmZyw Db¿∂phcp∂Xv

CXmWv. ]cnÿnXn{]iv\߃ Cu

\q‰m≠n\v ]pXnbXmtWm? Aßns\-

sb¶n¬ F¥p sIm≠v? CXn\v DØcw

Is≠Øm≥ Nne hniZoIcW߃

th≠nhcpw. a\pjykwkvImc߃

DSse-Sp°mØ BZyImeßfn¬,

As√¶n¬ P\kwJy h¿≤n°p∂Xn\p

apºv , AXpas√¶n¬ cmPy߃

]T\ {]h¿Ø\߃

F¥psIm≠mWv Pew Hcp kmºØnIkm[\amIp∂Xv? N¿® sNøpI.

hmbp, Pew ,i–aen\oIcWw F∂nhaqew D≠mIp∂Xpw km[mcWbmbn

ImWp∂Xpamb AkpJ߃ FgpXn ]´nI ]q¿Wam°pI.

hmbpaen\oIcWw Peaen\oIcWw i–aen\oIcWw(Air Pollution) (water pollution) (Noise pollution)

Bkva tImfd

205

t_m-Iv-kv 9.1 : B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w (Global warming)

hyhkmbhnπhw apX¬ lcnXKrlhmXIßfpsS h¿[\hv `qanbpsS A¥-co-

£-Øn¬ Dujvamhv {ItaW h¿[n∏n®p. CXns\bmWv BtKmfXm]\w

F∂p]dbp∂Xv. ASpØImeØmbn Db¿∂ph∂ BtKmfXm]\w a\pjy

krjvSn-bm-Wv. CXn\p ImcWw a\pjy\n¿anXamb Im¿_¨UtbmIvsskUv,

a‰v lcnXKrlhmXI߃ F∂nhbmWv. Ch {][m\ambpw hcp∂Xv t^m n¬

C‘\w IØn°p∂XneqsSbpw h\\ioIcWØneqsSbpamWv. Im¿_¨

UtbmIvsskUv, aotY≥, AXpt]mep≈ hmXI߃ (Chbv°v NqSv IqSpX¬

BKncWw sNøm\p≈ tijnbp≠v) F∂nh am‰ßfn√msX A¥co£Øn¬

h¿≤n°p∂Xp aqew `qanbpsS D]cnXew IqSpX¬ NqSmhp∂p. hyhkmbhnπh-

ImeØn\v apºv D≠mbncp∂Xnt\°mƒ Im¿_¨UtbmIvsskUv 31

iXam\hpw, aotY≥ (CH 4) 149 iXam\hpw 1750 apX¬ h¿≤n°pIbp≠mbn.

Ign™ \q‰m≠n¬ A¥co£Xm]w 1.1 Un{Kn ^mc≥ lo‰v (O. 6 Un{Kn

sk¬jykv) h¿≤\hp≠mbn. IqSmsX, kap{ZPe\nc∏v Nne C©pIƒ

h¿≤n°pIbpw sNbvXp. {[phØnse a™pcpI¬, AXns‚ ^eambp≠mIp∂

kap{ZPe\nc∏v h¿≤\hv, XoctZißfnse sh≈s∏m°w, a™pcpIens\

B{ibn®p≈ PehnXcWØns‚ XS s∏S¬, ]cnÿnXn tbmKyamb

kmlNcy߃ A{]Xy£amIp∂ tXmSpIqSn PohPmeßfpsS hwi\miw,

CS°nS°p≈ DjvWtaJem sImSp¶m‰pIƒ, DjvWtaJem AkpJßfpsS

h¿≤\hv F∂nhsb√mw BtKmfXm]\Øns‚ Nne Zo¿LIme ^eßfmWv.

BtKmfXm]\Ønte°v \bn°p∂ {][m\ LSI߃ ChbmWv.

$ I¬°cnbpsSbpw s]t{Smfnbw D¬∏∂ßfpsSbpw IØn°¬. ( CXv,

Im¿_¨ ssUHmIvsskUv, aotY≥, ss\{Skv HmIvsskUv, Hmtkm¨

F∂nhbpsS DdhnSßfmWv.)

$ h\\ioIcWw, CXp aqew A¥co£Ønse Im¿_¨UtbmIvsskUns‚

Afhv h¿≤n°p∂p.

$ arKßfpsS hnk¿PyØn¬ \n∂p≠mIp∂ aotY≥ Kymkv.

$ h¿≤n® tXmXnep≈ I∂pImen D¬]mZ\w. AXv h\\ioIcWw, aotY≥

F∂n-h kr„n°p∂p. IqSsX ssPhC‘\ßfpsS D]tbmKhpw h¿≤n°p∂p.

1997 ¬ P∏m\nse tIymt´mhn¬ \S∂ ImemhÿmhyXnbm\sØ°pdn®p≈

UN ktΩf\w hyhkmbh¬IrX cmPy߃ AhcpsS lcnXKrl-hmXIßfpsS

_ln¿Ka\w Ipd®p sIm≠p htc≠Xn\p≈ Blzm\w sNbvXp.

DdhnSw: www.wikipedia.org

2 0 6

hyhkmb-h¬°cWw XpSßnbXn\p

apºv {]IrXn-hn`hßfpsS tNmZ\w

AXns‚ {]Zm\-tØ-°mƒ hfsc

Ipdhmbncp∂p. CXv A¿∞am°p∂Xv,

]mg vhkvXp°sf \in -∏n°m\p≈

]cnÿnXnbpsS BKncW-tijn°p-

≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠p≈ aen\oIcWw

am{Xambncp∂p A∂p≠m-bn -cp∂Xv

F∂XmWv.

IqSmsX {]IrXnhn`hßfpsS ]p\ÿm-

]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ Ignhnt\°mƒ Ipd-

™-tXmXn¬ am{XamWv hn`h߃

{]IrXnbn¬\n∂pw FSpØncp∂Xv.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ ]cnÿnXn {]iv\-

߃ A∂v Db¿∂p h∂ncp∂n√.

F∂m¬hyhkmbhnπhhpw, P\kwJy

hnkvt]mS\hpw P\ßfpsS h¿≤n-®p-

hcp∂ Bhiy߃ \ndth‰epsa√mw

t_m-Iv-kv 9.2 : Hm-tkm¨ tim-j-Ww

A¥co£Ønse kv{Smt‰mkv nb¿ taJebnse HmtkmWns‚ Afhv Ipdbp∂

{]Xn`mkamWv Hmtkm¨timjWw. kv{Smt‰mkv^nbdnse t¢mdns‚bpw t{_m

ans‚bpw Db¿∂tXmXnep≈ an{inXßfmWv CXns‚ {][m\ ImcWw.

t¢mtdm^vfqtdm Im¿_Wn¬ (CFC) \n∂mWv Cu an{inX߃ D≠mIp∂Xv.

Ch Fb¿I≠oj\nepw {^nUvPnepw XWp∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ hkvXphmbn

D]tbmKn°p∂p, As√¶n¬ hnam\w ]dØm\mhiyamb GbtdmtkmƒBbpw

D]tbmKn°p∂p. AXpt]mse Xs∂ t{_mtam veqtdm Im¿_¨kv (lme≥kv)

Xo sISpØp∂ D]IcWØn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂p. Hmtkm¨ ]mfnbpsS

timjWØns‚ ^eambn IqSpX¬ Aƒ{Smhbe‰v civanIƒ (UV rays)`qanbnte°v ]Xn°pIbpw AXv PohPmeßfpsS \miØn\v ImcWamhpIbpw

sNøp∂p. IqSmsX, CXv a\pjy\v sXmen∏pdØp≈ Im≥kdn\v ImcWamIpIbpw

sNøp∂p. Aƒ{Smhbe‰v civanIƒ aqew Pemibßfnse HcpXcw sNdnb ]m

bepIfpsS (Phytoplankton) D¬]mZ\w Ipd™v a‰v Pemib PohPmeßsf _m[n-

°p∂p. CXv Icbnep≈ sNSnIfpsS hf¿®sb kzm[o\n°p∂p. 1790 apX¬ 1990

hscbp≈ ImeL´Øn¬ GXm≠v A©v iXam\tØmfw Hmtkm¨ ]mfn

\in®Xmbn Is≠Øn. G‰hpw tZmjIcamb Aƒ{Smhbe‰v civanIsf

`qanbnte°v hcp∂Xv XS™p\n¿Øp∂Xv Hmtkm¨ ]mfnIfmWv. Hmtkm¨

]mfnbpsS timjWw aqew temIw apgph≥ DXvIWvTbn¬ BWv. CXv

tam¨{Snb¬ t{]mt´mtImƒ kzoIcn°p∂Xnte°v \bn®p. CXv t¢mtdm veqtdm

Im¿_¨ kwbp‡ßƒ, Hmtkm¨ timjWImcWcmkhkvXp°fmb

Im¿_¨ sS{Smt¢mssdUv, s{sSt¢mtdm CutY≥ (AXns\ aossY¬

t¢mtdmt^mw F∂pw ]dbp∂p). t{_man≥ kwbp‡ßƒ (lme≥kv F∂pw

]dø∂p). F∂nhbpsS D]tbmKw \ntcm[n°m≥ Blzm\w sNøp∂p.

DdhnSw: www.ceu.hu

207

Imcy߃ am‰n adn®p. ]cnÿnXnbv°v

]p\ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ tijn°-

∏pdtØ°v D¬]mZ-\Øn\pw D]t`mK-

Øn\pambn hn`hßfpsS h¿[n® tNmZ-

\ambncp∂p CXns‚ ew. ]mgvhkvXp-

°sf BKncWw sNøm\p≈

]cn -ÿn-XnbpsS Ignhn\p

apIfnep≈ kΩ¿-±w

KWyambn h¿-≤n-®p. Cu coXn

C∂pw XpS¿∂p sIm≠ncn-

°p∂p. ]cnÿnXn -bpsS

D¬Ir„X \ne\n¿ -Øp∂

tNmZ\- {]-Zm-\ _‘Øn-s‚

t\¿hn]coX-amWv bYm¿∞-

Øn¬ kw`hn®Xv. ]cn-ÿnXn

hn`hß-tfmSpw tkh\ß-

tfmSpap≈ h¿-≤n-®p-hcp∂

Bhiyw Hcp `mKØpw

adp`mKØv AanX D]tbmKw

sIm≠pw, Zpcp]tbmKw

sIm≠pw ]cnanXamb

hn`hßfpsS e`y-XbpamWv

\man∂v A`napJoIcn -°p∂

{]iv\߃. AXp-sIm≠p-Xs∂,

]cnÿnXn {]iv\ßfmb

]mgvhkvXp°fpsS D¤hhpw aen-

\oIc-Whpsa√mw C∂v KpcpXc-

amb Ahÿ-bnemWv.

9.39.39.39.39.3 C-¥y-bn-se ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-C-¥y-bn-se ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-C-¥y-bn-se ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-C-¥y-bn-se ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-C-¥y-bn-se ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-

bp-sS A-h-ÿ (bp-sS A-h-ÿ (bp-sS A-h-ÿ (bp-sS A-h-ÿ (bp-sS A-h-ÿ (State ofIndia’s Environment).).).).).

^e`qbn„amb aÆv, \qdpIW-

°n\v-\ZnIfpw t]mjI-\Zn-Ifpw,

kar≤amb lcnXh\-߃, `qan-

°Snbnep≈ [mcm-fw [mXp{Zhy-

ßfpsS \nt£]w, hnime-amb C¥y≥

almkap{ZXocw, ]¿ΔX-\ncIƒ

apXembhbm¬ AXn -kº∂amb

{]IrXnhn`hßfpsS cmPyamWv \ΩpsS

C¥y. sU-°m≥ ]oT`qanbpsS IcnaÆv

Nn{Xw 9.2 C¥ybnse G‰hpw henb hyhkmb

taJeIfn¬ H∂mWv ZmtamZ¿hmen. ZmtamZ¿

\ZnbpsS XocØp≈ h≥hyhkmb߃ B

{]tZisØ aen\am°n ]cnÿnXn \miØnte°v

X≈n hnSp∂p.

Nn-{Xw 9.3. h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww aq-ew a-Æn-s‚ A-]-N-b-hpw, ssP-h

ssh-hn-[y-ß-fp-sS \m-i-hpw, hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-W-hpw kw-`-hn-°p-∂p.

2 0 8

]cpØn Irjn°v hfsc A\ptbm-

PyamWv.

AXn\m¬ Xs∂ ]cpØnØpWn hy

hkmb߃ tI{μoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv Cu

taJebnemWv. Ad_n°S¬ apX¬

_wKmƒ Dƒ°Sen¬ hsc ]c∂pInS-

°p∂ kn‘pKwKmkaXe {]tZiw

temIØn¬ Xs∂ G‰hpw e`qbnjvT-

ambXpw h≥tXmXn¬ Irjn \SØp∂-

Xpw P\km{μhpamb {]tZißfnsem-

∂mWv. \navt\m∂Xambn ]c∂pInS-

°p∂ C¥ybnse ImSpIƒ `qcn`mKw

P\߃°pw ]®∏v \¬Ip∂p. IqSmsX

h\yPohnIƒ°p ss\k¿KnIamb

kwc£Whpw \¬Ip∂p. Ccpºbncv,

I¬-°cn, {]IrXnhmXIw F∂nhbpsS

h≥tXmXnepff \nt£]w C¥ybn¬

Is≠Ønbn´p≠v. temIØnse 20

iXam\tØmfw Ccpºbncv \nt£]w

\ΩpsS cmPyØmWv. t_mIvssk‰v,

sNºv, t{Imta‰v, cXv\w, kz¿Ww, seUv,

enKvss\‰v, amwK\okv. kn¶v, bptd\nbw

apXembhsb√mw cmPyØns‚ hnhn[

`mKßfn¬ e`yamWv. F∂ncp∂mepw

C¥ybnse hnIk\ {]h¿Ø\߃

\ΩpsS ]cnanXamb {]IrXnhn`-h-߃-

°pw a\pjyBtcmKyØn\pw t£aØn-

\pw henb kΩ¿ZamWv kr„n°p∂Xv.

c≠p XcØnemWv C¥y-bpsS ]cnÿn-

Xn-°v `ojWn D≠mIp∂Xv:

ZmcnZyw aqeap≈ ]cnÿnXn \miw.

AtXkabØp Xs∂ kar≤hpw,

AXnthKw hfcp∂Xpamb hyhkmb-

taJebn¬ \n∂p≠mIp∂ aen\o-IcW

`ojWn. hmbp aen\oIcWw, Pe-

aen\oIcWw, asÆmen∏v, h\\io-

IcWw, h\yPohnIfpsS hwi\miw

F∂nhsb√mw C¥ybnse henb

]cnÿnXn{]iv\ßfn¬ NneXmWv.

{][m\s∏´ ]cnÿnXn hnjb߃

ChbmWv.

(i) aÆns‚ A]Nbw.

(ii) ssPhsshhn[yßfpsS \miw.

(iii) hmbp aen\oIcWw, {]tXyIn®pw

]´Wßfnse hml\߃ aqew

D≠mIp∂h.

(iv) ip≤Pe ]cn]me\w

(v) Jcamen\yßfpsS kwkvIcWw.

`qanbpsS Aÿncamb D]tbmKw,

A\pNnXamb ssIImcyw sNø¬

F∂nhaqew C¥ybnse aÆv]e-

XcØnep≈, ]e Ahÿbnep≈

A]Nbw t\cnSp∂p.

aÆns‚ A]NbØn\v ImcWamIp∂

Nne LSI߃ ChbmWv.

(i) h\\ioIcWw aqeap≈ kky-

Pme-ßfpsS \„w.

(ii) hndIv ImenØo‰ F∂nhbpsS kp-

ÿn-ca√mØ tiJcn°¬.

(iii) amdnamdnhcp∂ Irjn.

(iv) h\`qanbnte°p≈ IS∂pIb‰w.

(v) Im´pXobpw AanXamb I∂pImen

tabv°epw.

(vi ) aÆv kwc£WØn\v Bhiyamb

\S]Sn kzoIcn°mXncn°¬.

(vii) DNnXa√mØ hnf]cybw (croprotation ).

209

t_mIvkv 9.3 :"Nn]vtIm " As√¶n¬ "A∏ns°m".......... Hcp

t]cnse¥ncn°p∂p?

lnamebØnse ImSpIsf kwc£n°pI F∂

e£ytØmsS XpSßnb "Nn]vtIm' {]ÿm\sØ-

°pdn®v \n߃s°mcp ]t£ Adnbmat√m?

I¿WmSIØn¬ CXn\v kam\amb Hcp {]ÿm\w

Db¿∂ph∂p. AXv "A∏ns°m' F∂v Adnb-

s∏Sp∂p. CXn\¿∞w BenwK\w F∂mWv. 1983

sk]v‰w_¿ F´mw XobXn kn¿kn Pn√bnse

k¬°m\n ImSpIfn¬ ac߃ sh´n apdn°m≥

XpSßnbt∏mƒ,160 ]pcpj∑mcpw IqSmsX

kv{XoIfpw Ip´nIfpaSßp∂ kwLw acßsf

BenwK\w sNøpIbpw acw apdn°p∂hsc

\n¿_-‘n®v Hgnhm°pIbpw sNbvXp. ASpØ

Bdv BgvNIfn¬ hfsc Pm{KXtbmsS Ch¿

h\Øn¬ Xs∂ D≠mbncp∂p. t^mdÃv

Hm^nk¿amcpsS Pn√m ]≤Xn A\pkcn®v

imkv{Xob ASnÿm-\Øn¬ am{Xta acw

apdn°pIbp≈q F∂ Dd∏p DtZymKÿcn¬

\n∂pw e`n®Xn\p-tijw am{XamWv hf≠nb¿am¿ ]ncn™pt]mbXv.

tIm¨{SmŒ¿amcpsS hmWnPycq]Ønep≈ hym]Iamb acw apdn°¬, kz`mhnI

h\ßsf \in∏n°ptºmƒ, acßsf BenwK\w sNøp∂XneqsS ImSpIsf

kwc£n°mw F∂ {]Xo£bpw hnizmkhpw P\ßfn¬ Db¿∂ph∂p. Cu

{]tXyI kw`htØmsS acw apdn°¬ Ahkm\n°pIbpw GXm≠v ]{¥≠m-

bnctØmfw acßsf P\߃°v kwc£n°phm\pw Ign™p. amk߃°p≈n¬

Xs∂ Cu {]ÿm\w Ab¬ Pn√Ifnte°v IqSn hym]n®p.

hndIn\pw, hyhkmb Bhiy߃°pambp≈ hnthN\clnXamb acw apdn°¬

\nch[n ]cnÿnXn {]iv\ßfnte°v \bn®p. DØcmb\ taJebn¬ t]∏¿ an¬

XpSßn 12 h¿jw Ign™t∏mtg°pw, B taJebn¬ apf ]q¿Wambpw XpS®p

\o°s∏´p. tIc-f-Øn¬ Kzmfn-tbm¿ db¨kv apf \in-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse "henb

CeIfp≈ ac߃, Ah t\cn v ag ]Xn°p∂Xn¬ \n∂pw aÆns\ klmbn®ncp∂p.

Ch apdn®Xv aqew asÆmen∏v hym]IamhpIbpw, ]n∂oSv sNΩÆv am{Xw

Ahtijn°pIbpw sNbvXp. AhnsS IfIƒ A√msX as‰m∂pw hfcmØ

ÿnXnbmbn. "Hcp I¿jI≥ ]d™XmWnXv. ]pgIfpw tXmSpIfpw AXnthKw

hc≠pWßn. ag Ipd™p, tI´ptIƒhnt]mepan√mØ {]mWnIfpw tcmKßfpw

hnfIsf B{Ian®p.

2 1 0

(viii) AhnthIamb cmkhfßfpw

IoS\min\nIfpw D]tbmKn°¬.

(ix) PetkN\ kwhn[m\Øns‚

DNnXa√mØ Bkq{XWhpw

\SØn∏pw.

(x) `qK¿`Pe kr„nbpsS tijnsb-

°mƒ IqSpXembn qK¿`Pew Du‰n-

sb-Sp°¬.

(xi) F√mh¿°pw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ign-

bmhp∂ hn`h߃ (Open accessresources)

(xii) Im¿jnI taJesb B {ibn°p∂-

hcpsS Zmcn{Zyw.

temIP\kwJybpsS 17 iXam\hpw,

I∂pImenIfpsS 20 iXam\hpw `qanbp-

sS 2.5 iXam\w am{Xw hnkvXrXnbp≈

\ΩpsS cmPyØmWv D≈Xv. cmPyØp≈

henb P\km{μX, I∂pImenIƒ,

hnhn[ Bhiyßfmb h\ kwc£Ww,

Irjn, ]p¯InSn, a\pjyhm-kw,

hyhkmbw F∂nhbv°mbp≈ qanbpsS

D]tbmKw \ΩpsS ]cnanXamb qhn`h

߃°v henb kΩ¿Zw kr„n°p∂p.

ASnÿm\ Bhiy߃ \ndth‰m\mbn

C¥ybn¬ Hcmƒ°v icmicn Bhiy-

amb h\`qan F∂Xv 0.47 slŒdmWv.

F∂m¬ e`yambXv shdpw 0.08 slŒ¿

am{Xw. AXns‚ ^eambn A\phZ\o-

bambXn\∏pdw GXm≠v 15 Zie£w

Iyp_nIv ao‰¿ h\ßfmWv sh´nhogv-

Øp-∂Xv.

C¥ybn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw 5.3 _n√y¨

S¨ ta¬aÆv F∂ \nc°n¬

asÆmen∏p XpScp∂p F∂mWv

IW°pIƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂Xv. AXns‚

^eambn 0.8 Zie£w S¨ ss\{SP≥,

1.8 Zie£w S¨ t^mkv^dkv, 26.3

Zie£w S¨ s]m´mkyw F∂nh

tIm¨{SmŒ¿amcpw t^mdÃv DZtymKÿcpw Nne \nbaßfpw \nb{¥Wßfpw

{]mh¿ØnIam°Wsa∂v A∏nt°m hf≠nb¿am¿ Bhiys∏´p. DZmlcWw

GsX√mw acßfmWv apdn°m≥ ASbmfs∏SptØ≠Xv, F∂Xv AhnSpsØ

{]mtZinI hmknIfpambn IqSnbmtemNnt°≠XmWv. Pet{kmX pIfpsS 100

ao‰dn\p≈nse ac߃, 30 Un{Kntbm AXn\p apIfntem sNcnhp≈ ÿeßfnse

ac߃ F∂nh bmsXmcp ImcWhimepw apdn°m≥ ]mSp≈X√

h\`qanIƒ, AXnse AkwkvIrX hkvXp°ƒ F∂nh hyhkmbmhiy

߃°p≈ AkwkvIrX hkvXp°fmbn D]tbmKn°m≥ Kh¨sa‚ v \¬Imdp≠v

F∂v \n߃°dnbmtam? Hcp t]∏¿ an√v Nnet∏mƒ ]Xn\mbncw t]¿°v tPmen

sImSpØncn°mw, ssπhpUv Iº\n FÆqtdmfw t]¿°vtPmen sImSpØncn°mw,

F∂m¬ Ah¿ tImSn°W°n\mfpIfpsS Bhiy߃ \ntj[n°pI-bmsW¶n¬

CXv kzoIcnt°≠Xpt≠m? F¥mWv \n߃ IcpXp∂Xv.

DdhnSw: Excerpts from "State of India's Environment 2: The Second Citizens' Report 1984-85,Cetnre for Science and Environment, 1996, New Delhi...

211

Hmtcm h¿jhpw \„amIp∂p.

asÆmen∏vaqew \„ s∏Sp∂

t]mjIKpWap≈ aÆv Hcph¿jw 5.8

Zie£w S¨ apX¬ 8. 4 Zie£w S¨

hsc hcpsa∂mWv C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v

kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.

C¥y≥ \Kcßfn¬ hmbp aen\oIcWw

hfsc IqSpXemWv. hml\ßfmWv

CXn\v {][m\ ImcWw. F∂m¬ Nne

{]tZißfn¬ h≥tXmXnep≈ hyhkm-

bßfpw Xm]sshZypX \nebßfpw

hmbpaen\oIcWØn\v tlXphmIp-

∂p≠v. hml\w aqeap≠mIp∂ hmbp

aen\oIcWw km[mcW P\߃°v

hen-b BLmXamWv kr„n°p∂Xv. 1951-

˛¬ GXm≠v 3 e£tØmfw tamt´m¿

hml\ßfmWv D≠mbncp∂sX¶n¬,

2003 Bbt∏mtg°pw AXv 67 tImSntbmf-

ambn h¿[n®p. 2003 ¬ CcpN{Ihml\-

ßfpw ImdpIfpw IqSn BsI cPnÿ

sNbvX hml\ßfpsS 80 iXam\-tØm-

fw h∂ncp∂p. ChbmWv hmbp aen\o-

IcW-Øn¬ henb ]¶phln°p∂Xv.

temIØn¬ ]Øv h≥hyhkmb-

h¬IrX cmPyßfn¬ H∂mWv C¥y.

A\mhiyhpw A{]Xo£nXhpamb

\nch[n ^eß-fmWv hyhkmb-

h¬°cWw kw`mh\ sNbvXn´p≈Xv.

Bkq{XWan√mØ \Kch¬°cWw,

aen\oIcWw, A]IS km[yX F∂nh

CXn¬ NneXmWv. C¥ybn¬

]Xnt\gvXcw hyhkmb-߃ (hepXpw

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\w

kmºØnI ]ptcmKXnbn¬ ]cnÿnXn°p≈ ]¶ns‚ {]m[m\ysØ°pdn®v

Ip´nIfn¬ Aht_m[w kr„n°p∂Xn\mbn Xmsg]dbp∂ IfnIƒ ]cnNb-

s∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. GsX¶nepw Hcp ÿm]\Ønse D¬]∂Øns‚ t]cv Hcp

Ip´n°v \¬IpI. ASpØ Ip´n Cu D¬∏∂hpw, AXv `qanbpw {]IrXnbpambn

Fßs\ _‘s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂v Is≠Øs´.

{S-°p-Iƒ D-cp-°pw d-∫-dpw

Ão¬ C-cp-ºv [m-Xp-°ƒ `q-an.

d-∫¿ a-c-߃ Im-Sp-Iƒ `q-an

]p-kv-X-I-߃ I-S-em-kp-Iƒ a-c-߃ Im-Sp-Iƒ `q-an

h-kv-{Xw ]-cp-Øn sN-Sn {]-Ir-Xn

s]-t{Smƒ `q-an

b-{¥-km-a{Kn C-cp-ºv [m-Xp `q-an

Hcp {S °v IdpØ ]pI ]pdØp hn´Xn\m¬ AXns‚ s{sUh¿ 1000cq] Nem≥

AS°p∂p. Abmfn¬ ]ng NpaØnbXmsW∂v F¥psIm≠mWv \n߃

IcpXp∂Xv? CXv \oXoIcn°mhp∂XmtWm? N¿® sNøpI.

2 1 2

t_mIvkv 9.4 : aen\oIcW \nb{¥W t_m¿UpIƒ

c≠p {][m\]cnÿnXn {]iv\ßsf A`nkwt_m[\ sNøp∂Xn\mbn

(AXmbXv -Peaen\oIcWhpw, hmbpaen\oIcWhpw), Kh¨sa‚ v 1974¬ tI{μ

aen-\o-I-cW \nb-{¥W t_m¿Uv (CPCB) ÿm]n®p'. CXns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬

]cnÿnXn {]iv\ßsf A`nkwt_m[\ sNøp∂Xn\mbn kwÿm\ßfpw

AhcptSXmb t_m¿UpIƒ ÿm]n®p. sh≈w, hmbp, aÆvF∂nhbpsS

aen\oIcWw, aen\PeØns‚ KpW\nehmcw, ]pdtØs°mgpIp∂

aen\hkvXp°ƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v Cu t_m¿Uv At\zjn®v hnhc߃

tiJcn°pIbpw {]Nmcs∏SpØpIbpw sNøp∂p .Peaen\oIcWw Ipd®psIm≠v,

\nb{¥n®psIm≠v, XS™p sIm≠v InWdpIfptSbpw AcphnIfptSbpw ipNnXzw

t{]m’mln∏n°pI, AXpt]mse-Xs∂ cmPysØ hmbpaen\oIcWw

Ipd®psIm≠v, \nb{¥n®psIm≠v, XS™psIm≠v hmbphns‚ KpW\nehmcw

h¿≤n∏n°pI, F∂nhs°√mw B hiyamb kmt¶XnI klmbw Cu

t_m¿UpIƒ Kh¨sa‚n\p \¬Ip∂p .

Peaen\oIcWw, hmbpaen\oIcWw, AhbpsS XSb¬, \nb{¥Ww,

Ipd®psIm≠phc¬ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ At\zjWhpw, KthjWhpw,

t_m¿Uv \SØp∂p. IqSmsX CXns\°pdn®v am[yaßfneqsS henb

t_m[h¬°cWhpw \SØp∂p≠v. aen\Pew, I®hSÿeßfnse Ahin-

„߃ F∂nhsb \o°w sNø¬, AhbpsS ip≤oIcWw F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈

N´ßfpw \nbamhenIfpw am¿§tcJIfpw aen\oIcW \nb{¥W t_m¿UpIƒ

Xømdm°p∂p.

hyhkmbimeIsf \nb{¥n®psIm≠v hmbphns‚ KpW\nehmcw Ch¿ Dd∏p

hcpØp∂p .bYm¿∞Øn¬ kwÿm\ aen\oIcW t_m¿UpIfpw AhbpsS

Pn√mXe Hm^ok¿amcpambn AhcpsS A[nImc ]cn[nbnepff F√m

hyhkmbhpw CSbv°nSbv°v ]cntim[n°pIbpw, Hmtcm hyhkmbØns‚bpw

aen\ hkvXp°ƒ, hmXI߃ F∂nh ]pd¥≈p∂Xn\v FSpØ \S]SnIƒ

]cntim[n®v Dd∏p hcpØpIbpw sNøp∂p. hyhkmb߃°p≈ ÿew

\n›bn°¬, \Kcmkq{XWw F∂nh°mhiyab ]›mØe hmbp

ipNnXzsØ°pdn®p≈ \n¿tZißfpw aen\oIcW \nb{¥W t_m¿UpIƒ

\¬Ip∂p.

Peaen\oIcWsØ °pdn®p≈ kmt¶XnI ÿnXnhnhc ZØ߃ aen\oIcW

\nb{¥W t_m¿UpIƒ tiJcn°pIbpw, HØp t\m°pIbpw Ipd®psIm≠p-

hcnIbpw sNøp∂p. 125 \ZnIƒ, (t]mjI\ZnIƒ Dƒs∏sS) InWdpIƒ,

213

CSØcap≈Xpw) henb tXmXn¬

A¥co£ aen\oIcWw

\SØp∂hbmWv F∂v tI{μ aen\o-

IcW \nb{¥W t_m¿Uv (CPCB-Central Pollution Cotnrol Board) Xncn®dn-

™n´p≠v.

apIfn¬ kqNn∏n® hnjbßsf√mw

C¥ybpsS ]cnÿnXn°p≈ sh√phnfn-

I-fmWv Db¿Øn°m´p∂Xv. kpÿnc

hnIk\-Øns‚hgnIƒ t_m[]q¿h-

ambn \mw kzoIcn®n´ns√¶n¬, tI{μ

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]cnÿnXn a{¥me-

bhpw, tI{μ-kwÿm\ k¿°mdpIfpsS

aen\oIcW \nb{¥W t_m¿UpIfpw

kzoIcn®ncn°p∂ hnhn[ \S]SnIƒ°v

^e{]m]vXn C√msX t]mIpw. `mhnX-

eapdsb Ipdn®p≈ DXvIWvTbn-embn-

cn°Ww Zo¿LImetØ°p≈ hnIk\-

߃ D≠mtI≠Xv. `mhnXeapd-sb

]cnKWn°msXbp≈ C∂sØ PohnX

kmlNcy߃ sa®s∏SpØm\p≈

hnIk\w \ΩpsS {]IrXn hn`hßsf

C√mXm°pIbpw, ]cnÿnXnsb A]-

Nbs∏SpØpIbpw sNøpw. ]cnÿnXn

\mihpw kmºØnI {]Xnk‘nbpw

Bbncn°pw CXns‚ BXy¥nI ^ew.

XSmI߃, ISenSp°v, Ipf߃, Pekw`cWnIƒ, Hmhv, I\m¬, F∂nhbnse

PeØns‚ KpW\nehmcw F∂nh Cu t_m¿UpIƒ ]cntim[n°p∂p.

ASpØp≈ hyhkmbime, PetkN\hIp∏v F∂nh kμ¿in®v

Peaen\oIcWw, hmbp aen\oIcWw F∂nh XSbp∂Xn\v Ah¿ FSpØ

\S]SnIƒ Fs¥√msa∂ hnhc߃ tiJcn°pI.

h¿Øam\]{X߃, tdUntbm, sSenhnj≥, \nßfpsS ]cnkcØp≈ t\m´okv

t_m¿Uv F∂nhbnep≈ ]cky߃ (Peaen\oIcWw, hmbp aen\oIcWw

F∂nhsb°pdn®v) \n߃ a\ nem°nbn´p≠mIpat√m? ]{XiIe߃,

eLpteJIƒ, a‰p hnhc߃, F∂nh tiJcn®v CXns\Ipdn®v \nßfpsS

¢m n¬ N¿® sNøpI.

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\w

GsXmcp tZiob Zn\]{XØnepw \n߃°v hmbp aen\oIcWØns‚ tXmXv

tcJs∏SpØnb tImf߃ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. Zo]mhen ZnhksØbpw, A

Xn\v HcmgvN apºp≈ ZnhksØbpw, Zo]mhen Ign™v c≠v ZnhkØn\p

tijap≈ Znhkßfntebpw ]{X߃ tiJcn°pI. {][m\s∏´ F¥v

hyXymkamWv v\n߃°v ImWm≥ IgnbpI. N¿® sNøpI.

2 1 4

9.49.49.49.49.4 k p - ÿ n - c - h n - I - k - \ wk p - ÿ n - c - h n - I - k - \ wk p - ÿ n - c - h n - I - k - \ wk p - ÿ n - c - h n - I - k - \ wk p - ÿ n - c - h n - I - k - \ w

(((((Sustainable Development)))))

]cnÿnXnbpw kºZvhyhÿbpw ]c-

kv]cw B{ibn®ncn°p∂Xpw ]ckv]cw

Bhiyap≈XpamWv. ]cnÿnXnbpsS

A\¥c^eßsf AhKWn®p -

sIm≠p≈ hnIk\w PohPmeßsf

]cnt]mjn-∏n -°p∂ ]cnÿnXnbpsS

\miØn\p Xs∂ ImcWamhpw.

AXpsIm≠pXs∂ \ap°v th≠Xv

kpÿnchnIk\amWv. C∂sØ Xeapd

B\μn°p∂ PohnX KpWßsf¶nepw

hcpwXeapdbv°v A\phZn°p∂

hnIk\amWv kpÿnc-hnIk\w.

kpÿnchnIk\w F∂ Bib-Øn\v

{]mapJyw sImSpØXv sFIycm{„

k`bpsS ]cnÿnXn hnI-k\

ktΩf\amWv. (UNCED-United NationsConference on Environment andDevelopment). "`mhn XeapdIƒ°v Ah-

bpsS Bhiy߃ \ndth‰m\p≈ tijn-

°v hnLmXamImØ XcØn¬ C∂sØ

XeapdbpsS Bhiy߃ \ndth‰p∂

hnIk\w' F∂mWv kpÿnc hnIk-

\sØ UNCED \n¿hNn®n´p≈Xv.

Cu \n¿hN\w ho≠pw hmbn°pI. CXn-

se "Bhiyw" F∂ ]Zhpw "`mhnXe-

apdIƒ "F∂ ssienbpw Bh¿Øn-

°p∂ ]ckv]c _‘nX ssienIfmWv

F∂v \n߃ {i≤n®pht√m. hn`hß-

fpsS hnXcWhpambn _‘s∏SpØn-

bmWv \n¿hN\Øn¬, BhiyIX F∂

Bibw D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv.

F√mhcpsSbpw ASnÿm\ Bhiy

߃ \ndth‰pI, sa®s∏´ PohnXØn\p

th≠n F√mhcpsSbpw B{Kl߃

k^eoIcn°m\p≈ Ahkcw D≠m-

°pI F∂nhsbms°bmWv \ΩpsS

s]mXp`mhn (Our Common Future) F∂

dnt∏m¿´v kpÿnchnIk\sØIpdn®v

hniZoIcn°p∂Xv. F√mhcpsSbpw B-

{K-l-߃ \ndth‰p∂Xn\v \ΩpsS

hn`h߃ ]p\¿hnXcWw sNtø≠-

Xp≠v. CXv Hcp [m¿anI hnjbamWv.

G‰hpw ASnØ´nep≈ ]mhßfpsS

`uXnI PohnX \nehmcw h¿≤n°p-

∂Xpambn t\cn´v _‘s∏SpØnbmWv

FUv thUv _m¿_ym¿ kpÿnc-hnI-

k\sØ \n¿hNn®ncn°p∂Xv. h¿≤n®

hcpam\w, bYm¿∞ hcpam\w, hnZym`ym-

k tkh\߃, BtcmKy kwc£Ww,

ipNnXzw, PehnXcWw F∂nh D]tbm-

Kn®v CXv Af∂p Xn´s∏SpØmhp∂-

XmWv. IrXyambn∏d™m¬ tIhe

Zmcn{Zyw ( Absolute povetry) Ipdbv°pI

F∂XmWv kpÿnc hnIk-\w sIm≠v

e£yanSp∂Xv. hn`hßfpsS £bw,

]cnÿnXnbpsS A]Pbw,

kmwkvImcnI wKw, kmaqly AÿncX

F∂nh ]camh[n Ipd®psIm≠v Zo¿L-

Imew \ne\n¬°p∂Xpw kpc£nX-

hpamb D]Poh\am¿K߃ ]mhs∏´-

h¿°v \¬In kpÿnchnIk\w t\SpI

F∂XmWv e£yanSp∂Xv. F√mhcpsS-

bpw {]tXyIn®v `qcn`mKw ]mhßfp-sS-

bpw ASnÿm\ Bhiyßfmb sXm-

gn¬, £Ww, Du¿Pw, sh≈w, ]m¿-∏nSw

F∂nh \ndth‰p∂ hnIk\amWv Cu

A¿YØn¬ kpÿnchnIk\w. IqSm-

sX, Cu Bhiy߃ \ndth‰m-\mbn

Im¿jnI, sshZypX, tkh\ taJeIfp-

215

sS hnIk\w Dd∏phcp-tØ≠XmWv.

`mhnXeapdsb kwc£n°pI F∂Xn-

\mWv {_‚ vem‚ v IΩoj≥ (BrundtlandCommission) Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂Xv. \Ωp-

sS {Klamb `qansb tISp]mSpIƒ

IqSmsX mhn Xeapdbv°v ssIamdpI F-

∂p≈ [m¿anI DØchmZnXzw \ap°p-

s≠∂ ]cnÿnXn hmZw A¿∞hØm-

Wv. AXmbXv C∂sØ Xeapd \√

]cnÿnXnsb hcpw Xeapdbv°v Zm\w

\¬tI≠Xp≠v . \ap°v ]mcºcyambn

In´nb PohnXØns‚ KpW߃ H´pw

IpdbmsX Xs∂ G‰hpw NpcpßnbXv

ASpØ Xeapdbvs°¶nepw \Ωƒ am‰n

hbvt°≠Xp≠v .

(i) {]IrXn hkvXphlIsf kwc£n-

°¬

(ii) {]IrXnbpsS ]p\¿P\Iamb ]cn-

ÿnXn kwhn[m\sØ ]cn]men-

°¬.

(iii) `mhn Xeapdbn¬ ASnt®¬∏n°p∂

sNehpIƒ AYhm \„߃ Hgn-

hm°¬. F∂nhs°√mw A\pIq-

eamb hnIk\߃ Ct∏mgp≈

Xeapd hf¿tØ≠Xpw t{]m’m-

ln∏n-t°≠XpamWv.

]cnÿnXn kmºØnI hnZKv[\mb

sl¿a≥-UmenbpsS A`n{]mbØn¬

kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\mbn Xmsg∏d-

bp∂ Imcy߃ sNtø≠XmWv.

(i) `qanbpsS hmlI tijnsb (CarryingCapactiy) ASnÿm\am°n

P\kwJy ]cnanXs∏SpØpI. ]cn-

ÿnXnbpsS Dƒs°m≈m\p≈

tijn F∂Xv I∏ense ]camh[n

`mcw Ib‰mhp∂ ""πntam tkmƒ''

tcJ t]msebmWv. AØ-c-Øn¬

Hcp ]cn[ntcJ kºZvhyhÿ-°v

Cs√¶n¬ `qanbpsS Xm߬ tijn-

sb°mƒ IqSpX¬ P\kwJy

h¿[\hv D≠mIpIbpw kpÿnc

hnIk\-Øn¬\n∂v hgn

amdnt∏mhpIbpw sNøpw.

(ii) \nthißfpsS AanX D]tbmK-

Øn\v ]Icw Ahsb Xo¿Øpw

^e{]Z --ambn D]tbmKn°p∂

kmt¶XnI hnZy kzoIcn°pI

(iii) ]p\ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ hn`-

h߃ FSp°p∂Xv kpÿnc

XbpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ BhWw.

AXmbXv, ]pXp°mhp∂ hn`hß-

fpsS ]p\cp¬]mZ\ tijnsb adn-

IS°p∂ cq]Øn¬ BhcpXv.

(iv) ]p\ÿm]n°m≥ Ignbp∂ _Z¬

hn`hßfpsS kr„nbpsS tXmXn-t\-

°mƒ Ipd™ Afhnte ]p\-ÿm-

]n-°m≥ IgnbmØ hn`hßfp-sS

timj-Ww D≠mImhq

(v) aen\oIcWw aqeap≈ Imcy£aX-

bn√mbva Ipd°Ww.

9.59.59.59.59.5 kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\p≈kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\p≈kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\p≈kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\p≈kpÿnc hnIk\Øn\p≈

X{¥ßƒ X{¥ßƒ X{¥ßƒ X{¥ßƒ X{¥ßƒ (strategies forsustainable development)

]mcºtcyXcDu¿÷ DdhnS߃ D]-

tbmKs∏Spج. (Use of non-conventionalsources of Energy)

2 1 6

\n߃°dnbp∂Xp t]mse sshZypXn

BhiyØn\v C¥y {][m\ambpw B{i-

bn-°p-∂Xv Xm]sshZypX- \neb-ß-

tfbpw PesshZypX ]≤XnIsfbpamWv.

Ch c≠pw ]cnÿnXn°v henb BLm-

XamWv kr„n°p∂Xv. Xm]-sshZyp-Xn

\neb߃ h≥tXmXn¬ Im¿_¨-

UtbmIvsskUv A¥co£-Øn-te°v

]pd¥≈p∂p. CXv Hcp lcnXKrlhm-

XI-amWv. IqSmsX Xm]-sshZypX \ne-

b߃ D¬]mZn∏n°p∂ "]d°p∂

Nmcw' (Fly ash) icnbmb hn[Øn¬

D]tbmKn®ns√¶n¬ Pew, aÆv, a‰v]cn-

ÿnXn LSI߃ F∂nhsbsb√mw

aen\am°pw. PesshZypX ]≤XnIƒ

aqew ImSpIƒ apßnt∏mhpIbpw, \ZnI-

fpsS kzm`mhnI Hgp°ns\ XS s∏Sp-

Øn \ZoXSßsf ipjvIam°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. Im‰n¬\n∂p≈ sshZypXnbpw

kutcm¿Phpw ]mcºtcyXc Du¿÷

߃°v DZmlcWßfmWv. Ch HcpXc-

Ønepw A¥co£ aen\oIcWw D≠m-

°p∂n√ . F∂m¬ kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS

A`mhwaqew Chsb th≠{X D]tbmK-

s∏Sp-Øm≥ \ap°p Ign™n´n√ .

{Kma{]tZißfn¬ F¬]nPnbpw

tKm_¿ Kymkpw (LP G, Gobar Gas in RuralAreas:)

{KmaØnse IpSpw_߃ {][m\ambpw

C‘\ambn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv hndIv,

DW° NmWIw, As√¶n¬ a‰v ssPh

C‘\߃ F∂nhbmWv. CXv ]cnÿn-

Xn°v ]eXcØnep≈ Ipg∏߃ kr„n-

°p∂p. DZmlcWw....... h\\ioIcWw,

{]IrXnbpsS ]®∏v Ipdbp∂p, NmWIw

bYm¿∞ BhiyØn\v D]tbmKn°m\m-

hmsX t]mIp∂p, hmbp aen\oIcWw

apXembh. Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn°p-

∂Xn\v {KmaoW¿°v k_vknUntbmSp-

IqSnb F¬]nPn Kymkv sImSp°p∂p≠v.

IqSmsX hmbv]m kuIcyßfpw k_v-

kn -Unbpw \¬Ins°m≠v tKm_¿

Kymkv IqSpX¬ t{]m’mln∏n°∂p≠v.

F¬]nPnsb kw_‘n®nStØmfw AXv

Hcp XcØnep≈ aen\oIcWhpw D≠m-

°mØ C‘\amWv. hoSpIfnse hmbp

aen\oIcWw Hcp ]cn[nhsc F¬]nPn

Ipdbv°p∂p. IqSmsX Du¿PØns‚

]mgm°epw AXv Ipdbv°p∂p. NmWI-

amWv tKm_¿ Kymkv πm‚n¬ {][m\-

ambpw D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. AXpaqeap

≠mIp∂ hmXIw ]mNIØn\v D]-

tbmKn -°p∂p. _m°nhcp∂ sNfn

(Slurry) H∂m¥cw Hcp ssPhhfhpw

aÆns\ kºp„am°p-∂-XpamWv..

]´Wßfn¬ knF≥Pn (CNG in UrbanAreas) :

U¬ln \KcØnse s]mXphml\-

ßfn¬ C‘\ambn Ct∏mƒ knF≥Pn

bmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. CXp hmbpa-

en\oIcWw KWyambn Ipd°p∂p. IqSm-

sX Ign™ Ipd®p h¿jßfmbn s]mXp-

sh ChnsS ip≤hmbp \ne\n¬-°p-

∂p≠v.

Im‰n¬ \n∂v Du¿Pw (Wind Power):CXv IqSpX¬ thKXbn¬ Im‰v D≈

ÿeßfn¬ D¬]mZn∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂

Du¿PamWv. CXv ]cnÿnXn°v Hcp

£Xhpw Gev]n°p∂n√ .Im‰n\\pkcn®v

AXns‚ ]¶ (Turbine) IdßpIbpw

217

]T-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\w

U¬ln \KcØn¬ _ pIfpw a‰p s]mXpKXmKX hml\ßfpw s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬

F∂nh°p ]Icambn kn F≥Pn (CNG) bmWv C‘\ambn D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Nne

hml\ßfn¬ ]cnh¿Ø\ km[yamb (Convertible) F≥Pn\pIfmWv D]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

]´Wßfn¬ sXcphv hnf°n\mbn kutcm¿÷w D]tbmKn°p∂p. Cu am‰ßsf °p

dn®v F¥mWv \n߃ IcpXp∂Xv. "kpÿnc hnIk\Øns‚ BhiyIX C¥ybn¬

"F∂ hnjbsØ°pdn®v Hcp kwhmZw kwLSn∏n°pI.

sshZypXn D¬∏mZn∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

CXns‚ aqe[\ apS°v sNethdnbXm

sW¶nepw CXpaqeap≈ KpW߃ hep

XmWv.

t^mt´mthmƒt´°v _m‰dnIƒ

D]tbmKn®p≈ kutcm¿÷w (solarpower through photovoltaic cells ):

kqcy{]Imiw F∂ cq]Øn¬ h≥

tXmXn¬ kutcm¿Pw e`n°p∂ Hcp

cmPyamWv C¥y. \Ωfnt∏mƒ ]e Bh-

iy-߃°mbn kqcy{]ImisØ D]tbm-

Kn°p∂p. DZmlcWambn..... hkv{Xw,

[m\y߃, a‰p Im¿jnI D¬]∂߃,

AXpt]mseXs∂ \nXtym]tbmK-Øn-

\p≈ a‰p km[\߃, F∂nh DW°p-

∂-Xn∂pw, XWp∏n¬ \n∂v c£ t\Sp∂-

Xn\pw \mw kqcy{]ImisØ D]tbmKn-

°p∂p. {]Imikwt«-jWØn\mbn

sNSnIƒ kqcy{]ImisØbmWv

Nn{Xw 9.4 . tKm_¿ Kymkv πm‚ v NmWIw D]tbmKn®v Kymkv DXv]mZn∏n°p∂p

2 1 8

D]tbmKn°p∂Xv. t^mt´m thmƒ- mbnIv

_m‰dnbpsS klmbtØmsS kqcy{]Im-

isØ sshZypXnbm°n am‰m≥ Ct∏mƒ

Ignbpw. Cu _mŒdnIƒ Nne {]tXyI

kma{KnIƒ D]tbmKn®v kqcy{]Im-

isØ ]nSns®Sp°pIbpw AXns\ am‰n

sshZypXnbm°pIbpw sNøp∂p. CXv

H‰s∏´pInS°p∂ ÿeßfnte°pw

AXpt]mse {KnUv hgntbm, sshZypX-

sse≥ hgntbm sshZypXn FØn°m≥

km[ya√mØtXm sNethdnbtXm

Bb ÿeßfnte°pw hfsc D]Imc-

{]Zamb kmt¶XnIhnZybmWv. Cu coXn

HcpXcØnep≈ aen\oIcWhpw kr„n-

°p∂n√.

sNdpInS PesshZypX ]≤XnIƒ

(Mini hydel plants)

ae\ncIƒ \nd™ {]tZißfn¬

[mcmfw AcphnIƒ D≠mImdp≠v. CXn-

se qcn`mKw AcphnIfpw F√m Imeß-

fnepw sh≈w \nd™h Bbncn°pw.

CØcw AcphnIfn¬ sNdpInS Pe-

sshZypX ]≤XnIƒ XpSßmhp∂-XmWv.

S¿_≥ D]tbmKn®psIm≠v {]mtZinI

Bhiy߃°mbn sshZypXn D¬]mZn-

∏n°m≥ Ignbpw. CØcw ]≤XnIƒ ]cn-

ÿnXn°nWßp∂hbmWv. CXpaqew

B {]tZißfn¬ `qanbpsS D]tbmK

coXn-bnsem∂pw am‰w hcp∂n√. {]m

tZinImhiyØn\p≈ sshZypXn ChnsS

D¬]mZn∏n°p∂p. h≥tXmXnep≈

ShdpItfm tI_nfpItfm ChnsS D]tbm-

Kn-°p∂n√. AXpaqew {]kcW \„hpw

Hgnhm°mw.

]-c-º-cm-K-X A-dn-hp-I-fpw {]-tbm-K-ß-

fpw (Traditional Knowledge andpractices):

]cºcmKXambn C¥y°m¿ {]IrXn-

tbm--Sn-Wßn Pohn°p∂hcmWv. Ah¿

{]IrXnbpsS `mKambncp∂p, Hcn°epw

{]IrXnsb \nb{¥n®ncp∂n√. \ΩpsS

]gbIme IrjncoXnIƒ, BtcmKy

]cn]me\w, hoSpIƒ, KXmKXw,

F∂nh \n߃ {i≤n®n´pt≠m? Ah-

sb√mw Xs∂ {]IrXntbmSv CWßnb

hbmbn-cp∂p. CubSpØImeØmbn

\Ωƒ ]cºcmKX coXnbn¬ \n∂pw

amdpIbp -≠mbn. AXv \ΩpsS

]cnÿnXnbpsSbpw ss]XrIØn-s‚bpw

\miØn\v ImcW-ambn. Ct∏mƒ

Xncn®pt]mIm\p≈ kabambncn°p∂p.

G‰hpw DNnXamb Hcp

DZmlcWsaSp°mw. BtcmKy]cn -

]me\cwKØv GXm≠v ]Xn\øm

bnctØmfw Huj[kky߃ \ΩpsS

cmPyØv D≠mbncp∂p. \m´p]mcºcy-

NnIn-’ Dƒs∏sS GXm≠v FÆmbnc-

tØmfw Huj[kky߃ \mw km[mc-

Wbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv. ]m›m-

Xy NnIn’m coXnbpsS IS∂pIb‰-

tØm-sS \ΩpsS ]mcºcy NnIn’mco-

Xn--I-fmb Bbp¿thZw, bp\m\n , Sn_‰≥

\m´p NnIn’, F∂nhsb√mw AhKWn-

°s∏´p. Cu BtcmKy kwhn[m\߃

F√mwXs∂ Nne amdmhym[nIƒ °p≈

NnIn’bv°mbn Ct∏mƒ IqSpX¬

BfpIƒ Bhiys∏´p hcp∂p≠v. C∂-

sØ-°meØv F√m kuμcyh¿-[I

hkvXp°fnepw_Xebn¬ tXbv°p-∂

219

FÆ, SqØv t]Ãv icoc-Øn¬ tX°p∂

temj≥, apJØv ]pc´p∂ te]\w,

F∂n-hbnse√mw Huj[°q´pIƒ D≠v.

Cu D¬∏∂ßsf√mw ]cnÿnXn ku-

lm¿ZßfmsW∂p am{Xa√, a‰p ]m¿iz-

^eßtfm cmk{]{InbItfm C√mØ-

h-bpamWv.

ssP-h h-f co-Xn (Biocomposting)

Ign™ 50 h¿jambn Im¿jntIm¬-

]mZ\w h¿[n∏n°pI F∂ ]co£W-

Øn-s‚ mKambn ssPhhf coXn \Ωƒ

]q¿Wambn Hgnhm°pIbpw, ]Icw cmk-

hf coXnbnte°v XncnbpIbpw sNbvXp.

AXns‚ ^eambn \ΩpsS ^e`qbn„-

amb aÆns\ {]XnIqeambn

_m[n°pIbpw, `qK¿`Pe apƒ s∏sS-

bp≈ Pemi-b -߃ cmkaen\am

IpIbpw sNbvXp. Hm -tcmh¿jw

IqSpt¥m-dpw PetkN\-Øn -s‚

Bhiyw h¿≤n-°pIbmWv sNøp--∂Xv

cmPyw apgph≥ hensbmcp hn`mKw

I¿jI¿ ho≠pw ssPhhf coXnbn-

te°v \oßpIbmWv. cmPyØns‚

]e`mKØpw I∂pImenIsf hf¿Øp-

∂Xv {][m\ ambpw Irjn°mhiyamb

NmWIw e`n°p∂Xn\mWv. NmWIw

Hcp \√ ssPhhfamWv. AXpt]mse-

Xs∂ aÆns‚ KpWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-

Xp-am-Wv.

km[mcW ssPhhfap≠mIp∂ coXn-tb-

°mƒ thKØn¬ aÆncIƒ ssPhhkv-

Xp-°sf ssPhhfam°n am‰p∂p. Cu {]-

{In-b Ct∏mƒ hym]I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂p≠v. ]tcm£ambn CXv \-Ωp-sS ]u-c

A[nImcnIƒ°pw Kp-Ww sN-øp-∂p-≠v.

ImcWw Ipd™ tXm-Xnte Ct∏m-ƒ ]mgv

hkvXp°ƒ \o°w sNtø≠-Xp≈q.

ssP-hIo-S-\n-b-{¥-Ww (Biopest Cotnrol)

AXyp¬-]mZ\w e`n°m≥ th≠n henb

Bthi-ØnemWv lcnX hnπh

cmkIoS\min\nIƒ IqSpX-embn D]-

tbmKn®ncp∂Xv . F∂m¬ hfsc

s]s´∂v Xs∂ AXns‚ Xncn®-SnIƒ

ImWm≥ XpSßn. `£y D¬]∂-߃

cmkaeoakambn. aÆv, `qK¿`Peapƒ-

s∏sSbp≈ Pemib߃ F∂nh

cmkIoS\min\n aqew aen\ambn. ]m¬,

Cd®n, a’yw F∂nh hsc aen\amIp∂

AhÿbnseØn.

Cu sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂Xn\pth≠n \√

coXnbnep≈ IoS\nb{¥WØn\v

{iaßfp≠mbn. AØcØnep≈ Hcp

\S]SnbmWv sNSnIfpsS hnØn¬-

\n∂p≈ IoS\min\n D]tbmKw.

Bcyth∏v (acw) CØcØn¬ D]tbmKn-

°mhp∂XmWv'. ]e XcØnep≈ IoS

\nb{¥W cmkhkvXp°ƒ Bcy -

th∏n¬ \n∂mWv th¿Xncns®Sp°p∂Xv.

]eXcw hnfIƒ Dƒs∏SpØnb kΩn{i

Irjn, Htc `qanbn¬ XpS¿®bmbp≈

h¿jßfnembn hnfIƒ amdnamdn Irjn

sNøp∂ coXn, F∂nh IoS\nb{¥W-

Øn\v klmbIcamWv.

IqSmsX IoSßsf \nb{¥n°p∂ ]e-

Xcw arKßsfIpdn®pw ]£nIsfIpdn-

®pap≈ Aht_m[w I¿jI¿-°nSbn¬

2 2 0

]cØp∂p≠v. DZmlcWw- FenIsf

]nSn°p∂ ]mºpIƒ I¿j-Is‚ D‰an-

{XamWv. Ah Fen, Nps≠en, a‰p

IoS߃ F∂nhsb Ccbmbn ]nSn°p-

∂p AXpt]mseXs∂ ]eXcØnep≈

]£nIƒ DZmlcWw : aqß, abn¬

F∂nh £p{ZPohnIsfbpw IoSßsf-

bpw `£n°p∂hbmWv. Cu PohnIƒ-

s°√mw IrjnbnSßfn¬ hmkÿew

Hcp°pIbmsW¶n¬, Ch ]eXcw IoS-

ßtfbpw C√mXm°pw. ]√nIfpw CØc-

Øn¬ I¿jIs‚ an{Xw BWv. CØcw

PohnIfpsS aqeyw \mw Xncn®dn™v

Ahsb kwc£nt°≠Xp≠v.

kpÿnchnIk\w C∂v Hcp a{¥ambn

Øo¿-∂n-cn°p∂p. Xo¿®bmbpw CsXmcp

hnIk\Nn¥bpsS amXrIbmWv. CXv

]e XcØnepw hymJym\n°p∂p≠v

F¶nepw Cu Xm¬]cyw Dd∏phcpØp-

∂Xv Zo¿LImetØ°p≈ hnIk\

]mXIfpw, F√mh¿°pap≈ t£ahp-

amWv.

9.6 D]-kw-lmcw 9.6 D]-kw-lmcw 9.6 D]-kw-lmcw 9.6 D]-kw-lmcw 9.6 D]-kw-lmcw (Conclusion)

h¿≤n®phcp∂ P\kwJybpsS Bhiy-

߃ \ndth‰m\mbn h≥tXmXnep≈

km[\ßfpsSbpw tkh\ßfpsSbpw

D¬]mZ\amWv \S°p∂Xv. Cu kmº-

ØnI hnIk\w ]cnÿnXnbn¬ henb

BLmXßfmWv kr„n°p∂Xv. hnIk-

\Øns‚ BZyL´ßfn¬ ]cnÿnXn

hn`hßfpsS e`yXtb°mƒ Ipd™

Afhn¬ am{XamWv AhbpsS Bh-

iy߃ h∂ncp∂Xv. ]cnÿnXn hn`h-

ßfpsS BhiyIX Ct∏mƒ temIw ap-

gp-h\pw henb tXmXnemWv. F∂m¬

hn`hßfpsS AanX D]tbmKhpw Zpcp]-

tbmKhpw AXns‚ {]Zm\sØ ]cnanX-

s∏Sp-ØpIbmWv. ]cnÿnXn {]iv\߃

]camh[n Ipd®p sIm≠p≈ hnIk-

\amWv kpÿnchnIk\w e£yanSp-

∂Xv. AXv `mhn XeapdbpsS Bhiy-

߃ \ndth‰m\p≈ tijn°v hnLmXam-

ImØ XcØn¬ C∂sØ XeapdbpsS

Bhiy߃ \ndth‰p∂ hnIk\-

amhWw.

A-`ym-kw (EXERCISES)

1. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn F-∂-Xp sIm-≠v F-¥m-Wv A¿-∞-am-°p-∂-Xv ?

2. hn- -hß-fp-sS ]p-\:kr-„n-bp-sS \n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ A-[n-I-am-Wv hn- -h-߃ D-]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂ \n-c-°v F-¶n¬ F-¥v kw- -hn-°pw?

3. Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-sb ]p-Xp-°m-hp-∂ hn`-h-ß-sf∂pw, ]pXp-°m-\m-hm-Ø hn`h-

ß-sf∂pw th¿-Xn-cn-®v F-gp-Xp-I.

1. a-c-߃, 2. a-’yw, 3. s]-t{Sm-fn-bw, 4. I¬-°-cn, 5. C-cp-º-bn-cv, 6. sh-≈w.

221

4. C-∂v tem-Iw A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ c-≠v {]-[m-\ ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I {]-iv-\-߃ .................

Dw................. Dw B-Wv.

5. C-¥y-bn-se ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n-°v Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ L-S-I-߃ Im-c-W-am-Ip-

∂p. C-h Kh -sa‚n-\v F-¥v {]-iv-\-ß-fm-Wv kr-„n-°p-∂-Xv .

(i) D-b-cp-∂ P-\-kw-Jy

(ii) hm-bp a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

(iii) P-e-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww

( i v )B-Uw-_-c D-]-t`mK-co-Xn

(v) \n-c-£-c-X

(vi) hy-h-km-b-h¬-°-c-Ww

(vii) \-K-c-h¬-°-c-Ww

(viii) h-\ hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bn-ep-≈ Ip-d-hv

(ix) I-S-∂p-I-b-‰w

(x) B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\w

6. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn-bp-sS [¿-Ω-߃ F-s¥-√mw?

7. C-¥y-bn¬ a-Æn-s‚ A-]-N-b-Øn-\v Im-c-W-amIp-∂ 6 L-S-I-ß-sf Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-I.

8. hn-]-co-X ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I B-Lm-X-ß-fp-sS A-h-k-c Nn-e-hv D-b¿-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv F-ß-

s\-sb-∂v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

9. C-¥y-bn¬ kp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w t\-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ X-{¥-ß-fp-sS cq-]-tc-J X-øm-dm-°pI.

10. C-¥y-°v k-ar-≤-am-b {]-Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-fp≠v. Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\ km-[q-I-cn-°p-I.

11. ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øp-≠m-b H-cp {]-Xn-`m-k-am-tWm? B-

sW-¶n¬ F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

12. c-≠v D-Zm-l-c-W-߃ ho-Xw F-gp-Xp-I

(a) {]-Ir-Xn-hn- h-ß-fp-sS A-an-X D-]-tbm-Kw.

(b) {]-Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-fp-sS Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw.

13 C-¥y-bp-sS ]cn-ÿn-Xn-°v k-Ω¿-±w \¬-Ip-∂ 4 Im-c-W-߃ F-gp-Xp-I. ]m-cn-ÿn-

Xn-I \m-iw e-Lq-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A-h-k-cmflI sN-e-hv A-S-ßn-bn- p-≠v. hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

°p-I.

14. {]-Ir-Xn hn- h-ß-fpsS {]-Zm-\ tNm-Z-\ ssh-cp-≤y߃ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

15. \n-e-hn-se ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n I-W-°m-°p-I.

16. C-¥y-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bp ≠m-b c-≠v {]-Xn-Iq-e ]m-cn-ÿn-Xn-I -e-

߃ F-Sp-sØ-gpXp-I. C-¥y-bp-sS ]-cn-ÿn-Xn {]-iv-\-߃ c-≠p-X-c-Øn-em-Wv.

Zm-cn-Zy t{]-cn-X-hpw, A-tX-k-a-bw-X-s∂ B-Uw-_-c Po-hn-X\n-e-hm-cw sIm-≠pw. C-

Xv i-cn-bm-tWm?

2 2 2

17. F-¥m-Wv kp-ÿn-c-hn-I-k-\w?

18. \n-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-sØ ap-∂n¬-I-≠p-sIm-≠v kp-ÿn-c hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ G-sX-

¶n-epw \m-ev X-{¥-߃ hn-h-cn-°p-I.

19. kp-ÿn-c hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ \n¿-h-N-\-Øn¬ X-e-ap-d-Iƒ-°nS-bn-ep-≈ k-a-Xz-Øn-

s‚ {]m-[m-\yw hn-h-cn-°p-I.

1 sa-s{Sm-s]m-fn-‰≥ \-K-c-ß-fn¬ Hm-tcm h¿-j-hpw tdm-Up-I-fn-end-ßp-∂-Xv G-Xm-≠v

70 e-£w Im-dp-I-fm-Wv. G-Xp-X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hn-`h-Øn-s‚ tim-j-W-am-Wv D-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv F-∂v \n-߃ Nn-¥n-®n- p-t≠m? N¿-® sNøp-I.

2. ]p-\ Nw-{I-a-Ww \-S-Øm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ C-\-ß-fp-sS H-cp en-Ãv X-øm-dm-°p-I.

3. C-¥y-bn-se a-sÆm-en-∏n-s‚ Im-c-W-ß-fpw -e-ß-fpw Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂ H-cp Nm¿- v

X-øm-dm-°p-I.

4. F-ß-s\-bm-Wv P-\-kw-Jym h¿-≤-\-hv ]-cn-ÿn-Xn \m-i-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂Xv?

¢m-kv dq-an¬ H-cp kw-hm-Zw \-S-Øp-I.

5. ]-cn-ÿn-Xn \m-iw i-cn-bm-°p-∂-Xn-\v cm-Pyw h-en-bhn-e\¬-tI-≠n h-cp-∂p. N¿-®

sN-øp-I.

6. \n-ß-fp-sS {Km-a-Øn¬ H-cp t]-∏¿ hy-h-km-bw B-cw`n-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂p F-∂p I-

cp-Xp-I. A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- v H-cp tdmƒ sπ X-øm-dm-°p-I. A-Xn¬ H-cp s]m-Xp

{]-h¿-Ø-I≥, hy-h-km-bn, {Km-ao-W≥ F-∂n-h¿ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

BOOKS

\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.\n¿-t±-in-°-s∏- A-[n-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃.

REFERENCES

AGARWAL, ANIL and SUNITA NARAIN. 1996. Global Warming in an Unequal World. Centre for Scienceand Environment, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.

BHARUCHA, E. 2005. Textbook of Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses, UniversitiesPress (India) Pvt Ltd.CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment1: The First Citizens’ Report 1982. Reprint Edition, New Delhi.CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT. 1996. State of India’s Environment2: The Second Citizens’ Report 1985, Reprint Edition, New Delhi.

223

KARPAGAM, M. 2001.Environmental Economics: A Textbook. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.

RAJAGOPALAN, R. 2005. Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure. Oxford UniversityPress, New Delhi.

SCHUMACHER, E.F. Small is Beautiful. Abacus Publishers, New York.

JournalsScientific American, India, Special Issue, September 2005Down to Earth, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi.

Websites

http://envfor.nic.inhttp://cpcb.nic.inhttp://www.cseindia.org

C¥ybpsS hnI-k\ A\p- -h-߃:Ab¬ cmPy-ßfp-ambp≈ Xmc-Xayw

UNIT

I I IbqWn‰v

X

C∂sØ BtKmfh¬IrX temIØn¬ `qimkv{X]camb AXn¿

hcºpIƒ {IaØn¬ \nc¿∞IamhpIbmWv. hnIkzc cmPyßfnse

Ab¬]° cmPy߃ AXmXnSßfn¬ F¥v \S-°p∂p F∂v

Adn™ncnt°≠Xv AXymhiyamWv. hnIkzc cmPy߃°v temI

ItºmfØn¬ hfsc ]cnanXamb CSw am{Xw D≈q F∂XpIqSn

]cnKWn°ptºmƒ Cu ASpØdnbens‚ {]m[m\yw h¿≤n°p∂p. Cu

A[ymbØn¬ C¥ybpsS {][m\ Ab¬ cmPyßfmb ssN\,

]mInÿm≥ F∂nhnSßfpambp≈ Hcp XmcXayamWv Dt±in°p∂Xv.

2 2 6

C-¥y-bp-sS- hnI-k\ A\p- -h-߃: Ab¬

cmPy-ß-fp-ambp≈ Xmc-Xayw

10

]T-\-t\- -߃

$ C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ssN-\, ]m-In-ÿm≥ F-∂o A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw

km-º-Øn-I-hpw am-\-h hn-I-k-\-]-c-hp-am-b kq-N-I-ß-sf Xm-c-X-ayw

sNøm≥ km[n-°p-∂p.

$ h¿-Ø-am-\- hn-I-k-\-X-e-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cm≥ A-h¿ kzo-I-cn-® hn-I-k-\

X-{¥-ß-sf hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

227

10.1. BapJw

C-¥y-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v I-gn-™

A-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ \mw hn-i-Z-am-bn ]Tn-®p-

h-t√m. C-¥y A-h-ew-_n-® \-b-߃ hn-

hn-[ ta-J-e-I-sf kzm-[o-\n-®-Xv F-ß-s\-

bm-sW-∂pw \mw I-≠p. B-tKm-fo-I-c-Ww

tem-I-cm-jv-{S-ß-fn¬ h-en-b kmº-Øn-I-

]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w D-f-hm-°n. I-gn-™ c-t≠m

A-Xne-[n-I-tam Z-im-_v-Z-ß-fm-bn km-º-

Øn-I-]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ C-¥y-bpƒ-s∏-sS Hm-

tcm cm-Py-Øn-epw {l-kzIm-e-˛-Zo¿-L-Im-

em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h≥-kzm-[o-\-am-Wv sN-

ep-Øn-b-Xv. cm-jv-{S-߃ X-ß-fp-sS X-t±-io-

b km-º-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-sb im-‡o-I-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\v C-Zw-{]-Y-a-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ

ssI-s°m-≠n-´p-≠v. X¬-^-eam-bm-Wv

km¿-°v, bq-tdm-]y≥ bq-Wn-b≥, B-kn-

bm≥, Pn- -F- v, Pn- C-cp-]-Xv, {_n-Iv-kv F-

∂o {]m-tZin-I B-tKm-f-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ cq-

]w sIm-≠-Xv. hn-hn-[ cm-Py-߃ X-ß-fp-

sS A-b¬-cm-Py-߃ ]n≥-Xp-Scp-∂ hn-I-

k-\-{]-{In-b-I-sf-°p-dn-®v a-\- n-em-°p-hm-

\pw A-h ]-I¿-Øp-hm-\pw {i-aw \-S-Øp-∂-

Xn¬ A-Xo-h D-’p-I-cm-Wv. F-s¥-∂m¬

kz-¥w-cm-Py-Øn-s‚-bpw -A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-

fp-sS-bpw i-‡n-Zu¿-_-ey߃ a-\- n-em-

°p-∂-Xn-\v A-Xv G-sd k-lm-b-I-c-am-Wv.

X-s∂-bp-a-√, B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ Xn-cn-

®-dn-hv {]-{In-b-I-fn¬ hn-I-kz-c-cm-jv-{S-߃-

°v hn-ti-jn-®pw C-Xv B-h-iy-hp-am-Wv. Im-

c-Ww km-º-Øn-I-X-e߃ ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.

hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-߃-°v hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-

߃-°v ]p-d-ta hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-ß fn¬ \n-

∂pw a-’-cw t\-cn-tS-≠n h-cp-tºmƒ Cu

Adnhv {][m-\-am-Wv. ]-c-kv-]-cm-{in-X-ß-

fm-b km-aq-ln-I km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-X-ÿn-

Xn-bn¬ \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-sf∂ \n-

e-bn¬ Cu cm-Py-ß-fp-sS k-a-{K-am-\-h-

hnI-k-\ Im-gv-®-∏m-Sp-I-sf F-Ø-c-Øn-em-

Wv ]-¶p-sh-bv-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F-∂v a\- n-em-

°p∂-Xn-\v th-≠n-bpw \mw Ab¬-cm-Py-

ß-fn-se km-º-Øn-I-hy-h-ÿ-I-sf-°p-dn-®v

a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

Cu A-[ym-b-Øn¬ C-¥y-bpw A-b¬-]-

°-sØ h≥-i-‡n-I-fm-b ]m-In-ÿm-\pw

ssN-\-bpw A-h-ew-_n-°p-∂ hn-I-k-\-X-

{¥-߃ \mw Xm-c-X-ay-]T-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-

b-am-°p-I-bm-Wv. C-hn-sS \mw Hm¿Ωn-

t°≠ H-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bp-≠v ˛ Cu cm-Py-

߃ X-Ωn¬ k-ar-≤-am-b {]-Ir-Xnhn`-h-

ß-fp-sS e-`y-X-sb F-gp-]-Xv h¿-j-Øn-e-

[n-I-am-bn a-tX-X-c-Xz-Øn-epw k-ln-jv-Wp-

X-bn-epw A-[n-jvTn-Xam-b - c-W-L-S-\-bp-

≈-Xpw tem-I-sØ G-‰-hpw h-en-b P-\m-

[n-]-Xy cm-jv-{Shp-am-b C-¥y-bpw, ssk-

\oI cm-jv-{So-b- A-Sn-Ø-d-bn¬ Du-∂n-b

]m-In-ÿm-\pw, km-º-ØnI D-Zm-co-I-c-W-

Øn-te-°pw A¬-]m¬-]-am-bn P-\m-[n-]-

Xy-Øn-te-°pw \o-ßp-∂ tkm-jy-en-Ãv

ssN\-bpw X-Ωn¬ a-‰v k-am-\-X-Iƒ Xo-

scbn√.

“`qanimkv{Xw \sΩ Ab¬°mcm°n. Ncn{Xw \sΩ

an{Xßfm°n. [\XXzimkv{Xw \sΩ ]¶mfnIfm°n.

BhiyIX \sΩ kJyI£nIfm°n. C{]Imcw ssZhw

tbmPn∏n®hsc a\pjy≥ th¿s∏SpØmXncn°s´.” -

tPm¨. F^v. sI∂Un

2 2 8

10.2. hnIk\]mX H‰t\m´Øn¬

C-¥y-bp-tS-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚-bpw ssN-\-

bp-sS-bpw hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-߃ X-Ωn¬

kmayßfp-≠v F-∂v \n-߃-°-dn-bm-tam?

Htc Im-e-Øm-Wv Cu aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fpw

hn-I-k-\-]m-X-bn-te-°v Im-se-Sp-Øv h-®-

Xv. C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw 1947 ¬ kz-X-

{¥-cm-jv-{S-ß-fm-bn. 1949 em-Wv ]o-∏nƒ-kv

dn-∏-ªn-°v Hm-^v ssN-\ ÿm-]n-X-am-b-Xv.

ssN-\-bn-epw d-jy-bn-ep-ap-≠m-b ]p-Xn-b-

Xpw hn-π-hm-fl-I-hp-am-b am-‰-߃ D-≈S-

°-Øn¬ hy-Xym-k-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p F-¶n-epw

A-h s]m-Xp-th G-jy-bn-epw G-jy≥ qJ-

fi-Øn-se cm-Py-ß-fn-epw {]-I-S-am-b ]p-

Xn-b Du¿-÷-sØ-bpw \-h-i-‡n-tbH-cp

{] -`m -j-W-Øn¬ A-°m-e -Øv P -h

l¿em¬ s\-lv-dp A-\p-kv-a-cn-°p-I-bp-

≠mbn.

G-Xm-≠v k-am-\-am-b co-Xn-bnem-Wv Cu

aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fpw- hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-߃ B-

kq-{X-Ww sNbv-X-Xv. C-¥y 1951 ˛ 56 Im-

e--Øn-em-Wv A-Xn-s‚ {]-Y-a- ]-©-h-’-c-

]-≤-Xn B-cw- n-®-Xv. ]m-In-ÿm\m-Is´ 1956

em-Wv A-Xn-s‚ H-∂mw ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤Xn

B-cw`n-®-Xv. C-t∏mƒ C-S°m-e hn-I-k\]-

≤-Xn (Medium Term DevelopmentPlan)Iƒ F-∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

ssN\ 1953 ¬ A-Xn-s‚ ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤

Xn {]-Jym-]n-®p. 2013 ¬ ]m-In-ÿm≥ A-

Xn-s‚ 11˛mw- ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn B-cw-`n-

®p. (2013˛2018). 2016˛20 h-sc-bm-Wv ssN-\-

bp-sS ]Xnaq∂mw ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn Im-

e-L- w. -2017 hsc C¥y ]©-h-’c ]≤-

Xn-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb hnI-k\

amXr-I-bmWv ]n≥Xp-S¿∂-Xv. C-¥y-bpw

]m-In-ÿm-\pw X-ß-fp-sS s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-

sb hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw km-aqln-

I hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-≈ s]m-Xp- sN-ehv D-

b¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw k-am-\-X-{¥-߃ B-hn-

jv-I-cn-®p. 1980 Iƒ h-sc Cu aq-∂p cm-Py-

߃-°pw H-tc h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°pw B-tfm-

l-cn h-cp-am-\-hp-am-Wv D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. F-

∂m¬ C-∂v Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ Cu

cm-Py-߃ X-Ωn¬ F-s¥-¶n-epw km-Zy-

iy-ß-fp-t≠m? Cu tNm-Zy-߃-°v D-Ø-

cw I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºm-bn ssN-\-bpw

]m-In-ÿm-\pw ssI-s°m-≠ hn-I-k-\ \b-

ß-fp-sS N-cn-{X-hgn-I-sf \-ap-°v hn-e-bn-

cp-Ømw. I-gn-™ aq-∂v bq-Wn-‰p-I-fn¬

kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥-cw C-¥y A-h-ew-_n-® \-

b-ß-sf \mw ]-cn-N-b-s∏- p-I-gn-™p-h-t√m?

ssN-\ : G-I-]m¿-´n `c-W-Øn≥ Io-gn¬

]o∏nƒ-kv dn-∏-_v-fn-°v Hm-^v ssN-\ ÿm-

]n-X-am-b-Xn-\v ti-jw cm-jv-{S-Øn-s‚ km-

º-Øn-I hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS \n¿-Æm-b-I ta-J-

e-I-fpw hy-‡n-K-X kw-cw- ß-fpw kz-Im-cy

`q-an-bpw K-h -sa‚ v \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn.

1958 ¬ B-cw- n-® a-l-Øm-b Ip-Xn-®p-Nm- w

(Great Leap Forward) F-∂p t]-cn-´ {]-Nm-

c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn cm-Py-Øn-s‚ h≥-tXm-Xn-ep-

≈ hy-h-km-bn-I-h¬-°-c-W-sØ e-£yw

h-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xv P-\-߃-°v hoSn-

t\m-Sv tN¿-∂v hy-h-km-b-߃ Xp-S-ßp-∂-

Xn-\v h-en-b t{]m-’m-l-\w \¬-In. {Km-ao-

W-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ I-Ωyq-Wp-Iƒ B-cw- n-®p.

I-Ωyq¨ hy-h-ÿ-bn¬, P-\߃ Ir-jn`q-

an-I-fn¬ kw-L-Sn-X-am-bn Ir-jn sN-øp-∂p.

C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈ 26,000 I-Ωyq-Wp-I-fm-Wv

1958 ¬ Im¿-jn-I-hr-Øn-bn¬ G¿-s∏-´n-cn-

°p-∂-h¿-°n-S-bn¬ am-{Xw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

a-l-Øm-b Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´ (Great Leap

229

Forward)Im-e-L- -Øn¬ ssN-\-bv-°p H´\-

h-[n {]-iv-\߃ A- n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n h-

∂p. C-°m-e-Øv 3 tIm-Sn-tbm-fw P-\-ß-

sf sIm-s∂m-Sp-°n-b cq-£-am-b h-cƒ-®

B cm-Py-Øn-\v o-j-Wn-bm-bnØo¿-∂p. A-

Xn-\n-S-bn¬ d-jy-bpw ssN-\-bpw X-Ωn¬

kw-L¿-jw D-S-se-SpØp. hy-h-km-b-h¬-

°-c-W-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ssN-\-sb k-lm-bn-

°m≥ d-jy A-b-® hn-Z-Kv-[-sc A-h¿

Xncn®v hn-fn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. 1965 em-

Wv am-thm a-l-Øm-b sXm-gn-em-fn kmw-

kv-Im-cn-I-hn-π-h (The Great ProletarianCultural Revolution 1966˛76) Øn\v XpS°w

Ipdn -®-Xv. Cu hn-π-h-Øn-\v Io-gn¬

hnZym¿∞n-I-sf-bpw sXm-gn¬ hn-Z-Kv-[-sc-

bpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw tPm-en-°p-am-bn cm-

Py-Øn-s‚ {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnte-°v \n-tbm-

Kn-®p. 1978¬ sIm-≠v h-∂ ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-

fm-Wv {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ C-∂-sØ hym-h-

km-bn-I h-f¿-®-bn-te-°v ssN-\-sb \-bn-

®-Xv. B-cw --L- -Øn¬ Ir-jn, hn-tZ-i-hym-

]m-cw, \n-t£-]w F-∂o ta-J-eI-fn-em-Wv

]-cn-jvIm-c-߃-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv. D-

Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-iw \¬-Im-

sX Ir-jn sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v am-{Xam-bn

Irjn`q-an hy-‡n-Iƒ-°v `m-Kn-®v \¬-In.

\n-›n-X-\n-c-°n-ep-≈ \n-Ip-Xn-Iƒ \¬In-

b-Xn-\v ti-jap-≈ h-cp-am-\w ap-gp-h≥

kz¥-am-°m≥ A-h¿-°v A-\p-hm-Zw D-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. hym-h-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv

]n-∂o-Sp-≈ L-´-Øn¬ ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃

XpS-ßn-b-Xv. kz-Im-cy-ta-J-ebn-ep-≈ I-º-

\n-Iƒ-°v s]m-Xp-hn-epw Su¨-jn-∏v, {]m-

tZ-in-I-kw-L-ß-fp-sS D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn¬

{]h¿-Øn°p-∂ {Km-ao-W kw-cw-`߃

F∂n-h-bv-°v hn-ti-jn-®pw N-c-°p-Iƒ

D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-hm≥ A-\p-hm-Zw \¬In.

Cu L-´-Øn¬ \mw C-¥y-bn¬ s]m-Xp-

ta-J-em-kw-cw-߃ F-∂p hn-fn-°p-∂-Xpw,

ssN-\-bn¬ cm-jv-{S-Øn-s‚ D-S-a-ÿ-X-bn-

ep-≈ SOES (State Owned Enterprise)F∂v hn-fn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xpam-b kw-cw`߃-

°v I-Sp-Ø a-’-cw t\-cn-tS-≠n h-∂p. Cu

]-cn -jv -°m-c-ß-fn¬ C-c-´ -hn -e (Dual

Nn{Xw 10.1. hmKm AXn¿Øn hnt\mZ k©mc tI{μw F∂Xnep]cn

C¥ym˛]mIv hym]mcØns‚ kp{][m\ am¿§w.

2 3 0

Price)k-{º-Zm-bw Dƒ-s∏-Spw. C-c-´-hn-e

k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬ I¿-j-I¿-°pw hy-h-kmb

bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ-°pw H-cp \n-›n-X- A-f-hv \n-

th-i-ß-fpw (Input) D¬-∏-∂-ß-fpw K-h -

sa‚ v \n-›-bn-°p-∂ hn-e-bv-°v hm-ßp-I-

bpw hn-ev-°p-I-bpw, A-h-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xv

Itºm-f-hn-e-bv-°v hm-ßp-I-bpw hn¬-°p-

I-bpw sN-ømw. D¬-∏m-Z-\w h¿-≤n-®

h¿jß-fn¬ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw km-[-\-

km-a-{Kn-I-fp-sS hn-e-bpw hn¬-∏-\-bpw

h¿≤n-®p. Iq-Sm-sX hn-tZ-i \n-t£-]-I-sc

B-I¿-jn-°m≥ {]-tXy-I km-º-Øn-I-ta-

J-e-Iƒ (Special Economic Zone) Bcw`n-

°p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.

]m-In-ÿm≥: ]m-In-ÿm≥ ssI-sIm-≠

km-º-Øn-I \-b-ß-sf ho-£n-®m¬ A-h-

bv-°v C-¥y-bp-sS \-b-ß-fpam-bn ]-e k-m-

\-X-I-fp-ap-s≠-∂v Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. s]m-

Xp-ta-J-e-bpw kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bpw tN-cp-∂

an-{ik-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-bm-Wv ]m-In-ÿm-\pw

]n≥-Xp-S-cp-∂-Xv. 1950 I-fn-epw 1960 I-fn-epw

C-d-°p-a-Xn {]-Xn-ÿm-]-\w ASn-ÿm-\-am-

°n-bp-ff hy-h-km-b-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\p

th≠n ]m-In-ÿm≥ H-cp \n-b-{¥n-X \-bcq-

]-tc-J (Regulated Policy Frame Work)Bhn-jv-I-cn-®p. Cu \-b-tc-J-bn¬ D-]-t`m-

K-h-kv-Xp-°-fp-sS D¬-∏m-Z-\-Øn-\v Xm-cn- v

kw-c-£-W-hpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w am-’-cy C-

d-°p-a-Xn-°p-ta¬ \n-b-{¥-ß-fpw G¿-s∏-

Sp -Øn-bn -cp -∂p. l-cn -Xhn-π-h-Øn-s‚

Bhn¿-`m-h-tØm-sS b-{¥-h¬-°-c-Ww

km-[m-c-W-am-hp-I-bpw Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏´

ta-J-e-Ifn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\-ku-I-cy-ß-fn-se

s]m-Xp-\n-t£-]-Øn¬ h¿-≤-\-hv D-≠m-hp-

I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. CXv -`£y-[m-\yß-fp-sS

D¬-]m-Z-\-Øn-¬ h¿-≤-\-hv D-≠m-°n. Im¿-

jn-I-L-S-\-bn¬ h-en-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w

D≠m-bn. 1970 I-fn¬ aq-e-[-\ hy-h-km-b-

ß-fp-sS tZ-i-km¬-°-c-Ww \-S-∂p. 1970

I-fn-epw 1980 I-fn-epw {]-[m-\ km-º-Øn-

I-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ kz-Im-co-I-c-W-hpw kz-Im-

cy-ta-J-e-bv-°v t{]m-’m-l-\-hpw \-ev-In-

sIm-≠v ]m-Inÿm≥ A-Xn-s‚ \-b-ß-fn¬

am-‰w h-cp-Øn. Cu Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ]m-In-

ÿm-\v ]m-›m-Xy-cm-jv-{Sß-fn¬ \n-∂v km-

º-Øn-I ]n-¥p-W-bpw, a-[y-]q¿-tΔ-jy≥

cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ Ip-Sn-tb-‰-Øn¬ \n-∂v

h¿-≤n-® B-Zm-b-hpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p. A-h-cp-

sS km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®-bn¬ C-Xp k-lm-

b-I-c-am-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-∂sØ ]mIn-

ÿm≥ K-h¨-sa‚ v kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bv-°v

h-ºn-® t{]m-’m-l-\-߃ hm-Kv-Zm-\w

sNbv-Xn-cp-∂p. C-sX-√mw ]p-Xn-b \n-t£-

]-߃-°v A-\p-Iq-e-am-b H-cp km-l-N-cyw

kr-jv-Sn-®p. 1988 ¬ cm-Py-sØ km-ºØnI

]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃-°v Xp-S-°-am-bn.

ssN-\-bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚-bpw hn-I-

k-\-X-{¥-ß-sf kw-£n-]v-X-am-bn a-\- n-

em-°n-b-Xn-\m¬ \-ap-°n-\n Cu cm-jv-{S-

ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\ kq-N-I-ß-sf Xm-c-X-ay-

]T-\-Øn-\v hn-t[-b-am-°mw.

231

10.4 sam-Øw B`y-¥-c D¬-∏-∂-hpw

ta-J-e-I-fpw

tem-I-Øn¬ C-t∏mƒ G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬

N¿-® sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂ hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ H-∂v

ssN-\-bp-sS Pn.Un.]n bnse h-f¿-®m-\n-

c-°m-Wv. tem-I-Øn-se X-s∂ c-≠m-a-sØ

h-en-b GDP (PPP A\p-k-cn-®v) 19.8 e£w

tImSn tUm-f¿ h-cp-∂ ssN-\-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.

C-¥y-bp-sS GDP (PPP A-\p-k-cn-®v )8.07

e£w tImSn tUm-f¿ BW.v A-tX k-

abw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚ GDP 0.94 e£w tImSn

tUm-f¿ am-{X-am-Wv. C-Xv C-¥y-bp-sS GDPbp-sS 12% am-{X-tabp-≈q. C¥y-bpsS GDPssN\-bpsS GDP bpsS 40% am{Xta hcq.

]´nI 10.2 ¬ kq-Nn -∏n -°p-∂

{]Imcw an-° hn-I-kn-X-cm-Py-ß-fpw X-ß-

fp-sS hf¿-®m-\n-c-°v 5% am-bn \n-e-\n¿-

Øm≥ {]-bm-k-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ssN-\ c-≠p-

Z-i-I-Øn-te-sd-bm-bn c-≠-°-Øn¬ h-f¿-

®m \n-c-°v \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p. Iq-Sm-sX 1980

¬ ]m-In-ÿm-s‚ h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v C-¥y-

tb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-bn-cp∂p. ssN-\-°v

c-≠-° h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v ssI-h-cn-°m≥

Ign™-t∏mƒ C-¥y-bp-sS ÿm-\w ]n-d-

]´nI 10.2 GDP hf¿®m \nc°v (%)

1980˛2015

cmPyw 1980˛90 2011˛15

C¥y 5.7 6.7

ssN\ 10.3 7.9

]mInÿm≥ 6.3 4.0

DdhnSw. Key Indicators for Asia and Pacific 2011. Asian Develop-

ment Bank, Philippines.

C¥y 1311 1.2 441 929 2.3 33

ssN\ 1371 0.5 146 941 1.6 56

]mIn

ÿm≥ 188 2.1 245 943 3.7 39

DdhnSw. temI-hn-I-k\ kqN-I-߃ 2017 www. worldbank.org

]´nI 10.1 . sXcs™SpØ P\kwJym kqNI߃ 2000˛01

cmPywP\kwJy

(tImSnbn¬)P\kwJym hm¿jnI P\km{μX

NXp-c{i In.

kv{Xo]pcpj

A\p]mXw

{]Xyq¬∏mZ\\nc°v

\Kc

h¬°cWw

Irjnbpw qhn-\n-tbm-Khpw C¥y, ssN\, ]m°n-ÿm≥F∂o cmPy-ßfp

`qhn-\n-tbm-Khpw Irjnbpw

C¥y

ssN\

]mI

n-ÿm≥

I∂p-Imen-IƒBSv]cpØnao≥]n-SpØwNWws\√v

Nmb

2 3 2

In-em-bn. 2011-˛15 I-fn¬ C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw

ssN-\-bp-sS-bpw h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°n¬ \m-a-

am{X Ip-d-hv am-{X-a-\p`h-s∏- -t∏mƒ ]mIn-

ÿm-s‚ h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v 4% Ipd-™p. 1988

¬ \-S-∏m-°n-b km-º-Øn-I]-cn-jv-I-c-W

{]-{In-b-I-fpw cm-jv-{So-bA-ÿn-c-X-bp-am-Wv

Cu {]-h-W-X-Iƒ-°v Im-c-W-ß-fm-bn

hnZKv[¿ Nq-≠n Im-Wn°p-∂-Xv. Cu cmPy-

ß-fn¬ C-Ø-cw {]-h-W-X-Iƒ-°v F-s¥m-

s° L-S-I-߃ kw`m-h-\ \-ev-In-sb-∂v

Xp-S¿-∂p-≈`m-K-ß-fn¬ \-ap-°v ]Tn-°mw.

B-Zy-am-bn, hn-hn-[ ta-

J-e-I-fn¬ sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-

∂-h¿ GDP °p \¬-Ip-∂

kw- m-h-\-Iƒ F-s¥m s°-

bm-sW-∂v t\m-°mw. C-¥y-

sb A-t]-£n-®v ssN-\-bn-

te-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-se-

bpw \-K-c hm-kn-I-fp-sS A-

\p-]m-Xw IqSp-X-em-sW-∂v

ap≥`m-K-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v \mw

a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m.

`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-hpw Im-em-

h-ÿ-]-c-hp-am-b {]-tXy-I-X-

Iƒ Im-c-Ww ssN-\-bn¬

IrjntbmKy-amb qan Xmc-

X-tay-\ Ip-d-hm-Wv. GXm-≠v

sam-Øw I-c-`q-an-bp-sS 10 %

am-{XamWv ssN-\-bn-se Ir-

jn-°-\p-tbm-Py-am-b `qan-

bp-sS A-f-h.v C-¥y-bn¬

e`yamb A-\p-tbm-Py-am-b

]-cn-io-en-¡p-I

D¬]∂ \n¿ΩmW ta-J-e-bv-°v ssN-

\ {]m-[m-\yw \¬-In-b-Xp-t]m-se C-¥y-

bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw {]m-[m-\yw \¬-I-

W-sa-∂v \n-߃ Nn-¥n-°p-∂p-t≠m?

F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

h-f¿-®-bp-sS F-©n-\m-bn tk-h-\ta-J-

e-sb B-{i-bn-°-cp-sX-∂m-Wv hn-Z-Kv-[-

a-X-sa-¶n-epw C-¥ybp-tS-bpw ]m-In-

ÿm-s‚-bpw sam-Øw D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚

knw-l`m-K-hpw kw`m-h-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv

Cu ta-J-e-bm-Wv. \n-߃-s°-¥v tXm-

∂p-∂p?

Nn{Xw 10. 3. hyhkmb߃ C¥y, ssN\, ]mInÿm≥

hyh-kmbw

Imdv tamt´m¿hm-l\wkna‚ vcmk-h-kvXp-°ƒI¬°cnCe-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkvF©n-\o-b-dnßv[\-Imcyw`£y-hkvXp Dev]m -Z\wFÆ/KymkvXpWn-X-c-߃Ccp-ºp-cp°v

233

`q-an-bp-sS 40% am-{X-amWnXvv. 1980 h-sc

ssN-\-bn-se P\-kw-Jy-bp-sS 80% Øn-e-

[n-I-hpw Ir-jn-sb-bm-Wv Po-hn-X-am¿-K-am-

bn B-{i-bn-®-Xv. F-∂m¬ ]n-∂o-Sv K-h¨-

sa‚ v P-\-ßsf Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-∂v

]n-¥n-cn-bm\pw IcIu-i-ew, hm-Wn-Pyw,

K-Xm-K-Xw Xp-S-ßn-b-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ G¿-s∏-

Sm\pw t{]cn-∏n-®p. 2014˛15 ¬ ssN-\-bp-

sS sXm-gn¬ i‡n-bp-sS 28 i-X-am-\w Ir-

jn-bn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂hcpw A-Xn-s‚ GDPbn-te-°p-≈ kw-`m-h-\ 9 i-X-am-\-hpw

(]´nI 10.3 {i-≤n-°q-I.) Bbn-cp-∂p.

C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-epw GDP bn-te-

°p-≈ Ir-jn-bp-sS kw-`m-h-\ b-Ym-{I-aw

17 Dw 25 Dw i-X-am-\hpw B-Wv. F-∂m¬

Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bn¬ sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-

h-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw Iq-Sp-X¬ C-¥y-bnem-

Wv. ]m-In-ÿm-\n¬ G-Xm-≠v 43 i-X-am-

\w B-fp-Iƒ Ir-jn-bn-te¿-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ

C¥y-bn¬ A-Xv 50 i-X-am-\-am-Wv. D¬-∏-

∂w, sXm-gn¬ F-∂n-h-bp-sS ta-J-e Xn-cn-

®p-≈ kw-`m-h-\-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ Cu

aq∂p-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ hy-h-km-b, tk-h-\ta-

J-eI-fn¬ sXm-gn¬ i-‡n A-\p-]m-Xw

Ip-d-hm-sW-¶n-epw D¬∏-∂ kw-`m-h-\

Db¿-∂-Xm-Wv. ssN-\-bn¬ GDP °v G-‰-

hpw A-[n-Iw kw`m-h-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv

\n¿ΩmW taJ-ebpw tkh\ta-Je-

bpamWv. C-Xv bYm-{Iaw 13 Dw 48 Dw i-X-

am-\-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-

ÿm-\n-epw GDP -tebv°v G‰hpw Iq-Sp-

X¬ kw-`m-h-\ \¬-Ip-∂-Xv tk-h-\ta-J-

e-bm-Wv. C-cp-cm-Py-ß-fn-te-bpw tk-h-\ta-

J-e-bp-sS sam-Øw kw`m-h-\ GDP bpsS

50 i-X-am-\-Øn-e-[n-I-am-Wv.

km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS

hn-I-k-\ {]-{In-b-bp-sS hn-hn-[ L-´-ß-

fn¬ sXm-gn¬, D¬-]-∂w F-∂n-h-bp-sS

taJ-em-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-≈ kw-`m-h-\ h¿-

≤-\-hv, B-Zyw Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-

∂pw \n¿-Ωm-W-ta-J-e-bn-te-°pw ]n-∂o-S-

Xv tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn-te-°pw am-dpw. C-Xm-

]´nI 10. 3. sXmgnens‚bpw GDP bpsSbpw taJem ASnÿm\Ønep≈

kw`mh\ (%) 2014˛15

taJe GDP bnte°p≈ kw`mh\

Irjn 17 9 25 50 28 43

hyhkmbw 30 43 21 21 29 23

tkh\w 53 48 54 29 43 34

BsI 100 100 100 100 100 100

C¥y ssN\ ]mInÿm≥ C¥y ssN\ ]mInÿm≥

sXmgn¬ i‡n hnXcWw

2 3 4

Wv ssN-\-bn¬ kw`hn-°p-∂-sX-∂v ]´nI

10.4 ¬ \n-∂v a-\- n-em-°mw. C-¥y-bn-te-

bpw ]m-Inÿm-\n-te-bpw \n¿-Ωm-W-ta-J-

e-bn¬ sXm-gn¬ sN-øp-∂-h-cp-sS A-\p-]m-

Xw b-Ym-{I-aw 21% Dw 23% Dw BWv. CXv

hfsc Xm-gv-∂ \nc-°m-Wv. -hy-h-kmbtaJ-

e-bnse GDP bn-te-°p-≈ kw`m-h\

C¥y-bn¬ 38%hpw ]m°n-ÿm-\n¬ 21 iX-

am-\-hp-am-Wv. C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-

\nepw am‰w kw-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv Im¿-jn-I-ta-

J-e-bn¬ \n-∂pw t\-cn-´v tk-h-\-ta-J-e-

bn-te-°m-Wv.

C{]-Imcw C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-epw

hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v Np-°m≥ ]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xv

tkh-\ ta-Je-bm-Wv. C-Xv GDP °v Iq-Sp-

X¬ kw- m-h-\ \¬-Ip-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w Zo¿-

L-ho-£-W-ap-≈ sXm-gn¬ Zm-Xmhm-bn

(Prospective employer) amdpI-bpw sN-øp-

∂p. 1980 I-fn-se sXm-gn¬-i-‡n A-\p-]m-

Xw t\m-°n-bm¬ ]m-In-ÿm≥ C-¥y-tb-

°m-fpw ssN-\-tb-°m-fpw h-f-sc th-K-Øn-

em-Wv X-ß-fp-sS sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-sb tk-

h-\-ta-J-e-bn-te-°v Xn-cn-®v hn-´-Xv. 1980

Ifn¬ C-¥y-bpw, ssN-\-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-

\pw b-Ym{I-aw 17 Dw 12 Dw 27 Dw i-X-am-

\w sXm-gn¬-i-‡n tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bn¬

sXm-gn-en-te¿-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. 2014 ¬ C-Xv

bYm-{I-aw 29 Dw, 43 Dw, 34 Dw i-X-am-\-

Øn-se-Øn.

I-gn-™ aq∂v Z-i-I-ß-fm-bn Cu- aq-∂v cmPy-

ß-fn-epw sXm-gn¬-i-‡n-bp-sS G-dn-b

]¶pw B-{i-bn®ncn-°p∂ Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-

e -bp -sS X-f¿ -® -bm -Wv Im -Wm≥

Ignbp∂Xv. hy-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-bn¬

ssN-\bp-sS h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v c-≠-° kw-

Jy-bn¬ Xp-S¿-∂v t]m-cp-tºmƒ C-¥y-bn-

epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-ep-am-I-s´ Cu ta-Je-

bn-ep-≈ h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v Ip-d-™v h-cp-∂p.

tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬ 1980˛2015

Ime-b-f-hn¬ ssN\ A-Xn-s‚ h-f¿-®m-

\n-c-°v D-b¿-Ønbt∏mƒ C¥y-bp-sS-bpw

]m-In-ÿm-s‚-bpw tk-h-\ta-J-e-bn-se

hf¿-®m-\n-c-°v Ip-d-™p. Np-cp-°-Øn¬

ssN-\-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bv-°v D¬-∏-∂\n¿-Ωm-

W-ta-J-e-bpw tkh-\-ta-J-ebpw kw`m-

h\ \¬In-b-t∏mƒ C-¥y-bp-sS h-f¿-®-

bv-°v kw`m-h\ \¬In-bXv tk-h-\-ta-J-

e-bm-Wv. F-∂m¬ Cu aq-∂v ta-J-e-I-fn-

epw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚ h-f¿-® Ip-d-™p.

]-cn-io-en-¡p-I

hym-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-bv-°v ssN-

\ {]m-[m-\yw \¬-In-b-Xp-t]m-se

C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw {]m-[m-

\yw \¬-I-W-sa-∂v \n-߃ Nn-

¥n-°p-∂p-t≠m? F-¥p-sIm-≠v?

h-f¿-®-bp-sS F-©n-\m-bn tk-h-

\ ta-J-e-sb B-{i-bn-°-cp-sX-

∂m-Wv hn-Z-Kv -[-a-X-sa-¶n-epw

C¥ybp-tS-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚-

bpw sam-Øw D¬-∏-∂-Øn-s‚

knw-l`m-K-hpw kw- m-h-\ \¬-Ip-

∂-Xv Cu ta-J-e-bm-Wv. \n-߃-

s°-¥v tXm-∂p-∂p?

235

10.5 am\h hnIk\ kqNI߃

am\h hnIk\ kqNIßfpsS -{]m[m\yw

hnIkzc, hnIknX cmPyhpw CXn¬

ÿm\ßfpw \mw - ap≥ ¢m pIfn¬- ]Tn

®n´p≠t√m. sXcs™SpØ Nne am\h

hnIk\ kqNIßfn¬ C¥ybpw

ssN\bpw ]mInÿm\pw F¥v {]IS\

amWv \SØnbsX∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.

(]´nI 10.5 {i≤n°pI.)

]-´n-I 10.5 ¬ ssN-\ C-¥y-tb-bpw ]m-In-

ÿm-t\-bpw A-t]-£n-®v ]-e kq-N-I-ß-

fp-sS-bpw Im-cyØn¬ h-f-sc ap-∂n-em-

sW∂v ImWmw. {]-tXy-In-®v, h-cp-am-\-kq-

N-I-ß-fm-b GDP {]-Xn-io¿-j-h-cp-am-\w, Zm-

cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°p Xm-sg-bp-≈ P-\-kw-Jy-bp-

sS A-\p-]m-Xw A-s√-¶n¬ B-tcm-Ky kq-

N-I-ß-fm-b a-c-W \n-c-°v, s]m-Xp-ip-Nn-

Xzw, km-£-c-X, B-bq¿-ssZ¿-Lyw t]m-

j-Im-lm-c-°p-d-hv XpS-ßn-b kq-N-I-ß-fp-

sS Im-cy-Ønse√w CXv {]ISamWv. Zmcn-

{Zy -tc -J -b v -°v Xm -sg -bp -≈-h -cp -sS

A\p-]m-Xw Ip-d-bv-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]m-Inÿm≥

C-¥y-tb-°mƒ _-lp-Zq-cw ap-∂n-em-Wv. Iq-

Sm-sX s]m-Xp-ip-Nn-Xzw, ip-≤-P-e e`y-X

Xp-S-ßn-b kuI-cy-߃ H-cp-°p-∂-Xn¬

]mIn-ÿm≥ C-¥y-tb-°mƒ sa-®-am-Wv.

F∂m¬ am-Xr-a-c-W-\n-c-°v Ip-d-bv-°p ∂-

Xn¬ C-cp-cm-Py-ß-fpw A-{X an-I-®-X-√.

ssN-\-bn¬ H-cp e-£w P-\-\w \-S-°p-

tºmƒ 27 kv-{XoI-fm-Wv a-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬

C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-epw b-Ym-{I-aw

178 Dw, 174 Dw kv-{Xo-I-fm-Wv a-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A-¤pX-I-c-sa-∂p ]-d-b-s´ ip-≤-P-e-t{km-

X- p-I-fp-sS e-`y-X-bn¬ Cu aq∂v cmPy-

ßfpw sa®-s∏´ \ne-bn-em-Wv. H-cp

Znhkw 3˛10 -tUm-f¿ F-∂ tem-I Zm-cn-

{Zytc-J \n¿Æb\nc°v t\m°p-tºmƒ

aq∂v cmPy-ß-fnepw sh®v C¥y-bn-emWv

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Zcn-{Z¿. Cu hy-Xym-kw

F-¥v sIm-≠v kw-`hn -°p-∂p-sh-∂v

\n߃ I-s≠-Øp-I.

apIfn¬]d™ am\hhnIk\ kqNI

ßsf sX‰mb ap≥hn[ntbmsS kao]n

°p∂Xn\m¬, CØcw tNmZyßsf hne

C¥y 3.1 7.4 6.9 2.3 5 8.4

ssN\ 5.9 10.8 13.5 4.1 8.1 8.4

]mIn 4 7.7 6.8 2.7 3.4 4.4

ÿm≥

]´nI 10. 4. hnhn[taJeIfnse D¬]∂ hf¿®bpsS

{]hWXIƒ 1980 2015

cmPyw 1980 90

Irjn hyhkmbw tkh\w

2011˛15

Irjn hyhkmbw tkh\w

2 3 6

bncpØptºmƒ \mw kq£vaX ]pe¿tØ

≠Xp≠v. CXn\p ImcWw, Ch Atß

b‰w {]m[m\yap≈XmsW¶nepw ]cym

]vXamb kqNIßf√. CtXmsSm∏w \mw

kzmX{¥yØns‚ kqNI(LibetyIndicators) ßsf∂v hnfn°p∂htbbpw

]cnKWnt°≠Xp≠v. kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob

\bcq]oIcWØn¬ P\]¶mfnØ

Øns‚ hym]vXn a-\- n-em-°m≥ th-≠n-

bm-h-Ww C-Ø-cw kq-N-I-߃ Iq-´n tN¿-

t°-≠-Xv. A-Xn-ep-]-cn-bm-bp-≈ H-cp ]-cn-

K-W-\-bpw C-h-bv-°v \¬-tI-≠-Xn-√.

kzm-X-{¥y- kq-N-Iß-fp-sS {]-[m-\-A-f-hp-

tIm-ep -I-fm-b ]u-cm-h-Im-i-߬°v

\¬Ip-∂ -c-W L-S-\m kw-c-£-W-w kzX-

{¥-\o-Xn-\ym-b hy-h-ÿ°pw, \n-b-a-hm-gv-N-

°pw -c-W-L-S-\ \¬Ip∂ kw-c-£-Ww

F-∂n-h-sb C-\n-bpw Hcp henb Af-hn¬

{]-hr-Øn ]-Y-Øn¬ sIm-≠p-h-tc-≠-Xm-

bn- p-≠v. C-Ø-cw kqNI-ß-sf A-h-K-Wn-

°p-I-bpw \n- m-ch¬-°-cn-°p-I-bpw sNbv-

Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv am-\-h-hn-Ik-\- kq-N-I-

߃ \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬, Cu kqN-

I-߃ A-]q¿-Æ-hpw ]-cn-an-Xn D≈hbp-

am-sW-∂v ]-d-tb-≠n h-cpw.

]´nI 10. 5. am\hhnIk\Øns‚ sXcs™Sp°s∏´ kqNI߃, 2016

C\߃ C¥y ssN\

Ahew_w am\hhnIk\ dnt∏m¿´v 2016. www. worldbank. org

]mInÿm≥

am\h hnIk\ kqNIw (aqeyw) 0.624 0.738 0.550

ÿm\w(HDIbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬) 131 91 148

Bbq¿ ssZ¿Lyw (h¿jw) 68.3 76 66.4

icm-icn kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymk

h¿j-߃(15 hb n\pw

AXn\v apIfnepw, iXam\Øn¬) 6.3 7.6 5.1

Btfmlcn GDP (PPP US tUmf¿) 6092 14400 4866

Zmcn{ZtcJbv°v Xmsg-bp-f-f-h¿

(iXam\Øn¬) 37 32 44

inipacW\nc°v (1000 P\\Øn¬) 38 9 66

amXr acW\nc°v

(e£w P\\Øn¬) 174 27 178

sa®s∏´ ipNoIcW kuIcyw

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿ (iXam\Øn¬) 40 77 64

sa®s∏´ ip≤Pe t{kmX p

Iƒ e`yamb-h¿(iXam\Øn¬) 94 96 91

t]mjImlmcIpdhv

(samØw P\kwJybpsS % ¬) 39 9 45

237

10.6 hnIk\X{¥ßƒ ˛ Hcp Ah-

temI\w

km-[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ H-cp cm-Py-sØ hn-I-

k-\-X-{¥-ß-sf a-‰v cm-Py-߃- ]T-\-Øn-

\p-≈ am-XrI-bm-bpw Xß-fpsS hn-I-k-\-

Øn-\p-≈ h-gn-Im- n-bm-bpw D-]-tbm-Kn-°mdp-

≠v. tem-I-Øn-s‚ hnhn[ m-K-ß-fn¬ km-

º-Øn-I-]-cn-jv-Im-c- {]{Inb XpS-ßnb

tijw CXv {]tXy-In®pw hy‡- amWv. \-

Ωp-sS A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS km-º-Øn-I-]-

cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS \n¿-Δ-l-W ß-fn¬ \n-

∂pw A-\p-`-h-߃ Dƒ-s°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\v,

B cm-Py-ß-fp-sS Pb-]-cm-P-b-ß-fp-sS Im-

c-W-߃ Ir-Xy-am-bn a-\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. A-tXm-sSm-∏w A-h-cp-sS hn-I-k-\-X-

{¥-ß-fp-sS hnhn[ L´-ßsf th¿-Xn-cn-

®-dn-b¬ A-\n-hm-cy-hp-am-Wv. cm-Py-߃ X-

ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ L- -ß-fn-

eq-sS hyXykvX coXn-bn-emWv I-S-∂p-t]m-

Ip-∂sX-¶nepw Cu ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS

XpS-°sØ H-cp {]-am-W-am-bn kzo-I-cn-°m-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ssN-\-bn¬ km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-

jv-Im-c-߃ \S∏m-°n-b-Xv 1978 epw C-¥y-

bn¬ 1991 epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n¬ 1988 ep-am-

sW-∂v \mw a-\- n-em-°n I-gn-™p-h-t√m.

Cu ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\v

ap-ºpw ti-j-hp-ap-≈ Cu cm-jv-{S-ß-fp-sS P-

b-]-cm-P-b-ß-sf \-ap-°v Np-cp-°n hn-e-bn-

cp-Ømw.

F-¥v sIm-≠m-Wv ssN-\ 1978 ¬ L-S-\m-

]-c-am-b \-ho-I-c-W \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ \-S-∏n-em-

°n-b-Xv? C-¥ybpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw km-º-

Øn-I ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ B-cw-`n-°p-∂-Xp-

ambn _-‘-s∏-´v tem-I-_m-¶v, IMF F-∂n-

h-bp-sS m-K-Øv \n-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-

ep-≈ k-Ω¿-±-ß-sfm-∂pw ssN-\-°p-≠m-

bn-cp∂n-√. am-thm-bp-sS `-c-W-Im-e-sØ

ssN-\o-kv k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-sS ]-cn-jv-I-c-

W-an-√m-bv-a-tbm-Spw Ip-d™ h-f¿-®m-\n-c-

°n-t\m-Spw ]p-Xn-b t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\v H-´pw

tN¿-∂v t]m-Im≥ ]-‰n -bn-√. A-h¿-°v

hntI{μo-Ic-Ww kz-bw-]-cym-]-X-X, hn-tZ-

i km-t¶-Xn-I- Nc°p-Iƒ, aqe-[\w F∂n-

h-bpsS h¿-÷-\w Xp-S-ßn-b am-thmbp-sS

km-º-Øn-I hn-I-k-\ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-Iƒ h≥

]-cm-P-b-am-bm-Wv A-\p- -h-s∏- -Xv. q-]-cn-jv-

I-c-Ww, ÿn-Xn-k-a-Xz-hm-Zw, a-l-Øm-b

IpXn-®v Nm-´w, a-‰p ]-cn-jv-°-c-W-߃ F-

∂n-h \-S-∏n-em-°n-bn-´pw 1978 se B-tfm-

l-cn [m-\y- D¬-∏-∂ (Percapita Grain Out-put) 1950 I-fp-sS a-t≤y-bp-≈-Xv t]m-se X-

s∂bm-bn-cp-∂p.

]-cn-jv-°-c-W-ti-j-ap-≈ Im-e-b-f-hn-se

km-aq-ln-I-km-º-Øn-I kq-N-I-ß-fn¬

KpW-I-c-am-b ]-cn-h¿-Ø-\w sIm-≠p-h-cm≥

k-lm-bn-®-Xv hn-Zym- ym-kw, B-tcm-Ky taJ-

-e-I-fnse ASn-ÿm\w hnI-k\w, `q-]-cn-

jv-I-c-Ww, Zo¿L-Ime hn-tI-{μo-Ir-X ]-≤-

Xn-Iƒ sN-dp-In-S kw-cw- -ß-fp-sS \n-e-\n¬-

∏v Xp-S-ßn-bhbmWv {Km-ao-W ta-J-e-bn¬

A-Sn-ÿm-\ B-tcm-Ky tk-h\-Øn-s‚ hn-

]p-eo-I-c-Ww, ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-Øn-\v ap-tº

X-s∂ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. I-Ωyq¨ k-{º-Zm-b-

2 3 8

Øn-eq-sS `-£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-sS Xp-ey-am-b

hn-X-c-Ww \-S-∏m-°nbn-cp-∂p. Hm-tcm ]cn

jv-°-c-W \S-]-Snbpw B-Zyw sN-dn-b A-f-

hn¬ \-S-∏n-em-°p-I-bpw ]n-∂o-S-Xv h-en-b

tXm-Xn¬ hn-]p-eo-Icn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp

F-∂ hn-Z-Kv-[¿ Nq≠n-Im-Wn-°p∂p. hn-tI-

{μo -I -X, ` -c -W-kw -hn -[m -\ -Øn -s‚

Iognep≈ ]-co-£-W-߃ km-º-Øn-I,

km-aq-ln-I, cm-jv-{So-b P-b-]-cm-P-b-߃ hn-

e-bn-cp-Øm≥ k-lm-bn-®p. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn

Ir-jn-bn¬ ]-cn-jv-°-c-W-߃ G¿-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-t∏mƒ, ap-ºv kq-Nn-∏n-®-Xv t]m-se,

Ir-jn bn-S-ß-sf Xp-≠p-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-®v

hy‡n-Iƒ-°v Ir-jn-°m-bn ssI-h-iw sIm-

Sp-Ø-Xv [m-cm-fw ]m-h-s∏-´-h¿ A-`n-hr-≤n-

s∏-Sm≥ CSbmbn C-Xv {Km-ao-W hy-h-km-

b-ß-fp-sS {I-ta-Wbp-≈ A-km-[m-c-W-am-

b h-f¿-®-bv-°pw Iq-Sp-X¬ ]-cn-jv-°-c-W-

߃-°p-≈ i-‡-am-b A-Sn-Ø-d ]-Wnbp-

∂-Xn-\p-≈ km-l-N-cyw cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øn.

Fß-s\-bm-Wv ]-cn-jv-°-c-W-{]-h¿-Ø-\-

߃ ssN-\-sb {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ h-f¿-®-

bnte-°v \-bn-®-Xv F-∂-Xn-\p-≈ C-Ø-cw

\n -c -h -[n D -Zm -l-c -W-߃ hn -Z -K v -[¿

FSpØp Im-Wn-°p-∂p-≠v.

]m-In-ÿm-\n¬, km-º-Øn-I kq-N-I-ß-fp-

sS ÿn-Xn tam-i-am-Ip-∂-Xn-te-°v ]-cn-jv-

°-c-W-߃ \-bn-®p-sh-∂v hn-Z-Kv-[¿ A-`n-

{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1980 I-fn-se h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°p-

am-bn Xm-c-X-ayw sN-øp-tºmƒ, 1990 I-fm-b-

t∏m-tg-°pw GDP bp-sS-bpw A-Xp-am-bn

_‘-s∏- L-S-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw h-f¿-®m-\n-c-

°v Ip-d-™Xm-bn ap≥ `m-K-ß-fn¬ \mw

I≠-Xm-W-t√m.

A-¥¿-tZ-io-b Zm-cn-{Zytc-J-bp-am-bn _‘-

s∏-´ IW°pIƒ {]-Im-cw ]m-In-ÿm≥

sa®-s∏- Ahÿ-bn-em-sW-¶n-epw ]m°n-

ÿm-\nse Hu-tZym -Kn -I Z -Ø-߃

D]tbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v hnKv≤¿ AhnsS

Zmcn-{Zyw h¿-≤n-°p-∂p-sh-∂v Nq≠nImWn-

°p-∂p. Z-cn-{Z-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw 1960 I-fn¬

]-cn-io-en-°p-I

$ km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬, C-¥y X-s‚ G-jy≥ A-b¬ cm-Py-߃-°pw a-‰v

hn-I-kz-c-cm-Py-߃-°p-sam-∏-am-sW-¶n-epw am-\-hhn-I-k-\ kq-N-I-ß-fp-sS Im-cy-Øn¬

ÿn-Xn h-f-sc Z-b-\o-b-am-Wv. F-hn-sS-bm-Wv C-¥y-bv-°v sX-‰p-]-‰n-b-Xv.? a-\p-jy-hn--hØn\v

A¿-l-am-b ]-cn-K-W-\ \¬-Im-Ø-sX-¥p-sIm-≠m-Wv? ¢m- n¬ N¿-® sN-øp-I.

$ ssN-\o-kv D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈ Ip-sØm-gp-°v D¬-]-∂\n¿-Ωm-W ta-Jesb

tZm-j-I-c-am-bn _m-[n-®p-sh-∂pw C-¥y A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bn hym-]m-c-Øn-te¿-s∏-Sp-

∂pan-√ F-∂p-ap-≈ s]m-Xp-[m-c-W-Iƒ C-¥y-bn¬ ]-c-°p-∂p-≠v. Xm-sg sIm-Sp-Ø ]-´n-

I {i-≤n°p-I. ssN-\, ]m-In-ÿm≥ F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°p-≈ C-¥y≥ I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-

sS-bpw, Cu cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v C-¥y-bn-te-°p-≈ C-d-°p-a-Xn-bp-tS-bpw hn-h-c-ß-fm-Wv

C-Xn-ep-≈-Xv. ]-´nI -hn-i-I-e-\w \-S-Øn ¢m- n¬ N¿-® sN-øp-I. A-b¬ cm-Py-ß-fp-

ambn hym-]m-c-ß-fn-se km-[-\-tk-h-\-ß-fp-sS hn-i-Zmw-i-߃ ]-{X-߃, sh-_v-ssk-‰v,

\yq-kv F-∂n-h-bn¬ \n-∂v ti-J-cn-°p-I. (http: //dgft.gov.inn)

239

40 i-X-am-\-Øn-\v ap-I-fn-em-bn-cp-∂p . AXv

1980 I-fn¬ 25 i-X-am-\-am-bn IpdbpI-bpw

1990 I-fn¬ ho-≠pw D-b-cm≥ Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw

sN-bv-Xp. ]m-Inÿm-\n¬ h-f¿-®- ]n-t∂m-

´p-t]mIm\pw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Xn-cn-®v h-c-

hn-\pw Im-c-W-am-bn hn-Z-Kv-[¿ I-s≠-Øn-

b-Xv Im¿-jn-I-ta-J-e-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bpw

`£y-[m-\y-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-W-hpw km-t¶-

Xn-I am-‰-Øneq-sS-bp-≈ hy-h-ÿm-]n-X

]≤-Xn-Iƒ h-gn-b-√ ]-I-cw an-I-® hn-f-hn-

s\ B-{i-bn-®m-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. anI®

hn-f-hv e-`n-°p-tºmƒ k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ

anI® \n-e-bn-se-Øp-∂p. A-√m-Ø ]-£w,

km-º-Øn-I kq-N-I-߃ \n-›-em-h-ÿ-

bpw ]nt∂m° {]-h-W-X-bpw Im-Wn-

°p∂p. C-¥y A-Xn-s‚ A-S-hp-in-jv-S {]-

Xnk‘n a-dn I-S-°m≥ IMF¬ \n-∂pw tem-

I-_m-¶n¬ \n-∂pw k-lm-bw kzo-I-cn-®Xv

\n-߃ Hm¿-°p∂p-≠m-Ip-a-t√m. hn-tZ-i-

hn-\n-a-bw G-sXm-cp cm-Py-sØ kw-_-‘n-

®pw {]-[m-\-s∏-´ L-S-I-am-Wv. A-Xn\m¬

A-Xv F-ß-s\ t\-Sp-∂p F-∂-Xv {]m-[m-

\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂p. \n¿-Ωn-X D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS

I-b-‰p-a-Xnbn¬ kpÿn-cX \n-e-\n¿-Øm≥

I-gn-bp-∂ cm-Py-߃-°v hn-tZ-i-hn-\n-a-bw

kp-K-a-am-bn t\-Sn-sb-Sp°m≥ I-gn-bpw. a-[y

In-g-°≥ cm-Py-ß-fn-te-°v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-h¿

A-b-°p-∂ ]-W-hpw, Im¿-jn-I D¬∏-∂-

ß-fp-sS I-b-‰p-a-Xn-bp-am-Wv ]m-In-ÿm-\v

hn-tZ-i hn-\n-a-bw t\-Sns°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv,

IqSm-sX hn-tZ-i hm-bv -]-I-tfmSp -≈

h¿≤n® B-{i-b-Xz-hpw A-Xv Xn-cn-®-S-bv-

°p-∂-Xn-\p-≈ henb _p-≤n-ap- p-I-fpw Cu

cm-Pyw t\-cn-Sp-∂p-≠v.

F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Ipd®p h¿j-ß-fmbn

]m°n-ÿm≥ kmº-ØnI hf¿® hos≠-

Sp-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-

≠v. 2015˛16˛¬ GDP 4.7 iX-am\w hf¿®

tcJ-s∏-Sp -Øn -b -Xmbn 2016˛17˛se

hm¿jnI ]≤Xn dnt∏m¿´n¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

CXv Ign™ 8 h¿j-ß-fnse G‰hpw

Db¿∂ \nc-°m-Wv. Im¿jnI taJe \ne-

hnse ÿnXn-bn¬ \n∂pw hfsc Db¿∂

hf¿® t\Snb t∏mƒ hymh-km-bnI taJ-

ebpw tkh-\-ta-J-ebpw bYm-{Iaw 6.8 Dw

5.7 Dw iX-am\w hf¿® tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn.

]e ÿqe-km-º-ØnI kqN-I-ßfpw

A\p-Iq-ehpw ÿnc-hp-amb hf¿®m-{]-h-

WX ImWn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v.

10.7 D]-kw-lmcw

\-Ωp-sS A-b¬-cm-Py-ß-fp-sS hn-I-k-\m-\p-

`h-ß-fn¬ \n-∂v \mw F-s¥-√m-am-Wv ]Tn-

°p-∂-Xv? C-¥y-bpw ssN-\-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-

\pw A-©v ]-Xn-‰m-≠n-te-sd h-cp-∂ AXn-

s‚ hn-I-k-\-]m-X-bn-eq-sS hy-Xy-ÿ e-

ß-fp-am-bn bm-{X sN-bv-Xp. 1970 I-fp-sS

A-h-km-\w h-sc C-h-sb-√mw Xm-gv-∂ hnI-

k-\Øn-s‚ X-e-am-Wv \n-e-\n¿-Øn-b-Xv.

Ign™ aq-∂v ]-Xn-‰m-≠v Cu cm-Py-ß-sf

hyXykvX X-e-ß-fn-tes°-Øn-®n-´p-≠v.

P\m-[n-]-Xy kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-eq-sS C-¥y

sX‰n-√mØ {]-I-S-\w \-S-Øp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw

C-hnSp-sØ q-cn- m-Kw Bƒ-°m-cpw C-t∏m-

gpw Ir-jn-sb-bm-Wv B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv. cmPy-

Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ `m-K-ßfn¬ A-Sn-ÿm-\

ku-I-cy-ß-fp-sS Ip-d-h-\p--h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

P\kw-Jy-bp-sS \m-en¬ H-∂v h-cp-∂

Zmcn{Zy tc-J-bv-°p Xm-sg-bp-≈ P-\-ß-fp-

sS Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw C-\n-bp-ap-b¿-tØ-≠-

Xp-≠v. hntZ-iØp \n∂p-ff hcp-am-\w,

2 4 0

\n¿-Ωm¿-÷-\-tØ-tØm-sSm-∏w D-b¿-∂ h-

f¿-®m-\n-c-°v t\-Sp-∂Xn¬ hn-P-bn-®p. \n-

߃ {i-≤n-t°-≠ a-s‰m-cp Imcyw C-¥y-

bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚-bpw s]m-Xp ta-J-

em kz-Im-coI-c-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw hy-Xy-ÿ-

am-bn ssN-\ I-tºm-f-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS

(Market Mechanism) kmaq-ln-I km-º-

Øn-I-A-h-k-c-߃ A[n-I-am-bn kr-jv-Sn-

°m≥ {i-an-®p F-∂-Xm-Wv. `q-an-bp-sS ta-

ep-≈ Iq- m-b D-S-a-ÿm-h-Im-i-hpw q-an-bn¬

Ir-jn sN-øm≥ hy-‡n-I-sf A-\p-h-Zn-°p-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-eq-sS ssN-\ A-Xn-s‚

{Km-ao-W-ta-J-e-bn-se km-aq-ly-kp-c-£n-X-

Xzw D-d-∏v h-cp-Øn. ]-cn-jv°-c-W-߃-°v

ap-tº km-aq-ly-A-Sn-ÿm-\ ku-I-cy-߃

H-cp-°p-∂-Xn-ep-≈ s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bp-sS C-

S s]-S¬ ssN-\-bn¬ am-\-h hn-I-k-\ kq-

Nn-I-bn¬ {In-bm-fl-I-am-b ^-e-߃ D-f-

hm-°n-bn´p≠v.

hntZi klmbw F∂n-h-tbm-Sp-ff A-an-

Xm-{i-b-Xzw, Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bp-sS ]-cn-

Xm-]-I-c-am-b {]-I-S-\w F-∂n-hbm-Wv ]m-

In-ÿm≥ k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bp-sS Xf¿-®-bv-

°p-≈ Im-c-W-ß-fm-bn hn-Z-Kv-[¿ Nq≠n-

Im-´p-∂-Xv. Ign™ aq∂v h¿j-ß-fn¬

[mcmfw ÿqeIkmº-ØnI kqN-I-ß-

fn¬ kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS ]p\:{]m]vXn

sb {]Xn-^-en-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Db¿∂Xpw

A\p-Iq-e-hp-amb hf¿®m-\n-c°v {]I-S-am-

Im≥ XpS-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. ssN\-bn¬, cm-jv-

{So-b kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ A-`m-hhpw a-\p-

jym-h-Im-i-ß-fn-ep-≈ A-Xn-s‚ {]-Xym-

Lm-X-ß-fpw {]-[m-\ B-i-¶-Iƒ B-W.v

F-¶n-epw A-Xns‚ A-h-km-\ aq∂v ]-Xn-

‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ A-Xv cm-jv-{So-b-{]-Xn-_-≤-X

H-gn-hm-°m-sX-Xs∂ I-tºm-f k{ºZm-b-

sØ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn sIm-≠v Zm-cn-{Zy-

241

kw-{K-lw

B-tKm-fo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b-Iƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ km-l-N-cy-Øn¬, hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-߃

Xß-fp-sS A-b¬ cm-Py-߃ ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂ hn-I-k-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf kq£va-ambn ho-£n-°p

hm≥ D-’m-lw Im-Wn-°p-∂p. Im-c-Ww hn-I-kz-c cm-Py-߃ hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw,

A-h-cn¬ \n-∂p-X-s∂-bpw a-’-cw t\-cn-tS-≠n h-cp-∂p.

C-¥y, ssN-\, ]m-In-ÿm≥ F-∂o cm-Py-ß-fp-sS u-Xn-I-hn-`-h-ß-fn¬-km-ay-X-bp-s≠-¶n-epw

cm-jv-{So-b kw-hn-[m-\-߃ hy-Xy-ÿ-am-Wv.

Cu aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fpw hn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-bn B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv ]-©-h-’-c-]-≤-Xn

I-tf-bm-Wv. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw hn-I-k-\\-b-߃ \-S-∏n-em-°p-∂ L-S-\ Xn-I-®pw hy-Xy-ÿamWv.

F¨-]-Xp-I-fp-sS Xp-S-°w h-sc, Cu aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-bpw h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°v, tZ-io-b h-cpam-

\-Øn¬ hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fp-sS kw- m-h-\ F-∂n-ß-s\-bp-≈ hn-I-k\-kq-N-I-߃ k-am-\-am-

bn-cp-∂p.

km-º-Øn-I ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ C-¥y-bn¬ 1991 epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n¬ 1988 epw ssN-\-bn¬ 1978

ep-am-Wv B-cw-`n-®-Xv.

ssN-\-bn¬ L-S-\m-]-c-am-b am-‰-߃-°v Xp-S-°w Ip-dn-®-Xv kz-t{]-c-W-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p

sh-¶n¬, hn-tZ-i-G-P≥-kn-I-fp-sS k-Ω¿-±-Øm-em-bn-cp-∂p C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-epw

B-cw- n-®-Xv.

Cu aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fn-epw \-S-∏n-em-°n-b \-b-]-c-am-b \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS {]-Xym-Lm-X-߃ hyXyÿ-

am-bn-cp-∂p D-Zm-l-c-W-Øn-\v 'H-‰ Ip-´n \-bw'ssN-\-bn-se P-\-kw-Jym h¿-≤-\-hn-s\ ] n - S n -

®p-\n¿-Øn-sb-¶n¬, C-¥y-bn-epw ]m-In-ÿm-\n-epw Im-cy-am-b am-‰-߃ C-\n-bpw kw-`-hn°m-

\n-cn-°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q.

Cu aq-∂v cm-Py-ß-fn-epw 50 h¿-j-sØ B-kq-{Xn-X hn-I-k-\-Øn-\v ti-j-hpw sXm-gn¬

i-‡n-bp-sS knw-l- m-K-hpw B-{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv Ir-jn-tb-bm-Wv. Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bn-ep-≈ CuB-

{in-X-Xzw Iq-Sp-X¬ C-¥y-bn-em-Wv.

Ir-jn-bn¬ \n-∂v hy-km-b-Øn-te-°pw {I-ta-W tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn-te-°p-sa-∂ ]-cm-º-cm-KX

hn-I-k-\-am-Xr-I-sb ssN-\ ]n-¥p-S¿-∂-t∏mƒ C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-s‚-bpw am-‰w Ir-

jn-bn¬ \n-∂v t\-cn-´v tk-h-\ ta-J-e-bn-te-°m-bn-cp-∂p.

C-¥y-sb-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-t\-bpw A-t]-£n-®v ssN-\-bn-se hyh-km-b ta-J-e D-b¿-∂ h-f¿®m

\n-c-°v \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂p-≠v.

]-e am-\-hhn-I-k\ kq-N-I-ß-fp-sS-bpw Im-cy-Øn¬ ssN-\, C-¥y-sb-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-t\-bpw

A-t]-£n-®v _-lp-Zq-cw ap-∂n-em-Wv. F-∂n-cp-∂m-epw Cu t\-´-߃ ]-cn-jv-I-c-W {]-h¿Ø-\-

ß-fp-sS -e-am-bn-´-√ D-≠m-b-Xv. a-dn-®v, ]-cn-jv-I-c-W Im-e-L-´-Øn-\p ap-tº ssN-\ kzo-I-cn-

® hn-I-k-\-X-{¥-ß-fp-sS -e-am-bn-cp-∂p.

hn-I-k-\ kq-N-I-ß-sf hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ 'kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ kq-N-I-ß-sfbpw ]-cn-K

]Wn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

2 4 2

A-`ym-k-߃

1. km-º-Øn-I-kw-L-ß-fpw {]m-tZ-in-I kw-L-ß-fpw cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ßn-s\?

2. B-`y-¥-c k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-tb i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm≥, cm-Py-߃ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂ hn-hn-[-

am¿-§-߃ F-s¥-√mw?

3. hn-I-k-\-]m-X-bn¬ C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂ hn-I-k-\X-{¥-ß-fp-sS km-

ay-X-Iƒ F-s¥-√mw?

4. 1958 ¬ ssN-\-bn¬ B-cw-`n-® 'a-l-Øm-b Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´'sØ Ip-dn-®v hn-h-cn-°p-I.

5. 1978 se ]-cn-jv-Im-c-ß-fp-sS ^-e-am-Wv ssN-\-bn-se {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ hym-km-b-I-h-

f¿-®m\n-c-°v. \n-߃ tbm-Pn-°p-∂p-t≠m? kv-]-jv-S-am-°p-I.

6. km-º-Øn-I ]p-tcm-K-Xn-°v ]m-In-ÿm≥ kzo-I-cn-® hn-I-k-\kw-cw-`-]m-X-I-sf Ip-dn-

s®-gp-Xp-I.

7. ssN-\-bn-se 'H-‰-Ip-´n \-b'Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ hn-h-£ F-¥v?

8. C-¥y, ]m-In-ÿm≥, ssN-\ F-∂n-h-bp-sS P-\-kw-Jy kq-N-I-ß-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-

I-sf kq-Nn∏n-°p-I.

9. C-¥y-bp-sS-bpw ssN-\-bp-sS-bpw 2003 se sam-Øw B-`y-¥-c D¬-]-∂-Øn-se (G-D-P)

ta-J-em kw-`m-h-\-I-sf Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn hy-Xym-k-߃ I-s≠-Øp-I.

10. am-\-hhn-I-k-\-Øn-s‚ hn-hn-[ kq-N-I-ß-sf \n¿-t±-in-°p-I.

11. kzm-X-{¥y-Øn-s‚ kq-Nn-I F-s¥-∂v \n¿-Δ-Nn-°p-I. D-Zm-l-c-W-߃ F-gp-Xp-I.

12. ssN-\-bn-se {Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-≈ km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-®-bn-te-°v \-bn-® L-S-I-ß-sf hn-

e-bn-cpØp-I.

13. C-¥y, ssN-\, ]m-In-ÿm≥ F-∂n-h-bp-sS k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-

sS A-Sn ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xm-sg ]-d-bp-∂-h-sb aq-∂v X-e-s°-´p-I-fn-em-°n F-gp-Xp-I.

$ H-‰-Ip-´n \-bw $- Xm-gv-∂ {]-Xyp¬-∏m-Z-\ \n-c-°v $ D-b¿-∂ \-K-c-h¬-°-c-W \n-c-°v.

$ an-{i k-º-Zvhy-h-ÿ $ h-f-sc D-b¿-∂ {]-Xyp¬-∏m-Z-\ \n-c-°v .

$ D-b¿-∂ P-\-kw-Jy $ D-b¿-∂ P-\-km-{μ-X.

$ D¬-]-∂\n¿-Ωm-W ta-J-e aq-e-ap-≈ h-f¿-®.

$ tk-h-\ ta-J-e aq-e-ap-≈ h-f¿-®.

14. ]m-In-ÿm-\n-se Xm-gv-∂ h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°n-\pw Zm-cn-{Zy-Øn-s‚ Xn-cn-®p-h-c-hn-\pw D-≈

243

Iq-Sp-X¬ A-`ym-kw

Im-c-W-߃ F-gp-Xp-I.

15. {]-[m-\ am-\-hhn-I-k-\ kq-N-I-ß-fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C-¥y, ]m-In-ÿm≥ F∂n-

h-bp-sS hn-I-k-\-sØ Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn hy-Xym-k-߃ I-s≠-Øp-I.

16. I-gn-™ c-≠v Z-i-I-ß-fn¬ C-¥y-bpw ssN-\-bpw km-£n-bm-b h-f¿-®m-\n-c-°n-se

{]-h-W-X-I-sf Ip-dn-®v A-`n-{]m-b-sa-gp-Xp-I.

17. hn-´ `m-Kw ]q-cn-∏n-°p-I.

(a) ............ 1956 ¬ B-Zy ]-©-h-’-c ]-≤-Xn B-cw-`n-®p. (]m-In-ÿm≥/ C-¥y)

(b) am-Xr-a-c-W-\n-c-°v ................... em-Wv h-f-sc Iq-Sp-X¬ (ssN-\/ ]m-In-ÿm≥)

(c) Zm-cn-{Zy-tc-J-bv-°v Xm-sg-bp-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw Iq-Sp-X¬ .....................

em-Wv (C-¥y/ ]m-In-ÿm≥)

(d 1978 ¬ .................... em-Wv ]-cn-jv-Im-c-߃ B-cw-`n-®-Xv. (ssN-\/ ]m-In-ÿm≥)

1. C-¥y-bpw ssN-\-bpw, C-¥y-bpw ]m-In-ÿm-\pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ kz-X-{¥ hym-]m-cw F-∂

X-es°-´n¬ ¢m- n¬ H-cp kw-hm-Zw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

2. I-fn-∏m-´-߃, C-e-Iv-t{Sm-Wn-Iv-kv h-kv-Xp-°ƒ, h-kv-{X-߃, _m-‰-dn-Iƒ ap-X-em-b

ssN-\o-kv D¬-]-∂-߃, Ip-d-™ hn-e-bn¬ I-tºm-f-ß-fn¬ e-`y-am-sW-∂v \n-߃-°-

dn-bmw. Cu h-kv-Xp°ƒ Kp-W-Øn-epw hn-e-bn-epw C-¥y≥ h-kv-Xp-°-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-

Øn-\v A¿-l-am-sW-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? B-`y-¥-c-h-kv-Xp-°ƒ-°v C-h `o-j-

Wn D-b¿-Øp-∂p-t≠m? N¿-® sN-øp-I.

3. P-\-kw-Jym h-f¿-®-sb Ip-d-bv-°m≥ ssN-\-sb-t∏m-se C-¥y-bv-°pw 'H-‰ Ip-´n \-bw'

\-S-∏n-em°m≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂v \n-߃ I-cp-Xp-∂p-t≠m? P-\-kw-Jym h-f¿-® Ip-d-bv-°m≥

C-¥y-°v \-S-∏nem-°m-hp-∂ \-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®v kw-hm-Zw kw-L-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

4. ssN-\-bp-sS h-f¿-®-bn¬ \n¿-Æm-b-I ]-¶v h-ln-®-Xv hy-h-km-bn-I ta-J-e-sb-¶n¬

C-¥y-bp-tS-Xv tk-h-\-ta-J-e-bm-Wv.

Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw kq-Nn-∏n-°p-∂ H-cp Nm¿-´v X-øm-dm-°p-I. I-gn-™

Z-im-_v-Z-ßfn¬ Cu cm-Py-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-b L-S-\m-]-c-am-b am-‰-ß-tf-bpw ]-cn-K-Wn-

°pI

5. am-\-h hn-I-k-\ kq-N-I-ß-fn¬ ssN-\ ap≥-\n-c-bn-se-Øn-b-sX-ßn-s\-bm-Wv? ¢m-kn¬

N¿-® sN-øp-I. A-Xn-\m-bn G-‰-hpw ]p-Xn-b am-\-hhn-I-k-\ dn-t∏m¿-´v D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-I.

2 4 4

REFERENCES

Books

DREZE, JEAN AND AMARTYA SEN. 1996. India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity. OxfordUniversity Press, Delhi.

Articles

RAY, ALOK. 2002. ‘The Chinese Economic Miracle: Lessons to be Learnt.’ Economic and PoliticalWeekly, September 14, pp. 3835-3848.

ZAIDI, S. AKBAR. 1999. ‘Is Poverty now a Permanent Phenomenon in Pakistan?’ Economic and PoliticalWeekly, October 9, pp. 2943-2951.

Government Reports

Human Development Report 2005, United Nations Development Programme, Oxford UniversityPress, Oxford.

Pakistan: National Human Development Report 2003, United Nations Development Programme,Second Impression 2004.

World Development Report 2005, The World Bank, published by Oxford University Press, New York.

Labour Market Indicators, 3rd Edition, International Labour Organisation, Geneva.

Websites

www.stats.gov.cnwww.statpak.gov.pkwww.un.orgwww.ilo.orgwww.planningcommission.nic.inwww.dgft.delhi.nic.in