Warm Up – January 13, 2020mrswestphal.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/5/13258067/... · Warm Up – January 13, 2020 How’s your marking period goal going? We have two weeks left in the

Warm Up –

January

13, 2020

How’s your marking period goal

going? We have two weeks left in the

marking period, what can you do?

Agenda:Heredity and

Gregor Mendel

Due Tomorrow: Bothead Lab

Basic

Genetics

The information that makes you

who you are!!

Learning Goals

1. I can describe the difference between genotype and phenotype.

2. I can predict the offspring’s genotype and phenotype based on the parents genotypes and phenotypes using various genetic rules.

3. I can predict offspring using sex linked traits.

4. I can describe the process of meiosis.

5. I can describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis.

6. I can describe the difference between sex cells/gametes and body cells/somatic cells.

Genetics – the study of heredity and variation

Heredity – the

transmission of traits

from one generation

to another

Variation – genetic

differences btn

siblings and members

of the same species

Genes –

segments of

DNA, basic units

of heredity

Transmitted from one generation to the next

Transmitted from parent to child through gametes (haploid cells)

Organized on chromosomes

Locus – location of a gene on a chromosome

Two homologous chromosomes carry genes that control the same trait

one inherited from each parent

Autosomes

Chromosomes All chromosomes have a homologous

pair except sex chromosomes

X – female (inherited from mom or Dad)

Y – male (inherited from dad)

Carry different information

Much more on X

Y only has secondary sex characteristics

Y makes you male

XX = female child

XY = male child

Gregor Mendel First major researcher in genetics

Looked at characters (heritable feature) of peas

Bred for specific traits (forms of characters

Determined if something is “true bred” it will always create the same offspring with itself

All have the same traits

Then Hybridized (mixed) two “true breeds” (P – Generation)

created first filial (F1) generation

then crossed F1 to create F2

Mendel Major Discoveries

One individual might have two traits

coded in their genes

each form is called an allele (one on

each chromosome)

one from each parent

If alleles are different

dominant (R) covers recessive (r)

one cell has two different alleles –

heterozygous

one cell that has two of the same alleles

- homozygous

Major Mendel Discoveries

each allele separates during

meiosis

each gamete has a 50/50 chance

of getting either allele

Law of segregation

Law of independent assortment

each pair of alleles will separate

independently of each other as

gametes are being formed

Gametes – sex cells (sperm and

egg)

Genotype v. Phenotype

Phenotype refers to organism’s

physical traits

What is actually expressed

Genotype refers to organism’s

genetic information

One organism can have two

different alleles

if two different alleles – genotype is

heterozygous

if the same alleles – genotype is

homozygous

Warm Up –

January

16, 2020

What is the difference between

genotype and phenotype?

Agenda:Crosses and

Punnett Squares

Due Today: Bothead Lab

Due Tomorrow: Sponge Bob Genetics

Types of crosses

Monohybrid cross

Crossing for only one character

Dihybrid cross

Study of two characters

Determining traits is based on probability

Use Punnett squares

Types of Dominance

Complete dominance – one allele

completely hides another

Homozygote dominant and heterozygote appear exactly the same

IE: The allele for brown eyes is dominant over the allele for blue eyes.

Someone who is heterozygous for eye

color will have brown eyes.

Punnett Square Practice

Two pea plants are crossed. One with

round seeds (Rr) and one with wrinkled

seeds (rr). What percentage of their

offspring should have wrinkled seeds?

Warm Up –

January

27, 2020

In lilies, white flowers (W) are

dominant to purple flowers (w). If

two plants that are heterozygous

for flower color are mated, what

percentage will be purple?

Agenda: Dominance

Due Tomorrow:

Oompa

Loompa

Genetics


A true-bred tall, purple-flowered plant (TTPP)

is crossed with a true-breeding dwarf, white-

flowered plant (ttpp). What percentage of the

offspring will be tall, with white flowers?


A pea plant is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color. D is the allele for the dominant, spherical shape characteristic; d is the allele for the recessive, dented shape characteristic. G is the allele for the dominant, yellow color characteristic; g is the allele for the recessive, green color characteristic. If this plant is self pollinated, what percentage of the offspring will have spherical, green seeds?

DdGg X DdGg

Types of Dominance Co-Dominance – two

different dominant alleles which affect the trait in different but equal ways

Ie blood types – A and B are dominant, o is recessive

if genotype is AA or Ao → BT = A

if genotype is BB or Bo → BT= B

but if genotype is AB → BT = AB

Codominance

Example: A man with blood type A has a child with a woman whose blood type is AB, what is the probability that their child will have blood type A?

Depends on Dad’s blood type

Could be AA or AO

Types of Dominance

Incomplete Dominance –heterozygous offspring have a combination of parent traits Ie flowers – Red parent X white parent =

pink offspring

Example: In northeast Kansas there is a creature know as a wildcat. It comes in three colors, blue, red, and purple. This trait is controlled by a single locus gene with incomplete dominance. A homozygous (BB) individual is blue, a homozygous (bb) individual is red, and a heterozygous (Bb) individual is purple. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring if a blue wildcat were crossed with a red one?

BB x bb

Other Types of

Inheritance

Multiple Alleles

Traits that have more than two different alleles

Individuals still only have two alleles (one from each parent) but there are more than two possible.

Example:

cat coat color has four allele possibilities

Human Blood type

Can create lots of combinations

Other Types of

Inheritance Polygenic Traits –

traits produced by

the interaction of

multiple genes

Produce lots

and lots of

variations

Example:

human skin and

eye color

Warm Up –

January

28, 2020

In humans, free ear lobes (E) are dominant over attached ear lobes (e)

and brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A man with free ear lobes

and brown eyes marries a woman with attached ear lobes and brown

eyes. Of four children, one has attached ear lobes and blue eyes.

Determine the genotypes of the parents.

Agenda: Mendelian Review

Due Today: Oompa Loompa Genetics - EOH

Due Tomorrow: 11.1,2,3 Worksheet

Reminder: Ch 11 Vocab Quiz Friday

Warm Up –

January

29, 2020

Incomplete dominance is seen in snapdragons. The allele that causes red

flowers (F) is not completely dominant over the allele that causes white

flowers (f). When a plant is heterozygous for the trait of flower color (Ff),

pink flowers result. If two pink flowers are crossed, how many of the

offspring will be red?

Agenda: Meiosis

Due Today: 11.1/11.2/11.3 Worksheets

Due Tomorrow: Meiosis Coloring


Warm Up –

January

30, 2020

In chickens, F is the trait for frizzled feathers and S is the trait for straight

feathers. Since both are dominant, when they are inherited together, the

result is a “slightly frizzled” chicken. If a slightly frizzled hen is bred with a

straight feathered rooster, how many of their chicks will have straight

feathers?

Agenda: Meiosis

Due Today: 11.1-11.3 Worksheet

Due Tomorrow: Meiosis Coloring


Cell Reproduction

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Types of Cells Haploid cells – gametes (sex cells)

only have half of the genetic information the parent cell has

Created by meiosis

In humans – come in two forms sperm and egg

Diploid Cells – Somatic Cells (autosomes)

Contain two copies of the genetic information

Two homologous (similar) chromosomes paired together

All human body cells are Diploid

Except the gametes

Gametes fuse together during Fertilization

Creates a diploid zygote

Meiosis

The process of meiosis makes

gametes (haploid cells)

only occurs in the ovaries or testes

in animals.

Resembles Mitosis

Similar phases that just occur

twice

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Meiosis I

Phases VERY similar to Mitosis

Interphase

Growth

Prophase I

Homologous Chromosomes pair

Metaphase I

Tetrads (sets of 4 chromosomes) line up down center of cell

Anaphase I

Homologous pairs separate

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splits

Meosis II

NO DNA replication

No interphase

Goes from cytokinesis directly into Prophase II

Phases

Goes through another round of cell division creating 4 haploid gametes

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Creates two identical cells

Identical to parent Prophase – each chromosome is in a pair with its identical

twin attached by a centromere Anaphase – each individual chromosome in a identical pair

separateSo each new cell gets one of each in a homologous pair

Meiosis Creates four cells with half the genetic information as parent

Genetically different from each other During Prophase I – homologous chromosomes synapse to

form a tetrad Anaphase I – tetrad separates sending the identical pair to

one new cell

Warm Up –

January

31, 2019

Name two differences between meiosis

and mitosis.

Agenda: Meiosis, Cont.

Due Today: Meiosis Coloring

Due Monday11.4 Worksheet

Ch 11 Vocab Review

Reminder: Ch 11 Vocab Quiz Monday

Meiosis Can Cause Variation

Variation in the combination of Chromosomes

Each chromosomes contains variations of a gene

Different combinations can occur

Crossing Over

When tetrads are lined up during Prophase I, genes can switch chromosomes

Creating recombinant chromosomes

Gene Linkage and Mapping

Mendel believed all traits were independent of

each other

In 1910, a researcher discovered that some genes

traveled together

Linked genes are found on the same chromosomes

A university student working in the lab noticed that he could predict crossing over patterns of certain genes.

He determined relative locations of certain genes.

Gene mapping.

Warm Up –

February 3,

2019

What is the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells?

Agenda:Ch 11 Vocab Quiz

Meiosis Cont.

Due Today:Ch 11 Vocab and Review

11.4 Worksheet

Due Tomorrow:Karyotyping Activity

Genetic

Disorders

•Usually code for a non-functional protein, or on that does work the way it should

•Parents that are heterozygous for that trait are said to be carriers

•Ie, Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, Sickle-Cell Anemia,

Many are caused by recessive alleles

•Much more rare, usually kill offspring before development

•Only late-acting lethal dominant are passed on

•ie Huntington’s Disease

•Not all dominant “disorders” are lethal

•dwarfism is a dominant trait

Others are lethal dominant

Genetic

Disorders

There can be errors during meiosis.

Chromatids don’t split like they are supposed to.

nondisjunction

Causes too many copies in one gamete, and not enough in another

IE:

Down syndrome – extra copy of chromosome 21

Turner syndrome – only one X chromosome

Klinefelter’s syndrome - XXY

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

Mendelian genes are have a loci on a chromosome

Chromosomes undergo independent assortment and segregation not just genes

During meiosis

Analysis of Genetics

To begin to analyze someone’s genetics, many physicians begin with a karyotype or an image of their somatic cell chromosomes.

This shows the pairs of chromosomes of similar length and staining pattern called homologous chromosomes

Each member of these pairs carries genes that control the same trait.

autosomes

The only exception to these pairs are the sex chromosomes

Females have XX combination (in humans)

Males have XY (in humans)

Warm Up –

February 4,

2019

What is a karyotype and what can it tell us about the cell?

Agenda: Sex Linked Traits

Due Today: Karyotyping Activity

Due Tomorrow: Genetics Problems and 14.1 Worksheet

Reminders: Ch 11 Test Thursday

Non Mendelian TraitsSex Linked Genes

carried on X Chromosome carries many more genes than Y chromosome many genes code for more than just sex

tend to inflict men more often only have one copy of X to carry trait Females have to be homozygous for the trait Both parents must be carriers Passed from fathers to daughters, but not to sons Sons receive Y chromosome

Examples: Hemophilia and Color Blindness

Sex Linked Traits

Example Problem: A boy, whose parents and grandparents had normal vision, is color-blind. What are the genotypes for his mother and his maternal grandparents?

Boy’s genotype?

XbY

Dad’s genotype?

XBY

Sex Linked Traits

Can a color blind female have a son that has normal vision? Color blindness is caused by a sex linked recessive allele.

Mom’s Genotype?

XbXb

No they’ll all be color blind

Pedigrees

A chart showing the inheritance of a specific

gene, showing how that trait is spread between

the males and females of a family

Allows scientists to see the nature of genes and

alleles.

Warm Up –

February 5,

2019

A colorblind man has a child with a woman who’s father is colorblind. What is the chance that their children will be colorblind? Colorblindness is a sex-linked trait.


Sex Linked Traits



Reminders: Ch 11 Test Thursday

Warm Up –

February 5,

2019

Hemophilia is a sex linked disorder. If a normal mother, who is a carrier of hemophilia, and a normal father have a child, what is that probability of their children having hemophilia?


Sex Linked Traits



Reminders: Ch 11 Test Monday

Warm Up –

February 7,

2019

In rabbits, if diploid number is 48, how many chromosomes will be in a sperm cell?


Sex Linked Traits



Reminders: Ch 11 Test Monday

Warm Up –

February

10, 2019

What is it called when sister

chromatids fail to separate during

meiosis?

Agenda: Ch 11 Test

Due Today: Ch 11

Review

Documents

Warm Up – January 13, 2020mrswestphal.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/5/13258067/... · Warm Up – January 13, 2020 How’s your marking period goal going? We have two weeks left in the