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Wash inaugural. Qualities of Washington as Prez. Firm Dignified Cautious Aware that he would set precedents Should not propose legislation. FIRST SUPREME COURT. President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Court 3 from North and 3 from South - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Wash inaugural
FirmFirm
DignifiedDignified
CautiousCautious
Aware that he would set Aware that he would set precedentsprecedents
Should not propose legislationShould not propose legislation
Qualities of Washington as PrezQualities of Washington as Prez
John Jay first Chief Justice
of the Supreme
Court
•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.
•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.
FIRST SUPREME COURTFIRST SUPREME COURT
Washington's First CabinetWashington's First Cabinet
Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
cabinet
Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government
Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the TreasuryDepartment of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of WarAttorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON
•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and our country would go economically, politically and
socially. socially.
6
Objectives•Create a unified nation
•Centralized govt. with power to protect property and maintain order
•Rich should be given a “distinct permanent share in govt
Proposals•Permanent Senate
•Executive for life•Chosen indirectly by electors from states•Chosen from the economically superior
•To pacify the people let them elect lower House
Report on Public Credit• Bind the wealthy to the govt by utilizing their
own self-interest
• Secure investment from abroad
• How?
• Call in outstanding bonds
• Issue new interest-bearing bonds at full face
• Creates a permanent debt
Foreign Debt$11,710,000
National War Debt$42,414,000
State Debt$21,500,000
CustomDuties
(Tariffs)
ExciseTax
on Whiskey
Misc.Revenue
HAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLANHAMILTON'S FINANCIAL PLAN
Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt
problems:problems:
•Pay off $75.6 million debt
•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products
•Tariff: a tax on imports
•Establish good credit with foreign nations
•Create a national bank with a national currency
•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver
Compromise w/ TJ and Madison called the Assumption Act led to the creation
of Washington, D.C.
“Assumption” of State Debts
“Assumption” of State Debts
• Funded in same manner
• Benefitted speculators, members of Congress, even Asst. Sec. of Treasury
• Benefitted Northern states
• Strengthens the national govt
• What about original bond-holders???
• Let’s make a deal
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Create a Bank of the United States
jointly owned by private stockholders and national govt
make loans to merchants
handle govt funds
issue bank notes
BANK OF THE U.S.
HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and
transfer money•Provide loans to
government and state banks•A national currency---$$$$$•An investment by people to
buy stock into US bank•Constitution did not forbid a
national bank….Loose construction of Constitution
•National debt good for country
JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution
•State banks would collapse•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control
bank then control the government
•Hurt the common man•Strict construction…If it is
not mentioned in the Constitution than there
can’t be a national bank.•Against a national debt
BUS
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
Northern Federalists supported Hamilton
Southern Federalists aligned w/ TJ and Madison
began to call themselves Democratic Republicans or Republicans
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision
southern planters and western farmers
wage labor = no economic and political independence
vision of the independent yeoman farm family
“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of
God.”
TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)
“Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of
God.”
TJ in Notes in the State of VA (1785)
International division of labor
Our meat and grain would feed Europeans
Europeans manufacture in exchange clothing and other products
Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality
Turmoil in Europe brings TJ’s Vision Closer to Reality
1793: Fighting b/w France and Britain
disrupts European farming
guess who becomes #1 supplier of wheat?
guess who experiences a boom in cotton exports?
whiskeymap
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton wanted additional revenue
Excise tax on home grown whiskey
Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt
Hamilton wanted additional revenue
Excise tax on home grown whiskey
Hamilton wanted frontiersmen to feel the authority of the govt
•Farmer’s revolt Farmer’s revolt in western in western
Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.
•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s Hamilton’ s excise tax excise tax
•Believed it was Believed it was an unfair tax.an unfair tax.
•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””
WHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION
•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power testing the power
of the new of the new ConstitutionConstitution
•Another Boston Another Boston Tea Party?Tea Party?
Outcome:Outcome: •Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new
constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic
rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”
•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort of the Western Army assembled at Fort
Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Cumberland, Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Rebellion.
WhiskeyWHISKEY REBELLIONWHISKEY REBELLION
FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete•similar to King George
•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis
•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete•similar to King George
•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
French Rev
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war
French Rev
•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in
1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French
Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were
beheaded.
•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie Antoniette in
1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French
Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were
beheaded.
FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
FRENCH REVOLUTIONLIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FATERNITY
Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of warstate of war exists between exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia,
Great BritainGreat Britain and the United and the United Netherlands, of the one part Netherlands, of the one part and and FranceFrance on the other; and on the other; and
the duty and the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a adopt and pursue a conduct friendly conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent and impartial toward the belligerent
powers.powers.
WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECHWASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
farewell
neutrality
•President Washington’s response to the French President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European was to warn Americans to stay out these European
conflicts and remain conflicts and remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid. •Why?Why?
I have therefore thought fit by I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the these presents to declare the
disposition of the U.S. to observe disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards the conduct aforesaid towards
those Powers respectfully; and to those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which , which
may in any manner tend to may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition….contravene such disposition….April April
17931793
WASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECHWASHINGTON'S NEUTRALITY SPEECH
“Citizen” Genet“Citizen” Genet
French rep. trying to recruit privateers (not pirates)
Washington orders Genet to stop
Genet ignores; Washington demanded his withdrawal
Girondins overthrown by Jacobins; Genet to be arrested as soon as he gets back
Genet asks for asylum
Conflicts with Britain Conflicts with Britain and Frenchand French
Conflicts with Britain Conflicts with Britain and Frenchand French
• US traded with both• 1793: French and Brits seize 600 American ships• Dec: British seize 250 ships alone in West Indies.
No warning
– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
• Jeffersonians called for war
• Federalists resisted (financial system).
British forts on U.S. soil. Still haven’t
removed troops and supplying
Indians with weapons
Disputed land claims with
Spain..Cut off Mississippi
River
Other British ProvocationsOther British Provocations
•Conspire w/ McGillivary of the Creek to attack Southern frontier
•Atrocities
•Remember this for War of 1812
Andrew McGillivary
•President Washington
faced several Indian
problems.
•British were British were supplying the supplying the
tribes with tribes with arms and arms and
ammunition to ammunition to attack US attack US settlers.settlers.
•President Washington
faced several Indian
problems.
•British were British were supplying the supplying the
tribes with tribes with arms and arms and
ammunition to ammunition to attack US attack US settlers.settlers.
precedentsprecedents
War in the Old Northwest Territory
War in the Old Northwest Territory
Shawnee, Mingo and Miamis, led by Little Turtle scored early victories
(1790–91)
Defeated at Fallen Timbers by General
Anthony Wayne (1794)
War in the Old Northwest Territory
War in the Old Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville
• (1795) gave USA right to settle most of Ohio
• First formal recognition of Indian sovereignty over land not ceded by
treaty
Map 13 of 45
Jays
Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms
to Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to
frontier.
IMPRESSMENTIMPRESSMENT
ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French
were doing this to us.were doing this to us.
impressment
Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)• Pay pre-Revolution debts
• Submit claims for illegally seized goods
• THEN, Brits to remove troops and Indian agents from NW
• BUT NO MENTION OF ENDING IMPRESSMENT
• Narrowly ratified
• Angered pro-French Americans
John Jay is burnt in effigy because Americans
believed he sold out to the British.
Consequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s TreatyConsequences of Jay’s Treaty
• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.
• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River, right of deposit at New Orleans (no
duties) and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between Spanish Florida and US……
Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River
and deposit their crops in New Orleans.
Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans
Leader
Appealed to
Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams
Thomas JeffersonJames Madison
Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored by seaboard cities
Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored by the South and West
Ideas of Government
Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution
•Implied powersImplied powers
Wealthy and educated involved
Limit freedoms of speech & press
State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution
•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powers
•Common man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better
DomesticPolicy
Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high
Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low
ForeignPolicy
Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British
Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French
RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIESRISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
•political partiespolitical parties
•permanent alliancespermanent alliances
•getting involved in European affairsgetting involved in European affairs
•sectionalismsectionalism
““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a have none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our
detacheddetached and and distantdistant situation invites and enables situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true us to pursue a different course…..It is our true
policy to policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign worldany portion of the foreign world……Taking care ……Taking care
always to keep ourselves by suitable always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary posture, we may safely trust to temporary
alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796
WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECHWASHINGTON'S FAREWELL SPEECH
Washington is convinced that Americans must stay neutral and avoid foreign affairs associated
with all the British and foreign continents
Remember he stated this also in 1793 with his Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality.
No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue to
trade with Europe
Neutrality = Isolation
US ISOLATIONISMUS ISOLATIONISM
Election of 1796• Federalists
• John Adams/Pinkney
• Republicans
• TJ/Burr
• Hamilton’s chicanery
• Adams stubborn
Quasi War & XYZ Affair• 1797: French launch attacks on shipping and
seize US vessels
• Hamilton’s dogs urge Adams to press for war
• Sends commission to France
XYZ Affair• To meet w/ Foreign
Minister
• 3 no-name operatives ask for $250,000 and a loan of several millions of $$$
• Adams makes it know to Congress
• High Federalists war cry gets louder
A Professional Army?• Federalists want an army to crush dissent
• GW to lead BUT only if Hamilton is 2nd in command
• May 1798: Established Navy Department
• Adams would not give Federalists what they wanted
Alien and Sedition Acts (Summer 1798)
• To protect the ppl in time of crisis (or eliminate threat of the Republicans
• Naturalization Law: 5-14 yrs
• Alien Enemies Act
• Alien Friends Act
• Sedition Act
• Enforcement left to federal courts
VA and Kentucky Resolutions• Last hope are the states
• Kentucky Resolution
• TJ
• Compact b/w states
• Nullification
• VA Resolution
• Madison
• States to defend rights of ppl
• But no 1 state could nullify federal law
Peace with France• Bonaparte signs Convention of 1800 (re-
established commerce)
• May 1800: fires Hamilton’s men; dismantles the army
• Hamilton out to destroy Adams
• A split Federalist Party limps to the Election of 1800
• Gangs of young Federalists and Republicans clash on the streets
•Jefferson and Burr (VP) tied
•House of Reps (after 36 ballots) elects TJ
•Hamilton convinced some Federalists to support TJ
•12th Amendment (1804)
Revolution of 1800• A quiet one
• Turnover of govt from one party to another
• Demonstrated the strength and resiliency of the govt
• In other parts of the world, this doesn’t happen