Water accounting for integrated water management

Water accounting for Water accounting for integrated water managementintegrated water management

Costos i comptes de l'aigua a Catalunya en Costos i comptes de l'aigua a Catalunya en relació amb la Directiva marc de l'aigua (DMA)relació amb la Directiva marc de l'aigua (DMA)

SEMINARI

Barcelona, 18 i 19 de juny de 2007

Jean-Louis Weber, European Environment AgencyJean-Louis Weber, European Environment Agency

History

• Pioneer work covering : – France and Spain 1986: Quantity and Quality, Supply & Use

• France: Quantity for the 6 River basin authorities, case study/methodology of quality accounts for 1 small river basin. Further development of quality accounts from national monitoring. Annual publication of economic accounts

• Spain: complete set of quantity and quality accounts, supply & use and expenditures

– OECD test 1990 (4 countries: FR & ES plus Finland and the Netherlands – problems with asset accounts)

– Eurostat & EEA end of 90’s: pilot work on water quality accounts (France, England & Wales, Ireland, Slovenia)

– Eurostat sponsored projects• TACIS: Moldova 2000 (Quantities, supply and use and assets, 1994, 1998 –

continuing – Report to Eurostat)• MEDSTAT I ENV: Turkey 2002 (Quantities, supply and use plus estimate for

assets report to MAP/Blue Plan)• Other activities related to expenditure for water protection and management

(SERIEE), polluting emissions, incl. NAMEA/water approach at Eurostat and in several Member countries (NAMWA-NL, applications in FR, ES…)

• Other country applications: Chile, Australia, Namibia• Now: SEEAW, launch in Voorburg 2006, international standard since 2007

Water

‘…then once more, and with extreme swiftness, it mounts again and returns by the same descent, thus rising from the inside to the outside, and going round from the lowest to the highest, from whence it rushes down in a natural course. Thus by these two movements combined in a constant circulation, it travels through the veins of the earth.’

Leonardo da Vinci, The Notebooks, 965.

Water is altogether

• a component (flowing in rivers, mains and bodies…)

• a system (hydrological)• a set of services (to economic production and

ecological and human well being)• and a threat to all of these when scarce

How should we measure water components, systems, services and threats?

The Raft, a Metaphor of Stability and Resilience

(D. Ludwig, Resilience Alliance)

The Raft- a Metaphor of Stability and Resilience (1)

• Empty, the raft is stable and capable of supporting some loads on an appropriate water body (enough free water…) for delivering transport service

In this case, the raft is resilient and can easily accommodate loads – people or goods – without being under threat.


• The resilient raft can accommodate some loads, keeping enough stability

• But when the load is excessive, the raft is less capable to adapt. Due to the excessive load, it starts sinking.


• In addition, when the resilience of the raft is low, the risk of flipping is high, at any time.

The unstable raft is threatened not only by an additional significant load (sinking) but by the position of any new load (even small)


The objectives of the passengers of the raft may be different; e.g.:– Traders who want to carry as many goods as possible (even

with risk)– Passengers who are concerned with their personal safety (not

too much load)

Trade offs between social groups will determine the final degree of stability of the system.

Water accounts and the “raft metaphor”

• The various aspects of water systems should be addressed in water accounts

• Interactions between components of the water system should be traceable (accounts as one input to integrated modelling)

• Interactions of water and terrestrial ecosystems should be as well reflected

• Long term/broad scale trends matter as much as local configurations and short term processes

• Water systems are part of socio-ecosystems

SEEA: Water accounts do cover many aspects, all are important

Ecosystem accountsServices &

Natural assets accounts

Various aspects of integration of water accounts

• System integration: ‘water system’ & ‘use system’• Spatial integration: water and land systems • Integrated framework

– ‘Supply & Use’ and ‘Natural Assets’ (the resource)– Quality and quantity– Water ecosystems (hydraulic, biology…)– Physical and monetary accounts

• Integrated assessments as an outcome of accounting (integrated indicators)

• Institutional integration (data sources, networking)• Integration of policies: The Water Framework

Directive

2 interacting systems…

Rest of the World

Inland water

Sea

Atmosphere

HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMLand &SoilGroundwaterSnow & IceLakes & ReservoirsRivers

USERS SYSTEM

Inland water

UsersUsers

Precipitations

InflowsOutflows

Imports

Exports

Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration(irrigation…)PrimaryAbstraction

Returns +Residuals

Territory of reference

Inte

rnal

tran

sfer

s

System integration: ‘water system’ & ‘use system’

Spatial integration of water accounts

Bird decline

Loss of natural/ sem i-

natural land Forest m anagem ent

Soil degradationLoss of am enities (tourism )

Water stressWetland

vulnerability to pollution

Condition of W ater ecosystemsFish decline

Water stress

Water abstraction

FloodingDrainage

Pesticides & fertilizers leakage to rivers,

sea

W ater body restructuring, dam s

H ydrom orphic changeAvailab le w ater resource

W ater quality, quality o f the rivers, lakesQ uality o f coasta l & m arine

w ater Q uality o f groundw ater

W aste w ater d ischarge

In troduced species

Species dynam ics

H abita ts state and dynam ics

C ondition of terrestria l ecosystem s

Landscape d iversity

B iodivers ity o f agrosystem

U rban spraw lIrrigation

Transport netw orksPestic ides & fertilizers use

C onversion of m arg inal landW ater use

Intensification of agricu lture

Fragmentation of habitatsLoss in buffering

capacitiesWetland drainage

Eutrophication

Integrated platform for land water and biodiversity assessments…

Spatial integration

Example: surplus of N from agriculture and atmospheric origin…

Integration of ‘Supply & Use’ and ‘Natural Assets’

Table 8.7 An asset account for water Million cubic metres

EA.132

EA.1311 Reservoirs

EA.1312 Lakes

EA.1313 Rivers

Groundwater

Opening Stocks 2743.5 500 150000 5000 158244

Total abstraction 2453 265 2717Sustainable use

DepletionReturns from irrigation (lost water) 0Wastewater 315 81.1 396.3

Treated waste water 0Untreated waster water 0

Cooling water 1448 1448.2Water used for hydroelectricity 0Lost water in transport 218 218Others 0

621 621Precipitation (+) 210.2 168 13636 14014Inflows (+) 9000 1100 10100Net natural transfers (+,-) 0 0 2013 -135.5 -1878 0Evapo-transpiration (-) 416 333 12723 13472

To other country 10150 1379.1 11529To the sea 0Due to natural disasterDiscovery (+)Others

Net accumulation 0 -206 9 -380 -344 -921

Closing Stocks0 2538 509 149620 4656 157323

Residuals (+)

Consumption by irrigation (+)

Other volume changes

Outflows (-)

Total

EA.131.Surface water

Abstraction (-)

Land & soil

Moldova 1994

Courtesy Jana Tafi, WDC

Integrating quality

River group

Small

Medium

Large

Quality

Class1

Class2

Class3

†…

„

ƒ

‚

ˆ

‡

Quality of river reaches measured in ‘standard river kilometres’1 srkm = 1km x 1 m3/second

Quality accounts: Case studies in France, Spain, Chile, England & Wales, Ireland, Slovenia

Example:France 1992-1994, Results in SRKM*1000 – Source Crouzet, Ifen 1998

Source: J.M. Naredo, J.M. Gascó, R. Jiliberto

1,00

2,00

3,00

4,00

5,00

1986 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997

Ind

ice

de

cal

idad SECCIÓN I

SECCIÓN II

SECCIÓN III

TOTAL

AÑO SECCION I SECCIÓN II SECCIÓN III TOTAL

Indice de Calidad Uso Urbano Uso Urbano Uso Urbano Uso Urbano1986 3,80 4,00 3,80 3,80

1988 3,83 3,33 3,67 4,001989 3,67 4,17 4,00 4,00

1990 3,40 4,00 4,00 3,67

1991 3,40 4,17 4,00 3,001992 3,67 4,17 4,17 4,00

1993 3,67 4,00 4,00 3,14

1994 4,20 4,17 3,83 4,20

1995 3,00 3,50 3,75 3,251996 3,83 4,17 3,83 3,83

1997 3,50 4,00 4,00 3,00

Chile: evolución por secciones de la calidad total. Uso urbano

Source: Meza, Jiliberto, Maldini et alii 1999)

Several ways of assessing water quality

1. According to selected disturbances/perturbations of functions & uses (services)

2. Total hydraulic and osmotic power of river basins

3. Health of ecosystem approach (vigor, organisation, resilience, capacity of sustaining healthy populations, dependance from artificial inputs )

Quality 1: selected disturbances/perturbations of functions & uses (services)

Source: RNDE, France

Quality 2: Total Hydraulic and Osmotic powers

Sources: Gasco et alii 2005, Valero et alii 2002

+

“Water resource quality (WRQ) is affected by salt concentration and topographical position. Indeed, an increase in salt concentration, which decreases water availability for animal and plant nutrition, and lower altitude, which diminishes the potential for production of hydropower, negatively affects WRQ.”

Total power TP (MW) can be obtained by the expression: TP = Hydraulic Power + Osmotic Power According to this expression, TP can be defined as the minimum power needed to transport a desalted sea-water flow Q from sea level to position H (m) in a river course

Quality 3: River ecosystem; example: fragmentation

• migratory fish based indicator : length of accessible routes vs. total length of routes susceptible to be explored along with percentage of fish reaching the target catchments (possibly with fish health status and delay to reaching the target).

• habitat based indicator : a) length of free flowing river (absence of obstacles) vs. total length of river b) distribution of lengths or river between impassable obstacles.

NB: this is different to migratory routes, because all rivers, even not being

migratory routes are considered.

Courtesy Philippe Crouzet 2007

Quality 3: River ecosystem; example: fragmentation


Sources of Change:-- 5 Sea Level Rise-- 8 Groundwater/petroleum extraction-- 27 Upstream sediment trapping & diversion

Deltas Under Threat

Global Sample of 40 Basins

Sea Level Rise Only Part of the Story

Ericson et al., 2006, Global and Planetary Change

Elements kindly provided by prof Charles

Vörösmarty (Univ New Hampshire,

USA) and Prof James

Syvistky (Univ.Colorado,

USA)

Ebro coastal retreat is 10-30m/y. Since 1983, 110 MT of sand have been delivered by trucks

to the Mediterranean Spanish shores.


Water accounting and integrated assessments

Indicators structured by water accounts…

Physical MonetaryConsumption Water received by sectors and self-supply

Intermediate and final consumption of water (national accounts)

ProductionOperation of the water resource by the sectors, dams, Supply of water to sectors

Investments in dams, channels, irrigation schemes, sewerage...; running costs of water supply and prices; turnover of the distribution of water

OtherSeasonal demand for amenities (sport, tourism, parks, private gardens…), Abstraction rights allocated

Turnover of sectors depending on water, Abstraction rights allocated

UseAbstraction from water bodies (by sectors), minus Water lost in transport and irrigation (returns)

Abstraction rights used, Value of the distributed water

Physical restructuring

Transport (pipes, canals) and storage of water (rservoirs…)

Costs of transport and storage of water

Emissions Discharge of waste water, discharge of pollutants (fluxes)Non internalised costs (social costs) of the use of the water system as a sink

StocksNatural and semi-natural assets (reservoirs, lakes, channels, rivers, groundwater, water in soil…)

Asset value of water in reservoirs

FlowsPrecipitation, runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration; availability of the water resource

QualityQuality of the available water resource by type of water bodies and quantity of running water

Depletion of the resource

Artificial evapo-transpiration & discharge to sea; Seasonal stress, Local shortages; stress on the river ecosystems

Transport of water, Purification before use /Costs, Economic losses due to water shortages, to the maintenance of minimum flows in rivers

Degradation of the environment

Quality of aquifers and rivers, state/health of water ecosystems, state/health of water dependant ecosystems (soil, wetlands, others…)

Damage costs (Restoration costs or Avoidance costs), loss of ecosystem services (willingness to pay)

Human health and well-being

Access of households to clean water, health, amenities (angling, bathing, landscape values…)

Health costs related to use of polluted water; social costs of water scarcity; willingness to pay

Protection activities

Sewerage and water treatment Protection expenditure

Changes in Process & Behaviour

Recycling of water, irrigation techniques, desalination of sea water

Costs and benefits

Economic and legal instruments

Abatement of polluting discharges to water; minimum flows and reserves

Taxes, Incentives

INDICATOR TYPES & PURPOSESVARIABLES DERIVED FROM/ STRUCTURED BY WATER ACCOUNTS

Energy equivalents of hydraulic and osmotic powers

DRIVING FORCESSocio-economic

values

PRESSUREUse of the resource

RESPONSESSociety

responses

STATE Limiting factors

IMPACTS Vulnerability

Institutional integration (data sources)

Accounts domain

Physic

al wor

ld

Mod

elling

Statis

tical

dom

ain

Primary resource (rainfal) *** ***Evapotranspiration * ***Groundwater replenishment * **River run-off *** *Human uses abstractions * * ***Losses, leakages and disposals * * ***Irrigation, including resulting evaporation * ** **Exchanges between agents ** ***

Primary data sources for water accounts…

Institutional integration (networking institutions)

Ministry of Ecology& Natural Resources

Department of Statistics & Sociology(socio-economic data)

Association Moldageom(groundwater)

Apele Moldovei(water supply, irrigation,

sewerage)

Hydro-Meteorological Service(water quality, rivers discharge,

rainfall...)

Ministry of Health

(drinking water quality, health & environment

data…)

Cartographic data(Cadastre, rivers , lakes , water supplynetworks ….),

Apele Moldovei(water supply, piping, sewerage.)

Own purpose statistics

Hydro -Meteorological Service(water quality, river discharge, flux calculations, rainfalldata)

Reporting to

UNECE, UNDP, OECD, WHO, EEA, EU -WFD…National Water R/Q Indicators

Ministryof Health(drinking water quality

data, health/environmentdata, etc;)

Ministryof Ecology, and

NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE

Association Moldageom(underground water resource)

Department of Statisticsand Sociology

(socio-economicdata)






Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE






Apele Moldovei(water supply, , piping, sewerage.)


Hydro -Meteorological Service(water quality,river discharge,flux calculations, , rainfall data)

Reporting to


Ministry of Health(drinking water quality

data, health/ environmentdata, etc;)

Ministry of Ecology, and

NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE



(Socio-economic data)






Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE





Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE















Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE




Own purpose statisticsOwn purpose statistics


Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE









Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE









Reporting to





NatutalResources

WATER DATA

CENTRE





Own purpose statistical reporting


Reporting to UNECE, UNDP, OECD, WHO, EEA, EU-WFD

National reporting, indicators on water quality & resource Own purpose

statistical reporting


Water Data

Centre

Cartographic data

(rivers, lakes, supply networks,

cadastre)

Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Moldova, MENR

Supported by the French Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Ecology and the French Embassy in Moldova

With the technical assistance Consulting Company Beture-Cerec

The Water Data Centre project in Moldova…

Courtesy Jana Tafi, WDC

Integration of policies: The Water Framework Directive

in order to:• Prevent deterioration and enhance status of aquatic

ecosystems, including groundwater;• Promote sustainable water use;• Reduce pollution; and• Contribute to the mitigation of floods and droughts.

WFD covers in particular• Regulatory Regimes incl. charging schemes• River Basin Characterisation• Monitoring and Classification• River Basin Management Planning

WFD Article 9 requirements

• Cost-recovery– water services & water uses– environmental and resource costs– polluter pays principle

• Adequate contribution of water users to cost recovery, at least industry, agriculture and households

• Water pricing providing adequate incentive for efficient water use

• Social, environmental and economic effects of the recovery, as well as geographic and climatic conditions

• Subsidies• Article 9 exemption – if not compromising the

achievements of the objectives for a given water-use activity

Courtesy Maria Brättemark, DG Environment D2

WFD Article 5 and Annex III

• Reporting on economic analysis of water use (art 5)

• Economic analysis “enough information in sufficient detail” to:

• “relevant calculations” recovery of the cost of water services,

• long term forecasts of supply and demand for water in the river basin district

• volume, price and costs associated with water services

• estimates of relevant investments including forecasts of such investments

• Make judgements about the most cost-effective combination of measures

Courtesy Maria Brättemark, DG Environment D2

WFD & Economic Analysis

Courtesy Arnaud Courtecuisse, Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie, France, 2006

The context of the Artois-Picardie Basin

• 20 000 Km2

• 4,7 Millions inhabitants

• GDP: 98 billions € • GPD/inhabitant: 21 107 €

• GPD/inh France: 25 978 €

• Unemployment rate:

12,7% • France: 9,9 %

• 96% of drinkable water come from groundwater


Risk of not meeting quality objectives by 2015


Unemployment in 2004


Water price survey

Water DistributionSewerage

Environmental Taxes

Other taxes

VAT

The breakdown of the 3,28 €/ m3

Country

Consumption

(liter/day/

person)

Mean water price

m3Water +

sewerage+taxes

(euros/m3)

SpainIrelandLuxembourgUKItalySwedenPortugalGreeceFranceFinlandGermanyBelgiumNetherlandsDanmarkAustria

130135150150160180190200113116118120126138150

1,00

0,901,60,8

1,151,01,12,62,53,61,92,74,32,6

and comparisons… (source IWA)Courtesy Arnaud Courtecuisse, Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie, France, 2006

Comparison of water bill vis à vis available income

Mean Water bill (all services) (price paid for 120m3 in a year)

Mean available income per household

Mean available income per

household (A)

Mean Water invoice per household

(120m3/year) (B) B/A

Aisne 23 499 455 1,94%

Nord 24 314 366 1,51%

Pas de Calais 23 194 428 1,85%

Somme 23 796 382 1,61%


Water bill / mean available Income

Comparison at municipality level

•the commonly used value of annual consumption of 120 m3 per household hides important differences of mean consumption per region

• mean available income per municipality hides also various situations (and the real part of the population facing major difficulties to pay water bills)

• several groups of municipalities with ratio>3% (2-3% is a guidance value – see OCDE, EU, Académie de l’eau)

• these groups of municipalities combine high water price and low mean available income (and sometimes household’s expenses to buy bottled water equivalent to annual water bill)


Water accounts and the WFD

• WFD & the Water Information System for Europe

• Information Data Centre on Water

• Water accounts at Eurostat and the EEA

WFD & the Water Information System for Europe

Access to data reported for the WFD – example: viewer

Wise viewer

Wise viewer: Heavily Modified and Artificial Water Bodies

Information Data Centre on Water

EEA (leader) + COM, JRC & Eurostat Data + Information WISE + Water Accounts

1. Water assets and resource 2. Supply and uses of water by sectors

(Box: Best practice: NAMWA, CBS, the Netherlands)3. Waste water, emission and treatment4. Agriculture surpluses to water 5. Fluxes in rivers and to the sea (N, sediments…) 6. Qualities of rivers (lakes and aquifers)7. Ecosystems: Fragmentation of rivers and other ecosystem

distress8. Expenditure for water protection and management9. Access of people to water and services, quantities and prices

(Box: Best practice: Water quality, price and social condition in Artois-Picardie)

A joint EEA Eurostat proposal: demo publication of Water accounts for Europe in 2008

Thank you!Thank you!Gràcies!Gràcies!

Gracias! Gracias!

Costos i comptes de l'aigua a Catalunya en Costos i comptes de l'aigua a Catalunya en relació amb la Directiva marc de l'aigua (DMA)relació amb la Directiva marc de l'aigua (DMA)

SEMINARI

Barcelona, 18 i 19 de juny de 2007

[email protected]

Documents

Water accounting for integrated water management