Water potensial osmotic

8/7/2019 Water potensial osmotic

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APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Animal Physiology with the title is Water potensial

osmotic, which made by :

Name : Syaiful Bakhri

Reg. Number : 081404192

Group : I (One)

Class : Biology ICP

After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted.

Makassar, March

2010

Assistant coordinator, Assistant,

Sulfianto Ilyas Nunu Dwi WartiReg.No : 061414025 Reg.No :061414025

Responsibility Lecture,

Ir. Halifa Pagarra, M.SiReg No : 131459373

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background


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In photosynthetic tissues superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays an

important role by scavenging the superoxide radical whose production is

an usual reaction in chloroplast thylakoids. To test the differential

response of SOD, two Andean potato species differing in frost

resistance, Solanum curtilobum (frost resistant) and Solanum tuberosum

(frost sensitive), were subjected to methyl viologen-mediated oxidative

stress and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. A significant

increment (approximately two-fold) in total SOD and FeSOD activity,

which occupied about 50% of the total activity, was found when leaves

of S. curtilobum were exposed to water stress. In contrast, the SOD

activity in leaves of S. tuberosum remained unchanged.

.

The effects of modification in sugar concentrations on turgor

pressure and membrane potential in epidermal leaf cells of transgenic

potato (Solanum tuberosum plants were studied. Measurements of turgor

pressure were performed by in sertion of a

micro pressure probe.Osmolality and sugar concentrations were determ in ed by micro analysis

of sin gle cell extracts.

The lower the water potential of a plant cell vacuole (i.e. the

greater the concentration of the solutes dissolved in it), the greater the

osmotic force which causes water to be drawn in, and the greater the

wall pressure that develops. Some materials, such as starch, are relatively

insoluble and consequently have little effect on water potential. Butwhen starch is broken down to glucose, which is soluble, the water

potential is affected. As part of the process of ripening, there is often a

dramatic change in starch reserves as it is mobilised to form

.

B. Purpose


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1. To understand and to have skill about measuring the value of water

potensial in the Solanum tuberosum plant.

C. Benefit

1. Pass by this experiment the students university have understanding

and skill about the the measuring the value of water potensial in the

Solanum tuberosum plant.


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CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Measuring cell turgor and other water relations parameters into a

device for sampling the contents of individual higher plant cells in situ in

the living plant. Together with a suite of microanalytical techniques it

has permitted the mapping of water and solute relations at the resolution

of single cells and has the potential to link quantitatively the traditionally

separate areas of water relations and metabolism. The development of

the probe is outlined and its modification to measure root pressure and

xylem tension described. The deployment of the pressure probe to

determine and map turgor, hydraulic conductivity, reflection coefficient,

cell rheological properties, solute concentrations and enzyme activities at

the resolution of single cells is discussed. The controversy surrounding

the interpretation of results obtained with the xylem-pressure probe is

included. Possible further developments of the probe and applications of

single cell sampling are suggested (Anonym b, 2010).

Water potential ( w, psi), which is a measure of the energy state

of water is affected by dissolved solutes, pressure and matrix particles.

The contribution to water potential by dissolved solutes, termed osmotic

potential ( s ), is always negative in sign. In other words, solutes

decrease the water potential. The contribution of pressure ( p) may be

positive, negative or zero, but is generally positive since most plant cells

are turgid (turgor pressure). The contribution due to the binding of water

to colloidal particles (matric) and surfaces, termed matric potential ( m),

also lowers the water potential. Although it is often small enough to be


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ignored, matrix potential is important when considering soil water

relations. Thus, the water potential of a plant system can be

arithmetically represented by the equation:

w = s + p + m

techniques to determine the water potential ( w) of a potato tuber cells.

We will determine the solute potential ( s ) by the Freezing Point

Depression Method. Pressure in the cells can be arithmetically

calculated once s and w are known. If time permits, we will also

measure the water conductivity of potato tubers, determine the Q10 for

water transport into potatoes ( Barcelo, 1984).

To dissect the cellular response to water stress and compare

changes in duced as a generalized response with those in volved in

tolerance/acclimation mechanisms, we analyzed changes in two-

dimensional electrophoretic patterns of in vivo methion in e-labeled

polypeptides of

cultured potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) cells after gradualand long exposure to polyethylene glycol (PEG)- mediated low water

potential versus those in duced in cells abruptly exposed to the same

stress in tensity. Prote in synthesis was not in hibited by gradual stress

imposition, and the expression of 17 prote in s was in duced in adapted

cells. Some polypeptides were in ducible under mild stress conditions

(5% PEG) and accumulated further when cells were exposed to a higher

stress in tensity (10 and 20%

PEG). The synthesis of another set of polypeptides was up-regulated only when more severe water-stress

conditions were applied, sugges tin g that plant cells were able to monitor

different levels of stress in tensity and modulate gene expression

accord in gly. In contrast, in potato cells abruptly exposed to 20% PEG,

prote in synthesis was strongly in hibited. Nevertheless, a large set of

polypeptides was identified whose expression was in creased

(Anonym a, 2010).
http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lab/water/water-lab-freez.htmhttp://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lab/water/water-lab-freez.htmhttp://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lab/water/water-lab-freez.htmhttp://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lab/water/water-lab-freez.htmhttp://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lab/water/water-lab-freez.htm


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Osmotic pressure is the pressure that must be applied to a

solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable

membrane . changing a balance between transportable and storage forms

of photoassimilates (increasing sucrose and reducing starch synthesis).

Cytokinins stimulated growth, sink activity of tubes, and incorporation

of soluble organic substances into insoluble polymeric compounds

(starch, structural polysaccharides, and proteins) also. It was concluded,

that these phytohormones activate the genetic program of the

development and functioning both of source and sink organs. waterevaporates from the droplet, diffuses through the air, and is absorbed by the

tissue. This slight evaporation of water cools the drop. The larger the

difference in water potential between the tissue and the droplet, the

higher the rate of water transfer and hence the cooler the droplet. If the

standard solution has a lower water potential than that of the sample to

be measured, water will diffuse from the tissue to the droplet, causing

warming of the droplet. Measuring the change in temperature of thedroplet for several s olutions of known w makes it possible to calculate

the water potential of a solution for which the net movement of water

between the droplet and the tissue would be zero signifying that the

droplet and the tissue have the same water potential. ( Dwidjosaputra,

1981).

In pot experiments with Solanum tuberosum L. (cv Saturna) the

application of KCl as compared to K 2SO 4 delayed tuber development.

The solute composition of leaves of the KCl treated plants was

significantly lower in K + and NO 3 -, but higher in Mg 2+, Ca 2+ and Cl -.

Since the solute potential in the KCl treated plants was more negative

and associated with a higher water content, a higher turgor pressure can

be assumed. This could explain the enhanced shoot growth observed

with KCl. Application of K 2SO 4, on the other hand, accelerated the

development of tubers. This might result from a less competitive shoot

sink in K 2SO 4 treated plants and a stimulated phloem loading and
http://www.answers.com/topic/pressurehttp://www.answers.com/topic/semipermeablehttp://www.answers.com/topic/semipermeablehttp://www.answers.com/topic/pressurehttp://www.answers.com/topic/semipermeablehttp://www.answers.com/topic/semipermeable


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translocation of assimilates by higher concentrations of leaf-K.

(Beringer, 1986).

CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / date : Wednesday / March 17 th 2010

Time : 13.00 until 15.30 am

Place : General Biology Laboratory 2 nd floor of southFMIPA

Makassar State University.

B. Tools and Materials

a. Tools :

1. Bor of potatos

2. Kneife

3. Analitic weighing


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4. Reaction tube (12)

b. Materials :

1. Solanum tuberosum

2. Sukrosa solution about 0,2 M, 0,2 M, 0,3 M, 0,4 M, 0,5 M, 0,6

M, 0,7 M, 0,8 M

C. Work procedure

1. Prepared the all tolls and materials that we used in this observation

2. Prepared the reaction tube (12) and each tube put on 100 ml of the

solution 0,2 M, 0,2 M, 0,3 M, 0,4 M, 0,5 M, 0,6 M, 0,7 M, 0,8 M

plus the aquades.

3. Make the 12 cilindris of the potatos ( Solanum tuberosum ) by the

diameters 0,6 0,8 cm.and each potatoes about 4 cm.

4. Washed the potatos by the destilate water with hurry up.

5. Dryed in the neutralized paper after that weight the heavy

6. Put on to the tube reaction that have many kind of sucrose solution.

done that activity for each tube reaction.7. Weight the potatos before to become A 0

8. Until 1 hours take the potatos wich space of time until 5 minutes that

entered in the tube reaction.

9. Tough the potatos until 1 hours foe each tube reaction that weigh the

heavy to become A 1.

10. Calculate the change of heavy of that potatos by the formula.

End heavy- first heavyChange of heavy = X 100%

First heavy


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CHAPTER IVRESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

No Solution A 0(gram) A 1 (gram) A (gram)1 0,1 % 2,3 2,3 2302 0,2% 2,6 2,3 -11,53 0,3 % 2,5 2,5 2504 0,4 % 2,5 2,3 -97,7


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5 0,5 % 2,6 2,1 -97,9

6 0,6 % 2,1 1,7 -98,37 0,7 % 2,3 2,4 -97,68 0,8 % 2,6 1,6 -98,49 0,9 % 2,5 1,7 -98,3

10 Aquades 2,6 2,8 -97,2

B. Date analyze

a. To determine the water potential

1. Concentration of 0,1 % = - s = M.R.T

s = - (0,1 x 1 x 0,831 x 273) Bar

s = - 22,68 bar

2. Concentration of 0,2 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,2S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2

S2= -22,69 x 02

0,1

= -436 bar 3. Concentration of 0,3 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,3

S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2S2= -22,69 x 03

0,1

= -68,7 bar 4. Concentration of 0,4 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,4

S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2S2= -22,69 x 0,4

0,1

= -90,76 bar


S2= -22,69 x 0,5

0,1

= -113,45 bar 6. Concentration of 0,6 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,6

S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2S2= -22,69 x 0,6

0,1

= -136,14bar 7. Concentration of 0,7 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,7


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S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2

S2= -22,69 x 0,70,1

= - 158,84 bar 8. Concentration of 0,8 %= M 1 M2 = 0,1 0,8

S1 S2 = -22,63 S 2S2= -22,69 x 0,8

0,1

= - 181,44 bar


S2= -22,69 x 0,9

0,1

= - 2,04 bar

Determine of heavy change the water potential

End heavy- first heavyChange of heavy = X 100%

First heavy

a. Aquades = 2,8 2,6X 100%

2,6

= 7,6 Gramb. Concentration 0,1 % = 2,3 2,3

X 100%2,3

= 0 Gramc. Concentration 0,2 % = = 2,3 2,6

X 100%2,6


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= -11,5 Gram

d. Concentration 0,3 % = = 2,5 2,5X 100%

2,5

= 0 Grame. Concentration 0,4 % = = 2,3 2,5

X 100%2,5

= -8 Gramf. Concentration 0,5 % = = 2,1 2,6

X 100%2,6

= -19,2 Gramg. Concentration 0,6 % = = 1,7 2,6

X 100%2,6

= -34,6 Gramh. Concentration 0,7 % = = 2,4 2,3

X 100%2,3

= 4,3 Grami. Concentration 0,8 % = = 1,6 2,6

X 100%

2,6

= -38,4 Gramj. Concentration 0,9 % = = 1,7 2,5

X 100%2,5

= -32 gram


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C. Discussion

The observation on this experiment, we used the sucrose

solution that different consentration. start from 0,2 M, 0,2 M, 0,3 M, 0,4

M, 0,5 M, 0,6 M, 0,7 M, 0,8 M and aquades. The change og the high

water potential always change but its not same. This is a code that there

are happen osmotic process but there are problem because may be

accurence because the water potential cell more large than potential

water of the sucrose solution.the value of the water potential main root of

the potato is the code by must of the soluble solution in its. So its

consentration is different, and water to change in the potato potential

water and the heavy is different. plants by cytokinins was studied. It was

found, that these phytohormones activated source function of leaves,

owing to the stimulation of leaf expansion, increasing of photosynthesis,

changing a balance between transportable and storage forms of

photoassimilates (increasing sucrose and reducing starch synthesis).

Cytokinins stimulated growth, sink activity of tubes, and incorporation

of soluble organic substances into insoluble polymeric compounds

(starch, structural polysaccharides, and proteins) also. It was concluded,


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that these phytohormones activate the genetic program of the

development and functioning both of source and sink organs.

Altough our observation its not match with the theory, the

theory say that if water potential in the potato tissue of the plants more

high from water potential that used the solution, so the water particle will

be out from the potato tissue to the solution. We have to take the result is

different may be cause from the weighing is broken, so that we have to

take different result.

To our observation about measuring the water potential of the

potato plants by many kind of the concentration of the solution. In the

result of our observation, sometimes the weigh of the potential water in

the potato is high and low, so its not depend. This is may accurence the

osmotic but not to same in to the potato the main root of the potato.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

1. The value of the potential water in the plant tissue will be to know

with the measure and to count the value of osmotic potential that

experience of change, like in our observation. The high potential

waters to difference lipid osmosis into cell that potential water lace.

2. More high concentration substance soluble so potential water willmore lace. Otherwise, if the concentration substance soluble more

lace so more high potential to the water

B. Suggestion

a. For Assistant

1. Assistant should give us more explaining about materials and

instructions to done practicum.2. Assistant should give us more time to done practicum, so it result is

good.

b. For Laboratory

1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which

will be use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.

2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner

or fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.

For Practicant


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1. Practicant should preparing anything they need before enter into

laboratory, so they will easy to done practicum.

2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be

more faster and the result.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

Anonym a. 2010 . Water potentials. http.www.wikipedia.co.id . Have access onMarch 19 st 2010.

Anonym b,2010. Water potential tissue in the potato . http/www/wiki_org.com.Have access on March 19 st 2010.

Barcelo, AR, AA Calderon and R Munoz. 1994. Measuring water conductivity

coefficients in plant tissues . Journal of Biological Education 28: 83 85.

Beringer H, Koch K and Lindhauer M G. 1986. Sucrose accumulation and osmotic potentials in sugar beet at increasing levels of potassiumnutrition . J. Sci: Food Agric. 37, 211218.

Dwidjosaputra. 1981. Pengantar fisiologi tumbuhan . Jakarta : PT.Gramedia.

Ismail. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiolofi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Biologylaboratory FMIPA Makassar State University.

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Water potensial osmotic