Unit Four (4.1.1)ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

What are the structures that make up the human heart and how are they organized?

How do the heart and lungs work together to pick up and deliver oxygen to the cells?

What is the pathway the blood takes as it passes through the heart? What is the function of the heart?

How does the structure of arteries and veins relate to their function?

KEY VOCAB

Blood Flow

Through the Heart.Deoxygenated Blood enters through the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava into the Right Atrium where it travels through the Tricuspid Valve into the Right Ventricle, where it goes through the Pulmonary Valve into the Pulmonary Artery all the way to the Lungs, where it becomes oxygenated. The blood travels back through the

Aorta The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

Aortic Valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Artery Any of the tubular branching muscular and elastic-walled vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body.

Atrium An anatomical cavity or passage; especially a chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle or ventricles.

Cardiovascular System

The transport system of the body responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the body and carrying away carbon dioxide and other wastes; composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Cell The smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently.Inferior Vena Cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

Mitral Valve A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium. Alternative name is bicuspid valve.

Pulmonary Circulation

The passage of venous blood from the right atrium of the heart through the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated and its return via the pulmonary veins to enter the left atrium and participate in systemic circulation.

Superior Vena Cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

Systemic Circulation

The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.

Tissue An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.Tricuspid Valve

A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.

Valve A body structure that temporarily closes a passage or orifice, or permits movement of fluid in only one direction.

Vein A vessel that returns blood to the heart.

Pulmonary Vein, , going through the Left Atrium, Down the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve, through the Left Ventricle, through the Aortic Valve, into the Aorta, and on to the Circulatory System.

1. Aorta2. Superior Vena Cava3. Pulmonary Artery4. Pulmonary Veins5. Right Atrium6. Tricuspid Valve7. Right Ventricle8. Inferior Vena Cava9. Pulmonary Artery10. Pulmonary Veins11. Left atrium12. Mitral Valve13. Aortic Valve14. Left Ventricle15. Descending Aorta

Key Terms Atrioventricular Node- Delays the electric current that will pump the heart so

that the atria can empty completely Blood Pressure- The pressure exerted on the blood vessels Cardiology- The study of the heart Diastole- The heart’s state of rest Diastolic Pressure- The blood pressure when the heart is in diastole Electrocardiogram (EKG)- The graph of the electric currents in the heart Heart Rate- How often the heart beats Hypertension- High blood pressure Pacemaker- An artificial SA Node- sets the rhythm of the heart. Pulse- Heart rate

Sinoatrial Node- The pacemaker of the heart- sets the heart’s rhythm Sphygmomanometer- Blood pressure cuff Systole- The heart’s state of contraction Systolic Pressure- Blood pressure when the heart is in systole

Essential Questions In what ways can technology be used to collect and analyze cardiovascular data? Why is it important to monitor the rate at which the heart beats? What factors can influence heart rate? What is blood pressure? How do systolic and diastolic blood pressure values relate to the movement of

blood in arteries? What factors can influence blood pressure? What is an EKG? How can an EKG be used in the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease?

Heart Conduction System1. SA Node

Pacemaker Sets timing and rhythm of heart beat Sends electrical impulse similar to nerve impulse Triggers cells of both atria to contract in unison Impulse travels thorough cardiac cells to AV node (atrioventricular node)

2. AV Node Located in wall between right atrium and right ventricle Delays spreading the electrical impulses for 0.1 seconds to ensure the atria

are completely empty3. Purkinje Fibers

Specialized muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers, conduct signal to apex of heart and induce ventricular contraction

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Used to measure adequacy of blood getting to vital tissues and organs

Calculated by the formula: MAP=(systolic)+2(disystolic)3

Electrocardiogram Composed of a series of electrical waves: P,Q,R,S, and T

Need To Know About Cholesterol(4.3)

Too much cholesterol can lead to health problems, including heart disease and blocked arteries, which can lead to strokes and heart attacks.

Cholesterol is naturally produced in the liver it is also absorbed from food as it passes through the intestines

Cholesterol is carried through the body through the blood stream Lipoprotien- combination of a lipid and a protein Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is responsible for transporting

cholesterol to the cells High Density Lipoprotein- responsible for removing excess cholesterol

from the blood stream transporting it to the liver Too much cholesterol in the blood can cause a build-up inside the arteries Neither HDL or LDL are good or bad, that’s just how the world makes

them seem Saturated fats are found in many animal products and raise LDL levels

(not heart healthy) Unsaturated fats raise HDL levels (heart healthy)

Unblocking Blood Vessels (4.4) There are three ways to unblock blood vessels: stenting, angioplasty,

coronary heart by pass Place balloon in blocked artery, blow up balloon to move plaque to side of

arteries, and then remove catheter and balloon

Place closed stent on balloon, insert catheter with balloon, blow up balloon and pull out balloon in catheter and leave in stent

Coronary artery bypass- A surgical bypass operation performed to shunt blood around an obstruction in a coronary artery that involves grafting one end of a segment of vein removed from another part of the body into the aorta and the other end into the coronary artery beyond the obstructed area to allow for increased blood flow