CIS 375

General Terms Node - A networked computing device that takes

a protocol address andcan initiate and respond to communication from other networked devices that employ similar protocols.

File Permissions - Most file systems have methods to assignpermissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. These systems control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system.

General Terms (continued)

Domain - In the Internet, a portion of the spanning hierarchy tree that refers to general groupings of networks based on organization type or geography.

File Transfer - Popular network application that allows files to be moved from one network device to another.

General Terms (continued)

File System - Refers to the collection of system software routines that manages and accesses files located on a computer’s storage volumes.

Network Address - Network layer address referring to a logical, rather than a physical, network device. Also called a protocol (IP) address.

Network Administrator - A person who is charged with the responsibility of caring for a network and the communication abilities of its users.

General Terms (continued) Network Management - A set of activities and duties

whose goal is to provide high-quality, reliable communication among a group of networked computer users. Typical activities may include resource planning, network design, providing user assistance and training, reconfiguration of the network due to a change in user requirements, assessing user needs and designing appropriate solutions and troubleshooting and remedying network problems as they arise.

Network Operator - Person who routinely monitors and controls a network, performing tasks such as reviewing and responding to traps, monitoring throughput, configuring new circuits, and resolving problems.

General Terms (continued) NFS - Network File System. A file metalanguage

and set of procedure calls to access and manage files that is standard issue on nearly every computer that uses TCP/IP protocols as its standard network protocols. Designed by Sun Microsystems, NFS is now a standard feature of nearly all Unix systems.

NOS - Network operating system. Generic term used to refer to what are really distributed file systems.

General Terms (continued) Print Spooler - A Software process that accepts a print job

from a workstation as if it were a printer and then sends the print job to an actual printer at a later time. There are two styles, a background spooler, where the print spooling process is resident in the same node as the process seeking the print service, and a hardware spooler, where the print spooling process is in a separate node.

Printer Driver - In the Macintosh, a System Extension that is intermediate between the CPU and the printer. It accepts the Macintosh’s internal representation of an image and translates it into the control codes and image descriptions necessary for the printer to manufacture an image.

General Terms (continued) Time-Out - Event that occurs when one network device expects

to hear from another network device within a specified period of time, but does not. The resulting time-out usually results in a retransmission of information or the dissolving of the session between the two devices.

User Account - A user account is a collection of settings and information that tells Windows which files and folders you can access, what you can do on your computer, what are your preferences, and what network resources you can access when connected to a network

Workgroup - a collection of computers that are part of the same network. All the computers are peers and do not have control over another computer. The workgroup facilitates the detection of the computers that are part of it and the sharing of resources like folders or printers. (*local accounts/policies)

Network Software Types of Networks (Software Management)

Windows Network (Active Directory) ▪ Active Directory (AD) is a directory service that Microsoft

developed for Windows domain networks. It is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services. Initially, Active Directory was only in charge of centralized domain management.

▪ LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an application protocol for querying and modifying items in directory service providers like Active Directory, which supports a form of LDAP. Short answer: AD is a directory services database, and LDAP is one of the protocols you can use to talk to it.

Network Software (continued) Linux/Unix Network (*command line)

▪ CH Mod - chmod is used to change the permissions of files or directories.

▪ Usage: chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o=r myfile ▪ Additional:

https://www.computerhope.com/unix/uchmod.htm

Linux Network resources: http://www.yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/LinuxTutorialNetworking.html

Linux Network Management Software: https://www.gadgetdaily.xyz/top-4-linux-network-managers/ (*complicated, varries by distro)

Steps to Set up a Network (Windows) After the hardware has been selected, purchased, installed, &

configured… Connect the computers (nodes) to the network through the

appropriate medium *Configure the node to be part of the domain to be able to access

shared resources in the domain. ▪ By default, windows PCs are part of a workgroup and will not have access to

shared resources (files/printers) that are part of a managed network. ▪ In the control panel, select the system menu and type in the name/domain of

the network that you want the node to be a part of as well as the name of the computer/node (save & reboot).

Configure local policies for network groups/users to have access to the resources on the node (*gpedit.msc (Group Policy Editor), right-click>properties>security) https://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/

Steps to Set up a Network (Windows) On the domain server (active directory)

Create user accounts for users/groups on the network and

Create network shares (folders/files) for users to be able to access and share documents on the network

*Assign permissions to users/resources on the network (network permissions, not local)

Set up printers (*server/drivers) on the network and assign permissions

Viewing/Browsing Network Resources (Windows)

Open the file explorer, select the Network icon to see the nodes/resources available on the network Right-click the network icon to display the

“context menu” and select the option to “map network drive” browse to the resource that you would like to create a drive letter for and select the drive letter to assign, then click ok.

Command Line Instructions Type CMD to get to command line (or power shell)

ipconfig - In computing, ipconfig (internet protocol configuration) in Microsoft Windows is a console application that displays all current TCP/IP network configuration ▪ ipconfig –help ▪ ipconfig –release (releases current ip address) ▪ Ipconfig –renew (grabs a new ip address)

Netstat - In computing, netstat is a command-line network utility tool that displays network connections for the Transmission Control Protocol, routing tables, and a number of network interface and network protocol statistics. Wikipedia ▪ Netstat-help

Other command line tools - https://www.pluralsight.com/blog/it-ops/top-7-tcpip-utilities-every-networking-pro-should-know

Network/Sharing Center A Quick view of Network Adapters, Connections, etc…

View Connection Status and Packets Transmitted Network Connection Properties Control Panel

“Diagnose” Runs Network Troubleshooter – IPConfig Release/Renew *Also available in Tray Icon

Configure Network Adapter (Driver) settings

Configure Protocols (IPv4), Clients, and Add/Remove/Config

IPv4 Protocol Properties

Assign static ip address, DNS server(s), etc…

Window Firewall Control Panel

Windows Firewall Advanced Settings Profiles, Policies,

Rules, etc…

Windows Firewall Advanced Settings Profiles, Policies,

Rules, etc…

OSI Data Model

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IP Address Reference All devices on a local network have a unique IP address, but each address is inherently

divided into two parts, a shared network part, and a unique host part, and this information is used by the TCP/IP stack for routing. When sending traffic to a machine with a different network part, it must be sent through a router for final delivery.

The dividing line between the network and host parts is determined by the subnet mask, and it's often seen in 255.255.255.0 notation. It looks like an IP address, and it uses a "1" bit to select, or "mask" the network part.

http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/netmask-ref.html

IP Address Reference (continued) *Reserved IP Addresses – (127.0.0.1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_IP_addresses

Local/Internal IP Addresses – (Class A – 10.x.x.x)

*What is my IP Address vs IPConfig

Common TCP/UDP Ports

Port Service name Transport protocol

20, 21 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) TCP

22 Secure Shell (SSH) TCP and UDP

23 Telnet TCP

25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) TCP

50, 51 IPSec

53 Domain Name Server (DNS) TCP and UDP

67, 68 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) UDP

69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) UDP

80 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) TCP

110 Post Office Protocol (POP3) TCP

119 Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP) TCP

123 Network Time Protocol (NTP) UDP

135-139 NetBIOS TCP and UDP

143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4) TCP and UDP

161, 162 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) TCP and UDP

389 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol TCP and UDP

443 HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) TCP and UDP

Full list of *common port assignments: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers