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What Are Prosthetics?What Are Prosthetics?
Prosthetics are artificial limbs or body parts, that replace missing or malfunctioning body parts
Most common prosthesis are the leg and arm, and more recently also heart valves
Prosthetic Leg & ArmProsthetic Leg & Arm
The BeginningThe Beginning
Around 1500 B.C. was the time when “prosthetics” were “engineered”
Were not functional
Only purpose was to help with movement
Were generally made of wood
The Push Towards The Push Towards Modern ProstheticsModern Prosthetics
In the mid 1800s, Sir James Syme discovered a way to amputate at the thigh
This meant that there was a possibility of walking again
Both World Wars were key in the developmental progress of prosthetics
Parts used in prosthetics were introduced from various fields
Design BreakthroughsDesign Breakthroughs
In the early 1800s, James Potts designed the first wooden functional prosthetic foot, which was controlled by tendons from the knee to the foot
In the mid 1900s, prosthetics now had a endo-skeletal design instead of a exo-skeletal
This allowed the hard shell-like exterior to be replaced with a foam cover, so the weight and force was applied to the ‘core’ of the prosthetic rather than the exterior
EvolutionEvolution
Basic Prosthetics TodayBasic Prosthetics Today
Cosmetic Prosthetics ($) 1– Generally for upper limb amputation, low to no functionality, made from PVC or silicone
Body-Powered Prosthetics ($$) 2– Generally for upper limb amputation, limited amount of functionality provided by muscles in the relative area
Myoelectric ProsthesisMyoelectric Prosthesis
Are more complex then some of the other prosthesis on the market
Can reach over the head, down by the feet, and out to the sides of the body
Many tests must be conducted to make sure it is suitable
Internal Components: electrodes, battery pack, control unit (processing), motors, and sensors
Myoelectric ProsthesisMyoelectric Prosthesis
Is an externally powered prosthesis that uses electromyography (EMG) signals from voluntarily contracted muscles in the residual limb for movement
Electrode sensors are embedded in the prosthetic’s socket to make contact with the surface of the skin
Things to ConsiderThings to Consider
Functional prosthetics are available, however there is a still room for improvement
There is a high cost for fully functional prosthesis
Human vs. machine – where is the line drawn?
ReferencesReferences
Gutfleisch, O. (2003). Peg Legs and Bionic Limbs: The Development of Lower Extremity Prosthetics. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 28(2), 139-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030801803225010368
Lam, S. (n.d.). Types of Prosthesis. Retrieved March 21, 2013, from Myoelectric Prosthesis website: http://bme240.eng.uci.edu/students/10s/slam5/types.html
Norton, K. M. (2007, November/December). A Brief History of Prosthetics. inMotion, 17(7). Retrieved from http://www.amputee-coalition.org/inmotion/nov_dec_07/history_prosthetics.html
Peerdeman, B., Boere, D., Witteveen, H., Huis in't Veld, R., Hermens, H., Stramigioli, S., . . . Misra, S. (n.d.). Myoelectric Forearm Prostheses: State of the Art From A User-centered Perspective. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 48(6), 719-737. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2010.08.0161
Prosthetics of Future Will Mesh Body, Mind and Machine. (2005, October 26). Retrieved March 21, 2013, from United States Department of Veterans Affairs website: http://www.research.va.gov/news/features/prosthetics.cfm#.UHY8kyKsGCQ
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosthesis March 23, 2013.
Google Images. http://www.google.com/images March 21, 2013.