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What are the divisions of What are the divisions of organization?organization?
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrderFamily
GenusSpecies
Animal Phyla of the Animal Phyla of the OceansOceans
Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera• Benthic, suspension feedersBenthic, suspension feeders
• AsymmetricalAsymmetrical
• Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction
• No tissues or organsNo tissues or organs
• Osculum- large opening(s) at topOsculum- large opening(s) at top
• Pores for incurrent waterPores for incurrent water
• Collar cells (choanocytes)Collar cells (choanocytes)
Ex: Sponges
Encrusting sponges
Coralline sponge
Tubullar sponge
• Wonderful world of spongesWonderful world of sponges– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW0
5vMziy2o
• Sponge filteringSponge filtering– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1
rq7zHLc
Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
• Benthic or pelagicBenthic or pelagic• Predators, passive suspension feedersPredators, passive suspension feeders
– Extra and intracellularExtra and intracellular• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry• Oral and aboral surfaceOral and aboral surface• Two stagesTwo stages
– Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)– Medusa – free swimmingMedusa – free swimming
• Nematocysts - stinging cells on tentaclesNematocysts - stinging cells on tentacles
Polyp
Medusa
Nematocysts firing Nematocysts firing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk&feature=related
Class HydrozoaClass Hydrozoa• Colonial Colonial
• Polyp stage Polyp stage dominantdominant
Portugese Man of War
HydraFreshwater Jelly
Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa
• Individual organismsIndividual organisms
• Medusa stage dominantMedusa stage dominant
• JellyfishJellyfish
Bell
Killer cnidarianKiller cnidarian
• Box jellyfishBox jellyfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws5h
ImeonEA
Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa• SessileSessile
• Solitary or colonial polypSolitary or colonial polyp
• Nematocyst to sting and capture Nematocyst to sting and capture preyprey
Anemone
Sea fan
Coral
AnemonesAnemones
• And clownfishAnd clownfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVNW
3mO8hCE
• ReproducingReproducing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi
2QcLKao&feature=PlayList&p=68713C56DE93FD18&index=14&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora
• No stinging cellsNo stinging cells– Colloblasts that stick to preyColloblasts that stick to prey
• Pelagic predatorsPelagic predators
• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
• Ciliary combsCiliary combs
Comb jelly
• Lobed comb jellyLobed comb jelly– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW3s
qB7RTIc
Comb jellyComb jelly
Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes• FlatwormsFlatworms
• Benthic parasitesBenthic parasites
• Simple brainSimple brain
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• True organs and organ systemsTrue organs and organ systemsFluke
Turbellarian
Tapeworm
FlatwormsFlatworms
• PlanarianPlanarian– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Qz
SYQGsnA
• FencingFencing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3x
luIRh1Y
Phylum Nemertea Phylum Nemertea
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
• Circulatory systemCirculatory system
• Proboscis – long tube to entangle Proboscis – long tube to entangle preyprey
Ribbon worm
• ProboscisProboscis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT2x
9YuowqU
Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Common in sedimentCommon in sediment
• Parasite (sushi)Parasite (sushi) Round worm
• Nom nomNom nom– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1YiIi
PUQR8
Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida
• Segmented worms Segmented worms
• CoelomCoelom
• Muscles (longitudinal/circular)Muscles (longitudinal/circular)
• Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system
• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
Class PolychaetaClass Polychaeta
• Each segment has parapodia with Each segment has parapodia with sharp bristles, setaesharp bristles, setae
SandwormBeard worm Tube worm
• Clam wormClam worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdHz
RNdz2HU
Class OligiochaetesClass Oligiochaetes
• Found in mud and sandFound in mud and sand
• Lack parapodiaLack parapodiaBlack worm
Class HirundineaClass Hirundinea
• Suckers at each endSuckers at each end
• No parapodiaNo parapodia
Leeches
Phylum SipunculaPhylum Sipuncula
• Soft, unsegmentedSoft, unsegmented
• Mouth contains small lobes or Mouth contains small lobes or tentaclestentacles
• Retractable mouthRetractable mouth
Peanut worm
• Peanut wormPeanut worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5ea
Yp6Jw_g
Phylum EchiuraPhylum Echiura
• Non-retractable proboscisNon-retractable proboscis
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
Spoon worm
• Fat innkeeper wormFat innkeeper worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PZw
kx-YSbs&playnext=1&list=PL3D098C5C1CC08E6B&feature=results_video
Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
• Calcium carbonate shellCalcium carbonate shell– Internal or externalInternal or external
• Separate mouth and anusSeparate mouth and anus
• ““Rasping tongue” - radulaRasping tongue” - radula
• Mantle – secretes shellMantle – secretes shell
Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda
• ““stomach foot”stomach foot”
• Torsion Torsion developmentdevelopment– Anus over headAnus over head
Nudibranch Cowrie
Abalone
Snail
Killer cone snailKiller cone snail
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcBmMPJrrKk
Class BivalvaClass Bivalva• Bivalve named for number of shellsBivalve named for number of shells
• No eyes or distinct headNo eyes or distinct head
• Siphons (feed/breathe)Siphons (feed/breathe)
• Byssal threadsByssal threads
• Umbo – oldest part Umbo – oldest part
Scallop
Mussel
OysterClam
FoulingFouling
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=609ChAyR3yM
Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda• ““head-footed”head-footed”
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Ink sacInk sac
• Most intelligent Most intelligent invertebratesinvertebrates
Nautilius
Octopus
Cuttlefish
Squid
• Color changingColor changing– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove
ry/29084-the-ultimate-guide-octopus-color-changing-cuttlefish-video.htm
• Walks on landWalks on land– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjQr3
lRACPIm
Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora
• All marineAll marine
• 8 overlapping shells8 overlapping shells
chiton
Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora
• Only known as fossils until 1952Only known as fossils until 1952
• Deep waterDeep water
• Similar to segmented wormsSimilar to segmented worms
Monoplacophoran
Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda
• Deep waterDeep water
• Tentacles with adhesive tipsTentacles with adhesive tips
Tusk shells
Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
• Most dominant animals on EarthMost dominant animals on Earth
• Segmented, bilaterally symmetricSegmented, bilaterally symmetric
• Exoskeleton (chitin)Exoskeleton (chitin)– moltsmolts
• Jointed appendagesJointed appendages
• Well developed Well developed – sensory systemsensory system– nervous systemnervous system– circulatory systemcirculatory system
Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Crustacea• Calcified Calcified
exoskeletonexoskeleton
• Compound eyesCompound eyes
• 2 pairs of antennae2 pairs of antennae
• Gills Gills Barnacles
Decapods (10 legs)
Shrimp
Lobster
Crab
CopepodIsopod Amphipod Krill
• Mating danceMating dance– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwet
0JLuqWY
• Mantis shrimpMantis shrimp– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove
ry/4564-the-predatory-shrimp-video.htm
Class MerostomataClass Merostomata
• 5 pairs of legs5 pairs of legs• Lay eggs on beachLay eggs on beach
• 4 or more pairs of legs4 or more pairs of legs
• Large proboscisLarge proboscis
• Common in cold watersCommon in cold waters
Horseshoe Crab
Spider CrabClass PycnogonidaClass Pycnogonida
Phylum EctoproctaPhylum Ectoprocta• ““moss animals”moss animals”
• Lophophore – tentacles for feedingLophophore – tentacles for feeding
• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders
• Benthic and colonialBenthic and colonial
Bryozoan
Phylum PhoronidaPhylum Phoronida• Sessile Sessile
• LophophoreLophophore
• Filter feederFilter feeder
• U-shaped gutU-shaped gut
California phoronid
Phylum BrachiopodiaPhylum Brachiopodia
• Shell with two valvesShell with two valves– Dorsal/ventralDorsal/ventral
• Lopophore with 2 ciliated armsLopophore with 2 ciliated armsLamp shells
Phylum ChaetognathaPhylum Chaetognatha
• Smallest animal phylaSmallest animal phyla
• Transparent, streamlinedTransparent, streamlined
• Fish-like fins and tailsFish-like fins and tails
• Eyes, spines, and teethEyes, spines, and teeth
Arrow worm
Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata
• Water-vascular system Water-vascular system – Locomotion, respiration, and food captureLocomotion, respiration, and food capture
• Pentamerous radial symmetryPentamerous radial symmetry
• Tube feet for movementTube feet for movement– Ampullae (muscular sacs)Ampullae (muscular sacs)– MadreporiteMadreporite
• EndoskeletonEndoskeleton
Class StelleroideaClass Stelleroidea• Central discCentral disc
• 5 or more arms5 or more arms
• Regenerative Regenerative abilitiesabilities
Crown of thorns
Sea star
• RegenerationRegeneration– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXe
WxxfD4
Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroidea
• Long, thin flexible armsLong, thin flexible arms
• Tube feetTube feet– lack suckerslack suckers– Used for feedingUsed for feeding
Brittle Star
Class EchinoideaClass Echinoidea• Interlocking plates form a Interlocking plates form a
testtest
• Movable spinesMovable spines
• Artistotle’s lanternArtistotle’s lantern– Jaw musclesJaw muscles Sea urchin
Sand dollar
• Walking sand dollarWalking sand dollar– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLK7
1-vsi2E&NR=1
Class HolothoroideaClass Holothoroidea
• Elongated bodyElongated body
• Leathery skinLeathery skin
• Deposit feedersDeposit feeders
• Evisceration Evisceration Sea Cucumbers
• Spilling gutsSpilling guts– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCxK
Fc3XtJs&feature=related
Class CrinoideaClass Crinoidea
• Mouth with feeding Mouth with feeding armsarms
• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders
• Three sectionsThree sections– StemStem– CalyxCalyx– ArmsArms
Feather stars
Sea lilly
Phylum HemichordatesPhylum Hemichordates
• Dorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cord
• Proboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slitsProboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slits
• Some live sedentary lives in the deep Some live sedentary lives in the deep oceanocean
Acorn worm
Subphylum UrochordatesSubphylum Urochordates
• TunicatesTunicates
• Sac-like bodiesSac-like bodies
• Sessile Sessile
• Filter feeders with siphonsFilter feeders with siphons– Incurrent = mouthIncurrent = mouth– Excurrent = anusExcurrent = anus
• Tadpole larvaeTadpole larvae
Sea squirts
Salps
Subphylum Subphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata
• LanceletsLancelets
• Laterally compressed and elongatedLaterally compressed and elongated
• Filter feeders using gill slitsFilter feeders using gill slits
Amphioxus
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata• Characteristics Characteristics
– NotochordNotochord– Dorsal, hollow nerve Dorsal, hollow nerve
cordcord
– Pharyngeal gill Pharyngeal gill slits / Respiratory slits / Respiratory OpeningsOpenings
– Post-anal tailPost-anal tail
Class AgnathaClass Agnatha
• Jawless fishesJawless fishes
• Suction with aid of round mouth and Suction with aid of round mouth and teethteeth
• Lack fins, scales and true vertebraeLack fins, scales and true vertebraeHagfishLamprey
Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes• Cartilage bodiesCartilage bodies
• Movable jawsMovable jaws
• Placoid scales cause rough Placoid scales cause rough skin skin
Hammerhead SharkStingray
Manta ray
Skate
Ray videoRay video
Shark videoShark video
Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
• Bony fishesBony fishes
• Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) scalesscales
• Gills covered by operculumGills covered by operculum
Pufferfish
Angelfish
Sea Dragon
Gramma
What is a fish videoWhat is a fish video
Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
• Ectothermic – “cold blooded”Ectothermic – “cold blooded”
• Skin covered in dry scalesSkin covered in dry scales
• Lay eggs on beach Lay eggs on beach
Sea Turtle
Sea SnakeMarine IguanaSaltwater
Crocodile
Marine turtlesMarine turtles
Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
• NONENONE
Class AvesClass Aves• Endothermic– “warm-blooded Endothermic– “warm-blooded
• Feathers and light bones for flightFeathers and light bones for flight
• Nest on land but feed at seaNest on land but feed at sea
Tubenoses
Seagull
Penguins
Tern
Pelican
Cormorant
Frigate birds
Seabirds videoSeabirds video
Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
• HomeothermsHomeotherms
• Viviparous – embryos develop in Viviparous – embryos develop in mother nourished by placenta mother nourished by placenta
• Lungs Lungs
• Can be fully or semi-aquaticCan be fully or semi-aquatic
• Mammary glandsMammary glands
Order PinnipedsOrder Pinnipeds• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquatic
• Flippers - “winged feet”Flippers - “winged feet”
• Thick layer of blubberThick layer of blubber
• Breed on landBreed on land
Elephant Seal
Monk Seal
Sea lion Walrus
Elephant Seal videoElephant Seal video
Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora
• Insulation from fur instead of blubberInsulation from fur instead of blubber
• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquaticPolar Bear
Sea otter
Order SireniaOrder Sirenia• HerbivorousHerbivorous• Front flippers, no rear limbsFront flippers, no rear limbs• Paddle shaped horizontal tailPaddle shaped horizontal tail• BlubberBlubber
Manatee
Dugong
Order Cetacea Order Cetacea • Warm blooded, have hair, produce Warm blooded, have hair, produce
milkmilk
• Front flippers with horizontal flukeFront flippers with horizontal fluke
• Blowhole on top of headBlowhole on top of head
• Toothless vs. toothedToothless vs. toothedBaleen Whale
Orca
Common dolphin
Humpback Whale
Sperm Whale
Dolphin videoDolphin video
Whale videoWhale video