Marine and inland fisheries, Marine and inland fisheries, prawn culture & other water prawn culture & other water

based activities, aspects related based activities, aspects related to Blue Revolutionto Blue Revolution

--- Vinod Kumar Bist, AGM, --- Vinod Kumar Bist, AGM, NABARDNABARD

                                                                       

What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, Blue revolution?Blue revolution?

• Commercial exploitation of fish and other aquatic Commercial exploitation of fish and other aquatic organism for human useorganism for human use

• The word fisheries apart from fish or fin fish also The word fisheries apart from fish or fin fish also includes crustaceans or shell fish like the shrimps, includes crustaceans or shell fish like the shrimps, prawns, crabs, edible mollusks, aquatic weeds, corals prawns, crabs, edible mollusks, aquatic weeds, corals etcetc

• World fish production ( 2007) -- 144 MMT, of which World fish production ( 2007) -- 144 MMT, of which the Indian share is roughly 7.0 MMT. the Indian share is roughly 7.0 MMT.

• India is the 2nd largest producer of fish and fisheries India is the 2nd largest producer of fish and fisheries in the world along with Peru. in the world along with Peru.

• Largest producer of fish in the world is China, which Largest producer of fish in the world is China, which produces nearly 52 MMT of fish. produces nearly 52 MMT of fish.

What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, Blue What is Fisheries, Basic statistics, Blue revolution?revolution?

• Of the total production, 2.9 MMT is Of the total production, 2.9 MMT is contributed by Marine Capture, 1.0 MMT contributed by Marine Capture, 1.0 MMT through inland capture (total production through inland capture (total production through capture fisheries is nearly 3.9 MMT) through capture fisheries is nearly 3.9 MMT) and the rest 3.1 MMT through aqua culture. and the rest 3.1 MMT through aqua culture. Thus the marine sector contributes nearly 3.0 Thus the marine sector contributes nearly 3.0 MMT and the inland sector contributes 4.0 MMT and the inland sector contributes 4.0 MMT of the total fish produced in the country. MMT of the total fish produced in the country.

• Blue Revolution : Blue Revolution : The enhanced fish The enhanced fish production mainly due to the improved aqua production mainly due to the improved aqua culture practices.culture practices.

Types of Fisheries Types of Fisheries

• Inland Fisheries : FInland Fisheries : Fisheries activity carried out isheries activity carried out in fresh water bodies like ponds, lakes, tanks, in fresh water bodies like ponds, lakes, tanks, rivers etc. Eg carps, singhi, mahaseer etcrivers etc. Eg carps, singhi, mahaseer etc

• Brackish water Fisheries : Brackish water Fisheries : fisheries activity fisheries activity carried out in estuaries and back waters eg carried out in estuaries and back waters eg Prawn farming, milk fish, mullets etcPrawn farming, milk fish, mullets etc

• Marine fisheries : Marine fisheries : fisheries activity carried out fisheries activity carried out in shore and off shore areas of the sea eg in shore and off shore areas of the sea eg Shrimps, tunas etcShrimps, tunas etc

• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms with the help of gears and tackles like organisms with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines and by other means. It can be nets, long lines and by other means. It can be practiced in both the inland as well as the marine practiced in both the inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation there may be a fish In one capture operation there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish. harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.

• Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per the prevailing market conditions. Generally done the prevailing market conditions. Generally done under controlled environments like pond, tanks, under controlled environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.small water bodies etc.

Capture and Culture FisheriesCapture and Culture Fisheries

• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms with the help of gears and tackles like organisms with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines and by other means. It can be nets, long lines and by other means. It can be practiced in both the inland as well as the marine practiced in both the inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation there may be a fish In one capture operation there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish. harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.

• Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per the prevailing market conditions. Generally done the prevailing market conditions. Generally done under controlled environments like pond, tanks, under controlled environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.small water bodies etc.

Culture Fisheries – Fish pond with Culture Fisheries – Fish pond with aeratorsaerators

• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms with the help of gears and tackles like organisms with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines and by other means. It can be nets, long lines and by other means. It can be practiced in both the inland as well as the marine practiced in both the inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation there may be a fish In one capture operation there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish. harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.

• Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per the prevailing market conditions. Generally done the prevailing market conditions. Generally done under controlled environments like pond, tanks, under controlled environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.small water bodies etc.

Pearl Culture operation in open sea Pearl Culture operation in open sea

• Marine fisheries resources --Marine fisheries resources --– Continental Shelf area (upto 200 m) : - Continental Shelf area (upto 200 m) : -

0.53 million sq.km.0.53 million sq.km.– Exclusive economic zone :Exclusive economic zone : 2.02 2.02

million sq.km.million sq.km.– Length of coastline :Length of coastline : 8,118 km8,118 km– Estimated employment (2003) : Nearly Estimated employment (2003) : Nearly

2.0 crores 2.0 crores – India’s estimated marine resources India’s estimated marine resources

potential is 3.93 million tons and potential is 3.93 million tons and production so far has been 2.9 m tonsproduction so far has been 2.9 m tons

Fisheries Resources AvailableFisheries Resources Available

• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms with the help of gears and tackles like organisms with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines and by other means. It can be nets, long lines and by other means. It can be practiced in both the inland as well as the marine practiced in both the inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation there may be a fish In one capture operation there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish. harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.

• Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per the prevailing market conditions. Generally done the prevailing market conditions. Generally done under controlled environments like pond, tanks, under controlled environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.small water bodies etc.

Capture fishing operation in the sea through a dip Capture fishing operation in the sea through a dip netnet

• Marine fisheries resources contd. –Marine fisheries resources contd. –

– Traditional crafts : 2,08,000 Traditional crafts : 2,08,000 – Traditional motorized crafts : 55,000 Traditional motorized crafts : 55,000 – Mechanized boats : 1250 Mechanized boats : 1250 – Deep-sea fishing vessels : About 100.Deep-sea fishing vessels : About 100.– Fishing villages : 3827 Fishing villages : 3827 – Traditional fish landing centers : 1914Traditional fish landing centers : 1914

Fisheries Resources AvailableFisheries Resources Available

Marine fisheries – A fish haulMarine fisheries – A fish haul

• Inland fisheries resources –Inland fisheries resources –Rivers and canal length : 1,95,210 kmsRivers and canal length : 1,95,210 kmsMinor/ major reservoirs : 2.90 million Minor/ major reservoirs : 2.90 million

hectareshectaresPonds and lakes : 2.40 million hectares Ponds and lakes : 2.40 million hectares Flood plain lakes /derelict water bodies : Flood plain lakes /derelict water bodies :

0.80 million hectares0.80 million hectaresNo of FFDAs functioning : 429 No of FFDAs functioning : 429 Area brought under fish farming : 0.70 Area brought under fish farming : 0.70

million ha million ha No of farmers covered : 1.20 millionNo of farmers covered : 1.20 million

Fisheries Resources AvailableFisheries Resources Available

• Brackish water fisheries resources –Brackish water fisheries resources –Estimated potential area available : 1.4 Estimated potential area available : 1.4

million hectaresmillion hectaresArea under cultivation : 14 %Area under cultivation : 14 %Average production of shrimps : 300 to Average production of shrimps : 300 to

1000 kgs per hectare per season1000 kgs per hectare per seasonNo of shrimp hatcheries : 200 are in No of shrimp hatcheries : 200 are in

operation with an output of 7 billion operation with an output of 7 billion shrimp larvae.shrimp larvae.

Shrimp feed mills : 33 feed mills with an Shrimp feed mills : 33 feed mills with an installed capacity of 150 000 tpa. installed capacity of 150 000 tpa.

Fisheries Resources AvailableFisheries Resources Available

Prawn harvested from a brackish water fish Prawn harvested from a brackish water fish pond pond

Composite Fish Culture -- An Composite Fish Culture -- An Example of freshwater aqua cultureExample of freshwater aqua culture

• Can be adopted in village ponds as well as newly constructed ponds and tanks

• Under the technology more than one type of Under the technology more than one type of compatible fishes are cultured compatible fishes are cultured simultaneously.simultaneously.

• It is the most advanced and popular fish It is the most advanced and popular fish culture technique in the country. It enables culture technique in the country. It enables to get maximum fish production from a to get maximum fish production from a pond or a tank through utilization of pond or a tank through utilization of available fish food organisms in all the available fish food organisms in all the natural niches, supplemented by artificial natural niches, supplemented by artificial feeding etc.feeding etc.

Composite Fish Culture -- An Composite Fish Culture -- An Example of freshwater aqua cultureExample of freshwater aqua culture

• Fish species involved are : Fish species involved are : • Indian Major CarpIndian Major Carp

– CatlaCatla Zoo plankton feederZoo plankton feeder Surface feeder Surface feeder– RohuRohu OmnivorousOmnivorous Column feeder Column feeder– MrigalMrigal DetritivorousDetritivorous Bottom Bottom

feederfeeder

• Exotic carps Exotic carps – Silver carp Phytoplankton Silver carp Phytoplankton Surface feeder Surface feeder – Grass carpGrass carp Herbivorous Surface, column Herbivorous Surface, column

and marginal areas and marginal areas

– Comm carp DetritivorousComm carp Detritivorous Bottom feeder Bottom feeder

/Omnivorous/Omnivorous

Composite Fish Culture – Important Composite Fish Culture – Important carp species used in freshwater carp species used in freshwater

aqua cultureaqua culture

Composite Fish Culture -- Composite Fish Culture -- Technical Technical Parameters Parameters

• Selection of PondSelection of Pond

• Pond Management -- Pre stocking Pond Management -- Pre stocking operations -- like clearing the pond of operations -- like clearing the pond of unwanted weeds and fishes, liming unwanted weeds and fishes, liming and filling of the pond with water, and filling of the pond with water, pond Fertilization with cow dung and pond Fertilization with cow dung and NPK fertilizers. Stocking operation NPK fertilizers. Stocking operation will involve seed stocking in desired will involve seed stocking in desired scientific ratio.scientific ratio.

Composite Fish Culture -- Composite Fish Culture -- Technical Technical Parameters Parameters

• Species composition ratioSpecies composition ratio

SpeciesSpecies 6-species 6-species combinationcombinationCatlaCatla 15%15%

RohuRohu 20%20%

MrigalMrigal 15%15%

Silver CarpSilver Carp 15%15%

Grass CarpGrass Carp 15%15%

Common CarpCommon Carp 20%20%

Composite Fish Culture -- Composite Fish Culture -- Technical Technical Parameters Parameters

• Post Stocking operations would include Post Stocking operations would include activities like feeding on daily basis, activities like feeding on daily basis, manuring on monthly basis and manuring on monthly basis and harvesting operations at the end.harvesting operations at the end.

• Feeding – Nearly 1500 to 2700 kgs/haFeeding – Nearly 1500 to 2700 kgs/ha

• Manuring – Cow dung @ 1,000 Manuring – Cow dung @ 1,000 kgs/monthkgs/month

AmmonAmmonium phosphate @ 100 kgs per ium phosphate @ 100 kgs per month and 50 kgs of single super month and 50 kgs of single super phosphate per monthphosphate per month

Composite Fish Culture -- Composite Fish Culture -- Technical Technical Parameters Parameters

• Harvesting : Generally done at the Harvesting : Generally done at the end of 1st year, when the fishes end of 1st year, when the fishes attain average weight of 750 gms to attain average weight of 750 gms to 1200 gms. A production of 3 to 5 1200 gms. A production of 3 to 5 tons/ha can be obtained in a year. tons/ha can be obtained in a year. Harvesting is done by partial Harvesting is done by partial dewatering and repeated netting. In dewatering and repeated netting. In some cases complete dewatering of some cases complete dewatering of ponds is resorted to. ponds is resorted to.

A fish harvest

• Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic Capture fisheries -- capturing of the aquatic organisms with the help of gears and tackles like organisms with the help of gears and tackles like nets, long lines and by other means. It can be nets, long lines and by other means. It can be practiced in both the inland as well as the marine practiced in both the inland as well as the marine waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies waters. Mostly, it is practiced in large water bodies like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. like the lakes, rivers, reservoirs, estuaries and seas. In one capture operation there may be a fish In one capture operation there may be a fish harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish. harvest of nearly 3 to 4 tons of fish.

• Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from Culture fisheries -- signifies rearing of fish from young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is young stage to marketable stage. Young stage is often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. often termed as spawn or fry or fingerling stage i.e. when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is when the fish is few days or months old. The fish is reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per reared upto 06 months or one year or more as per the prevailing market conditions. Generally done the prevailing market conditions. Generally done under controlled environments like pond, tanks, under controlled environments like pond, tanks, small water bodies etc.small water bodies etc.

Fish harvesting in progress in a fish pond

Prawn Culture TechniquePrawn Culture Technique• Prawns are crustaceans that are relished for Prawns are crustaceans that are relished for

their taste, flavour and nutritional properties their taste, flavour and nutritional properties all over the worldall over the world

• Considering the high export potential, the Considering the high export potential, the giant fresh water prawn, giant fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium Macrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii, or the scampi, enjoys immense , or the scampi, enjoys immense potential for culture in India.potential for culture in India.

• Technical Parameters :- The giant freshwater Technical Parameters :- The giant freshwater prawn is suitable in tropical and subtropical prawn is suitable in tropical and subtropical climates. It is a hardy species by virtue of its climates. It is a hardy species by virtue of its ability to adapt to various types of fresh and ability to adapt to various types of fresh and brackish-water conditions. It accepts pelleted brackish-water conditions. It accepts pelleted feed and has omnivorous feeding habit. feed and has omnivorous feeding habit.

Prawn Culture Technique Prawn Culture Technique contd.contd.

• Site selectionSite selection

• Soil qualitySoil quality

• Water qualityWater quality

• Pond constructionPond construction

• Water supply and drainageWater supply and drainage

• Farm ManagementFarm Management

-- Liming -- Liming

-- Application of fertilizers -- Application of fertilizers

-- Pelletized feed -- Pelletized feed

-- Stocking density – Normally from 4,000 to -- Stocking density – Normally from 4,000 to 50,000 nos. of PL per ha depending on the type 50,000 nos. of PL per ha depending on the type and intensity of the management practices.and intensity of the management practices.

Prawn Culture Technique contd.Prawn Culture Technique contd.• Monoculture or poly culture with carps. In case of Monoculture or poly culture with carps. In case of

poly culture more pond depth is preferred at 4-5 poly culture more pond depth is preferred at 4-5 feet. In case of poly culture the stocking density of feet. In case of poly culture the stocking density of prawn may vary from 2500-20000 post larvae. The prawn may vary from 2500-20000 post larvae. The carp fingerlings may be of the order of 5000 - 2500 carp fingerlings may be of the order of 5000 - 2500 Nos. Nos.

• In order to get desired production, feeding, In order to get desired production, feeding, aeration, water exchange, periodic monitoring aeration, water exchange, periodic monitoring should be continued. should be continued.

• The quality and type of feed is based on culture The quality and type of feed is based on culture system. Generally the feeding rate may be 5% of system. Generally the feeding rate may be 5% of the body weight. the body weight.

• The duration of culture varies from 6 to 12 months The duration of culture varies from 6 to 12 months depending on the type of culture practice. depending on the type of culture practice. Generally in monoculture the culture period may be Generally in monoculture the culture period may be 6-8 months and 8-12 months under poly culture. 6-8 months and 8-12 months under poly culture.

Prawn Culture Technique contd.Prawn Culture Technique contd.• The average growth of prawn may range from 50 The average growth of prawn may range from 50

gms to 200 gms depending on the duration, gms to 200 gms depending on the duration, density, water quality, feeding etc.density, water quality, feeding etc.

• The survival rate may range 50% to 70% The survival rate may range 50% to 70% depending on the type of management practices.depending on the type of management practices.

• Marketing -- Good demand for fresh water prawn Marketing -- Good demand for fresh water prawn in both local and international markets. in both local and international markets.

• Financial viability Financial viability Farm sizeFarm size 1 ha.1 ha.Culture periodCulture period 6-8 months6-8 monthsStocking densityStocking density 30,000 /ha30,000 /haSurvivalSurvival 60%60% Feed conversion ratioFeed conversion ratio 2.5:12.5:1Expected productionExpected production 1,260 kg/ha/crop1,260 kg/ha/crop

Prawn harvest from a brackish water fish Prawn harvest from a brackish water fish pondpond

Some important fishery products Some important fishery products and by productsand by products

• Raw fish Dried fish

• Fish soups Surumi

• Isinglass Fish meal

• Fish manure Pearl production

• Fin rays Fish sausages

• Fish pickles canned fish

• Battered and breaded products

Some important fishery products Some important fishery products and by products - Pearlsand by products - Pearls

Some important fishery products Some important fishery products and by products – Dried fishand by products – Dried fish

Some important fishery products Some important fishery products and by products – Fried fish and by products – Fried fish

productsproducts

Some facts and issues pertaining Some facts and issues pertaining to the Indian Fisheriesto the Indian Fisheries

• Indian fisheries doing fairly well and growing Indian fisheries doing fairly well and growing at a faster rate in comparison to agriculture at a faster rate in comparison to agriculture or many other allied activities. India is the or many other allied activities. India is the 2nd largest producer of fish in the world.2nd largest producer of fish in the world.

• Production through aqua culture is higher in Production through aqua culture is higher in comparison to the capture fisheries.comparison to the capture fisheries.

• There is a need to adopt systems like the There is a need to adopt systems like the integrated fish farming and intensive fish integrated fish farming and intensive fish farming. This would be possible by adopting farming. This would be possible by adopting semi intensive fish farming.semi intensive fish farming.

Some facts and issues pertaining Some facts and issues pertaining to the Indian Fisheries – contd.to the Indian Fisheries – contd.

• In the marine sector there is a need to explore In the marine sector there is a need to explore and exploit off shore fisheries resources.and exploit off shore fisheries resources.

• Only 25% of the brackish water sector has so Only 25% of the brackish water sector has so far been utilized. Better utilization of the far been utilized. Better utilization of the brackish water will not lead to higher production brackish water will not lead to higher production but will also yield more foreign exchange.but will also yield more foreign exchange.

• There is need to increase the present per capita There is need to increase the present per capita production /yr. from 05 kgs to at least 11 kgs production /yr. from 05 kgs to at least 11 kgs /yr./yr.

Some facts and issues pertaining Some facts and issues pertaining to the Indian Fisheries – contd.to the Indian Fisheries – contd.

• The extension services are still not The extension services are still not upto the mark. More efforts are upto the mark. More efforts are required in this direction especially required in this direction especially from the government departments.from the government departments.

• Need for more quality fish and prawn Need for more quality fish and prawn seed production and efficient seed production and efficient distribution system.distribution system.

A view of Intensive fish farming A view of Intensive fish farming

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