• What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?• Who led the Congress of Vienna?• What were the results of the

Revolutions of 1848?• What does the term conservative

mean?

Dec. 3, 2015• Warm Up• Notes over the Unification of Italy and

Germany• Video over Bismarck• HW: Work on Nationalism Essay, study for test • 19th Century test Monday, Dec. 7• Nationalism Essay due Wednesday, Dec. 9• Finish Projects Dec. 7

Unification of Germany

Otto von Bismarck and Realpolitik

The Rise of Prussia

• Germany had been at different times up to 300 separate little kingdoms

• Since 1815, 39 German states made up the German Confederation

• The largest state of all the Germanic States was Prussia

• Prussia will help unify Germany• Austria Hungary was the next largest State

Why Prussia?

• Mainly German population (unlike Austria-Hungary) – nationalism unified Prussia

• Army was the most powerful in central Europe• Industrialized more quickly than other states

Prussia Leads Unification

• Experienced revolution in 1848 leads to liberal constitution being drawn up

• Wilhelm I succeeded to throne and wanted to expand military but the liberal parliament refused to give him $

• Wilhelm I was supported by the Junkers (wealthy landowners)

• 1862 Chose Otto von Bismarck (a wealthy Junker) as his Prime Minister

Realpolitik

• “politics of reality”: tough power politics with no room for idealism

• Otto von Bismarck was the master of this“The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority decisions- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron…”- Otto von Bismarck

Prussia

Austria

Bismarck

• Conservative Prime Minister• Sought to unify Germany not for

revolutionary reasons•Wanted to gain more

territory/power for Prussia• Overruled Parliament and

basically ruled like a dictator

Germany Expands

• 1864 formed an alliance with Austria• Went to war against Denmark and won 2 border

provinces – Prussia governed one while Austria governed the other

• Austria declares war on Prussia in 1866 – Seven Weeks’ War Prussia annexed more territory

• 1867 Remaining northern states joined North German Confederation led by Prussia

Franco-Prussian War

• Bismarck wanted to win south by uniting against an exterior threat

• Faked a telegram French declared war on Prussia

• Prussia won – nationalism swept the south and they accepted Prussian leadership

• King Wilhelm I was crowned kaiser (emperor) ushering in the Second Reich (HRE was 1st)

Shift in the Balance of Power

• 1815 CoV established 5 great powers: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

• By 1871, Britain and Germany were now the most powerful economically and militarily

• The others lagged far behind

Unification of ItalyCavour and Garibaldi

Nationalism • Not loyal to kings….but people who share

common bonds (history, culture, worldview, language)

• A single nationality should be one government

Italy- Post Congress of Vienna

• Ruled by Austria and the Spanish

• Between 1815 and 1848- no longer content being ruled by foreign rulers

Mazzini and Italy

• 1832: Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group called Young Italy

• No one over 40 could join• Revolts broke out• Mazzini headed a republic in Rome• 1848 rebellions FAILED• Mazzini and other leaders exiled

Cavour and Unification

• Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest Italian state– Adopted a constitution

• Camillo di Cavour was named Sardinia’s prime minister– Italian version of Bismarck – Used REALPOLITIK– To unite Italy he needed to defeat Austria– Achieved expansion and unification– Wanted northern Italy for Sardinia– Alliance with France helped expel Austria– Provoked war with Austria which Napoleon III help drive

them out

Garibaldi and Southern Italy• Cavour started helping nationalist rebels in the south• May 1860: Nationalist rebels led by Giuseppe

Garibaldi captured Sicily• Garibaldi was the leader of the 1848 failed effort• Garibaldi and his 1,000 men are known as “Red

Shirts”• Garibaldi went into mainland and moved north,

eventually uniting with Piedmont-Sardinia. Used NATIONALIAM to gain support

• Finally, the Papal States join in and Italy was united

Challenges After Unification

• 1866 Venetia (Austrian province) became Venice, Italy

• 1870 Took over Papal States• Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy• Rivalries in provinces still existed • Tensions between industrialized north and

agricultural south• Parliament fought constantly• Suffered economically peasant revolts, strikes, riots

Other Nationalist Movements

• Austro-Hungarian empire split into Austria and Hungary (1860s)

• “Russification” leads to nationalism in Russia –eventually overthrowing and disunification of Russia

• Ottoman Empire – will break apart after WWI