Why do conflicts arise

among ethnicities?CHAPTER 7 KEY ISSUE 3

Ethnicities & Nationalities

Nationality is identity with a group of people who share

legal attachment and personal

allegiance to a particular

country.

How does this concept

compare/contrast with ethnicity?

Nationalism - a sense of unity

with fellow citizens and loyalty

to the state to promote its

culture and interest over those

of other nations.

A recurring set of

forces affects all

nation-states:

centripetal forces that

unify and centrifugal

forces that tend to

fragment them.

Nationalism can be a destabilizing force,

especially if different ethnic groups within the

country have more loyalty to their ethnicity than

to the state or government.

These loyalties can lead to separatist movements.

UNITED KINGDOM:

GREAT BRITAIN Great Britain refers to the land

mass occupied by England, Scotland, and Wales.

The United Kingdom was formed in 1707 with the Act of Union signed by Queen Ann, the last of the Stuart monarchs.

There are four ethnic identities within the United Kingdom:

• English,

• Irish (now only No. Ireland),

• Welsh (1536), and

• Scot

Conflicts can arise when a country contains several ethnicities vying for political control

Ethnic Competition in

Lebanon

Each religious group

tends to live in

different regions of

the country.

Diversity in Lebanon

at the surface

appears to be more

religious than ethnic.

Religion vs Ethnicity

• What difference does it make if people

are fighting over religion or ethnicity?

• At the basic level, might the war have less

to do with religion and ethnicity and be

more about power?

• If the war is really about power, how

• does that change things? Or, does it?

Lebanon’s Civil War

By unwritten convention, the president of Lebanon was a Maronite Christian, the premier a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim, and the foreign minister a Greek Orthodox Christian.

When the governmental system was created, Christians constituted a majority and controlled the country’s main businesses, but as the Muslims became the majority, they demanded political and economic equality.

A civil war broke out in 1975, and each religious group formed a private army or militia to guard its territory.

Ethnic Competition: Sinhalese and

Tamils in Sri Lanka

Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language,

while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language.

Driving forces of the

conflict include:Equal opportunity for

Tamils

Sinhalese dominated

government &

commerce Official language &

religion are Sinhala and

Buddhism

Why does it matter that one group

controls the government and economy

of Sri Lanka?

Conflicts can develop when an ethnicity

is divided among more than one country

The partition of

India into two states

resulted in massive

migration, because

the two boundaries

did not correspond

with the territory

inhabited by the

two ethnicities.

Jammu and Kashmir

Fig. 7-17: Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir

became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over

the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.

Why Do Ethnicities Have Distinctive

Distributions?

Dividing Ethnicities

Dividing the Kurds among Nationalities

Who are the Kurds?

An Ethnicity without a Country= Stateless nation

Today, Kurds are divided among several countries:

eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, western Iran, and Syria.

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon?

a) Jews

b) Christians

c) Druze

d) Shiites

e) Sunnis

Which of the following ethnic groups has the least representation in Lebanon?

a) Jews

b) Christians

c) Druze

d) Shiites

e) Sunnis

Explanation:

Lebanon is divided among Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims,

and Druze.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir

pits

a) East Pakistan against West Pakistan.

b) India against Bangladesh.

c) India against Pakistan.

d) Sikhs against Hindus.

e) Sinhalese against Tamils.

The conflict in Jammu and Kashmir pits

a) East Pakistan against West Pakistan.

b) India against Bangladesh.

c) India against Pakistan.

d) Sikhs against Hindus.

e) Sinhalese against Tamils.

Explanation:

Jammu and Kashmir are partitioned along the “Line of Control” by

Pakistan and India.

Why do ethnicities engage

in ethnic cleansing and

genocide?

CH. 7 KEY ISSUE 4

Review- What is ethnic

cleansing? Ethnic cleansing is the

process in which a more

powerful ethnic group

forcibly removes a less

powerful one in order to

create an ethnically

homogeneous region

Make Observations …

With your elbow

partner, make

observations and

draw conclusions.

Be ready to

discuss what you

observe and

conclude!

The Balkans

Ethnic Cleansing

in the Balkans

Bosnia

Serbs and Croats

fought to not be

part of a

multiethnic state

with a Muslim

plurality.In this context, what does plurality mean?

Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans Balkanized - was a term widely used to describe

a small geographic area that could not

successfully be organized into one or more

stable states, because it was inhabited by

multiple, longstanding ethnicities with animosity

towards each other.

Balkanization is the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its

ethnicities.

KNOW THE TERMS!

With your elbow partner, make observations and draw conclusions.

Be ready to discuss what you observe and conclude!

Ethnicities in Africa

Fig. 7-23: The boundaries of African states do not (and cannot) coincide with the

thousands of ethnic groups on the continent.

Insert Berlin

Conference

information/youtu

be file

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in

Central Africa

Ethnic conflict is widespread in Africa

largely because the present-day

boundaries of countries do not match

the boundaries of ethnic groups.

During nineteenth and twentieth centuries,

European countries carved up the

continent in to a collection of colonies,

with little regard for the distribution of

ethnicities.

Central Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Genocide is the mass killing of a

group of people in an attempt to

eliminate the entire group from

existence.

Ex. Darfur

Darfur’s black Africans launched a

rebellion in 2003 because of

discrimination experienced.

Many countries have termed the

actions of the Sudanese government

as genocide.

Somalia Somalia contains six

major ethnic groups known as clans.

With the collapse of a national government in Somalia, various clans and sub-clans claimed control over portions of the country.

The US sent troops (1992-1994) to intervene with the clans and protect the delivery of food aid. Troops were forced to leave when peace talks collapsed.

Central Africa

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Central Africa

Rwanda

Genocide involving Hutus murdering hundreds of thousands of Tutsis

began in 1994.

Congo

Conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries.

Laurent Kabila, president succeeding Mobutu, permitted Tutsis to kill some of the Hutu residents.