1

021

Student: Muhammad Asif Ali

Supervisor: Dr.BernadetteWarner

MBA in International

Business/Human Resources

Management

LSC ID: 0118GVGV0209

UWIC ID: 07005234

Date: 5 FEB 2010

Work’s and Life’s challenges faced by Women

Entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan; an

evolutionary survey report of Women Entrepreneurs in

Karachi city of Pakistan.

1

Table of Contents:

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Background to the Research .................................................................................................. 3

1.2 Significance of the Problem .................................................................................................. 6

1.2 Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................................. 8

1.3 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................................ 9

1.4 Aim and Objective............................................................................................................... 10

1.5 Research Question ............................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 2 ................................................................................................................................. 12

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER NO 3 ........................................................................................................................... 29

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................ 29

3.1 Research Philosophy ........................................................................................................... 29

3.2 Research design ................................................................................................................... 30

3.3 Data Collection Method ...................................................................................................... 30

3.3.1 Qualitative Method ....................................................................................................... 30

3.3.2 Survey Method .............................................................................................................. 31

3.3.3 Sample and Sampling method ...................................................................................... 31

3.4 Reliability and Validity: ...................................................................................................... 32

3.5 Ethics: .................................................................................................................................. 34

3.6 Limitation: ........................................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER NO 4 ........................................................................................................................... 36

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS ................................................................................ 36

TABLE 4.1: Qualification Level ........................................................................................... 36

GRAPH 4.1: Qualification Level .......................................................................................... 37

TABLE 4.2: Professional Qualification ................................................................................ 38

GRAPH 4.2: Professional Qualification ................................................................................ 38

TABLE 4.3: Marital Status .................................................................................................... 39

GRAPH 4.3: Marital Status ................................................................................................... 39

TABLE 4.4: Age .................................................................................................................... 40

GRAPH 4.4: Age ................................................................................................................... 41

TABLE 4.5: No of Children .................................................................................................. 42

GRAPH 4.5: No of Children ................................................................................................. 42

TABLE 4.6: Year spent in Business ...................................................................................... 43

GRAPH 4.6: Year spent in Business ..................................................................................... 43

TABLE 4.7: Time given to work ........................................................................................... 44

GRAPH 4.7: Time given to work .......................................................................................... 44

TABLE 4.8: Business Management ...................................................................................... 45

GRAPH 4.8: Business Management ...................................................................................... 45

TABLE 4.9: Working Hours ................................................................................................. 46

GRAPH 4.9: Working Hours ................................................................................................. 46

TABLE 4.10: Sleeping Hours a day ...................................................................................... 47

GRAPH 4.10: Sleeping Hours a day ..................................................................................... 47

TABLE 4.11: Financial Difficulties in Business ................................................................... 48

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GRAPH 4.11: Financial Difficulties in Business .................................................................. 48

TABLE 4.12: Monthly Income Contributing to Expenses .................................................... 49

GRAPH 4.12: Monthly Income Contributing to Expenses ................................................... 49

TABLE 4.13: Dependent Family Members ........................................................................... 50

GRAPH 4.13: Dependent Family Members.......................................................................... 50

TABLE 4.14: Family Support ............................................................................................... 51

GRAPH 4.14: Family Support ............................................................................................... 51

TABLE 4.15: Effects of Business on Family ........................................................................ 52

GRAPH 4.15: Effects of Business on Family ....................................................................... 52

TABLE 4.16: Time Given to the Family ............................................................................... 53

TABLE 4.16: Time Given to the Family ............................................................................... 53

TABLE 4.17: Effects of Business on Health ......................................................................... 54

GRAPH 4.17: Effects of Business on Health ........................................................................ 54

TABLE 4.18: business Success Satisfaction ......................................................................... 55

GRAPH 4.18: business Success Satisfaction ......................................................................... 55

TABLE 4.19: Business effects on Mental Health ................................................................. 56

GRAPH 4.19: Business effects on Mental Health ................................................................. 56

TABLE 4.20: Future plan Regarding your Buisness ............................................................. 57

GRAPH 4.20: Future plan Regarding your Buisness ............................................................ 57

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................. 58

5.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 58

CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................. 61

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................... 61

REFERENCE LIST ...................................................................................................................... 64

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................................... 67

Appendix 1: ................................................................................................................................... 70

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my extreme gratitude and gratefulness for my Supervisor

Dr. Bernadette Warner. Without her support and guidance, this Report would not have been

possible. Who helped me throughout the semester in polishing my capabilities? Most

importantly, I thank Almighty Allah for giving me courage to achieve my pre-defined goal

on time.

I would like to thanks My Elder Brother Muhammad Wilayat Ali Data who is the Director of

Design Unit Master Plan Group of Offices, City District Government Karachi Pakistan and

all my family members who support me a lot during this dissertation.

Finally I am thankful to my College Teacher Dr. Iqbal Saeed Khan who is the Provisional

Co-coordinator (Director) of Social Welfare Government of Sindh, Pakistan, who has given

me lots of knowledge and proper guidance throughout my dissertation.

I hope that all my efforts would be beneficial for those people, researchers who are interested

in this field and really wanted to take active efforts towards the work‘s and life‘s challenges

faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan.

ii

ABSTRACT This study analyzes and explores Work‘s and Life‘s challenges faced by women

entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan; an evolutionary survey report is being

conducted by Muhammad Asif Ali who born in Karachi city of Pakistan and heavily feel that

his city Karachi have lots of problems and issues and their women entrepreneurs are really

struggling to start or extend their business. One of the major issues in Karachi city is the

works and life‘s challenges for women entrepreneurs of Karachi city of Pakistan.

This dissertation has lots of facts and figure that what kind of challenges are faced by

women entrepreneurs of Karachi city of Pakistan and who can support them to fight against

challenges with strong personality and skills.

The main challenges are bring into being in this dissertation; to find out whether these

women are earning desirably and are they supported by financial organization. This

dissertation also pays consideration that women entrepreneurs are satisfied with their work

and lifestyle. I also believe that this research also considered that the women entrepreneurs

are supported by family & society. It will also raise the health issues and their affect of

business on women‘s health and also explain the women‘s‘ personal live effected by their

business.

Finally I also believe that this dissertation have included other issues which are related to

women entrepreneurs of Karachi city of Pakistan and this research play a vital role in the

work and life of women entrepreneurs.

1

CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The past year saw spectacularly talented women lord over various businesses throughout the

world, orchestrating mega mergers and take over‘s, initiating complex turnarounds, yanking

taglines and pioneering path breaking strategies, spunky women entrepreneurs were at the

forefront achieving all this and more. Unfortunately women entrepreneurs are struggling and

criticizing in various work places due to man dominating world and women entrepreneurs are

not getting equal opportunities.

The concept of "Contribution to women" whether it economic for people with low and lower

middle class families are now prevailing in Pakistan. An effort has been taken by the

different organizations such as Small & Medium Enterprise Development Authority

(SMEDA), Employers‘ Federation of Pakistan (EFP), Women Business Incubation Centre

(WBIC), International Labor Organization (ILO) as well as many social activism through

non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and much more to ensure a comprehensive women

special Career Guidance for women to encourage to participate in the national development

of the process by , business relations and business career in various areas. Serve in order to

provide information, training, counseling services are necessary skills; concentrate their

health issues, family concern, network and allowing government to expand its informing the

public.

To provide hands-on support of women entrepreneurs (WE‘s) in an exclusive women

oriented environment, different organizations of Pakistan are given for the Development plan

for women and try improve their skills and to promote their interest for their work.

Small and Medium-sized enterprises development Authority (SMEDA) was established in

1998, with the aim new impetus to the economy by opening an aggressive SME development

strategy. SMEDA initially focused on nine priority sectors in intention to development of the

Strategy and proposing regulatory reform to boost development in the only criterion for

SME‘s in the field. In the depths survey was conducted, and a comprehensive plan

recommendations after identification obstacles.

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This strategy as well as the proposed by the SMEDA covered by all important area business

activity as well as the regulatory framework, Finance, Marketing, technology and human

resources development, that SMEDA successfully formulate strategy for the sectors,

including fruits and vegetables, marble and Granit, gems and jewelry, sea fisheries, leather

and shoes, textiles, surgical instruments, transport and dairy products.

The development of the SME‘s in the wider level still needs more coverage and improving

agree on SMEDA in areas of work. According to that after successfully qualifying in the first

stage of development of the SMEDA overhauled its operations in January 2001.

Currently, SMEDA together with sect oral focus series offers services small and medium-

sized enterprises including over the counter system for support, exclusively business

development, training and development of small and medium-sized enterprises and

dissemination of information through a wide range publications. SMEDA activities can now

be classified in the next three broad areas: producers to devise facilitating mechanisms for

small and medium sized enterprises by removing the obstacles regulatory over number of

areas such as creating favourable business climate. Assembly/sector development includes

definition and implementation of projects for SMEs groups/sector in co-operation with

industry/trade associations and the House. Better access for business development services

(autonomy); to take into account the developments and providing services to meet business

management, strategic and operational needs small and medium-sized enterprises.

According to economic census of population in Pakistan, women who are owned by

companies represent only 3 per cent of the company (3.2 million) in Pakistan most of the

women who are owned by businesses are very little in the market is less than 1 million Euros

and investment is less than 0.5 million development self employed women is, therefore it is

expected to bring new turning point for this country if it should be carefully analyzed factors

which is to focus their work.

(Shaheed.F and Mumtaz.K, 1978 and Brownlee.E.W, Brownlee.M.M, 1976).

3

In Pakistan women entrepreneurs are mostly is the successful to maintain its business

operations in the textile occasions, oil, beauty salon, perhaps designing, handicrafts, jewelry,

the idea candles, hand from gift items and leather occasions etc. There are around 60 per cent

women entrepreneurs who do decide to traditional business.

(Source: www.smeda.org.pk, 25.10.2009, 11:35)

Mostly women were led by its business operations worked from home, is the main reason for

mobility and other official and unofficial ways in which the demand of project. Problems

could be on the need to assess their potential, a request for some appropriate organization

which can be to establish and maintain ties to promote their work domestic or around the

world. Training for different type‘s skill development and to ensure coordination of activities

While the other face the problem for facilitating to finance or obtaining loans. Financial

issues are usually led to a family member. Women were the main participants and customers,

Grameen bank in Bangladesh to take small loans, so it is due to this bank that low loans, are

given that women (hhtp://www.grameem.info.org/bank/index.html), getting micro financing

for the poor match with the idea that women in the Movement for development (M. J

Anthony, 1985).Information on micro financing for the poor women is available on the web

page and data Bank type non-governmental organizations. (Babar.R.Z, 1999). While

Grameen model has appeared in Pakistan where non-governmental organizations in aided

and financed by this model (Kashf Foundation, April 2001 and Sungi development

foundation, 2000). Marketing and networking among which is the best way to present

product that they want customers and participate in an exhibition. Although there are still

some women who are gifted with some unique talent but failed to express it because of lack

of business advice, mentoring and there is no effective networking platform. Inflow Women

Business graduate students from various universities and business schools and visible change

among women to be self-employed is an important indicator participation of women in the

economic development of the society

1.1 Background to the Research

Entrepreneurship is already has long been described researchers and writers terms, as well as

the new, innovative, flexible and dynamic and creative and risk taking. This is the practice

for start of the new organization or revitalizing mature organizations, especially new

enterprises mainly as a response to have been identified opportunities. However, even gives

4

this wide range definitions entrepreneurship, we can find some common topics so that we can

better understand that entrepreneurship is? Some common topics in the definition

entrepreneurship are entrepreneur, innovation, the Organization creation, creating value, the

profit or not for profit, growth uniqueness and process.

The understanding entrepreneurship owes much to work economist Richard Cantillon, noted

economist and author in 1700s, was viewed as many authors of the term entrepreneurs.

Cantilena used this term in relation to the person who has taken an active risk having role in

running opportunities.

Late in the eighteenth century, the concept entrepreneurship is expanded to not only taking

risk than and planning, supervision, organization and even due to factors production. In the

nineteenth the fertile time for entrepreneurial activities for technological advances in

industrial revolution, provided that an incentive for the continued inventions and innovations.

Denim batiste economist has proposed that the profit entrepreneurship is separated from

profit from the capital ownership. Then,

Late in the nineteenth century, concept of entrepreneurship changed something Again there is

a clear distinction between those who are in supplied funds and earned interest, and those

who are favorable entrepreneurial skills.

During the early part twentieth century, entrepreneurship is still believed that it is in the

name clear and different from the management organization. However, in the mid 1930s the

concept of entrepreneurship expended. That‘s when economists Joseph Schumpeter proposed

that entrepreneurship involved innovations and untried technologies or what it called creative

destruction.

For Frank H. Knight (1967) and Peter Ducker (1970) entrepreneurship is about taking risks.

Conduct entrepreneur reflects a kind person is ready to put his career and financial security in

line and to take the risk of ideas, spending much time as well as and capital in the uncertain

enterprise. Knight share three type uncertainty.

Risk which is significant statistically such as it is more likely to win red color ball from

conflict which contains 5 red balls and 5 white balls. Ambiguity that is difficult measures

statistically such as it is more likely to win red ball from conflict which contains 5 red balls

but with an unknown number white balls. Right uncertainty or knightian uncertainty, as it is

5

impossible or predict statistically such as it is more likely to win red ball from container

whose number red balls is not known as well as and a number of other color balls.

Hisrich and O'Brien (1982) has concluded that the education plays a major role in top do, as

well as differentiation between women in the "traditional" and "non-traditional" business,

those who falls in the second group are better educated than those in the former. These

findings to join Hisrich and Brush (1985) which has determined that the women

entrepreneurs will be the first born, From a middle or upper class family, The daughter of a

self employed father, Educated to degree level, Married with children, Forty to forty-five at

start-up, With relevant experience.

In Karachi Pakistan, women entrepreneurs do not enjoy the same opportunities as men due to

a number of deep-rooted discriminatory socio-cultural values and traditions. Furthermore,

these restrictions can be observed within the support mechanisms that exist to assist

such

fledgling women entrepreneurs.

The economic potential of women entrepreneurs is not being realized as they suffer from a

lack of access to capital, land, business premises, information technology,

training and

agency assistance. Inherent attitudes of a patriarchal society, that men are superior to women

and that women are best suited to be homemakers, create formidable challenges. Women

also

receive little encouragement from some male family members, resulting in limited spatial

mobility and a dearth of social capital.

In Pakistan women entrepreneurs are mostly seen successfully in caring their business in

textile garments, bakeries, beauty salon, fashion designing, handicrafts, jewelry, fancy

candles, handmade gift items, and leather garments etc.

There are various factors which have been examined and presented in this study that indicate

the increasing trend have developed among the women to be self-employed and these women

are very competent in their respective fields and they know how to utilize and maximize their

talents and competencies.

6

1.2 Significance of the Problem

In Pakistan, number of Women Entrepreneurship has received a lot of attention between

different sectors of the past few years ago. The highlighting the problems that is, women are

about 50 per cent Pakistan total population, while the rate through which women participate

in the economic development of the country is only less than total who represent the

percentage it is only 16 (Goheer.A.N, 2003). So women when they are in this is a great part

of entrepreneurial activities will result in the creation and increase employment

opportunities, encourages economic growth and empowerment of women.

Over the last few decades women are progressively making their presence felt in business

sectors. The escalating awareness among cast classes of women reflect that soon there will be

a time when women become the equal part in supporting men whether economically, or

supporting family financially and even turning the world with ground-breaking mind into

new era of business.

According to one assessment, roughly half of Pakistan home based women are women

entrepreneurs (Shaheed.F and Mumtaz.K, 1990).Women entrepreneurs with low income

groups are under group larger entity known as Home based working women (Ayub.N, 1994).

They think to build its workshop, work on its space to whether the rent or work in its place,

which the House, buy raw materials, deciding where to invest and how to use money to

achieve profit, planning and formulating business plan and then application, and at the end

monitoring the plan, the assessment overall strategy moreover taking corrective actions and

finally, the its marketing. Pakistan in which dominated by men society in which women

entrepreneurs receive a significant help from the men, their family got the upper hand from

them with contacts in the labor market world in the framework of small and medium-sized

enterprises sector (www.smeda.org.pk).

This section provides for approximately 70 per cent growth was economy minister of the

women from the perspective, remains very under-was even and in more than the market. As

the law on nature it out to these companies curve its way and to find possibilities even and in

unfavorable situation. With limited environmental protection, this result in concentration

expert in certain segments thereby creating a "groups". Women in Pakistan have some

certain enterprises. Business structure and trade types differ from different part of the world,

mainly because of a large urban-rural division and limited access to a market.

7

Mainly, Urban Entrepreneurs to design development and sale and then be engaged for

services rural women craftsman for production of goods (Source: www.careermag.com.pk,

accessed on 26th

November 2009). This added that country charm and traditional beauty

products to the step forward remains limited. The exhibition in and trade shows in the

neighboring countries a large number of visitors drew and wants to buy these goods, needs

remain in the construction channels that can regularly presented to the much-needed

shopping support to retain trade cycle running smoothly. Even though the many women are

export their products in various international markets, there is still on the need for global step

forward toward exports quantity and quality assurance remain the main restrictions.

Although in May should have in mind that it is not mass production things, quality

parameters, implements here would be quite purge. Most outside world as well as does not

know what to water as well as missing as well as they have not seen this fantastic

craftsmanship will not be able to ties in the country, as well as across the border, to update

these products.

Business structure to go to the home base business owners or WAHM‘s (Work at House

Moms) for small production unit owner, most often they are the only ownership models. That

includes several hundred cottage-industry based on rural experts, where some were able to

work together. Creativity and design development this part of a single though their products

development methodology may not be and defined as those in developed countries. While

the majority of conventional producers to engage foreign products, the best held accountable

for their products designed women are usually more modern and Middle to end high market.

The design is usually exclusive and homemade, are not mass produced.

Industrial women in Pakistan, as well as an industrialist, is heading a major industrial units in

capacity building member Board of Directors, the CEO and group managing director. These

industrial usually represent family whose owner firms but their active participation in their

area on an equal footing with their male brogan parts and relatives. Industrial unit operates in

more and well developed business models that have a great team for support supply chain,

production, distribution and export. Here focus in the middle class level, to the access and

grass roots level cottage industry on one side, and local (and the global market) On the other

hand, providing outreach and build a canal. Pakistani women are going to higher studies in

several areas, in other countries, mainly the UK, since the beginning Pakistan. Among them

are lawyers, doctors, engineers, architects, authorized Accountants, writers and much more.

8

1.2 Statement of Purpose

With the coming of Islam, the position of women was raised to a respectable and honorable

one in the society. Dr. Annie Bessant in her book,‖ The life and the teaching of Muhammad

(SAW)‖says: ―I often think that women are freer in Islam than in Christianity. Women are

respected by Islam than by the faith which preaches monogamy‖. In his farewell pilgrimage

holy prophet (SAW) said‘ ―you should be kind and most considerate towards your women‖.

A women entrepreneur faces more problems regarding gender biasness and other social and

family problems in Pakistan although Islam has clearly stated the role of women, their

freedom and mentions again and again that man and women are created having similar

nature. Women are respected in all role of their life. ―And they (women) have right similar to

those (of men) over them‖. (2:228). this verse clearly shows that both husband and wife have

equal rights over each other.

According to the World Bank Country Gender profile Pakistan (World Bank Country Gender

Profile of Pakistan) does not allow status of women in Pakistan is one of the lowest in the

world. UNDP-a (1996) (Preparatory Assistance (PA) Document Number: PAK/96/016 —

Facilitating women's mobility, UNDP Pakistan.) described the strong "inside/outside"

dichotomy in Pakistan, where women are mostly restricted to the "within" space houses and

the household. This bans the cause women to restrict their mobility, their access for acquiring

of education, go for recreational activities, getting employment, training opportunities and

contributions to social services. Even though the enormous participation in taking his family,

home has brought nothing in the economy or in the works for benefit of the country prior to

their unpaid work is seen as well as social duty (Stiglitz Joseph, 1998) In the document on

gender equality is express grief the poor indicators Pakistan in comparison with other

countries in the development.

Many women become too busy after the marriage that they do not feel that the 9 to 5 job is

possible options, with the children and family etc. and that it is not the end roads. "There is a

well there is no way". One could begin its work and they can to make money sitting at home

such as Tuition, Organizing children parties, Food and catering, Children care, Resume

making, Graphic designer , Editorial services, Computer instructor, Internet researcher,

Image consultant, Secretarial service and Counseling.

9

Henry Kissinger stated that ―The task of a leader is to get people from where they are to

where they have not been.‖ It sounds simple, if women entrepreneurs have well developed

skills in these areas like Broad and Clear Vision, Communication, Risk-taking, Cooperation,

Self-knowledge, Clearly define goals, Realistic optimism, Discipline:, Curiosity and

Perseverance.

1.3 Statement of Problem

In connection with potential and the women's Development Business, women entrepreneurs

requires the assistance first from the small person in the family, then a view to the future in

get instruction or training for Strategic Development Business, obtaining credit loans and

funds and the assistance in marketing skills, product design and development. Complexities

are reported to the business environment for women in Pakistan. Some factors such as Social,

cultural, demographic, traditional elements, Regulations, constitutional structure and

regulatory arrangements.

According to some research articles, women entrepreneurs have come through some very

basic problems such as Women outside the notification that most of the people who have not

been cooperative according to them and that they showed hostile attitude (Shah.A.N, 2002).

They have no one to lead or support for their own interests. According to which dominated

by men society that they have had difficulties when dealing with men and second loan

recovery is a great number mainly women of the lower class fight against poverty and gender

discrimination (Khandker.R.S, 1993).

Informal training in the marketing field effects to find relevant market, deficiency of fund

and also customer relationship. There are no proper plans to predict future sale and

formulating a strategy are still far away from profitable domestic and international markets.

Women should expand use of information and communication technologies in their own

affairs. In that way failed planning for lack of knowledge.

In general traditional system represents difficulties for women to start their own business.

After Sunset, small head family does not allow his women to work in the factory. Women are

more obstacles in her family responsibilities that it is not able to work long hours out of the

house. On the other hand employers also are not like women that could seek maternity leaves

or use. Hard to women entrepreneurs to distribute their time between the family and work as

10

domestic responsibility to work very hard for her to look after their families, children and

then gives time to work. The notice that the children are neglected when mother was went

out for work. Being a woman major constraint is getting a formal finance because majority

has the concept that women cannot do anything except carrying family responsibilities.

Government has not built a business environment for women where they can make headway

competition. The government departments are not cooperative and that the policy of the

Government/ Regulations the firms too. There are more facilities for men to get loans

whenever they feel as well as to open their enterprise but Prime Minister does not owners

women more as well as they provide new services for men. Getting registered and receiving

a national tax is a problem face by many women entrepreneurs.

Even though the features male and female entrepreneurs are generally very similar, women

entrepreneurs differ on motivation, business skills, and professional profile factors. For start

of the process to work for male and female entrepreneurs are and different, especially in

areas such as system for support, sources of funding, as well as problems (Hisrich.D.R and

Candida Brush, 1985).

1.4 Aim and Objective

My dissertation is based on one main Aim which is to find out the work-life challenges faced

by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan and Six simple objectives are

as follows,

To find out whether these women are earning desirably.

To check that the women entrepreneurs are satisfied with their work and lifestyle.

To know whether the women entrepreneurs are supported by family & society.

To see the affect of business on women‘s health.

To observe the affect on women‘s personal lives.

To check the psychological effect of work on women entrepreneurs.

11

1.5 Research Question

Does professional qualification matter for women entrepreneurs to start their own

business?

Are women entrepreneurs facing financial problems to start their own business?

Is the health of women entrepreneurs being affected by their business?

Being a female entrepreneur are you satisfied with rate of success of your business in

this male dominating world?

What is the satisfaction level of women entrepreneurs with rate of success of their

business in the male dominating world?

Have women entrepreneurs ever faced depression or anxiety due to work load since

you start their business?

12

CHAPTER 2

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Recognizing the importance of the emerging women entrepreneurs in creating a vibrant and

dynamic economy for the nation, the Pakistani Government has been actively promoting

women entrepreneurship towards better off the nation economy. However, notwithstanding

the importance of this area, surprisingly little research has been undertaken to determine the

factors influencing performance of women entrepreneurs, particularly in Pakistan.

There are too many research has been conducted and raise the issues of women entrepreneurs

in Pakistan in different time interval such as changing role of women in Pakistan, a study of

social and economic activities of women entrepreneurs is done to analyze whether the

women entrepreneurs‘ participation in economy is improving the standard of living and are

these women getting help from financial institutions for loans. The study is done by

reviewing the extent literature on the subject, and by analyzing data from a survey of women

entrepreneurs in Karachi, Pakistan. Women entrepreneurs use the loan taken from the banks

for the purpose for which loan is taken and they return their loans as per return schedule.

They do not mix business account with household income. They contribute to household

income and raise the standard of living. With this economic participation, women

entrepreneurs gain confidence and respect in family and community. Women entrepreneurs

had contributed substantially to their household income over which they had complete

control. They were investing their earnings in furthering their businesses, house repair,

purchase of household items, on health and the education of their children. They had

obtained loans to strengthen and expand their enterprises. They were regularly paying back

their loans.

(Sources: http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/594-1.pdf, accessed on 20th October 2009)

Another research is conducted on the role of women in economic development of Pakistan.

The purpose of thesis is to examine the role and statue of women with in the strategies and

instrumentality of development in Pakistan. To what extent and at what level did women

participate in Economic Development efforts in Pakistan and how did this participation of

women contribute to the relative success of economic development efforts in the country.

13

There were 20 to 30 percent of full time workers and a greater number of part-time workers.

The vast majority, 72.2 percent of women are agricultural workers. Manufacturing represents

13 percent of the female labor force and community, personal and social services comprising

a further 11 percent. Women's participation in all other sectors is minor.

These women face a variety of problems, the major ones being seclusion and mobility, which

prevent women's access to information, training skills, credit and opportunities. As a result

women's work continues to be tedious and their potential productivity remains unrealized.

(Sources: http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Thesis/151.pdf, accessed on 28th

October 2009)

Most studies of women entrepreneurship have focused exclusively on women who have

already started businesses (Hisrich & Brush, 1985; Birley, Moss, & Sanders, 1987; Neider,

1987; Buttner & Moore, 1997) or women in established corporate positions who are

compared with women who have started businesses (Bowen & Hisrich, 1986; Montagno,

Kuratko, & Scarcella, 1986; Brodskey, 1993). Still no response, however, the question of

whether the changes in the business culture, who have participated and women rise to the

positions they pointed out place in the corporate world and that the increased opportunities

for women in self employment, resulted in the women are becoming more satisfied with their

choice person, or through watching factors that influence on the women entrepreneurs,

factors that restrict women mobility is considering working environment in which women

are restricted or in other words promoting role of women as equal partners in the

development and making economic, social and political processes.

While the percentage of women moving to self employed positions and factors that lead to

employment selections are well documented (Kolvereid, 1996), that is still not clear that the

women are satisfied with career that they have chosen. Factors that have influenced historic

women from different career paths have changed. Some obstacles have been removed, but

there is little evidence that these changes have led to more women in its largest desired

person.

Most of the work in the women entrepreneurs in developing countries relations mainly for

those who are uneducated and lack of professional skills, work in rural areas or urban

informal sector. Several studies did not try to study women entrepreneurs in urban formal

sector in developing countries.

14

Moreover, the majority this study, conducted mainly by the International Development

Agency, was at tended to focus on issues from a macro perspective. To assume that women

entrepreneurs in developing countries are homogenous group, with similar experiences in

starting a business.

This study left from the previous research in the two large ways. First, it focuses on actual

and potential women entrepreneurs in the urban formal sector, cities mainly Karachi, Lahore

and Islamabad. Second, the adoption symbolic access, is trying to take closer look at women

experience in starting a business as well as and training given to them to improve its

performance, supports the fact, and taking into account challenges and obstacles to face with

them on their success. Therefore to focus on women perceptions and the manner in which

define its goals and benefits and restrictions that are facing in starting a business?

The study revealed that women wanted to start a business in order to achieve three types of

personal goals such as Personal freedom, Security, Satisfaction. Freedom claims have mainly

women that has experienced some kind frustration and discontent in their paid work, which

now seeking to start their own business in order to have the freedom to choose kind of work,

several hours of work, work environment, and people have worked. Security seekers were

mostly women who, triggered by some personal mishap (such as death or retirement of

husband), wanted to start a business in order to maintain or improve their and their family's

social and economic status. An important reason why most of these women opted for their

own business rather than paid work was the flexibility that self-employment offered in terms

of location (close to home, working from home) and hours of work, to which paid jobs could

not cater.

The satisfaction seekers were mostly housewives, with no previous work experience, who

wanted to start a business in order to prove to themselves and to others that they are useful

and productive members of society. The impact of structural factors on women's ability to

start a business varied according to the dominant personal goal women had chosen.

Structural factors influencing start-up were divided into three categories such as internal

resources, which is, women‘s qualifications and/or working experience. External sources are

finance and location. Relational resources are family members, employees, suppliers and

consumers.

15

Understanding various objectives women continue and that the relationship between these

objectives, and structural factors influenced an initial can be of great help researchers,

planners, as well as experts working to promote women entrepreneurs. This understanding

can lead to development of more fine tuned policies and programs to support that not only

recognize that women have different goals that want to start work, but to their needs and

experiences to launch do vary in accordance with its specific goals for business ownership.

Necessary characteristics or a sufficient condition for entrepreneurship is also was the topic

many studies, although the majority is not focused exclusively on women. Early work

McClelland (1961) introduced "the need for achieving" move as major figure characteristics

entrepreneurs. While the move approach has come under fire as well as inadequate to explain

the phenomenon entrepreneurship (Gartner, 1988), there are a certain number of researchers

who have not yet have stressed the importance since its founding other will (Carland, Hoy, &

Carland, 1988). The dialogue regarding alternative explanations for entrepreneurial behavior

represents a healthy process (Stearns & Hills, 1996) which continues to spin off a variety of

integrative schools of thought regarding entrepreneurship (e.g., Herron & Sapienza, 1992;

Naffziger, Hornsby, & Kuratko, 1994).

The trait which has most widely been associated with entrepreneurial behavior is

achievement/motivation. This trait has been associated with entrepreneurs in a wide variety

of studies (McClelland, 1961; Lachman, 1980; Shapero, 1975; Johnson, 1990; Langan-Fox

& Roth, 1995). While the Langan-Fox and Roth study (1995) is the only research which

focused on female entrepreneurs, there appears to be clear evidence that entrepreneurs have

higher levels of the achievement/motivation personality trait than other people. The extent to

which there are different levels of achievement motivation in entrepreneurs relative to

managers and aspiring entrepreneurs is an interesting question that has not been examined.

Another trait which has been linked to entrepreneurial behavior is locus of control.

Brockhaus (1975) found that successful entrepreneurs manifest a higher internal locus of

control than others who had failed in their business venture. This finding is consistent with

the research of Rotter (1966) who linked internal locus of control with a high achievement

orientation. Thus, the level of internal control among female managers, entrepreneurs, and

aspiring entrepreneurs is an important issue to investigate (Mayo, Donna T, Becherer,

Richard C, Helms, Marilyn M,1998)

16

The theory as well as theoretical framework, which is used for the Study motivation of

women entrepreneurs. The four needs are achieving, affiliation, autonomy and domination.

The study has concluded that women entrepreneurs are motivated by the high need for

achieving, something high need for domination and moderate need for affiliation and

autonomy. Finds women entrepreneurs demonstrate a higher need for achievement and

dominance than women employees but significant difference in the needs for affiliation and

autonomy.

Empirical evidence shows that women contribute significantly to the running of family

businesses mostly in the form of unpaid effort and skills. The value of this effort is

underestimated both by the families that take it for granted and in academic studies. On the

other hand, many of the enterprises defined as being run by women (that is, enterprises in

which women hold the controlling share) are in fact run in their names by men who control

operations and decision making.

Promotion of business for women will demand even greater cancellation of traditional

attitudes, than simple creation of workplaces for women. It does not mean that we should

wait for social change to take place all over again. But it really means that the program

should fall outside the limits grants and distribution of the credit to changes attitudinal, to

formation of group, being trained and to other services of support.

The general practice of selection of employment for women on the basis of, that the woman -

only suppliers of the additional income and, therefore, do not demand wages of full day for

work of full day, has led to their large-scale operation. Actions in which women are trained,

should concentrate on their competitiveness and profitableness, and are not usually limited to

creation of brines and subjects of clothes. The high authority and professionally involved

committee should consider constantly rates and the curriculum on the basis of researches of

estimation and events of the market. In addition to development of skill, these institutes

should provide practical inputs of management also.

The biggest restriction consists that suitability of the capital is very low as schemes work

exclusively through banks which extremely refuse to expand the finance connected with

trade on small clients because of risks and operational expenses. The state corporations of the

finance and establishment of financing are not allowed to expand the finance simply

connected by trades which have been not connected with creation of an active according to

17

the charter. Female corporations of development, however, completely know about essential

presence of women at this area, but have only Catalytic a role in financing. They should

work necessarily through normal channels if they should get access to the open financing.

The credit is accessible to women through surplus of schemes, but there are still bottlenecks

and intervals. A variety of schemes is not accordingly listed, there transfers among agencies.

As a result the clients who are coming nearer one establishment are not made knowing about

the best choice for their requirements.

Though not known in poorer countries, the certificate from Leasing Corporation of the

Network in Pakistan and from in other place offers, that rent can quite have an essential part

to play granting of an opportunity micro and the small enterprises (MSES), to buy the

equipment which differently would be inaccessible to them. Experience while offers, that

rent is especially useful for small and greater micro the enterprises, but the potential to reach

the living enterprises should be investigated still and remains unchecked.

Leasing has been known for many years, but has only achieved widespread use in developed

countries in the second half of the twentieth century. It remains hardly known in the majority

of developing countries. (Mark Havers, Small Enterprise Development Journal Vol. 10 No.3)

The International Finance Corporation describes three different types of lease such as

financial leases are a way in which businesses can finance the purchase of equipment. The

total payments over the life of the lease are designed to cover the cost of the asset, so that the

lessee can buy the asset for a nominal fee at the end of the contract period. Full ownership

remains with the lesser until all payments have been made.

Operating leases are not a way of financing equipment purchase. They are a way of paying

for short-term use of an asset on an installment basis. The lesser will retain ownership of the

asset and seek to make a number of successive leases. It is a type of equipment hire.

Hire purchase is another way of financing the purchase of an asset, but it is more commonly

found in the retail sector and for small items such as sewing machines. A key difference from

18

financial leasing is that as the periodic payments are made under the hire purchase contract,

then so the ownership of the asset gradually transfers to the lessee.

It also, apparently, takes place, that rent has potential to fill an interval between the

microloans usually provided to the living enterprises by establishments financed by the help

of the microfinance and loans of commercial bank which are accessible to the known and

capitalized small enterprises working in formal sector.

Lack of confidence in marketing skills is a major area of difficulty for women entrepreneurs.

Several initiatives have been put in place to remedy this defect. Even when they are

otherwise in control of an enterprise, they often depend on males of the family in this area.

Marketing means mobility and confidence in dealing with the external world, both of which

women have been discouraged from developing by social conditioning. Women's

development corporations try to hold frequent exhibitions and set up marketing outlets to

provide space for the display of products made by women. Some NGOs have marketing

vans. However, such arrangements are not adequately publicized and quality control is

inadequate with no arrangement for adaptation to market requirements or consumer tastes.

Economic census of a business available by the Pakistan women represents only 3 % of the

full enterprises (3.2 million enterprises) in Pakistan. The majority of a business available by

women is really small that is commodity circulation, is less than 1 million and investments

are also less than 0.5 million. SMEDA provide more than to 300 participants covering

management, technical and development of skill.

Long term strategy should consist in any case in inspiring marketing skills to Women

Entrepreneurs, to allow them to make for the market. It means that research of market

condition to choose a product should be made by a part of all training and the advice given to

expose the enterprises, to sell and make their sympathetic to them. Professional marketing

examination is essential to identify marketing channels for the products made by Women

Entrepreneurs. Industrial zones could provide also marketing outputs for display and sales of

the products made by women.

Women Business Incubation Center (WBIC) is an initiative of SMEDA being funded by

Government of Pakistan to provide hands on support to Women Entrepreneurs (WEs) in an

exclusive female oriented environment. It is first of its kind center in Pakistan wherein,

Offices; means of the exhibition/display and Service of Commercial development (including

19

programs of training) are offered Business of Women (WEs) under one roof .All effort is

concentrated at encouraging new business starts and support to existing firms, including a

correct environment to cherish women had and operated firms up to a degree, that they

become viable; more definitely, during start (all over again five years) when they are the

most vulnerable. WBIC is the favorable enterprise community developed to help to grow up

small businesses. The center is established to provide the help to house firms or those in

earlier stages of development, WBIC offer seminars and symposiums / the trained rates,

needs stated their estimation.

Unfamiliarity with the external world and lack of ease in moving around in it greatly hamper

women when it comes to dealing with a multiplicity of agencies in setting up or running a

business. It is here that, despite professional competence and training, women are forced to

turn to men for assistance.

A final area of concern in the case of women entrepreneurs is stagnation in their growth. It

occurs because of the various reasons as requirements of house duties, problems of mobility

and need to expand a place and staff. It occurs also often because of the psychological

reasons as shortage of confidence of and fears concerning success (woman who follow often

animosities of the person and indignation within the limits of their family circles). Necessary

organizing and technical skills also lack, which is a barrier to growth of female firms.

Training and counseling on a large scale of existing successful women entrepreneurs who

seem to have plateau is a necessity.

In Pakistan, women entrepreneurs do not enjoy the same opportunities as men because of set

inveterate discrimination social cultural values and traditions. Furthermore, these restrictions

can be observed within the support mechanisms that exist to assist

such fledgling Women

Entrepreneurs. The economic potential of Women Entrepreneurs are not understood, as they

suffer from shortage of access to the capital, the ground, and a premise of the enterprise,

information technology, being trained and the help of agency. Congenital attitudes of a

patriarchal society, that man surpass women and they are women, is better approach to be

housewives, to create huge calls. Women also receive a few supports from some man's

members of family, leading to the limited spatial mobility and lack of the social capital.

Research offers, that to promote development, cooperation of multiagency is required. The

mass media, educational tactics and the governmental agencies could be united to give to

women the improved access to services of commercial development and to facilitate local,

20

regional and national networks. It would help integration of women entrepreneurs into

dominating economy.

Growth of development, generation of employment and destruction of poverty everyone

were the purpose of standards of economic policy, the plan and programs of policy maker for

the last decades, the international agencies have been based with the purpose of achievement

of economic development and destruction of poverty, sixty years later poverty is kept, and it

is a lot of countries of development as Pakistan is in a trap of poverty. Economic growth

demands that the establishment has supported from, Demographic institution Sound legal

framework, Market regulation and Excess information.

According to the message publish in the Pakistan institute of economic development, in

Pakistan; unfortunately, business has experience ―a rent, searching for culture ". A hand full

of the rich and powerful individual moment of reception of profit through maneuvering of an

economic climate, they also influence the governmental actions and a policy for

multiplication of riches which lead to restriction of number of the player in the market.

(N. Haq, K.Idrees, S.Ahmad, 2007).

Such culture appears very discouraging especially for the Women Entrepreneurs as the

majority of them with their limited resources aspires to make their presence felt on the

economic world of the man over which dominate.

In Pakistan, the enterprises have been limited only to industries, instead of the small

enterprises. Dreadfully, as we test strong political, hold public and the private sector

economic actions, therefore very small support is given to entrepreneurs. This phenomenon

explains why we have not so successful entrepreneurial activities in the country despite all

the talent and the unfavorable conditions for the nurturing of small scale manufacturing

sector.

Set of factors responsible for absence of an innovation. The majority of business men wish to

be involved in their inherited business. They think it as safe and free from risk. Sometimes,

an innovation was result of a small amount of information advantage. This shortage of

knowledge has limited top of businessmen of women a few traditional business, type of a

room, shops and Montessori, etc.

21

Though women they make half of world population, nevertheless the greatest group which is

excluded from benefits of social and economic development. Women make a strong labor

which should be mobilized and encouraged. Women have made greater businessmen; they

care businessmen and in sometime diligent managers. They are able to impart enthusiasm of

all around of them and creative enough to think up enthusiasm of innovative ideas which are

necessary economy.

The problem of the status of women, autonomies and equality often rose is international

inside, that the nation cannot progress, when the extensive share of a society is deprived its

due share and to not allow to play its role properly. Economically authorizing result of

women not only their development but also both has effect trickledown and brings full

prosperity in economy.

Trip of Women entrepreneurship of the beginning during1960s and70s significance,

commercial development take place in economics of 21st century. One is the explosion of

women owned business; the second is international trade. When these two go together, it

leads to the powerful forces bringing the contribution to economic growth, development and

prosperity in the world. Today, women begin business twice norm of men and become the

main forces, and in traditional and the new global markets of electronic commerce.

In develop also economic progress; women entrepreneurs have eaten well supplied by the

tool of management and a lot of a train in skills of the entrepreneurship. The norm of literacy

also is high for women in these countries and because of liberal culture of a society and

norms, they face to smaller quantity of the connected sort and problems of discrimination

which could interfere with their work as businessmen therefore, it result in many successful

businessman ventures by these women entrepreneurs.

There was a boom in female business in the developed countries. Recent research finds, that

women entrepreneur, probably, once have lagged behind their man's spears in the West, but

now they quickly fill a downtime. The business property among women in general grows on

almost twice norm (17 percent) as all firms (9 percent) (Business week, 24 November 2004).

This section briefly describes the methods of support, offered to businessmen of women in

the developed countries and extends key lessons (Paula Kantor 2001).

Restrictions before which women entrepreneurs cost are complex also appeals to parallel

volume of services to address to them. Widely there are eight various kinds of services which

22

are effective in support of women entrepreneur in addressing to various barriers before which

they cost. Section below lists types of programs which already exist to provide support to

women entrepreneurs.

Training is one of the most general services of commercial development. Educational

initiatives include also a condition of the general business skills and the skills more specific

to the industry. The general business training includes the basic business skills, type

valuable, marketing, including and negotiations and usually central element of the integrated

package of service. However, training in skills is frequent enough for women, and successful

programs of training for women entrepreneur. Therefore also include a building of belief,

training of development of business, creation to attitudes, important for start and

management of own business, etc.

The modular approach to the project of the program of training often considers good is offers

the basic rates, and then allows clients to choose other rates, satisfying to their needs. It does

training flexible and gives clients independence to choose skills on which they wish to

concentrate. However, successful projects of the program always what are based on realistic

estimations on the basis of needs. Women have various educational needs for terms of the

maintenance of a rate, planning, lengths and deliveries. Designers of the program should

know about female repeated roles; the program should be outlined, when women, possibly,

will be free. Methods Participatory and increasing studying, using consider as good training

models to reach female teachers of women entrepreneurs.

There is a wide set of the program of the credit working in the developed countries. The

credit restriction before which many women entrepreneurs all over the world cost, and

women should be able to get access to a dominating banking and the finance, and support of

need in this area. Various methods of providing of access to financing, such guarantees under

loans or companies with formal financial establishments were successful, especially with

women entrepreneurs. Increased access to credit is a key to the development of women

entrepreneurs in SMEs. Experience from all light shows, that women require the flexible

finance which meet needs the enterprises connected with development. The system of

guarantees under loans has appeared as successful means of an increasing opportunity of

reception of the credit. It reduces the apprehended risks up to the formal creditors connected

with granting to women. However, it is essential, that delivery should be kept simple and

transparent

23

Individually-based services where clients receive help on problems specific to their

businesses have proven to be most effective. However, counseling program tend to be

expensive. One way of cutting costs is by using volunteers and using group based services

for more general issues. Attention must be paid to hiring female consultants, avoiding a male

environment and providing services sensitive to women‘s needs. In addition, gender training

of consultants should be done. The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) is a non-

profit association in the United States made up of approximately 12,400 volunteer business

counselors. SCORE volunteers are retired or currently working business owners or managers.

They have real-world experience to bring to counseling sessions, mentoring relationships and

workshops.

Despite this, they all receive specialized training in counseling and training to add to their

business experience. Throughout its history, SCORE has served almost 4 million clients with

counseling and more than one million volunteer hours have been donated.

Many women want the support of post start accessible after test of skills, studied in earlier

training. Mentoring is the one method of maintenance of this support which can be very

effective as it addresses to the certain problems before which there is an individual

businessman. This kind of support includes individual or the help on the basis of the group,

directed on the certain problems where instructors serve as samples for imitation. Based on

long term attitudes with the instructor, it in essence the form of transfer of knowledge. It can

be cut out to needs of the client and consequently can have high efficiency and influence.

However, it can be also expensive in terms of time of instructors. Mentoring it is possible to

offer people or groups. Individual mentoring is often more effective and to have greater

influence as it addresses to the problems certain for female firms. Mentoring on the basis of

group offers other benefits, type of solidarity of group and opportunity to study from events

of others. The Women‘s Enterprise Society in British Columbia (WES-BC) in Canada offers

both types of mentoring services. Group mentoring involves about 20 clients and a female

volunteer mentor. The group meets every two weeks and clients pay a small fee for the

service.

Instructors of the volunteer are tested business women. Individual programs WESBC place

the responsibility for organizing mentoring sessions on clients. They find their own

instructors though WESBC will help with the introduction into contact to the person and will

24

supervise meetings within first four months. Clients pay to instructors hourly wages. On the

contrary, MELLOW (Life Long Mentoring of Women in or towards technical jobs) the

program under the European Commission is interethnic mentoring the program with the

center sectored. They are students of instructors and young professionals in technical areas

often areas where is a few women.

The information is a key resource for women entrepreneurs. The information can concern the

markets, suppliers, expenses and technology, and a network have appeared as key strategy to

offer support to businessmen of women. The organization of a network is very important for

success of business and it is identified as one of key ways to strengthen the female

enterprises as it can provide access to the information, to new clients and suppliers. Networks

are relations with others in the business community; they are one way to access information.

Sometimes training courses provide early network opportunities ‗granting time of practice‘ to

women before they leave in a network in wider business environment. Training courses also

allow women to meet other starting firms. Networks can bring also the contribution to

knowledge and development of agencies of support. Employment NOW Initial, female

employment and training of the initiative of the European Commission, have recognized this

source of studying and demand, that it‘s financed agencies had interethnic partners. Often

these partners divide teaching materials and elements of the program, or in common develop

them, and such cooperation can serve to distribute the best methods and to advance an

innovation in delivery of service.

The information exchange in networks is provided through many means, including

department stores, fairs and the Internet. The information technology, appears, the important

active to get access to the information and to expand networks. Often the network does

services and the information accessible to duty free phone, a fax, personally and through the

Internet. Actually use ICTs has very much helped to expand geographical areas of networks,

both between businessmen and between agencies of support. The Internet allows clients to

get access to it from time to time which satisfy to their lists.

It helps women to have greater access as they often should manipulate repeated requirements

of their time. Business of electronic networks and communities‘ focus the offer transferring

to an opportunity. The decentralized condition of service also insures that the information

provided to local women is pertinent to a local context. Canada Business Service Centers

25

(CBSCs) is a good example of one-stop shops for information from all levels of government

about small business start-up, growth and development. Another successful model is that of

the SBA program of the United States which has offered help to nearly 20 million small

businesses directly or indirectly. LFCEM (Les Femmes Chefs d‘Entreprises

Mondiales/World Association of Women Entrepreneurs) is an example of a network of

women business owners which offers networking opportunities aimed at strengthening

women‘s enterprise and taking the issues of the women entrepreneurs to the national and

global level.

Incubators the accessible technical help and support of management give entrepreneurs a

possible place, and on a site. They provide the divided premise to help firms with a phase of

start and have divided business services during the incubatory period. The initiative can

support connection of clients or clients from the specific industry, providing the divided

capital, reducing risk of start and an expense. They offer management and the technical help

which has been cut out to needs of business, and incubators can support a women's

movement in new, nonconventional sectors. Dividing a place with others starting firms often

reduce isolation and to provide network opportunities. Incubators offer the intensive,

individualized connection of services at start and outside of. This style of delivery of service,

appears, means of a key for support of female business in new sectors. Efficiency and

influence of the given services occur highly because of intensity of offered services.

However, will exceed, and the scale is low. The incubator can serve a definite purpose, type

of development of technology or revival of the neighborhood. According to 1998 research by

National Business Incubation Association (NBIA), there were 587 incubators in North

America helping thousands of fledgling businesses take off every year, however, are

expensive to work because of the capital, the equipment and requirements of consultation.

The organization of a network and mentoring is more than opportunity, when the incubator

has the centre of sector. As women often have less time to a network outside of business

hours, it could be a key element for them. ―Incubator Impresedonna " is a part of

Employment now, programs located in Bologna, Italy, and the first incubator in Italy

concentrating on female business. Its purpose consists in offering individual support up to

and outside of start of the enterprise, or development of existing business. For this purpose

intend in women in a phase of start and development of business. Another good example is

that of ACE net which provides sector-specific incubators, targeted at both women and men.

26

Both example shows that participation in an incubator during start can reduce entrepreneur‘s

exposure to risk, especially in industries where investments of start are greater. As women, it

is frequent more risk which is not inclined than the man, the incubator can be the good tool to

inspire more women to enter business

The agencies are providing marketing of the help access of the entrepreneurs the current and

new markets. The markets can be for inputs or the final goods, local or global. It can help

with identification of new products and new business opportunities also. New technologies

and product development are also one aspect of this service, which helps in accessing new or

higher value markets. The agencies of support providing marketing of the help often work to

create more effective markets through an improving transparency, access and the action, thus

a permission of benefit to be strengthened for a plenty of clients. As the markets in some

cultures ―man‘s places ", improving access of the market, and the transparency can make

women more convenient in economic sphere. Standardization of market transactions and

reducing corruption also has helped with increase in female readiness to participate in the

market.

Several agencies are focusing on advocacy work toward improving the opportunities

available to women entrepreneurs. Their key role is influencing policy. The ILO works in

this arena to support women entrepreneurs and its tripartite membership structure suits an

advocacy role. Several other international organizations, such as UNIDO, OECD, UNIFEM

and ESCAP, as well as governments and NGOs also play this role. Many advocacy

organizations focus on supporting female entrepreneurs. They work to raise the visibility of

women‘s economic contribution and to change policy to support women‘s role in the sector.

It is important that advocacy groups are aware of the heterogeneity of their client groups.

Without this awareness, policy changes risk being unintentionally biased against certain

groups, often women.

The geographical anatomy of southern Asia is made of several problems. Area among the

poorest, the least competent and naked minimal sort sensitive territories today consider.

According to the named message, " II conceptual bases: the context of women in southern

Asia ―Mehmood ul haq the human research centre,‖ one third of people in southern Asia,

alive in absolute poverty and has areas approximately 400 million illiterate adults and

approximately 80 million badly eating children ". Southern Asian women are deprived

fundamental laws of the person, and there is very small participation of men on an equal

27

support in economic actions. Women entrepreneurs make less than 10 % of full business

businessmen in southern Asia (M.Haq, 2007). One indicator which is indicative of the

minuscule number of women entrepreneurs is the total percentage of women who are

employers. In Sri Lanka, 0.8 per cent of women workers are employers and in the Maldives

the figure is 1.1 per cent. The same figure for Nepal is 0.4 per cent, Pakistan 0.3 per cent and

Bangladesh 0.1 per cent. From the following table, the number of male employers is also

very low in these countries, although still double or triple the number of female employers.

Employment status – percentage of women and men who are employers

Country Male Female

Bangladesh(1995-96) 0.4 0.1

Nepal(1991) 0.7 0.4

Pakistan(2001-02) 0.9 0.3

Sri Lanka(1998) 2.5 0.8

Maldives(2000) 4.5 1.1

Sources: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 1996; Central Bureau of Statistics, Population

Census of Nepal, 1991; Federal Bureau of Statistics, Pakistan, 2001-02; Government of Sri

Lanka, 1998; and Population and Housing Census, Maldives, 2000.

Women have limited access to professional and technical training in Southern Asia. Southern

Asia is characterized by a low set among women in formation, highly to lower norms and

poor quality of formation. A table below displays female levels of literacy as percent from

man's literacy just as average years of training of women and men, accordingly. Figures

testify to existence of gender discrimination in construction of capacity of women and

granting by it with equal opportunities at employment.

28

Female-male gaps in education in South Asia

Female literacy

as

% of male

literacy

Average years of

schooling

Male

Average years of

schooling

Female

India 67 6.3 3.7

Pakistan 50 5.1 2.5

Bangladesh 62 3.3 1.8

Nepal 41 3.4 1.5

Sri Lanka 94 7.2 6.6

South Asia 67 5.8 3.4

Source: Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre, Human development in South Asia

2003: The Employment Challenge (Oxford University Press), 2003.

29

CHAPTER NO 3

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Philosophy

This chapter is presenting a detailed description to the survey conducted. Justification that

elects decisions and techniques used to be. There are two sources data, which are used when

conducting research project such as Secondary data and Primary data. Secondary data is

easily accessible and therefore, it is described in the literature as well as data already

existing, Can be data in raw form or available data in the public domain. Usually, it is the

"data collected for some purpose other than the problem at hand" (Malhotra & Birks 2003, p.

15). Unfortunately, the internal data is not obtainable, thus, the research will rely on external data

sources. Secondary sources like TGI, Mintel or Key Note will deliver only quantitative information

about media viewer, and their demographic profile. Academic articles, past dissertations and

journals obtained through library collection and on-line databases will bring a greater insight

into the studied problem. These external data sources are easily and quickly accessible as well as

relatively inexpensive.

Another source of information is the Primary data. It is meant to respond to questions in a

specific problem. It is divided into qualitative and quantitative access for the purposes of

research, Quantitative way will only be considered. It is justified by the budget and time limits.

Although qualitative method could bring a greater insight into the question it is more time

consuming than quantitative one. Information about respondents' behavior and positions will be

obtained through structured questionnaires leads through telephonic and E-Mail interviewing. In

quantities research will involve a sample of 100 respondents, directly questions and respondents

will be addressed in the same way.

30

3.2 Research design

Research design is descriptive in nature. The nature of the issue is analyzed in the light data

collected questionnaires and interview. It is meant to highlight the work and Life challenges

faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan. It will also contain all

important aspects necessary while designing research on this study is considered that it should

serve that purpose practical and should be in accordance with the aim of studies.

This cross sectional study is exploratory in nature. Qualitative study will be use as small

samples of individuals, groups and events will be chosen, in view of dept nature of the study.

In addition to the quantitative findings, the report provides a brief picture of 100 women

entrepreneurs. Primary data will be collected by surveying different women entrepreneurs

using a personally administered questionnaire.

3.3 Data Collection Method

I have considered the few data collection methods for this research. It was necessary to come to a

special way which will be required to obtain goals research that depends on the issue according

to the study. For the purpose of that research I have collected available information about

research methods.

3.3.1 Qualitative Method

The qualitative method is "One of the two main accesses to research methodology in social

sciences, which includes the 'that is dealing with the investigation participant in the opinions,

behaviour and experience from information point of view". In contrast to the quantitative

research method, qualitative research method ‗does not refer to the quantitative

measurements and mathematical models, but instead uses logical deductions to decipher

gathered data dealing with the human element‘. This research method is often referred to as

an expensive and that a small sample size that are is difficult to determine. In quality research

way non-qualitative' methods of data collection and analysis used (Lofland & Lofland 1984).

Qualitative research method been defined as ‗focuses on "quality" rather than quantity. While

some other researchers say Qualitative method involves a subjective methodology and

making the researcher as the research instrument (Adler and Adler; 1987)

31

3.3.2 Survey Method

Surveys are one of the most popular methods to collect primary data from the informed

sources of data. As Denscombe (1998) stated, the purpose of a survey is ―to get a detailed

and comprehensive view about the data obtained, which will be used for mapping‖. There are

three main characteristics in survey method which are pointed out by Denscombe (1998)

such as Wide and inclusive coverage, at a specific point in time, Empirical research.

The popularity of the surveys method is established due to the fact that it provides a

quantitative or numeric description of some fraction of the population, that is, the sample, by

asking question (Creswell, 1994; Newman, 2000; Fink, 1995). Under surveys it is possible to

make a generalisation of the results obtained as the surveys allow a large number of

respondents to participate in the survey (Davis, 1996). However, there is a low response bias

because many people do not wish to participate in the survey (Aaker, Kumer & Day, 1995).

The survey method had been chosen for the collection of more information with the object of

describing, comparing or explaining the knowledge, attitude or behavior of the subjects and

thereby to arrive at some definite conclusion for the research question.

3.3.3 Sample and Sampling method

The sample was stratified according to geographical location of operation. Under probability

sampling design, area sampling of ―Karachi city of Pakistan‖ will be focus and under non-

probability sampling designs, judgment sampling is recommend because women

entrepreneurs can only give first hand information as they have expert knowledge by virtue

of having gone through the experiences and process themselves and can provide good data

and information regarding the topic.

A questionnaire is a document containing questions and other types of items designed to

solicit information appropriate for analysis. This involved drawing on existing research in the

area of the work‘s and Life‘s challenges faced by Women Entrepreneurs Especially in

Karachi City of Pakistan. Questionnaires are the instrument of choice for many researchers

working in various fields, theoretical traditions and research designs (Creswell 2003, Bryman

2004), no doubt because they are seen as the most appropriate tool to obtain systematic and

comparable data from a large number of individuals and analyze it economically (De Witte

32

and van Muijen 1999, Fogelman 2002). The following section will describe and explain the

format, structure and content of the questionnaire.

Work‘s and Life‘s challenges faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of

Pakistan, the author designed the questionnaire under the supervision of Dr. Bernadette

Warner. This questionnaire consists of open and close question. This questionnaire fulfilled

the needs and demands and provides the information which has given the support to find out

the work and life challenges faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of

Pakistan.

The database for this research will be created from a cross sectional study conduct in

Pakistan especially in Karachi city, using a research instrument that is a comprehensive

questionnaire originally based on the particular conditions of the Pakistan market (women

entrepreneurs). The target to find the fact and get valuable result to hunt total of 100 women

entrepreneurs who already in business and those women who wish to start their business are

going to be telephonic and questionnaire survey. This sample has been selected to provide

greater heterogeneity and decrease against any possible bias. Questionnaires will be

distributed at the organization of women entrepreneur association, women who are doing

business and who wish to start their business, and returned by email and also get the answer

from telephonic conversation.

3.4 Reliability and Validity:

Reliability in extent to which the experiment, the test, or of any assessment procedure yields

the same result in the repeated procedure without the consent independent observers will be

able to information research procedure, or the possibility of using research funds and

procedures, which shall be taken in accordance with measurements, researchers will be able

to reflected this bring conclusions, formulate theory, or to claim a broad view of their work.

In an important role in research, reliability is of crucial importance for many parts of our

lives, including production, medical, and sports.

Validity refers to the degree to which the feasibility accurately reflects or assesses special

concept that researcher is trying to measure. While reliability is concerned about accuracy

actual measuring instruments and procedures, the importance is concerned about Feasibility

Study for success in the light what the researchers is ready to measures.

33

Researchers need to deal with and external and internal validity. External importance refers

to the extent to which the results of a feasibility for generalizable or transferable. (Most

discussion of the validity external focuses solely on generalizability; see Campbell and

Stanley, 1966. We include commitment here that the transmission because they are many

quality research studies are not designed to be the.)

Internal validity refers to (1) the rigor with which the study was conducted (e.g., the study's

design, the care taken to conduct measurements, and decisions concerning what was and

wasn't measured) and (2) the extent to which the designers of a study have taken into account

alternative explanations for any causal relationships they explore (Huitt, 1998). In studies

that do not explore causal relationships, only the first of these definitions should be

considered when assessing internal validity.

(Source: http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/relval/pop2b.cfm,assessed by 27

Januray2010, 11:56)

Primary data will be obtained through questionnaire, survey and interviews while secondary

data, refer to the information gathered from different sources or organizations such as WBIC,

SMEDA, EWBC, CRPRID,PAWE,NGO‘s and women supported organization. From

companies records or archives, government publications, books, data bases, industry analysis

offered by media, web site and the internet.

Data obtained from these homogeneous groups through structured and spontaneous

responses are expected to reflect the genuine opinions, ideas that what problems faced by

women entrepreneurs especially Karachi city of Pakistan.

―Personally Telephonic, E-mail and Mail questionnaire‖ will help to find the fact of

problems faced by women entrepreneurs especially Karachi city of Pakistan. Nominal scale,

ordinal scale, interval scale, dichotomous scale, category scale, semantic different scale,

numerical scale and ratio scale will be use in the questionnaire.

Research work is expected to achieve following results;

The women entrepreneurs are earning desirably.

The women entrepreneurs are satisfied with their work and lifestyle.

34

The women entrepreneurs are supported by family & society.

The business affects on women entrepreneurs‘ health.

The business affects on women entrepreneur‘s personal lives.

The psychological effect of work on women entrepreneurs.

Report will benefit the following organization respectively;

The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency (SMEDA)

First Women‘s Bank Limited (FWBL)

Centre for Research in Poverty Reduction & Income Distribution (CRPRID)

International Labor Organization (ILO)

Women Business Incubation Centre (WBIC)

The Pakistan Association of Women Entrepreneurs (PAWE)

United Nation Development Programmed

Non Government Organization of Pakistan.

City District Government of Karachi city of Pakistan

3.5 Ethics:

In the context of ethics defines that the research work focuses on discipline to the standards

of conduct, as well as the philosophy, theology, the law, Psychology, or Sociology.

For example, "Medical ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in areas of

medicine. At the end, one can define Ethics as a way, the procedure or perspective for

deciding how to act and for the analysis complex problems and issues. For example, in

complex issue as well as global warming, one can take economic and environmental,

political and ethical perspective on the problem. While the Economist Intelligence Unit to

Investigate costs and benefits of various policies that are related to the global warming,

ecological ethicist could to investigate ethical values and principles at issue in the issue.

35

(Sources: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis.cfm, assessed 28

January 2010)

It is really important factor which is necessary to use when designed the research

questionnaire ethics promote the aim of research such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of

error. The author is bringing into being all ethical issue when prepared the questionnaire of

life and work challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Karachi city of Pakistan. The

questionnaire was filled after getting women entrepreneur‘s approval of willingness to

participate in the study. The information collected will not be disclosed to anyone and the

confidentiality will be maintained. Utmost care will be taken not to violate the ethical

principles in caring out a research.

3.6 Limitation:

The major limitation of this research that face to face interview was not bring into being due

to time limit, mobility and political issues. Karachi city of Pakistan is taken as a focal point

where only women of these areas will be covered respectively; leaving behind other regions

of Pakistan as convenient cluster sampling will be carried out the report provides a brief

picture of 100 women entrepreneur who already have their business and also those women

who wish to start their business. Primary data will be collected by surveying different women

entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire. The instrument was designed to elicit

extensive data on the women, their businesses and operating environments.

36

CHAPTER NO 4

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS:

This chapter is designed to present and analyze basic data of work‘s and life‘s challenges

faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city of Pakistan. Author have used to

described statistics, or frequencies and percentages for analyzing data. The data of this

dissertation is collected and analyzed by the help of 20 questionnaires which is given to 100

women entrepreneurs in Karachi Pakistan.

Q1- What is your Qualification Level?

TABLE 4.1: Qualification Level

Post Graduate 26

Graduate 12

Undergraduate 29

Metric 26

Secondary/Primary 17

37

GRAPH 4.1: Qualification Level

The above table and graph indicate the qualification of women entrepreneurs in Karachi,

26% are Post Graduated, only 12% are graduated, 29% are Undergraduate, 26% have

completed their matriculation and only 17% women entrepreneurs have done the primary or

secondary level. The highest ratio of 29% women entrepreneurs are undergraduates who are

studying and doing business. The 38% graduated women entrepreneurs are successful their

business due to extensive knowledge about their business but still have keen to do the

professional qualification also the rest 62% of women entrepreneurs are not even graduated

but they wish to start or finished their graduation.

38

Q2- did you get any professional qualification of business before starting your business?

TABLE 4.2: Professional Qualification

GRAPH 4.2: Professional Qualification

Professional qualification does matter to gathered valueable and relative knowledge abuot the

specific field of business.The above table and graph showed only 33% women

entrepreneurs are professioally qualified and 67% women entrepreneurs have not done

qualification.The 67% of women entrepreneurs belive that work challenges could have faced

easily and get the value able solution if they have professional qualification. The 33% have

professionally qualified and they are handling work and life challenges very professionallly.

Yes 33

No 67

39

Q3- what is your marital status?

TABLE 4.3: Marital Status

Single 25

Married 40

Separated 12

Divorce 9

Widowed 14

GRAPH 4.3: Marital Status

The above table and graph showed that highest percentage 40% of women entrepreneurs are

married who are doing business, the main reason is to support their family, 12% ar seperated,

25% are single they are heavily involved in their business due to less family responsibility

,14% are widowed they are working to support theirself and family and only 9% are divorce

women entrepreneurs are performing their business and really surprised the main reason of

40

divorce is heavily inolvement of business. The married women are facing most of the work

and life challenges amongst other due to family and business responsibilty.

Q4- which age bracket is you in?

TABLE 4.4: Age

Age Participant

25 3

30 9

35 11

40 16

45 11

50 20

55 12

60 7

65 8

70 3

41

GRAPH 4.4: Age

The above graph and table showed the highest percentage of women entrepreneurs,20% who

age 50 are doing their business and the lowest age group are 70 which is only 3%.The other

age groups are the age of 25 is 3%,30 is 9%, 35 is 11%, 40 is 16%,45 is 11%,55 is 12%,60 is

7%, 65 is 8%. The age group is the important challengs which is faced by women

entrepreneurs in their life and work such as the age of 50 are feel comfort and happy to run

their business due to they have much experience and less family responsibilty than other age

group, this is the big reason of age group 50 are highest ratio of 20 % than the other age

group.The age group 25 have not much responsinility either but they are in initial stage of

married life and start to face family challenges.

42

Q5- How many children do you have and children does matter for business?

TABLE 4.5: No of Children

Boys 35

Girls 37

None 28

GRAPH 4.5: No of Children

The above table and graph presented the women entrepreneurs who does business facing

work and life challenges due to they have children, the ratio of boys are 35%,37% are girls

and 28 % have no children.The 28% women entrepreneurs who said they have no children,

they are really good in their business and giving more time than who have children.They are

facing less life and work challenges who has no cildren than who have children.

43

Q6- From how long have you been running your business?

TABLE 4.6: Year spent in Business

<5 year 23

>5 year 20

<10 year 26

>10 year 31

GRAPH 4.6: Year spent in Business

The above table and graph indicated that the women entrepreneurs who runs their business

25% are running their business less than 5 years, 20% women entrepreneurs are running their

business more than 20 years,26% women entrepreneurs are running their business less than

10 years and 31% women entrepreneurs are more than 10 years.The women entrepreneurs

who spent less than 5 years they are facing work and life challenges than the others due to

lack of experience and difficult to face life and work challenges.

44

Q7- Are you working as a?

TABLE 4.7: Time given to work

Full time

62

Part time

31

Occasionally

7

GRAPH 4.7: Time given to work

The above table and graph showed that the time given to work by women entrepreneurs. 62%

women entrepreneurs are full timer.31% women entrepreneurs are part timer and just only

7% are doing their ocassionally. The full timer are facing more challenges due to the time

shortage and facing the life challenges and family issues are raised than the part time and

ocassionally women entrepreneurs.

45

Q8- How do you manage your business?

TABLE 4.8: Business Management

Entirely on your own 44

By employing a manager 25

With a business Partner 26

Others 5

GRAPH 4.8: Business Management

The above table and graph showed that 44% women entrepreneurs are managing their

business entirely their own, 25% are managing their businss by emlopyeing the manager,

26% are managing their business with their business partner and only 5% women

entreprenurs are managing by using others sources such as cosultancy firms or outsourcing

for limited time period. The women enrepreneurs who employing manager to manage their

business they are facing less work and life challenges than managing with partners, manage

on their own and using other sources.

46

Q9- How much time do you give to your work in a day?

TABLE 4.9: Working Hours

3-5 hrs 15

6-10hrs 27

More than 10hrs 58

GRAPH 4.9: Working Hours

The above table and graph showed the 58% women entrepreneurs are giving their time to

business more than 10 hours, 27% stated that they are giving 6 to 10 hours and only 15%

spending their time 3 to 5 years. Women entrepreneurs who spend more than 10 hours they

are facing more life and work challenges than the others.

47

Q10-How many hours sleep a day?

TABLE 4.10: Sleeping Hours a day

2-4 hrs/day 18

4-6 hrs/day 38

6-8 hrs/day 35

More than 8 hrs/day 9

GRAPH 4.10: Sleeping Hours a day

The above table and graph indicate the 38%women entrepreneurs just sleep 4 to 6 hours a

day,35% sleep 6 to 8 hours a day, 18% sleep 2 to 4 hours a day and just only 9% women

entrepreneurs sleep 8hours a day.A nomal human body need 8 hours peacefull sleepin 24

hours, for the healthy work and life enviornment is necessray to sleep proper manner. It will

reduce your mental stress and peacefull sleep relief your physical body pain. For the women

entrepreneurs they must concentrate their time management and make their life easy and

stress less by proper sleep.

48

Q11- Being a woman do you face problem in getting financial assistance?

TABLE 4.11: Financial Difficulties in Business

Yes 53

No 47

GRAPH 4.11: Financial Difficulties in Business

The above table and graphs showed that the 53% women entrepreneurs are facing problem to

getting financial assistance due to dillema of repayment, in the pakistani society most of the

people belive that woman are not good entrepreneurs and they are not successfull in the

business. The other 47% women entrepreneurs are not facing any financial assistance

because they stated that they are qualified and also have good business realation with the

financial companies, building and society.Also they added that they have contact which is

really helpfull to get financial assistance.

49

Q12- How much is your monthly income contributing to your monthly expenses?

TABLE 4.12: Monthly Income Contributing to Expenses

up to 25% 16

up to 50% 28

More than 50% 40

None 16

GRAPH 4.12: Monthly Income Contributing to Expenses

The above table and graph showed that 40% women entrepreneurs are contributing more

than 50% their monthly income to expenses.The 16% women entrepreneurs are contributing

upto 25% of their monthly income to expenses. The 28% of women entrepreneurs are

contributing upto 50% their expenses to income.Only 16% women entrepreneurs are not

contributing their income to expenses.More than 50% of women entrepreneurs are facing

more life and work challenges in their business and also they have to contribute their income

to expenses.

50

Q13- How many dependant family members do you have?

TABLE 4.13: Dependent Family Members

1-5 members 42

5-10 members 28

More than 10 18

None 12

GRAPH 4.13: Dependent Family Members

The above table and graph showed that 42% women entrepreneurs have 1-5 dependant, 28%

women entrepreneurs have 5-10 dependent, 18% women entrepreneurs have more than 10

dependent and only 12% stated that they have not any depenedent responsbility and they are

heavily involve in their business.

51

Q14- What is the reaction of your family about your business?

TABLE 4.14: Family Support

Good Enough 48

Normal 35

Not Much 17

GRAPH 4.14: Family Support

The above graph and table showed that 48% women entreprenurs have recieved the good

enough response from their family, the 35% women entrepreneurs have received normal

reaction from their family and only 17% stated that they have not recieved much support

from their family.Family support is a challenges which is faced by wmen entrepreneurs only

48% women entrepreneurs are receiving encouragement and motivational support from their

family and they are performing their business skills in very well manner because they have

family support to run their business.

52

Q15- Is your business affecting your family in any way?

TABLE 4.15: Effects of Business on Family

Positive 35

Negative 65

GRAPH 4.15: Effects of Business on Family

The above graph and table showed that 35% women entrepreneurs have positive responese

that the business does not effect their families and they are not facing any challenges

regarding their families but the 65% showed the negative reaction, they stated that the

business does effect their families and they are facing challenges reagrding their families.

53

Q16- How much time do you give to your family in a day?

TABLE 4.16: Time Given to the Family

<5 hrs 25

>5 hrs 28

<10 hrs 23

>10 hrs 24

TABLE 4.16: Time Given to the Family

The above graph and table showed that 25% women entrepreneurs are given less than 5

hours a day to their families due to busy schedule of business, 28% stated that they are

spending more than 5hours and tried that family does not effect , 23% women entrepreneurs

are given less than 10 hours and 24% are giving their time more than 10 hours to their

families because they donot like that families effected due to their business.

54

Q17- Is your business affecting your health in any manner?

TABLE 4.17: Effects of Business on Health

Yes 50

No 50

GRAPH 4.17: Effects of Business on Health

The above table and graph showed that the 50% entrepreneur‘s health has effected by their

business and the 50% women entrepreneurs stated that their business does not effected by

business. the health is another cahllenge which faced y women entrepreneurs.It effects the

life and work of women entrepreneurs.

55

Q18- Being a female entrepreneur are you satisfied with rate of success of your business

in this male dominating world?

TABLE 4.18: business Success Satisfaction

Yes 68

No 32

GRAPH 4.18: business Success Satisfaction

The above table and graph showed that 68% women entrepreneurs are satisfied with rate of

their business in the male dominating world specially in karachi, pakistan business cultue the

women are very lesser than the men in the business area and other field of work and face lots

of uncountable challenges to enhance their professional career.Only 32% women

entrepreneurs are stated that they are not satisfied with rate of their business in the male

dominating world and they are really getting difficulties to grow their business and enhance

their professional skills.

56

Q19- Since the start of your business have you ever faced the problem of depression or

anxiety?

TABLE 4.19: Business effects on Mental Health

Yes 53

No 47

GRAPH 4.19: Business effects on Mental Health

The above table and graph showed that the 53% women entrepreneurs are suffered metal

health such as anxiety or depression by their busineswork load.The 47% business

entrepreneurs stated that business does not impinge any effects to their mind and mental

health does not effects by their business and they feel comfort to perform their roles in the

business.

57

Q20- Are you planning to continue or expand your business?

TABLE 4.20: Future plan Regarding your Buisness

Continue 50

Expand 33

Down size 10

Close 7

GRAPH 4.20: Future plan Regarding your Buisness

The above table and graph showed that 50% women entrepreneurs have planned to continue

their business,33% have planned to expand their business, 10% women entrepreneurs have

planned to down size their business and only 7% have planned to close their business due to

some challenges and they are not able to cope and they tried to face work and life challenegs

but they are not succesful to handle.

58

CHAPTER 5

5.0 CONCLUSION

From the above research, I found that the dominant age of the respondents in the samples

was found to be in the range of 40-50 years and their marital status was married. This

indicates that mainly the married women of mature age group were doing business in which

their family was also supporting them. The young age consent, they are facing challenges

due to age concern, they have new ideas but where they implemented, they are struggling to

accelerate their career and really keen to start their business.

Most of the women were not highly qualified and did not have any professional qualification

for their specific field of business. Most of the women have completed their basic

qualification but they have not received any professional qualification and they are facing

work challenges and it impinges their effects on their life. Most of the women they have

completed their post graduation and they are still facing the work challenges due to lack of

professional qualification.

Mostly women were into their business from more than 10 yrs and they take their business as

a full time job. Our study also shows that most of the women were handling their business

entirely on their own and they are facing their work life challenges due to lack of

professional skills and bad time management skills. They have experience and they are

managing their own but the ideas is generated in their mind is very old and they would like to

implemented them, they just followed the traditional culture and they are really afraid to take

any new risk in their business.

Data showed that income from business was contributing in women entrepreneurs‘ monthly

expenses .We also found that most of the women entrepreneurs were satisfied with their

business income and most of them wanted to expand or continue their business. Mostly

women entrepreneur are supporting their families, the high ratio are contributing their

income. They also look after their children mostly they have children and they are spending

their much time towards their development, they are responsible to feed them as well. In

59

Karachi, day care services business concept is not boost up and the women entrepreneurs are

not feeling free from their children responsibility and they have to spend plenty of their time.

The data showed that they are sacrificing their sleeping hour due to work and life load. They

are not able to take a proper rest due to bad time management they have to spend their time

with their families and they are responsible to perform their home duties such as cooking the

food, teaching their children, wash and clean their homes etc. Most of women entrepreneurs

are not independent lots of dependent connect with them and they are liable to fulfil their

requirement.

The data showed that the business affects the health of women entrepreneur due to lack of

time and they are normally not worried about their health, they worried about the dependent

and family health. Half of women entrepreneurs believe that business does not affect their

health as well because they have a good time management skills and they have less family

responsibility and they have no issue about their health. Most of women entrepreneurs are

not getting proper medical facilities to go frequently for health check up and also they have

not enough facilities of outdoor facilities to refresh their life and release their work and life

stress and also they are bound for outgoing with the male of families due to conservative

culture.

Our data concludes the following problems which women are facing; more than half of the

women entrepreneurs faced difficulty in getting help from financial institutions for loans.

The man dominating culture in Karachi is really hard to get finance mostly women who are

involve in their business it‘s already is being funded by the head of family or they have good

contacts and good relation with financial sources. Half of women entrepreneurs are

struggling to start their own business or expand their business due to financial assistance.

Another major problem is that these women have to compromise their health and sleep for

their business. Furthermore their personal life is affected as they are not able to give enough

time to their family. In Pakistani society women have to spend their time with their families

otherwise families comes in trouble. Families are supported but they expected women must

spend their time with them. Our data indicates that women‘s business is having a negative

effect on their family and health. Women health is very important for the whole family

health, most of the women entrepreneurs are not able to give time to their self and they are

also not able to spend much time with their families and families struggled. The eight hours

60

sleep is really important for the mental health and need for human body. Our data indicated

they are not in peace; they are working like a nonstop machine. They spend most of the time

to their business and the other rest of time to spend with their families, the work and life

stress are making them crazy. They are really keen to socialize and spend their time with

their friends and families.

61

CHAPTER 6

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following major recommendations are suggested for future implementations which will

effects the work and life challenges faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city

of Pakistan. I would like to addressed, The Small and Medium Enterprises Development

Agency (SMEDA),First Women‘s Bank Limited (FWBL),Centre for Research in Poverty

Reduction & Income Distribution (CRPRID),International Labor Organization (ILO),Women

Business Incubation Centre (WBIC),The Pakistan Association of Women Entrepreneurs

(PAWE),United Nation Development Program Karachi, Pakistan, Non Government

Organization of Pakistan, City District Government of Karachi city of Pakistan(CDGK) that

they will pay their attention towards the Training issue that training and development is

necessary factor for growth of any business and also it is polishing the human skills and

personality and give the separate entity. I would like to recommend that the women

entrepreneurs should avail the training program and different seminars held by women

support organizations which will remove the obstacles and hesitation in the men dominating

world and also attend some business development professional skills to make globally. They

will stand on their own feet and make their decision of their work and life and also build their

personality more dominant and confident.

Finance is the major issue in the Karachi city of Pakistan, Government funded or private

financial companies are not able to give easy money for the business because they are

worried to issue the business loan (high interest rate) but it is possible if someone show their

Asset, liability and idea and connect with reliable sources. I would like to recommend that

the women must attend the financial seminar and show their potential and keen that they

really want to start their own business and must have knowledge about the business. They

should know how to make the feasibility report and show the bank or building or financer

that how much they will earn if they invest in their business. Also women should avail the

credit and funding policies arranged by different multinational factoring companies, work

locally think globally.

62

I would like to recommend to bank or building society that they will make the women

entrepreneurs‘ life and work easy by issuing the loan. I would like to add there that loans

facilities should be made within the easy approach. Banks may be motivated to provide loans

on easy terms and in due time. The loans should be provided to the deserving women and

start the marketing campaign which attract the women or motivate them that they take a part

to start their own business.

I would like to recommend the Government of Karachi, Pakistan they should appoint

committee of unbiased people to check the facilities of loans and if they have any problems

to getting the finance so sort them out because if they have much potential and great ideas

and also they have ability to manage their home budget, develop their children, good time

keeper. If they will start their own business so the economy of Karachi city will increase and

we will take another step to develop our city.

Marketing of their extensive product and ideas is really making a difference to grow up their

business and impinge the effects of revenue of Karachi city of Pakistan. I would like to

recommend to Government of Karachi, Pakistan that they will help to provide proper

marketing channel through exhibition locally and internationally and presence of these

women in such exhibitions should be checked.

I would like to recommend that advocating the importance of education and taking active

efforts to spread awareness of women entrepreneurs as role models. Business development

skills and awareness of market are really important for women entrepreneurs that come in

local and international market. They must aware the threat of business market, weakness of

the skills and strength of knowledge.

I would like to recommend that opportunities should be provided for these women

entrepreneurs to meet other women entrepreneurs of our country and as well as other

countries so that they may learn about various types of businesses and communication barrier

must remove and opportunity for business for any women should be equal. Just in case they

are not getting any right equal opportunity they must have right to appeal and follow the

proper laws and justice, rules and regulation and equal opportunity and also should not

underestimated that they are women, they could not perform well.

63

I would like to recommend that women entrepreneurs should manage their time and must

sleep at least eight hours which is the basic requirement of normal human body. They must

go to regular health check up with their Personal general physician. For the mental relaxation

they should socialize and start their outdoor physical activities and try to release their work

and life load.

I would like to recommend that research work should be conducted in this area so that the

problems faced by the women entrepreneurs may be highlighted and raise their issue to the

government level and try to solve not through in the parliament bin. In the end, women is the

strong pillar of our society they born, grow and develop all the man personality, women is

the first teacher of all businessman so we all have to pay full consideration towards the work

and life challenges faced by women entrepreneurs especially Karachi city of Pakistan.

64

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70

Appendix 1:

Work’s and Life’s challenges faced by women entrepreneurs especially in Karachi city

of Pakistan. An evolutionary survey report of women entrepreneurs in Karachi,

Pakistan.

Name: .....................................................

Contact: ..................................................

Q1. What is your Qualification Level?

Postgraduate Graduate Undergraduate

Secondary / Primary Matriculation

Q-2 Did you get any professional qualification of business before starting your business?

Yes No

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................

Q-3 what is your marital status?

Single Married Separate

Divorced Widowed

Q-4 which age bracket is you in?

Less than 20 20-39

40-49 50-59 60-above

Q5- How many children do you have?

Boy(s) Girl(s) None

Q6- From how long have you been running your business?

Less than 5years More than 5years

Less than 10 years More than 10 years

71

Q7- Are you working as a?

Full Time Part Time Occasionally

Q8- How do you manage your business?

Entirely on your own through an intermediary

on demand /order basis other

Q9- How much time do you give to your work in a day?

3-5 hrs 6-10 hrs More than 10hrs

Q10-How many hours sleep a day?

2-4 hours/day 4-6hours/day

6-8hours/day more than 8hours/day

Q11- Being a woman do you face problem in getting financial assistance?

Yes No

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................

Q12- How much is your monthly income contributing to your monthly

expenses?

None Up to 25%

Up to 50% More than 50%

Q13- How many dependant family members do you have?

1-5 5-10

More than None

Q14- What is the reaction of your family about your business?

Good Enough Normal

Not much

72

Q15- Is your business affecting your family in any way?

Positively Negatively

Q16- How much time do you give to your family in a day?

Less than 5 hours More than 5 hours

Less than 10 hours more than10 hours

Q17- Is your business affecting your health in any manner?

Yes No

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................

Q18- Being a female entrepreneur are you satisfied with rate of success of your business in

this male dominating world?

Yes No

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................

Q19- Since the start of your business has you ever faced

Yes No

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................

Q20- Are you planning to continue or expand your business?

Continue Expand

Downsize Close

If YES so please gives details....................................................................................