WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSIN THE 21sT CENTURY

IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication

The IEEE Press Digital and Mobile Communication Series is written for research anddevelopment engineers and graduate students in communication engineering. Theburgeoning wireless and personal communication fields receive special emphasis. Booksare of two types, graduate texts and the latest monographs about theory and practice.

John B. Anderson, Series EditorEricsson Professor ofDigital Communication

Lund University, Sweden

Advisory Board

John B. Anderson

Dept. ofInformation TechnologyLund University, Sweden

Rolf Johannesson

Dept. ofInformation TechnologyLund University, Sweden

Joachim Hagenauer

Dept. of Communications EngineeringTechnical UniversityMunich, Germany

Norman Beaulieu

Dept. ofElectrical and ComputerEngineering,University ofAlberta,Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Books in the IEEE Press Series on Digital & Mobile Communication

John B. Anderson, Digital Transmission EngineeringRolf Johannesson and Kamil Sh. Zigangirov, Fundamentals of Convolutional CodingRaj Pandya, Mobile and Personal Communication Systems and ServicesLajos Hanzo, P 1. Cherriman, and 1. Streit, Video Compression & Communications overWireless Channels: Second to Third Generation Systems and BeyondLajos Hanzo, F. Clare, A. Somerville and Jason P Woodard, Voice Compression andCommunications: Principles and Applications for Fixed and Wireless ChannelsMansoor Shafi, Shigeaki Ogose and Takeshi Hattori (Editors), Wireless Communicationsin the Zl" Century

WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSIN THE 21 ST CENTURY

EDITED BY

Mansoor ShafiTelecom New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand

Shigeaki OgoseKagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan

Takeshi HattoriSophia University, Tokyo, Japan

IEEE SERIES ON

DIGITAL

& MOBILECOMMUNICATION

John B. Anderson, Series Editor

+IEEEIEEE PRESS

rnWILEY-~INTERSCIENCEA JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. PUBLICATION

IEEE Press445 Hoes Lane, PO. Box 1331

Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331

IEEE Press Editorial BoardStamatios V Kartalopoulos, Editor in Chief

M. Akay1. B. AndersonR.1. Baker1. E. Brewer

M. E. El-HawaryR. 1. HerrickD. KirkR. LeonardiM. Padgett

Kenneth Moore, Director ofIEEE PressCatherine Faduska, Senior Acquisitions Editor

John Griffin, Acquisitions Editor

M. S. NewmanW D. ReeveS. TewksburyG. Zobrist

This book is printed on acid-free paper. @

Copyright © 2002 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise,except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, withouteither the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of theappropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744. Requests to the Publisher for permission should beaddressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York,NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008. E-Mail: PERMREQ@WILEY.COM.

For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL WILEY.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication is available.ISBN 0-471-15041-X

Printed in the United States of America.10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Preface

1 IntroductionMansoor Shaft, Shigeaki Ogose, and Keith Butterworth

1.1 History of Mobile Radio Communications1.2 Telecommunication Needs for the 21st Century1.3 Data Rate Road Map to 3G1.4 Mobile Networks of Tomorrow1.5 4G Mobile Systems1.6 Handsets1.7 Mobility Management in an IP World1.8 Mobile IP1.9 Spectrum for Mobile Systems1.10 Organization of this Book1.11 Summary

AcronymsReferences

PART 1 Visions of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century

2 Vision of Wireless Communications in the 21st CenturyRaymond Steele

2.1 Introduction2.2 Current Scene in Wireless Communications2.3 3G Scene for the Beginning of the 21 st Century2.4 Post-3G Systems2.5 Global Family of Ad Hoc Networks2.6 Peering Through the Future Haze

References

3 Wireless Migration to Packet Network: U.S. ViewpointChung Liu and Wayne Strom

3.1 Future Wireless Network Vision3.2 Future Wireless Network Architecture

xi

1

123379

10111213171819

23

23242528303941

43

4345

v

vi CONTENTS

3.3 Wireless Packet Network Evolution3.4 Migration of Wireless Radio Access to Packet Data Network

(Including M-IP and GPRS)3.5 Wireless Packet Network3.6 Summary

References

47

49515656

4 Vision of Wireless Communications Applications in the 21st Century:A View from Japan 57Mitsutoshi Hatori

4.1 Introduction4.2 Current Wireless Communications Systems4.3 Third-Generation Systems4.4 Fourth-Generation Systems4.5 Other Future Systems4.6 Summary

References

PART 2 Developments in International Standards

57586066697272

5 Developments in International Standards 77Jane Brownley, Fran O'Brien, Maria Palamara, Derek Richards, and Lynne Sinclair

5.1 Overview5.2 lTV's IMT-2000 Standardization Efforts5.3 3G Standardization Consortia5.4 Evolving Radio Standards5.5 Evolving Network Standards5.6 Related Standardization Efforts5.7 Summary

References

7778828590969898

6 Standardization on Broadband Wireless Access: Wireless ATM and IP 101Masahiro Umehira

6.1 Introduction6.2 Standardization Efforts Related to Broadband Wireless Access6.3 Standardization on Radio Access Layer6.4 Standardization on Mobile ATM6.5 Conclusions

References

PART 3 Propagation Issues

7 Multipath Effects Observed for the Radio ChannelHenry L. Bertoni

7.1 Introduction7.2 Measurement of Multipath Arrivals

101102110115120121

125

125127

7.3 Multipath Phenomena for Narrowband Excitation7.4 Multipath Phenomena for Broadband Excitation7.5 Angular Spread for Space-Time Signal Processing7.6 Summary

References

8 Indoor Propagation ModelingHomayoun Hashemi

8.1 Introduction8.2 Types of Variations in the Channel8.3 Wideband Channel8.4 Large-Scale Path Losses8.5 rms Delay Spread8.6 Spatial Variations of the Channel8.7 Temporal Variations of the Channel8.8 Comparison Between Indoor and Outdoor Radio Channels8.9 Indoor Infrared Channel8.10 Conclusions

References

9 Propagation Loss Prediction ModelsMasaharu Hata

9.1 Introduction9.2 Empirical Models9.3 Analytical Models9.4 Deterministic Methods9.5 Summary

References

10 Path-Loss Measurements for Wireless Mobile SystemsDongsoo Har and Howard H. Xia

10.1 Overview10.2 Macrocellular Measurements10.3 Microcellular Measurements10.4 Indoor Measurements10.5 Summary

References

PART 4 Technologies

CONTENTS vii

129138144144145

149

149150152156157158159161163166166

169

169169174179181182

185

185186187189192192

11 Coding and Modulation for Power-Constrained Wireless Channels 197Ezio Biglieri, Giuseppe Caire, and Giorgio Taricco

11.1 Introduction 19711.2 Designing a C1M Scheme: The Gaussian Channel Perspective 19811.3 Wireless Channel: A New Perspective 201

viii CONTENTS

11.4 Flat Independent Fading Channel11.5 Block-Fading Channel11.6 Interference-Limited Channel11.7 Conclusions

References

12 Modulation and Demodulation Techniques for WirelessCommunication SystemsSeiichi Sampei

203209211213214

217

12.112.212.312.412.512.612.712.812.912.10

IntroductionOutline of Modulation and Demodulation TechniquesGMSKQPSKnj4-QPSKM-ary QAMPilot Signal-Aided Fading Compensation TechniquesOrthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingAdaptive ModulationSummaryReferences

217218219221224225227228230235235

13 Fundamentals of Multiple Access Techniques 239Fumiyuki Adachi

13.1 Introduction 23913.2 Multiple Access Techniques 24013.3 Demand-Assign-Based Multiple Access 24113.4 Random Multiple Access 25513.5 Summary 263

References 263

14 Spatial-Temporal Signal Processing for Broadband Wireless Systems 265David Falconer

14.1 Introduction: Motivation and Configurations for Space-TimeProcessing

14.2 Channel Models for Multielement Arrays14.3 Receiver Space-Time Processing14.4 Recent Space-Time Wireless Communication Architectures14.5 Adaptation Issues14.6 Transmitter Space-Time Processing14.7 Conclusions and Future Applications

References

15 Interference Cancellation and Multiuser DetectionRyuji Kohno

15.1 Introduction15.2 CDMA System Model

265266268280280282285286

291

291292

15.3 Multiuser Detection for CDMA15.4 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for DSjCDMA15.5 Co-Channel Interference Cancellation for FHjCDMA15.6 Concluding Remarks

References

PART 5 Wireless Systems and Applications

CONTENTS ix

294295307314314

16 EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMAj136 Evolution 319Stefan Jdverbring

16.1 Introduction16.2 Background16.3 Physical Layer16.4 Link Layer16.5 EGPRS Performance16.6 Conclusions

References

17 Continuing Evolution of CDMA into New and Improved ServicesAndrew J. Viterbi

319319320323327329329

331

17.117.217.317.417.517.617.717.817.917.10

Commercial CDMA: A Brief Condensed HistorySystem Features of Code Division Multiple AccessEarly CDMA Evolution for Data ServicesImprovement and Evolution to CDMA 2000Generational Evolution and Emphasis on Wider BandwidthsAlternate Implementation of Wider Band CDMAReexamining the Goal: Wireless High-Speed Data TransmissionCDMAjHDR for High-Speed Wireless Internet AccessImplementation of CDMAjHDRSummary and Concluding RemarksReferences

331334335336337338339340342348348

18 WCDMA Radio Access Technology for Third-Generation MobileCommunication 351Erik Dahlman, Fredrik Ovesjo, Per Berning, Christiaan Roobol, Magnus Persson,Jens Knutsson, and Joakim Sorelius

18.1 Introduction18.2 Background to WCDMA18.3 UMTSjIMT-2000 System Overview18.4 WCDMA Radio Protocol Operation18.5 WCDMA Physical Layer18.6 WCDMA Radio Resource Management18.7 Performance-Enhancing Technologies

References

351351352357359370373377

X CONTENTS

19 New Systems for Personal Communications via SatelliteJ. V Evans

19.1 Introduction19.2 Mobile Satellite Services19.3 Proposed Global Satellite Phone System Designs19.4 Data and Multimedia Services19.5 Concluding Remarks

PART 6 Wireless ATM Networks

20 Wireless ATM NetworksD. Raychaudhuri, P Narasimhan, B. Rajagopalan, and D. Reininger

20.1 Introduction20.2 Wireless ATM Architecture20.3 WATM Radio Access Layer20.4 Mobile ATM Network20.5 QoS Control in Wireless ATM20.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Index

About the Editors

379

379381383392403

407

407409411418428432433

435

441

PREFACE

Wireless communications is an area of communications that is expanding very rapidly andis one of the most promising areas of research. Third-generation wireless systems, whichprovide streaming video, access to the internet and much more, are now becomingcommercial realities. Standardization of systems beyond third-generation is alreadyunderway. The aim of the new wireless networks is to make personal communicationsavailable anywhere, anytime. This book consists of individual chapters written by notablespecialists in their fields. It has a bias toward the physical layer. The key objectives of thisbook are to provide the reader with a broad overview based on:

• The kinds of services can we expect from wireless networks in the 21st century,

• The standardization efforts underway to ensure that such networks will be commer-cially realized,

• The technology building blocks that are needed, and

• Examples of some new systems that are being deployed.

Preparing an overview text with these broad aims also poses a key difficulty, especially in adynamic area such as wireless communications. This is because the ideas that were "new"some years ago (when work on this text began) are somewhat dated now. Furthermore,"new" areas are always emerging that may be not covered in this book at all.

This book is aimed at a wide audience consisting of researchers, practising engineers,and design engineers. With this intention, the contributing authors have prepared specialistarticles that provide a comprehensive tutorial style overview of the scope of the article. Thefirst part consists of an introductory article written by the editors. This is followed by threevisionary chapters on wireless network developments. Standardization efforts are coveredin Part 2 by two chapters. Part 3 consists of four chapters on propagation issues, becausethe vagaries on the radio channel continue to provide a continuous challenge to radioengineers. Part 4 consists of 5 chapters on key technologies that form the building blocksof the physical layer of a wireless system. Parts 5 and 6 consist of 5 chapters on theexamples of the new systems being deployed.

xi

xii PREFACE

Our last words in this Preface must be ones of thanks to our respective families, whohave provided us moral support and the friendship needed during this project. We alsowish to express our gratitude to our respective organizations for providing us the facilitiesto complete this work. We would like to acknowledge the efforts of Ms. Lisa Van Hom andher colleagues at John Wiley & Sons, Inc. in the final completion of this work.

January 2002

MANSOOR SHAFI

SHIGEAKI OGOSE

TAKESHI HATTORI

WIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSIN THE 21sT CENTURY