wOHdmksl jdr iÕrdj äðg,a uq uq, .sh ;eka l,dm 1 - 2017 ... · wOHdmksl jdr iÕrdj äðg,a uqøKh l,dm 1 - 2017 wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j fld,ska nrdia ... ysg.kak mq,qjka" fomhska

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;;=wOHdmksl jdr iÕrdjäðg,a uqøKhl,dm 1 - 2017

wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,jfld,ska nrdia

wfma je, .sh uq, .sh ;ekaßp¾â ,Sls

ck iudc lvd jefgkafka wehs@cdfrâ vhukaâ

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;;= m%ldYkhlswww.thathu.com2017 m,uqjeks l,dmh

wOHdmksl jdr iÕrdjäðg,a uqøKh


wfma je, .sh uq, .sh ;ekaßp¾â ,Sls

iodpdrh wfma

iyc Wreuhla jqfka flfiao@

wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,jfld,ska nrdia

ck iudc lvd jefgkafka wehs@cdfrâ vhukaâ

úfYaIdx.


wfma wdÈ udkj uq;=ka ñ;a;ka wm%sldfjka ìysjQ njg idlals l÷ .Kkska ;snqk;a Tjqka mQ¾j udkjhkaf.a isg udkjhka olajd mßKduhg ,lajQfha ukao hkak l,la hkf;lau meyeÈ,s fkdùh' udkjhka úiQ iqúfYaI mßirh;a ta mßirfha jmißh mq¿,a lsÍug odhl jq ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj ksid;a wdÈ udkjhka mßkduhg ,la úKehs lsj yels nj ksõ ihkaáiaÜ iÕrdjg ,sms fm<la ,shñka le,sf*dakshd n¾la,s iriúfha udkj mßkdu m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkfha wOHlaI uydpd¾h áï ã jhsÜ mjihs'

wdÈ udkqI ^homonid& úfYaI j, mdIdKsN+; jQ idlaIs fidhd .ekSu myiq jevla fkdfõ' tfy;a ;ukao ñysmsg úiQ nj ysá yeáfha wmg fmkajd fokakg l< jEhula fuka óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk 2'5 lg fmr isg wdÈ udkjhka Tjqkaf.a .,a whqO iEfyk m%udKhla wmg b;sßlr f.dia we;'

óg jir ñ,shk 1'5 lg fmr fydafuda bfrlagia udkj úfYaIhg hqfrdamh iy bkaÿkSishdj olajd mjd me;sr hdug yelsjk f,i wdÈudkjhkaf.a jdi N+ñ ksfla;k iy Nqf.da,Sh l,dmh iqúYd, jYfhka mqÆ,a lsÍug .,a wdhqO ;dlaIKh buy;a f,i odhl úh' iuia; udkqI j¾.h ms<sìUqq lrk mjq,a .y .ylg jvd fnfyúka w;=m;r we;s m÷rla jeksh hkqfjka wefußldkq mqrdÔj úoHd{fhl= jk keiS.sh iaàjka fÊ f.da,aâ 1977oS m< l< Y%dia;%Sh ,smshl i|yka lf<ah' wo jk

úg udkqI l=,hg wh;a úúO udkjrEmS úfYaI 25lg wêl m%udKhla fidhd oekf.k we;s neúka f.d,aâf.a wkdjelsh yßnj mejish yelshs'

tfy;a u;l ;ndhq;= lreK jkafka fuhska fndfyda úfYaI ild,slúfYaI (Chronospecies) f,i kï l< yels mßÈ tl úfYaIhla fl,skau ;j;a úfYaIhla njg mßKduh ùfuka we;sjqKq udkj úfYaI njhs' thg WodyrKhls uq,au Tiag%f,damsf;lia udkj úfYaI jk Tiag%f,damsf;lia w*dfrkaisia iy Tiag%f,damsf;lia wekdfukaisia udkj úfYaI' j¾;udkfha§ Ôj úfYaIhkaf.a ffcj úúO;ajh úuik úoHdf{fhla tlu wjêhl Ôj;ajQ {d;s iïnkaOlï we;s Ôùka ljqrekaoehs úuiSug ,la lsÍu iajdNdjhls' tfy;a ta wdldrfhka udkI úfYaIj, f*dis, úuiqug ,la l< úg wmg oel.kakg ,efnkafka m÷rlg jvd lelagia .ila jeks w;= lsysmhlg iSud jQ udkqI fm<m;a lsysmhla muKs' we;a; jYfhkau udkqI úfYaIj, Wmßu úúO;ajh mej;=fka óg jir ñ,shk follg fmr flá l<la ;=< fm<m;a y;rl udkqI fm<m;a tlu wjêhl wm%sldfõ jdih lrk úg§h'

tfy;a uQ,sl m%Yakh jkafka udkqI fm<m;a lShla ;snqkdo hkak fkdj m<;=re jjq,ka iy ol=Kq wfußldkq j÷rka jeks i;=ka yd iei£fï§ wfma mßKduh ms,sn| jDlaIfha udkqI úfYaI úúO;ajh fu;rï iSñ; jQfha wehso hkakhs' jir ñ,shk yhlg fmr wfma wdÈ udkqIhkag kscìu jQ i¾jNlaIsl >k jkh miq lf,l ,÷ ;eks iys; jvd t<suyka mßirhka njg m;aùu;a ;dlaIKh ksid ,enqKq wu;r yelshdjka j,g wkqj udkqI úfYaIj, kek kqjk mqÆ,a ùu;a we;eï úg thg fya;=jkakg we;'�

wdos udkj úúO;ajh fïid iSñ; jQfha wehs@

l;=jelsh


wfma je, .sh

uq, .sh ;ekawe;a;gu wm

ljqo@ lshk tlhs wmg yeuodu ;snqk f,dl=u m%Yakh' yßhg neÆfjd;a wm hkqfjka woyia lrkafka fl,ska ysg.kak mq,qjka" fomhska weúÈk" f,dl= fud<hla ;sfhk" fndfydu nqoaêu;a jdkr úfYaIhla' wm whs;s fydañksfâ lshk i;aj mjq,g' wm tu mjqf,a fydafuda fiamshka fiamshka hk i;aj úfYaIhhs'

wfma j¾;udkh iy wkd.;h .ek l,amkd lrk úg fï wdldrfha j¾. lsßula wmg we;s nj u;l ;nd .ekSu yß jeo.;a'

ta jf.au oekg f,dalfha Ôj;afjk mkaodia mkaiShla muK jQ laISrmdhS i;aj úfYaI j,ska wm;a tla j¾.hl' ta;a fï mD:súfha fuf;la jdih l< ishü i;aj úfYaI j, m%udKh i,ld ne¨fjd;a

mkaoyia mkaiShla hkq b;du;a w,am m%udKhla' .;jQ wjqreÿ ñ,shk wgl ú;r ld,h i,ld ne¨fjd;a wm jkdyS ta ld, mßÉfPoh ;=< mßKduh ù ke;sù .sh fl,ska ysgf.k weúÈk jdkr úfYaI 16 lska b;=re jQ tla úfYaIhla muKhs' ta ksid fndfkdafnda j¾.fha Ññmkaiska yefrk fldg

oekg ñysu; Ôj;afjk fl,ska ysg f.k fomhska weúÈkakg mqˆjka tlu jdkr j¾.h wmshs'

fndfkdafnda Ññmkaiska wmg

udkj úoHd{ ßp¾â

,Sls úisks


fldhs;rï iómo lsõfjd;a wm fo f.d,a,kaf.au cdk ixhq;sfhka 99]lau tl iudkhs' wfma uQf,d;am;a;sh ke;akï iïNjh wm yd tlaj fnod.kakd uyd jdkr úfYaIhka w;f,diaila ;ju;a ñysmsg bkakjd' jeo.;au foa wm mßKduhg ,la jQ i;aj j¾.hla nj u;l ;nd .ekSuhs' iuyrla whg mßKduh fkdreiaik jpkhla' ta;a f.dß,a,ka" idudkH Ñïmkaiska iy fndfkdafnda Ñïmkaiska o iu. wm meje; tkafka tlu fmdÿ mQ¾jc ó uq;af;laf.ka' ta ksid f.dß,a,kao Ññmkaiskao we;=¨ wm ish,a,kagu we;af;a fmdÿ w;S;hla iy fmdÿ wkd.;hla' fï ish¨ uyd jdkr úfYaI wm jf.au §¾> ld,Sk mßkdóh .uklska úldih jQ whhs' fï mßkdóh .uk fldhs;rï l=;=y,h okjk fohlao lsõfjd;a uf.a mjqf,a idudðlhka mrïmrd ;=klu wjOdkh fhduqjqfKa kef.kysr wm%sldfjka fmdis, kIagdjfYaI u;=fldg .,mñka ta mßk-dóh C%shdj,sh flfia isÿù oehs f;areï .ekSughs'

W;=re flkahdfõ l< wfma tla .fõYkhlÈ fidhd.;a jir ñ,shk 4'1 lg fmr úiQ fomhska ysgf.k weúÈk jdkr úfYaIhl

yl= weghl fldgia ;SlaIK weilg muKla wiqjk ;rï l=vdhs' fmdis, weglgq fidhk fujeks .fõIK fnfyúka l,a.;jk" mqyqKq Y%ñlhka úYd, msßila wjYH b;d m%fõifuka yd bjis,af,ka l,hq;= foaj,a'

fmdis,hla yuq jQ jydu wm lrkafka th yuq jQ ;ek yßh-gu i,l=kq lrk tlhs' wo ldf,a ;sfhk ÔmStia ;dlaIKfhka fï lghq;a; lÈug bgq lrkak mqˆjka' B<Õg wm lrkafka fidhd.;a fmdis, øjHfha ;%sudk äðg,a mska;+rhla .ekSuhs' ta ksid wr fidhd.;a fmdis, lene,a, ;snqkq úÈhgu ;sh,

ßp¾â ,slSf.a fouõmsfhda fïß iy ¨úia ,slS

udkj úoHdjg úIsIag fiajhla l<d udß ,slS

wkqiaurKh lrñka 2013 oS ì%;dkH fï uqÿorh

ksl=;a l<d'


tkak wmg mq¨jka' túg fï úÈhg jd¾;d lrk f;dr;=re mßkduh ms<sn| f.da,Sh f;dr;=re ixÑ;lhkg we;=,a lrkak m¨jka' ta wkqj mD:súh mqrd udkj mßkduh isÿjq wkaou ksÍKaIKh lsÍu myiqhs'

fyd|hs ug oeka wjYH Tfí wjOdkh wjqreÿ ñ,shk follg fmr ;snQ wm%sldkq uydoaùmh fj;g fhduq lsÍughs' wm%sldkq uydoaùmfha is;shu;a yßhg mQ¾j udkjfhl=f.a ysia ln,la jf.hs' oeka wms wm%sldkq is;shfï kef.kysr we;s f.a%Ü ß*aÜ je,s ke;akï uyd úfNaok ñáhdj; kñka y÷kajk Nqñ ,laIKh foi n,uq' we;a;gu fï úfNaok ñáhdj; W;=f¾ we;s tavka uqyqÿ fndlafla isg u,dú ú, olajd me;sreKq È.á my;a ìula' fomi we;s

l÷ j, isg fï my;a ìug .,d wd c,h iu. meñKs frdka uv j,ska jeiS wdrlaId jqkq f*dis, kIagdjfYaI j,ska ñáhdj; fndfydu fmdfydi;a' we;a;gu wdÈ udkjhka .ek wfma j¾;udk oekqu uqükskau mdfya f.dv ke.S we;af;a fujeks ;ekaj,ska ,nd.;a f*dis, o%jH ksihs' fï ñáhdjf;a f*dis, .fõYkh werö ;ju jir mkylg jeä keye' ñáhdjf;a flkahdjg wh;a fldgfi msysá ;=¾ldkd ú, winv fmfoi j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 20"000 la ú;r úYd,hs' wm fï fmfofika fidhd.;a f*dis, o%jH j,g wkqj wjqreÿ ñ,shk follg muK fmr fï fmfofia fydafuda bfr-

1974 oS mqrd;;aj úoHd{ fvdk,aâ fcdkaika kef.

kysr wm%sldfõ T,aâjdhs ñáhdjf;a l< lekSï j,ska

jir ñ,shk 3'2la merKs ia;%S weg iels,a,l fldgila

fidhd .;a;d' ïs hkqfjka kï ;enQ fï iels,a,

ysñldßh Tiag%f,dms;slia úfYaihg wh;a mQ¾j udkj

j¾.hla' fï Wml,amkh l, ïSf.a wkqqrejla'


lagia kï udkj úfYaIh Ôj;a jQ nj ;yjqre jqKd' fydafuda bfrlagia Ôj;a jQ ta wjêfha§ wvqu jYfhka fuf,dj ;j;a udkj úfYaI ;=kla Ôj;a jQ njg idlaIs ,eî ;sfnkjd'

fldákau lsúfjd;a yeuodu f,dalfha ysáfha wm jeks tlu udkj úfYaIhlah hk u;h i;Hla fkdfjhs' ld,h Tiafia wE; wE; w;S;hg .sfhd;a we;a;gu wmg oel.; yelsfjkaf-ka udkjhkaf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;ka jYfhka ie,elsh yels wdÈ udkj úfYaI lsysmhlau tlu ld,hl Ôj;a jQ njhs' fï wdl-drhl úúO wdÈ udkj úfYaI we;s jqfKa wehs@ hk mekhghs wm oeka ms<s;=re fidhñka isákafka'

uf.a foudmshka flkahdfõ ;=¾ldkd ú, wi, wdÈ udkjhkaf.a f*dis, fidhk wjÈfha Tjqka iu.uhs ud we;s oeä jQfKa' ug jhi wjqreÿ

12la fjk fldg uf.a fouúmsh-kag fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha

<ufhl=f.a iïmQ¾K weg iels,a,la mdod .ekSug yelsjqkd' f,dj mqrd udkj úoHd{hka wukaodkkaohg m;a l< gq¾ldkd orejd' hk kñka yeÈka jqkq ta weg iels,af,a ysñ ldrhd jqfka uf.a jhfiau isá fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha <ufhla' <ud ld,fha lsishï wk;=rlg ,la jQ ,l=Kq Tyqf.a fld÷ wegfhka oel .kakg ,enqkd' Tyq lsishï wdldrhl ye,l jegqkq nj;a bka f.dvùug fkdyelsj ñhefokakg we;s nj;a wkqudk l< yelsj ;snqkd' Tyqf.a isrer jyd je,,S .sh neúka weg iels,a, ukdj ixrlaIKh ù ;snqkd'

fï gq¾ldkd orejdf.a weg iels,a, Tyqf.a urKfhka

jir ñ,shk 1'6 lg miqjhs uf.a fouõmshka úiska mdod.kq ,enqfõ' fydafud bfrlagia úfYaIhg wh;a fï <uhdf.a isrer fndfyda ÿrg ñksia weg iels,a,lg iudk jqk;a ie,elsh hq;= fjkialï o olakg ,enqKd'

fï fidhd .eksfuka miq fydafuda bfrlagia j¾.fha ;j;a weg iels,s .Kkla W;=re wm%sldfjka" fcda¾ðhdfjka" Ökfhka iy

gq¾ldkd orejd f.a wdo¾Yhla


bkaÿkSishdfjka o fidhd .kq ,enqjd' fï wkqj fydafuda bfrlagia úfYaIfha udkjhka óg mrïmrd 90"000 lg muK fmr wm%sldfjka ksl=;a ù wkqC%ufhka f,dalfha úúO fmfofia j,g jHdma; jq nj fmfkkjd' wm wh;ajk udkj úfYaIh jk fydafuda fiamshkaia fiamshkaia udkjhka wfma j¾;udk iajrEmhg mßkduh jqfka kef.kysr wm%sldfõ§ óg jir fo,laIhlg muK fmrhs' wm wm%sldfjka msg;a ù f,dj mqrd jHdma; ùu werUqfõ óg jir 70"000 lg

muK fmrhs' ta;a fl,ska isgf.k weúÈk ;j;a wdÈ udkj úfYaI ;=klaj;a óg wjqreÿ 30"000 lg muK fmr;a wm iu. fï mD:súh u; jdih l<d'

fldfydu jqk;a m%Yakh we;a;gu wms ljqo hkakhS' wka udkj úfYaI yd ii|k úg hï hï hym;hehs lsj yels ,laIK ;snqKo wm jkdys mßirh ¥IKh lrk" kdia;sldÍ i;aj úfYaIhla njhs fmakafka' wmg fmr úiQ wdÈ udkjhkag jvd wfma fud<h úYd,hs' úYd, fud<hla ;sîu hym;a mßKduhl ,laIKhla o keoao hkak ;yjqre fjkafka fldhs;rï l,la wfma fï fydafuda fiamshkaia fiamshkaia úfYaIh

ñysmsáka j| fkdù isàúo hk ldrKh u;hs' we;eï úg ,enqKq úYd, fud<h ksis f,i fhdod


fkd.ekSu fya;=fldg f.k fuf;la ñysu; wvqu ld,hla ðj;a ùug kshñ; udkj úfYaIh wm jkakgo ms<sjka'

wm ljqo@ wms hk jpkfhka ye¢kaùug wm iqÿiqlï ,enqfõ flfiao@' ud ys;kafka wfkl=;a wdÈ udkj úfYaIhkaf.ka wm fjkia jkafka wfma iduqysl nqoaêh wiu iu jQ fohla ksihs" l;d lsÍug yd ,sùug wmg we;s iú{dksl yelshdj wfma iduQysl nqoaêfha jeo.;a ;ekla f.k ;sfnkjd' b;du;a rˆ .,a fuj,ï j,ska mgkaf.k b;d ixlS¾K fuj,ï ;kd .ekSug wmg yelsj ;sfnkjd' wÕyre f,dj u; iajhxC%sh r:hla heùug;a wfma uˆ udkj fcfkdauhu iúia;rj o;a; .; lsÍug;a wmg yelsj ;sfnkjd'

f*dis, jd¾;d j,g wkqj wmg fmr úiQ yeu udkj úfYaIhlau idudkHfhka jir ñ,shkhla .;ùug fmr ñysmsáka ke;sj f.dia

;sfnkjd' fydafuda fiamshka fiamshka udkj úfYaIh jYfhka wm ;ju;a .;lr we;af;a jir 200"000la muKhS' tfy;a oekgu;a ixLHdfjka ì,shk 6'5 la blaujd we;s wfma udkj úfYaIh ñka fmr úiQ lsisÿ udkj úfYaIhlg jvd ck.ykfhka iy me;sÍfuka jeähS' .sh jif¾ muKla wfma

ck.yKh ñ,shk 80lska jeä jqKd' fïjd w;sYhska oejeka; jeäùï' ck.ykfha fï jeäùu md,kh lr.; fkdyels ùu wfma udkj úfYaIfha meje;aug uy;a ;¾ckhla úh yelshs'

uf.a mshd mejiQ wkaoug wm jkdys i;aj úfYaIhla jYfhka wfma meje;aug wys;lr foaj,a iú{dkslj f;dard .kakd tlu i;aj j¾.hh' ta wkqj wm oeka bkafka m%md;hl woaor' tfy;a m%md;hg jeàu je,elaùug .;hq;= mshjr ish¨ udkjhka fj; ixksfõokh lsÍug wjYH lrk ;dlaIKh iy fuj,ï wm w;r ;sfnkjd' m%Yakh ta i|yd wjYH lrk oekqu ksis mßÈ ish,a,kagu ixksfõokh lrkjdo hkakhs'�

Ñïmkaiska iy fndfkdafnda Ñïm-kaiska o iu. wm meje; tkafka tlu fmdÿ mQ¾jc ó uq;af;laf.ka ta ksid f.dß,a,kao Ññmkaiskao we;=¨ wm ish,a,kagu we;af;a fmdÿ w;S;hla iy fmdÿ wkd.;hla'


iskdfõ uysuh fidhd oek .ekSug l< m¾fhaIK ud mgka .;af;a le,sf*dakshdfõ n¾la,s úYaj úoHd,fha§' wjqreÿ 30la ;siafia m,jqKq úYaj úoHd,fha mrK jd¾Isl fmd;aj, ;snQ YsIHkaf.a PdhdrEm wm úuiqug ,la l<d' ta YsI-Hka oeka fudlo lrkafka" ujqkaf.a Ôú; fudk ;rï id¾:lo keoao jeks lreKq fldhs ;rï ÿrg ta PdhdrEm j< ms<sônq fjk iskdj;a iu. ixikaokh lrkak mq¿jkao lshk tlhs wfma úuis,a,g ,lajqfka' iuyrla PdhdrEm j< lsisu iskdjla ;snqfka keye' tfy;a iskdiqk whf.a uqyqKqj, lsnqKq iskduqiq nj wkqj ta YsIHkaf.a Ôú; fldhs;rï mßmQ¾Ko" újdyh fln÷ tlla úh yelso" wfkla wh m%fndaOu;a lrkakg Tjqka fldhs;rï iu;ao hkak ks.uk l, yels l%ufõohla wms fidhd.;a;d' bka tl jd¾Isl fmd;l ne/la Tndudf.a iskduqiq PdhdrEmhl=;a ;snqkd'

Bg u|la iudk ;j;a m¾fhaIKhla 2010 § fõka iriúfha§ isÿl<d' Tjqka lf,a 1950g fmr uqøKh l< fíiafnda,a l%Svlhkaf.a PdhdrEm ldÙm;a úYd, m%udKhla wm l< wdldrhg iudkj úuis,a,g ,lalsÍuhs' ta wkqj l%Svlhkaf.a iskduqiq nfõ m%udKh wkqj Tjqkaf.a wdhqI fldf;la oehs ks.ukh l< yels nj ta m¾fhaIlhka oek .;a;d' lsis yskdjla ke;s uqyqKq ;snQ C%Svlhkaf.a idudkH wdhqI wjqreÿ 72la jQ w;r iskduqiq uqyqKq iys; l%Svlhkaf.a idudkH wdhqI wjqreÿ 80la jQ

ojilg úis jrlaj;a iskdfikakfrdka .=Üuka


nj Tjqka fidhd .;a;d'we;a;gu lsõfjd;a wms W;am;a;sfhkau yskdj;a wrf.kuhs tkafka' ;%sudK w,ag%d ijqkaÙ ;dlaIKh fhdodf.k l< mÍlaIK j,g wkqj ujq l=ih ;=<§u wm iskdfjk nj fidhdf.k ;sfhkjd' bmÿk jydu;a <orefjda uq,skau kskafo§ iskdfjkjd' wkaO <orefj-la jqk;a ñksia lg yËla weyqkdu yskd fjkjd' iskdj lshkafka ish¿ ukqIHkag iycfhka Wreu uQ,sl m%ldYkhla'ñksia uqyqfKka m<fjk woyia .ek úYsIag .Kfha m¾fhaIK /ila l< fmda,a tlaudka" memqjd ksú.sks ¥mf;a uq¿ukskau yqfol<dj úiQ ñkSuia lE fmda f.da;%slhka iskdfikafkao wm ish,a,kau uqyqK fok wjia:djkag iudk wjia:dj,§ nj fidhd .;a;d' memqjd ksú .skshdfõ ú;rla fkfjhs f,dalh mqrd isák ieufokdu fndfyda úg iskdfikafka ;u i;=g" m%fudaoh m%ldY lsÍughs'

fyd|hs` oeka Thf.d,a,ka w;ßka lSfofkla ojilg úis jrlg jvd yskdfjkjdo@ idudkHfhka .;af;d;a jeäysáhkaf.ka ;=fkka tlla muKhs ojilg úis ierhlg jvd iskdfikafka' we;a;gu jeäfhkau yskdfjkafka <uhs' <uhs w;r ojilg 400 j;djlg jvd iskdfik wh fndfydauhs' ks;r yskdfjk <uhs w;r bkak fldg Tng;a iskduqiq

uqyqKla we;sfjk nj Tn ksÍlaIKh lr keoao@ iaùvk-fha Wmai,d iriúfhka isÿ l< m¾fhaIKhlg wkqj yskdu-qiq uqúka hful= foi n,k flfkl=g ksrdhdifhka rjd n,kakg neß nj ikd: lr

;sfhkjd' fya;=j iskdj lshkafka flfklaf.ka ;j;a flfkl=g fndafjk fohla njg m;ajqKq mßKdóh udkqIsl ,laIKhla' iskduqiq ;ekl§ iudkHfhka uqyqfKa we;s udxY fmaYs wmg wjYH wkaoug md,kh lr.ekSfï yelshdfjka wm j,lajkjd' wmsg ksrdhdifhkau yskd hkjd' ta;a wms wfma udxYfmaYs md,kh lsÍfuka ;uhs fndrejg yskdfjkafka'

mßKdujdoh y÷kajdÿka pd,aia vdúka uqyqfKka lshfjk woyia .ek u;hla m< lrñka wm


iskdfikafka ika;=Iaáfha m,hlg jvd ikaf;daIùu Wfoidu nj lshd isáhd' uE;l§ c¾uksfha isÿl, tla m¾fhaIKhl§ uqyqfKa msysá iskd okjk udxi fmaYSka fndafgdlaia kue;s fnfy; ú§fuka wm%dKsl l<d' tfia udxYfmaYs wm%dKsl lsÍug fmr yd miq .;a fudf<a tï'wd¾'whs ialEka Pdhdjka ii|d ne¨ úg im%dKsl uqyqfKa we;sjk iskduqiq bßhõ ksidu fud<fha we;s ufkdaNdj m%ldYflfrk iakdhq W;af;ackh fjk nj;a taksidu i;=g cks; jk nj;a ;yjqre jqkd' ta wkqj pd,aia vdúkaf.a u;h yß' iskdùu u m%fudaoh we;s lsÍug fya;=jla'fpdl,Ü 2000 lska fud<fha we;s lrk W;af;ackhlg iudk W;af;ackhla tl iskyjlg l< yels nj ì%;dkHfha l< m¾fhaIKhlska ;yjqre jqKd' ta m¾fhaIKhgu wkqj tl isk-djlska ,efnk W;af;ackh mjqï 16"000la Èkd.;a wfhl= ,nk m%fudaohg iudkhs'

ta wkqj ne¨fjd;a ojilg 400 jdrhla yskdfjk orefjla udla iql¾n¾.a ûqyqKq fmd; whs;slre fldaám;shd& jf.h' wfkl fpdl,Ü f.dvla lkjdg jvd f.dvla yskdfjk tl YÍr fi!LHhg;a fyd|hs'

iskdfjk fldg wfma isref¾ we;s fldaáfid,a" weÙßkd,ska

iy fvdamuhska jeks fydafudaka jeäfjkjd' ta ksidu wfma wd;;sh" fjfyi uykaislu wvqfjkjd' ta jf.au iskdfjk fldg reêr mSvkh wvqfjkjd jf.au wfma ufkdNdj ke;akï uQÙ tl m%ikak lrjk tkafv%dmska fydafudakh C%shd;aul fjkjd'

ta;a uÈkï Tfí iskdj wka

wh;=< Tn flfrys m%ikak yeÕSula we;s lsÍuu uÈo@ fmka iriúfha l< m¾fhaIKhlska fidhd .;a mßÈ Tfí iskdj wka wh w;r Tn m%ikak wdpdrYS,S mqoa.,fhla jYfhka ie,lSug muKla fkdfjhs Tn ld¾hYS,S mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka ie,elSugo fya;= fjkjd'

b;ska Tfí wd;;sh wvqlrf.k újdy Ôú;h i;=áka .; lrkak" m%ikak yd ld¾hYS,S flfkl= fjkak" fmdfydi;alfï m%S;sh we;s lr.kak wvqu jYfhka ojilg

l=ud¾ ix.laldr


20 jrlaj;a wjxlj iskdfikak' Tfí iskyfõ ta wiu iu uysuh Tng fi!LH iïmkak" m%S;su;a" §¾>dhq" Ôú;hl+;a Tfí iskyj nqla;s úÈk whg m%ikak m%fudaohl=;a ,ndfokjd'�

1998 isg fï olajd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ;eme,a fiajdj úiska úkdY uqLhg hEfï ;¾ckhg uqyqK § we;s i;aj úfYaI iïnkaOfhka uqoaor l=,l 22la ksl=;a lr ;sfnkjd' Ñ;%‍Ys,amS weuäfhda npd¾ úika wÈk ,o fuys oelafjk uqoaor j,ska ms<sìUq jkafka fikaá óg¾ 15laa È. fvksiaf.a ms.añ uqyqÿ wYajhd (Denise’s pygmy seahorse) f,dj úYd,;u u;aiHhd jk ;,auia fudard (whale shark) îlal= ñá ysia fudard (scalloped hammerhead shark) iy we;eï ixilD;ska úiska jdidkdfõ

ixfla;hla f,i ie,flk wdishdkq wefrdjdkd (Asian arowana) hk c,c Ôù úfYaIhs' fï uqoaor j,x.= jkafka tlai;a cd;skaf.a ;eme,a ld¾hd, w;r ,sms yqjudre lghq;= i|yd muKs’ tfy;a f,dj mqrd uqoaor tl;= lrkakka w;r fïjdg b,aÆula we;s neúka j|ù hdug wdikak i;aj úfYaI ms,sn| wjOdkh Èkd .ekSug uqoaor ksl=;a lsÍu jeks l%‍shdjka m%‍dfhdackj;a jk nj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh mjihs'

mkia jirlg fmr ,xldfõ ckm%sh ñßosh u;iHl= jQ b,;a;shd (Scatophagus argus) oeka b;d ÿ,n u;iHfhla'


iodpdrh wfma iyc Wreuhla jqfka flfiao@

uf.a uq,au fmd; ud ,Sfõ Ñïmkaiskaf.a yeisÍu .ek' úïmkais lsh, lshkafka fndfydu n, ldufhka fmf<k i;aj úfYaIhlah hkakhs ta fmd;g f;audj jqfka' ta fjk fldg i;aj p¾hdj .ek flreKq fndfyda m¾fhaIK j,g moku jqfka i;aj úfYaI j, wdl%uKYS,s

yeisÍu yd ;rÕldÍ iajdNdjhhs' ukqIHkao we;=Æj uq¨ i;aj rdcOdksfha iEu if;lau mdfya ;u j¾.hd iu. ;rÕ lrk we;=,dka;fhkau wdC%uKYS,S wh njhs tl, udo we;=Æj fndfyda i;aj úoH{hkaf.a u;h jqfKa' fldákau lsõfjdf;a wms yeuflfklau yqfola ;u ;uqkaf.a ,dNh ;ld jevlrk wh njhs tu.ska ms<s.eKqfka'

Ññmkaiska w;r we;s n, wr.,h" wdêm;H iy


wdC%uKYS,S;ajh .ek m¾fhaIK lrk w;r;=r ud ksÍlaIKh l< wmQre fohla jqfKa onrhl fhfok Ñïmkaiska fofofkla ieuúglu mdfya onrh wjidkfha § tlsfkldg ,xù kej; iudodk jk njhs' Wkqka ymd lñka onr lrk ;reK Ññmkais fofofkl=f.a onrh wjika jqfKa .ia fon,l msysá w;a; w.§' tf;k§ tl Ññmkaisfhla wfkld fj; w; È.= lr iudodkhg leue;a; m,l<d' bkamiq Ññmkaiska fofokdu .ia fon,g meñK tlsfkld ism je<| f.k iudodk jqKd’

fï wmQre yeisÍu fndfydu l=;=y,h okjk fohla' ta fjk fldg yeu i;aj úoHd{fhlau mdfya oerE u;h jqfKa i;ajhka iajdNdjfhkau ;r.ldÍh" wdl%uKYS,Sh hkakhs' ta wkqj

´kEu if;la tlaflda ch.kak ´ke" ke;akï mrdch fjkka ´ke' ta;a onrhlg miafia Èkqï merÿï fkd;ld Ññmkaiska fï wkaoug iudodk fjkafka wehs@ ne¨ ne,augu tjeks yeisÍula ;¾ldkql+, keye' fï iudodkùfï yeisÍu fndfkdafnda j¾.fha Ññmkaiska w;r b;d nyq,j we;s nj ksÍlaIKh lr ;sfnkjd' fuhska yefÕkafka .egqï ksid b|ysg mÆÿ fjk kuq;a tlsfkld w;r we;s ksrka;r in|;djh i;aj úfYaIfha meje;au i|yd b;d jákd tlla njhs' taksidu ta möao uld .ekSug hula l< hq;= ksihs iudodkh wjYH jkafka' m¾fhaIK .Kkdjlska fy<s jQ fï wmQre ksÍlaIK j,g miq ñksiqkao we;=Æj i;aj rdcOdksfha p¾hdjka ms<sn| ud oerE u;h iEfyk ÿrg fjkia


fjkakg mgka .;a;d'

oeka foaYmd,k úoHdj" wd¾:sl úoHdj" o¾Ykjdoh jeks úIhka j,§ wm we;eï úg wyk fohla ;uhs ñksiqka yeisfrkafka fndfydaúg jDlhkaf.a jf.hs hk lshuk' ta lshkafka jDlhd jf.a hula veye.kakuhs wm;a n,kafka'

fldáka lsõfjd;a iajdNdjfhkau ñksiaiq wd;aud¾:h fmrgq fldg .;a kmqre i;a;= cd;shla hk u;hhs ta wkqj wmg woykakg isÿù ;snqfKa' ud ys;kafka fï fhÿu tl me;a;lska jDlhkag lrk n,j;a widOdrKhla' fudlo jDlhka hkq b;du;au iyÔjkfhka Ôj;a fjk i;aj cd;shl' wfkla w;g ta fhÿu ukqIHkag;a lrk widOdrKhla' ukao ukqIH j¾.hd hkq wm is;kjdg jvd fnfyúka iyÔjkYS,S

wkHkaf.a ÿfla§ ksn|j iylïmkhg m;ajk iudcYS,S i;aj fldÜGdYhla'

ukqIHkaf.a iodpdrd;aul yeisÍug ;=vqfok fya;= fud-fkjdo hk m%Yakhg ms<s;=re jYfhka fndfydaúg jeo.;a idOl folla bÈßm;a lrkjd'

bka tlla ukqIHhka i;= hqla;sh yd idOdrKh u; mokï jqKq wfkdkH m%;sWmldÍ iajNdjhhs' wfkl ohdkqlïmdj u; mokï jqKq ukqIHhkaf.a iylïmkYs,S .=Khhs' udkj iodpdrhg fya;= fï idOl folg muKla iSud fkdjQjo" ta idOl foflka f;drj ukqIHkag idodpdrd;aul p¾hdjla we;shehs úia;r lsÍu wmyiqhs'


fuys§ wfma iodpdrh i;aj mßkdufha odhdohla hkak meyeÈ,s lsÍug ux WodyrK lsysmhla olajkakï' oYl .kkdjlg fmr h¾la m%sudgd uOHia:dkfha§ Ññmkaiska fhdod l< m¾fhaIKhlska ud mgka .kakï' fï i|yd fhdod.;af;a ;reK Ñumkaiska fofofkla' Tjqkg ;rula ÿßka ;nd we;s fmÜáhl wdydr oud ;snqkd' ta;a tu fmÜáh tl Ñïmkaisfhl=g muK-la weo .ekSug fkdyels ;rï nßka jeähs' ta ksid Ññmkaiska fofokdu tlaj ukd ixhuhlska tlúg fmÜáh weoaod' bkamiq bka tl Ññmkaisfhla fmÜáfha ;snQ wdydr j,ska fyd|g imamdhï jqKd" ta Ññmkaishd fmÜáfha ;snqkq wdydr iïmQ¾Kfhka bjr l<d' Bg miafia wfkla Ññm-kaishdg fmÜáh .ek ;snqkq Wkkaÿj iïmQ¾Kfhka ke;sfj,d .shd'

fï isoaOfha§ ksÍlaIKhg ,lajqkq jeo.;a lreKq folla ;snqkd' bka tlla kï ;ukag ;ksju fmÜáh weo.ekSug neßnj jgyd .;a Ñïmkaishd ta i|yd wfkldf.a iydh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ njhs' fofjks ldrKh wdydr .ek Wkkaÿjla fkdoela jQ wfkla Ññmkaishd lsisÿ

,dNhla n,d fmdfrd;a;= fkdù ish i.hdf.a iydhg meñ”uhs' W! tfia iydh oelaùug meñKs-fha wehsoe~hs hk meKhg Èhyels ms<s;=r tfia iydh oelaùu u;= wjia:djl§ ;ukag m%;s Wmldr ,nd .ekSug fya;=jk njh' Ññmkaiska" f.dß,a,ka jeks m%sudgdjka yd wfkl=;a fndfyda iSmdjkao ta wkaoñka m%;H Wmldr olajk njg

idlaIs tughs'

fï yd iudk m%;sm, w,s we;=ka fhdojd l, m¾fhaIK j,skao ,ndf.k ;sfnkjd' ta m¾fhaIK j,ska ;yjqre jqfka;a w,s we;=kao tlsfkldg iyfhda.h olajkafka

fndfydaúg u;= m%;H Wmldr ,nd .ekSu i|yd

njhs'

uf.a m¾fhaIK j,g ,la jqKq B,. jeo.;a ldrKh iylïmkYS,SNdjh fyj;a ;u i;aj iudcfha wfkla idudðlhka .ek wjia:dkql+,j we;sfjk iykqNQ;shhs' fï lshk iykqNQ;sh fyj;a iylïmkh wx. follska iuka ú;hs' bka tlla kï wfkldf.a ixfõokh iy ye.Sï f;reï .ekSug flfkl=g we;s yelshdjhs' wfkl ta ksidu is;a ii,ùfuka we;sjk ohdkqlïms;


Ñ;a; ika;dkhs'fï wx. folg wkql+,j olajk m%;spdrhkag iqúfYaI jQ yeisÍï foj¾.hla ;sfnkjd' bka tlla YÍrfha bßhõ yd iïnkaOhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;af;d;a ÿlauqiq wjia:djl miqjk ;eke;af;l= yd l;d lrk úg Tfí uqyqK o isrero ks;e;skau ÿlauqiq bßhõjla .kakjd' ta wdldrfha YdÍßl m%;spdr Tfí n,a,do we;=ˆ fndfyda iSmd i;=kago ;sfnk nj Tng ksÍlaIKh l< yelshs' ;u ksfjiaj, bínka fyda msUqrka fjkqjg n,a,ka iy n<¨ka we;s lsÍug wm fm<fUkafka Wr.hkag fuka fkdj ;u iylïmkYS,SNdjh YdÍßl bßhõ u.ska wfkldg m%o¾Ykh lsÍug tu iSmd i;=kag yels neúkqhs" wfkla yeisÍï j¾.h kï wfkld ixcdkkh lsÍu fyj;a Woa.;j we;s ;;ajh wfkldf.a oDIaáfldaKfhka jgyd .ekSfï yelshdjhs" ta;a fï fojeks yeisÍï j¾.h m%sudgdjka yd w,s we;=ka jeks i;=ka yefrk fldg wfkla isõmdjqka w;r ta

;rï ;Èka keye'iylïmkfha§ fufia wkHka iu. iylrKh ùug we;s yelshdj bmerKs ld,fha isg iSmdjka w;r mej; tk ,laIKhla' ukqIH-hka w;r fï iylrK ,laIKh fmkajk tla wjia:djla ;uhs tla wfhla wEkqula weß úg ;jfll= wEkqula weÍu' th wfkld iu. iylïmkh ùug we;s keUqrej ksid

ks;e;skau we;s jk fohla'

fï m¾fhaIK lghq;= j,§ jvd;a ixlS¾K yeisÍï .eko wfma wjOdkh fhduq jqkd' jrla igklska merÿkq Ñïmkaisfhla ,f;daks .iñka je,fmkakg mgka .;a;d' túg W!g ,xjqkq fhdjqka Ñïmkaisfhla Wf.a lrjgd w;la oud W! ikikakg bÈßm;a jqKd' th iylïmkh ksid we;sjQ yeisÍula' fï yd iudkj

fndfkdafnda Ñïmkais

úfaYIh

idudkH úïmkais úfYaIh

.eyeKq .eyeKqmsßñ msßñ


ñksia orejka ;=< we;s jk iylïmkh w;ayod ne,Sug fyd| l%uhla kï ÿlg m;ajQfjl= f,i mjqf,a wfhl= r.mEuhs' túg orejd ;=< we;s jk iylïmkh Tyqf.a bßhõ j,ska lÈug oel.; yelshs'

ñksiqka fukau Ññmkaiskao ;u iyDohkaf.a iqNidOkh .ek Wkkaÿ fjkjdo@ fï mekhg ms<s;=re fiùu i|yd wm l< tla m¾fhaIKhl§ Ñïmkaiska fofoffkl= iy Ndckhl oeuQ mdg foll fgdalka fhdod .;a;d' Ñïmkaiskag lrkakg ;snqfKa jrlg tla wfhl= ne.ska ;uka leue;s mdgl fgdalkhla wrf.k fïihla u; ;eîuhs' fgdalkh r;=kï r;= fgdalkh ;enQ Ññmkaishdg muKla lEug hula ,enqkd' túg wfkld lkiai,af,ka n,df.k isáhd' ta;a ks,amdg fgdalkhla f;dard.;a úg fofofkdgu lEu ,enqkd' lsysm jrla fufia fgdalka f;aÍfuka miq Ññmkaiska fofokdu È.ska È.gu ks,a fgdalka muKla f;dard .;a;d' fujeks mÍlaIK lsysmhlskau fmkS .sfha Ññmkaiska wfkldf.a iqNidOkh ;u hq;=lula fldg i,lk njhs'

fï yd iudkj lemqÑka j÷rka fh-

dod l< ;j;a m¾fhaIK lsysm-hlska ta i;=ka ;=< idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| ye.Sï we;s njo wm ;yjqre l<d'

fï ish,af,ka wmg jegyS .sfha ñksiqka ;=< we;s ine¢hdjka" ohdkqlïmdj" ,f;;a .=K wdÈ iodpdrd;aul ye.Sï wmg Wreu jkafka wfma mßKdufhkau njhs' fuf;la ud úia;r l, oEg jvd jeä fohla wfma iodpdrfha ;sìh yels jqjo m%sudgdjkaf.ka Wreu jQ iylïmkYS,S nj" ÿlg m;ajQjka iekiSug bÈßm;a ùfï .=Kh" m%;H Wmldrh jeks iudcYS,S .;s.=K j,ska f;drj wfma iodpdrd;aul yeisÍu fï wkaoñka we;s fjfkafka keye' wfma m¾fhaIK j,ska fy,sorõ jkafka yqfola mßKdufhkau Wreu jQ hy.=K iïmkak udkj iodpdrhla ukqIHkag we;s njhs'�


fjkia fjñka hk foaY.=K ;;ajh wkqj jk i;aj úfYaI oYl-hlhg lsf,daógr yhl fõ.fhka ;u jdiia:dk O%‍ej m%‍foaY j,g jvd ,xlrk nj;" Wia l÷ m%‍foaYj, Ôj;a jk i;=ka oYlhlg ógr 61 ne.ska jv jvd Wia m%‍foaY lrd ixl%‍uKh jk nj;a jd¾;d ù ;sfí’ fï fjkia ùï rgd fjka ms<sônq jk ;j;a ie,lsh hq;= ,laIKhla jkafka yeu oYlhla mdfyau YsYsr R;=j Èk 23 la l,a;shd meñKSuhs'isisr R;=j fmrg jvd l,a ;shd Woa.;ùu foaY.=Kh fjkia jk njg lÈu idOlhls'

l=re¿ f,dalh foi ne¨ úg W;a;rd¾O f.da,fha fjfik uqf¾ kñka ye¢kafjk uqyqÿ l=re¿ j¾.h ish ìcq ,Efï jdrh yeu oYlhlgu Èk úisy;r ne.ska l,a;shd wdrïN lrk nj jd¾;d ù ;sfí' hqfrdamfha Ydl j¾. /ilu u,a msfmk iuh uE; ld,hl isg yeu oYlhlgu Èk 14 isg 31 olajd l,ska werfUk w;r W;=re wfußldfõ È th Èk 12 isg Èk 2 l olajd l,ska isÿfõ' tfiau iuk,hkaf.a meñKSu oYlhlg Èk 28 isg Èk 32 olajdo ixl%‍uKsl mlaISkaf.a meñKSu ieu oYlhlgu Èk 13 isg 44 olajd l,skao isÿjk

nj hqfrdamSh ksßlaIK jd¾;d j,ska fy,s fõ' fjkia jk foaY.=Kh wkqj läkñka ish yeisÍu jdia:dkdÈh fjkia lsßug we;eï i;aj úfYI j,g yels jk kuq;a iEu if;l=gu tfia l, fkdyel'

fuys wksis M,h jeä f,iu n,mdkafka tfia foaY.=Khg läkñka m%‍;spdr olajñka ;u jdiia:dk fjkia lsÍug iu;a i;=ka f.dÿre lrf.k ðj;ajQ i;=ka flfrysh' foaY.=K fjkia úï j,g m%‍;spdrhla jYfhka ;u f.dÿre ;rï läkñka ixl%‍uKh ùug we;s wmyiqj ksid wdydr ysÕ ùu fya;= fldg f.k f.dÿre fidhd hk tjeks i;=kaf.a meje;au fnfyúka wk;=rg ,la ù ;sfí'�

fjkiajk foaY.=Kh ksidfjkiajk i;a;aj ixl%‍uKh


ysu ñksid l;dj we;a;lao@ysud,h wdY%s;j fjfi;ehs ie,l=kq oejeka; ysu ñksid ms<sn| l;kaorh we;a;lao@ fhá" ì.a*qÜ" fuya)fÜya wdÈ kïj,ska ye¢ka jqKq wä7)10la muK Wi ysu u; oejka; md i<l=Kq ;nñka weúo .sh ysu ñksid ms,sn| l;ka;r ysud,h wjg áfnÜ rfgka yd fkamd,fhka mukla fkdj ihsîßhdj” W;=re lekvdj” W;=re Ökh jeks rgj,skao úáka úg wikakg ,enqKls'fkamd,fha úiq n%s;dkH ksfhdað;hd úiska 1832 ksl=;= l< jd¾;djl i|yka jk mßÈ ms<sl=Æ iy.; oejeka; ñksfil= Tyqf.a mßjdr fiajl lkavdhulg myrÿka nj mejiQ iajfoaYslfhda ta i;d rdlaIi hk kñka nj i|yka úh'1951§ ysud,h wjg l÷ ;rKh l< ;j;a úfoaYslfhl= ysu ñksidf.a hehs ie,flk wÛ,a 18la muK È.e;s wäi<l=Kq j, PdhdrEm m< lf<ah' tfy;a iDcq ysre t<shg wiqjk úg ysu u; we;s idudkH ñksfil=f.a wäi-gykla jqjo meh lsysmhla .;jk úg wÕ,a 18la muK úYd, úh yels nj fï ms<sn| úuiQ fjk;a .fõYlfhda fmkajd ÿkay' 1976§ frdc¾ meg¾ika

úiska le,sf*dakshdfõ í,*a l%Sla kue;s ysu ñáhdjf;a wE;ska .uka lrk ysu .eyeKsfhla ie,flk wfhl=f.a rEm fm<la iskud leurdjlska mál< kuq;a fndfyda úpdrlfhda th úYd, we÷ulska ieriqkq flfkl=f.a msk;+r fm<la úh yels nj mjiñka tys i;H Ndjh .ek iel m< l<y' wd;¾ iS la,dla f.a 2001 Space odyssey lD;sh ;srhg kexjQ wjia:dfõ tys rÕmE we;eï kˆfjda we;a; jYfhkau Ñïmkais we÷ñka ieriqKq ñksiqks úh' tfy;a

Tjqka kshu Ñïmkais megjqkq welfha rejdf.k isá neúka kròkkkag ta nj jegyqfka ke;' meg¾ika úiska ;ekQ Ñ;%mgho tjekakla úh yelshehs we;euqka fpdaokd l<y'tjeks oejeka; ysu ñksfil=f.a

meje;aug tfrysjk uQ,sl lrekq folls' m<uq fldg tjeks ia;j úfYaIhl

meje;au ;yjqre jkafka tlS i;aj úfYaIfha cdk ;gdlh ( gene pool) mj;ajdf.k hdug ;rï ie,lsh hq;= i;aj ixLHdjla úish hq;= njhs' t;rï úYd, i;aj

ixLHdjlg È.ska È.gu ñksiqkaf.ka ieÕù úish fkdyel' fojeks ldrKh fï jkf;la fulS ysu ñksidf.a flia" iï" wia:s fyda u, wd§ lsisÿ o%jHuh idlaIshla fidhd .ekSug lsisfjl=gj;a fkdyels ùuh' fï l;kaorh me;srùug Wkkaÿ jQ wfhla tlu tla wjia;djl§ lsishï lmd,hl fldgila ysu ñksidf.a hehs bÈßm;a l<o úu¾IKhg ,la l< úg th Ñïmkais

lmd,hl fldgila nj ;yjqre úh'�


tlu mQ¾jcfhl=f.ka meje; wd udkjhka yd Ñïmkaiska tlsfkldf.ka fjkia i;aj úfYaI f,i mßKduh ùu werUqfKa óg jir ñ,shk 6lg muK fmrh․ t;ekaisg fndfyda l,la hk f;lau t;rï lemSfmfkk fjkilg Ndckh fkdjQ fï fofldÜGdYhu uhs,a msreKq isrerlska hq;= l=vd fud<hla iys; jkjdiSka f,i jk.yK j,u Ôj;a úh․ tfy;a fuhg jir ñ,shk follg muK fmr isg tu ;;ajh fjkia jkakg mgka .;af;ah․ Bg fya;=j udkj b;sydih fjkia lsÍug ;=vqÿka kj fidhd.ekSï u.ska kQ;k ñksid ìyslsÍug iu;ajk f,i udkjhka ish mßKduh ;ukaf.au w;g .ekSuhs․

wm ñksiqka l< oi uyd úma,j fld,ska nrdia

1' wdydr msiSu

wfma wdÈ;u udkjhska fomhska weúo hkakg we;s kuq;a Tjqkag ;snqfKa l=vd ysia ln,ah․ Tjqkaf.a o;a úYd,h» oE;a È.=h․ l,a .; jk úg Tjqka ñksia iajrEmh .kakg we;af;a flfiaoehs lsisfjla yßhgu fkdokakd kuq;a iajdNdúl jrKhg wkqj iajrEmh fjkia jk wksl=;a i;aj úfYaI fuka fkdj" wfma isref¾ iajrEmh wm úiska j.dlr.;a wfmau l=i,;d ksid ksid yevjev jQjla úh yelsh․


fï iïnkaO we;s tla Wml,amkhla fufiahs․ wdÈ ld,Sk mQ¾j udkqjhka wdydrhg .;af;a ;o wuq wdydr j¾. jk w;r Èrùu myiq ùug tajd iqÿiq mßÈ úld ymlsÍug ie,elsh hq;= W;aidyhla .; hq;=j ;snqKs․tfy;a md,kh lr.;a .skaor Ndú;dfldg wdydr m,yd msi.ekSu iu. ta ;;ajh fjkia úh․ .skafka m,yd.;a wdydr úlSug myiq jk f,i uDÿ jQ w;r wdydrfha we;s Èrùug wmyiq fl¢ iys; fldgiao isrerg myiqfjka wjfYdaIKh l< yels iSks njg f,aisfhkau m;aúh․ fï wkqj tf;la meje;s úYd, o;aj, iy È.= w;=Kq nykl wjYH;djh ke;sù .sh neúka l,ahdfïÈ tajdo m%udKfhka l=vd úh․ tmukla fkdj .skaor md,kh fldg ? t<sjk ;=re .sksue, o,ajd ;eîug yels jQ ksid ;jÿrg;a jk i;=kaf.ka fíÍug rd;%sld,hg .ia ke.Sfï wjYH;djhla wdÈ udkjhskag

fkdùh․ ta ksid .ia ke.Sug myiqjk È.=oE;l meje;auo w;HjYH fkdùh․ ta wkqj flá w;=Kqnyka iy flá w;a we;sùujeks YÍrh iïnkaOfhka we;sjQ fjkialï ksid b;=relr.;a Yla;sh fud<h j¾Okh ùug jehúh․ fjk;a wkaoulska lsõfjd;a fydafï bfrlagia udkjhd iajrEmfhka wmg iudk jQfha wmfukau Tjqkao msi.;a wdydr wkqNj l< neúks․fulS Wml,amkh bÈßm;a lrk wh w;=frka m%uqLfhls ydjâ iriúfha wdpd¾h ßpâ õ/ka.ï ^Richard Wrangam&' fydafuda bfrlagia udkjhdg l=vd weUreï o;a iy flá w;=Kqnykla we;sjqfka flfiao@ Tjqka uyfmdf<dfõ ksod.;af;a wehs@ jeks lreKq iïnkaOfhka fï yer fjk;a úl,am ms<s;=rla fidhd .ekSug wmg yelsù keye" hkqfjka Tyq mjihs' tfy;a tawoyi úfõpkhg ,lafkdjQ Wml,amkhlao fkdfõ․ Bg


tl fya;=jla kï YÍrfha iajrEmh fjkiaùu jir ñ,shk follg lsÜgq ld,hl isg isÿjQ kuq;a .skaor Ndú;h ms<sn| fidhdf.k we;s merKsu idlaIsj,g wkqj udkjhka úiska md,kh fldg.;a .skaor Ndú;h we;slr.;af;a jir ñ,shklg wdikak ld,hl isgh․ Bg idlaIs jYfhka 2011§ ol=Kq wm%sldfõ .,a .=ydjl ;sî merKs w¿ iy oeù.sh weglgq fidhd.;a m¾fhaIK lkavdhfï kdhlhd jQfha fgdfrdkafgda iriúfha uhsl,a pidka(Michael Chazen)․ Tyq mjik mßÈ ’msiqkq wdydr .ekSfuka úma,jldÍ mßj¾;khla we;sjqfKah hk u;h .ek uf.a we;af;a idkqlïms; wdl,amhla․ kuq;a fydafuda bfrlagia úfYaIhg wh;a udkjhkag bkamiq meñKs udkj úfYaIhkag ;rïu wdydr msiSu .ek Wkkaÿjla ;snqKq njla wmg yßhgu lshkak neye' jvd úYd, fud<hla we;s fydafuda bfrlagia jeks udkjhka ìysùug fya;=j fmdaIHodhS mod¾:hkaf.ka hq;= jQ udxiNlaIKh lsÍu nj fï iïnkaOfhka we;s ;j;a u;hls․thska f;areï hkafka fydafuda bfrlagia hkq fyd| ovhlaldrfhla njhs․f.dÿr fjfyig m;afjk f;lau f.dÿr yUdhEug ;rï fyd¢ka wfma isrere yev.eiS we;s nj we;a;ls․ tfy;a ovhïlsßfï l%ufõoh uq¿ukskau fjkia ùug fya;= jQfha fjk;a wdldrhl kj fidhd .ekSula ksidh․ th ovhïlrk wdldrh muKla fkdj udkj iudcfha

2' wdhqO Ndú;h

jer jEhñka oud.ik wdhqOhlg fõ.j;a wekáf,dma uqfjl= jqj;a mrojd .uka l< yelsh․ fõ.fhka b,lalhg oud .eiSug wjYH wdldrfha Wrysila iys;jQ uq,au udkj úfYaIh fydafuda bfrlagia nj miq.sh jif¾ bÈßm;a l< m¾fhafIK m;%sldjlska fhdackd lr ;snqKs․ fcdaðhdfõ uksIs (Dmanishi) m<df;a ;snQ fydafuda bfrlagia jdi NQñhlska fidh.;a ñg fud,jk m%udKfha widudkH .,a tl;=j Tjqka oud .ik wdhqOh jYfhka f;dard .;af;a fudkjdoehs f;areï .ekSug fyd| idlaIshls․

wdhqOhla jYfhka oud.ik .,a ydú;d lsÍu fydafuda bfrlagia udkjhkag yqfola ovhï Wml%uhla muKla fkdùh․ th ;ukag úreoaOjk i;=frla id¾:lj urd oeóugo fhdod .; yelsúh․ol=Kq le,sfmdakshdkq iriúfha l%sisfgdam¾ fndfyï

iajdNdjho ;SrKh lrk kjfidhd .ekSulao úh․ th wdhqO Ndú;hhs'


(Christoper Boehm) fmkajdfok wldrhg wdÈ udkj iudcj, isrefrka ;rula ÿj¾j, wfhl= g jqjo uqyqKg uqyqK ,d igka lsÍulska f;drj w;ska oud .ik wdhqO ksid wE;ska isg Yla;su;a m%;sjdÈfhl= urd oeófï yelshdjla we;s úh․ fï fya;=j ksid ishÆ ovhï iudc j, olakg ,efnk» wka lsisÿ m%sudgd P̂rimate& iudchl

fkdue;s wkaofï iudkd;au;djhla uq,a ld,Sk udkj lkavdhï ;=< mej;=k njo Tyq lshhs․ we;a; jYfhkau wdhqO ksid Bg;a jvd jeo.;a n,mEïla we;sjkakg we;․ ksõfhdalays iafgdaks nDla iriúfha fmda,a ìk.ayeï (Paul Bingham) iy fcdydka iQid (Joanne Souzaa) fmkajd fok wkaoug oud .ik wdhqO ms<sn| ksrka;r ;¾ckh lKavdhfï idudðlhka w;r .egqï wju lr

wfkdkH iyfhda.h mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wdÈ udkj iudc ;=reïmqjla jYfhka fhdod.;af;ah․j¾;udkfha§ md,s;hka k;=lr.ekSug md,lhka úiska lrkq ,nk wkshï ìh.ekaùï ye¢kaùug fhdok iudc m%frdaOk kshduh (Social Coercion Theory) hk iudc úoHd isoaOdka;fhka ye¢kafjkafkao fï yd iudkj ;¾ckhl n,mEu fhdod iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu nj Tjqyq mji;s․

3' wdNrK yd YÍrdf,amk

ìka.ayeï iy iQidf.a u;h ksjerÈ kï wfma iudc yeisÍï j, we;eï ,laIK fyd afud a bfrlagia udkjhdgo ;sfnkakg we;․ ta flfi a fj;;a wfma fndfyda jeo.;a p¾hdjka yev .efikakg mgka .;af;a fydafuda fi am shk a udkjhkaf.a imeñKSfuka miq ñg jir 100"000lg fmr §h․ óg oYlhlg muK fmr olKq wm%sldfõ íf,dïfndaia .=ydj, isÿl< lekSï j,§ idhï ;ejrE ys,a lrk ,o fn,slgq tl;=jla mdod .ekSug ,enqKs․ fn,slgqj, ys,a úo ;snQ wdldrh wkqj tu fn,slgq tl;=j ud,hla fyda j<,a,la f,i ydú; lrk ,oehs is;d.; yelsúh․ fujeks fidhd


.ekSï wm%sldfõ wfkl=;a lekSï ia:dk j,skao fidhdf.k ;sfí' fï fn,slgqj, ;jrd ;snq .=remeye idhu fjk;a o%jH yd l,jï fldg úfYaIfhkau ksmojd .;a;la njg iy tajd Yßrh idhï lsÍu i|ydo fhdod .kakg we;s njg idlaIs jvd uE;l§ l< íf,dïfndaia .=yd lekSï j,ska fidhd.; yelsúh․neÆ ne,augu fkdjeo.;a tajd f,i fmkqko we;a;gu fujeks ksmoùï u.ska fmkakqï lrkafka udkj ixksfõokfha yd úYajdihkaf.a úma,jldÍ fjkila we;s jQ njl․ fydafuda bfrlagia ld,fha isg meje; wd iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| yeÕSu wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka udkj iudch ;=< we;sjQ Wia my;a fNaohl i<l=kq iudc ;;ajh úoydmdk fï wdNrK yd wdf,amk j,ska lshefõ․ wdNrK j,ska m< l< iudc ;;ajhg w;sf¾lj Yßrdf,amk j,ska lKavdhfï wkkH;djho lshdmdkakg we;․mrmqfrka mrmqrg wdNrK yd wdf,amk Ndú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsùfuka fmkShkafka ;uka úiska f.dvk.d.;a iïm%odhka mj;ajdf.k hdug ;rï ixlS¾K jQ NdIdjla fï jkúg udkjhkag ;snqK njhs'

4' we÷ï ueiSu

wdNrK iy wdf,amk yefrk úg ish lh jid.ekSug iqÿiq jia;%ksmojd .ekSuo udkjhka ukqIHka njg m;alsÍfï ,d jeo.;a úma,jldÍ mshjrla úh․ we÷ï ueiSu ms<sn| uq,au idlaIshla jYfhka ie,lsh yels wjqreÿ 60"000 la merKs b¢lgqjlg iudk fl!;=l NdKavhla lekSï j,ska fidhd .ekSug yelsj ;sfí․tfy;a ta jkúg;a jia;%Ndú;h werö wjqreÿ oyia .Kkla f.ú f.dia

we;s njg idlaIs we;․ fï nj ;yjqre lrk idlaIshg we;af;a ;rul widudkH m%Njhls․ ta m%Njh kï we÷ï j, fjfik bKsl=kkah․ bKsl=kka hkq udkjhka úiska jia;% mßyrKh lsÍu weröfuka miq ysifliaj, isá Wl=Kkaf.ka mßKduh jQ i;aj úfYaIhls․ m<uq jrg bKsl=kka iy Wl=Kkaf.a cdk ii|d neÆúg Wl=Kkaf.

ka bKsl=kka ìysjkakg we;af;a óg jir 70"000 lg muK fmr nj oek .kakg ,enqks․ tfy;a jeäÈhqKq l< l%ufõohka fhdod jvd uE;§ l, ixikaokhlg wkqj m<uq bKsl=kkaìysùu jir 170"000la olajd wE;g hkakla nj ;yjqre ù we;․ fudk whqßka neÆj;a f,dj mqrd flfuka úisr hdug fmr óg


jir 60"000lg muK fmr wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka wm%sldfjka ksl=;a fjk úg;a jia;% mßyrKh lrñka isá nj ;yjqre fõ․

bKsl=kka iy Wl=Kkaf.a cdk iïnkaOh ms<sn| uq,a m¾fhaIKh l< c¾uksfha ,smais.a kqjr msysá mßKdóh udkj úoHj ms<sn| uelaia ma,Ekala m¾fhaIKdhd;kfha udla iafgdkalska.a (Mark Stoneking) fmkajdfok mßÈ Ys;, Tfrd;a;= kqÿka ksrej;aj úiQ wdÈ udkjhkagg fuka fkdj jia;%me<¢ udkjhkag YS;, m<d;a j,g ixl%uKh ùug yelshdjla we;s úh․ yqfola f,dï iys; i;aj yïj,ska ,sys,aj .; fmdfrdjd .ekSu fjkqjg b¢lgq Ndú;d fldg weÕg ;ojkfia we÷ï uid .ekSug yelsùfuka ish isref¾ WKqiqu ukdj r|jd ;nd .ekSug jia;%Ndú;d l< udkjhkag yelsúh․ ta tfia jqjo wm%sldkq ijkakd ;eks;,dfõ ìysjQ wdÈ udkjhkag ysu ñÿkq YS;m,d;aj,g ixl%uKh ùu l,la hk f;lau uy;a wNsfhda.hlaj mj;skakg we;․ jvd uE;l § lrk ,o m¾fhaIK j,ska ks.ukh jk mßÈ

5'Ndck Ndú;h

wfma wdÈ udkjhka wm%sldfjka ksl=;ajkúg jia;%wdÈhg wu;rj fjk;a foj,ao fmdÈ .idf.k hkakg we;․ óg jir 100"000 lg muK fmr ol=Kq wm%sldfõ úiQ udkjfhda Èh n÷kaf,i Tiag%sÉ ì;a;r lgq Ndú;d l< njg idlaIs yuqù ;sfí․ fï wkaoñka wfkl=;a m%sudgd úfYaI j,g l< fkdyels whqßka ;ukag wjYH oE n÷kaj, nyd f.khdug yelshdjla j¾Okh lr.ekSu udkjhkag úfYaI jdishla úh․ fuys§ Tiag%sÉ ì;a;r lgq j, fldgd ;snQ i,l=Kq j,ska f;areï .; yels oE w;sYhska u jeo.;a jkafka úisr jdih l, udkj lkavdhï w;r hï wdldrhl fj<fy<odï iy iïnkaO;djhka mj;ajd .ekSu

bka ms<sìUq jk neúks․

f,dj mqrd úisr hdug wdÈudkjhkag yelshdj we;sjQfha f.da,Sh foaY.=Kfha isÿjQ ie,elsh hq;= fjkia lï ksidh'


1999 isgu m%kaifha fndafvda iriúfha wdpd¾h msh¾)Ôka fglaish¾ ^Pierre Jean Texier& m%uqL m¾fhaIK lKavdhula ol=Kq wm%sldfõ flama gjqka kqjrg lsf,daógr 150la W;=ßka msysá vhsmala¨*a .,a f.a wdikakj isÿ l< lekSï j,ska lemS fmkfk f,i i<l=Kq fldgk ,o Tiag%sÑ ì;a;r lgq fidhdf.k ;sfí․ wjqreÿ oyia .Kkl ld, mrdihlg wh;a jk fï ì;a;r lgqj, ksrka;rfhkau Ndú;dlr ;snqfka mia wdldrhl uQ,sl i,l=Kqh․ bka woyia jkafka fï mxp wdldr i,l=Kqj,ska lshfjk oE wjfndaO lr.ekSfï yelshdj mrmqfrka mrmqrg fkdlvjd mej;=k njls․ fglaish¾ iy Tyqf.a i.hka

l,amkd lrk wkaoug fï udkj lkavdhï msgia;r udkj lkavdhï iu. iïnkao;d meje;ajQ neúka ;ukaf.a lkavdhï

wkkH;djh ;nd .ekSu

msKsi Tjqkag whs;s Ndkavj, ksYaÑ; i,l=Kq fldgd ;eîh․

6' kS;sh yd iduh

NdKav yqjudre fj<odu werôu;a iu. ;u lKavdhfï idudðlhka iu. muKla fkdj wka lkavdhï iu. .kqfokq lsÍuo iduldój iy idOdrKj mj;ajd .ekSug wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;kag isÿúh․ tneúka kS;sh yd hqla;sh y÷kajd §fï ,d fj<odï lsÍu uQ,sl jYfhka odhl jkakg we;ehs lsj yelsh․

kS;sh úldYh jQfha flfiao hkak ms<sn| lsishï woyila we;slr .ekSug Ys,d hq.fha úiQ ovhlaldrhka fuka iudkd;aujd§ ye.Sulska lghq;= lrk kef.kysr wm%sldkq cx.u tfâr f.da;%slhka jeks we;eï ck fldgia j, iudc wdl,am úuiSfuka f;areï .; yelsh' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;af;d;a msgia;r tfâr f.da;%sl lkavdhï j,g wh;a i;=ka meyer.ekSu jeks fnfyúka wk;=reodhl lghq;a;l kshef,k úg uOH.; foaYmd,k wêldßhl n,mEula ke;s fï tfâr f.da;%sl msßñ ;u mjqf,a fkdjk idududðlhka iu.o fkdmels,j iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lr;s․ fï wkaofï iduQysl fydrlï iodpdrd;aulj úh fkdyels kuq;a tys§ wkH idudðlhka yd iyfhda.


fhka lghq;= lsÍug fm<öu u.ska ms<sìUq jkafka kq;k kS;s iïm%odfha we;s wkq.;ùu ms<sn| wdl,amhhs․ weßfidakd rdcH úYaj úoHd,fha wpd¾h idrd ue;sõ jd¾;d lrk wkaoug tjeks i;=ka meyer.ekSfï l,a,shlg iyNd.sùu m%;slafIam lsÍu lKavdhfï wksl=;a idudðlhka úiska kshu lrk ;on, ovqjulg hg;aùug isÿjk jrols․ fujeks wjia:dj,§ kshu wêlrKhlg iudkj úksYaph lsÍu yd ovqjï lsÍu isÿjk neúka kS;sh yd úksYaph hk ixl,am uOHh.; wêldrhla iys; iudc ìysùug fmr we;s jQjla nj ue;sõ mjihs․

7' ld, igyk

bkami%q .;jQ wjqreÿ oyia.Kkdj ;=< me;sr .sh fj<fy<|du ksid yqjudrejQfha o%jHuh nvqNdkav muKla fkdfõ․ fj<fy<|dï iu. u;s u;dka;r yd ixl,amo .Kqfokq ùh․ ta u.ska m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha uq,au úoHd;aul Ñka;kOdrdjo ìysfjkakg we;․

fï w;r ;u mßirh úoHd;aulj ksÍlaIKh l< uq,au ck lKavdhï j,ska tlla j¾;udkfha iafldÜ,ka;h hk kñka yeÈkafjk fmffofia tl, ovhï lsÍfuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsÍfuka Ôj;a jQ njg idlaIs ;sfí․ Tjqka úiQ wen¾ãkaIh¾ fmfofia wjqreÿ 10"000la ;rï

merKs ld,hl isg bÈl< uOH Ys,dhq.hg wh;a kgnqka ia:dk /ila olakg ,efí․ ta w;ßka jeo.;a ;ekla .kakd tla kgnqka ia:dkhl Bidk È. isg jhU olajd pdmdldrj msysgd we;s j,j,a fod<yla olakg ,efí․ fï j,j,a

msysá pdmh ;sfnkafka YS; iD;= iQ¾h ksjD;a;sfha§ laIs;scfhka ysre ke. tk wkaou uekúka kerôh yels ksïkhlg uqyqK ,d nj n¾ñkayeï iriúfha úkaikaÜ .e*aks iy Tyqf.a i.fhda ksÍlaIKh

wenraãkaIh¾ m%d.a ft;sydisl le,ekavrh


l<y․ j,j,a 12 ia:dk.; lr ;sfnkafka pkaø udi .;fjk wdldrh oel .ekSu msKsi nj ks.ukh l< m¾fhaYlfhda wen¾ãkaIhrfha pkao% ld,igyJ jYfhka yeÈkaúh yels fï Èko¾Ykh" fuf;la fidhd.;a merKs;u m%d.aft;sydisl Èko¾Ykh fuka fo.=Khla merKs nj fmkajd fo;s․

f.ù hk ld,h igykalr ;nd .ekSug wjYH jQ úg yeu ixialD;shla th lf<a pkaø udih .;fjk wdldrh wkqjhe~hs mjik .e*aks ld,jljdkq ms<sn| úêu;a ixl,amhla we;slr .ekSu ieuka uiqka ì;a;r oeóu msKsi Wvq.x n,d msyskSu jeks iD;= wkqj we;sjk isÿùï l,a;shd oek.ekSug wdÈ udkjhkag yelsjQ njo fmkajd foh․ ’Tng tjeks .=ma; oekqula ;sfnkafka kï iudch md,kh lsÍfï wjia:djo Tng ,efí¶hehs o .e*aks mjihs․

8' k.=,a yEu

iafldÜ,ka;fha úiQ ovhï lsÍfuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsÍfuka Ôj;a jQ wdÈjdiS ck iudc tfia pkaø udi wkqj ld,jljdkq ñKqï .;lrk w;r;=r uE;fmrÈ. úiQ wdÈjdiSyq f.dú;eka lghq;=j, ksr;ùu wrUd ;snqk․ f.dú;eka lsÍu .;fjfyilrjk lghq;a;la jQ neúka ta lghq;a; jvd myiq lrjk fuj,ï ksmojd .ekSug uq,au f.dùyq fm<Uqky․

fufia ksmojd.;a fuj,ï w;=frka jvd;au jeo.;a jQ fuj,u k.=, jQ w;r tksid iudch flfrys we;sjQ n,mEu úu;sh okjk iqÆh․

ovhï lsÍfuka yd jk m,je< tl;=lsÍfuka Ôj;a jQ w;S; iudc j, ovhu mqreIhkag;a jkm<je, tla lsÍu ia;%Skag;a jYfhka wo fukau ia;%S mqreI fNaoh wkqj Y%u úNckh mj;skakg we;' flfia fj;;a f.dú;eka lsÍu wdrïN jQ uq,a wjêfha§ ia;%S mqreI fNaohlska f;drj fof.d,a,kau ifudaifï f.dú;efka fhÈk․tksid l,la hkf;lau f.dú;ek ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh mj;ajd.ekSu iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fufyjrla

bgq lf<ah․ tfy;a iSiEfï§ uQ,sl jYfhkau mqreIhka úiska fufyhúh hq;= jQ nrm;, fuj,ula jQ k.=, y÷kajd§fuka miq ta ;;ajh ke;sj .sh


nj fvkaud¾la cd;sl lDIs wd¾:sl úfYaI{fhl= jQ tiag¾ fndfirema 1970 .Kkaj, fmkajd ÿkafkah․ fï woyi mÍlaIdjg ,la lrkq jia f,dia wekac,aia ys le,sf*dakshd úYaj úoHd,fha m´,d .shq,shdfkda iy wef.a i.fhda f,djmqrd f.dú;ek i|yd k.=,fhdod.;a iudc iy k.=,fhdod fkd.;a iudc w;r ia;%S mqreI Y%u úNckh ms<sn| ixikaokd;aul wOHkhla lf<ah․ wOHkhg wkqj fndiremaf.a k.=,a wdksixih ms<sn| woyi ;yjqre l<d muKla fkdj wo olajdu k.=, mqreI Ndjfha ixfla;hla jYfhka mj;sk njo m´,d fmkajd ÿkafkah․ ’ia;%S mqreI Y%u úNckh ;SrKh jk tlu ldrKh k.=, Ndú;d lsÍu fkdfõ․ tfy;a tl iudk ck lKavdhï folla w;ßka tla iudchla muKla k.=, Ndú;d lrkafka kï ta iudch ia;%SmqreI fNaoh jeäfhka i,lk iudchla¶ he~hs m´,d mjihs․9' u<dmjykh

udkj b;sydifha nrm;,u je/oao f.dú;ekhe~hs cdfrâ vhukaâ kue;s udkj úoHd{hd jrla m%ldY lf<ah․ fldkao lefvk jevla jqj;a f.dú;ek ksid úYd, jYfhka wdydr ksmoùug yelsùu

k.r ìysùugo fya;= úh․ kd.ßl ðú;h ksid fndfyda jdis ie,iqko c,h u.ska me;sr hk úIîc fya;=fldgf.k we;sfjk frda. jix.; wdÈfhka .e,ùu fndfyda k.rj,g ;snQ m%Odk;u ikSmdrlaIl wNsfhd.h úh․

k.r wdrïN jQfha hï ojilo tod isg kd.ßl u<dmjyk l%uo meje;=k njg idlaIs ;sfí․ jir 5000la merKs bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrhg wh;a merKs k.r f.dvk.d ;snqfka wmjyk lghq;= i|yd fhdod.;a NQ.; ldkq moaO;shla u;h․ ta ld,hgu wh;a iafldÜ,ka; ckdjdij, jeisls,s l%uhla meje;sks․ wjqreÿ 3500la merKs l%Sg YsIagdpdrfha k.rjdiSyq wmøjH c,fhka

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fia§hk jeisls,s iy u<dmjyk moaO;s Ndú;d l<y․ tfy;a ,kavkfha bïmSßh,a fldf,Ê iriúfha wdpd¾h f;dauia fndkaâ fmkajdfok mßÈ fï lsisjla ie,iqï lr ;snqfKa ikSmdrlaIl fya;= i,ldf.k fkdfõ․ fï u<dmjyk moaO;s w;ßka fnfydauhla Wiia uÜÜul isú,a bxðfkare Ys,amhla ksrEmkh l<o tajdfha wruqK yqfola kqÿßka msysá .Õg fyda tjeks fjk;a ;eklg li, c,h heùug muKla iSudúh․

wmjykfha§ li, c,h msßisÿ fldg heúh hq;= nj ñksiqka jgyd.;af;a 1850§ ,kavka k.rh mqrd me;sr.sh fld<rd frda.h yd tjlg meje;s wmsßisÿ c,iïmdok l%ufha iïnkaOhla we;snj kd.ßl ffjoH fcdaka iafkda úiska fmkajd ÿka miqjhs․ úYd, m%udKfha uOH.; kd.ßl u<dmjyk moaO;s m%:u jrg y÷kajd fokafka 20jeks Y;j ¾Ifha uq,a oYl lsysmfha§h․ ld¾hlaIu u<dmjyk moaO;sj, wjYH;djh l,l isgu meje; wdjls․ th bgqùfuka miq uyck fidLH súma,jldÍ f,i ÈhqKq úh'

10'f,aLk l,dj

ãmala¨*a j, ;sî fidhd.;a Tiag%sÑ ì;a;r lgqj, fldgd ;snQ ixfla; j,ska fmkShkafka wju jYfhka wjqreÿ 100"000 l muK fmr isgu udkj j¾.hd wre;a oelaùu msKsi .%dmsl ixfla; fhdod.;a

njhs․tfy;a kshu f,aLk l,dj werUqfKa óg jir 5000lg fmr§h․ f,aLk l,dj ìysùu;a iu. f;dr;=rejd¾;d fldg ;nd ÿrneyer ;ekaj,g muKla fkdj mrmqfrka mrmqrlgg wkd.;h lrd heùugo yelsúh․ fuh ñka fmr fkdjq úrE wdldrhl ixialD;sl mßKduhlg fya;= úh․blaì;s we;sjQ úúO ksmehqï flf;la ÿrg ñksia ika;dkhg n,mdkakg we;aoehs fy,sorõ jk wkaoug f,aLK l,dj ñksiqka ;=< we;sjk ìh iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= miq mrïmrdjkag ixksfõokh lf<ah․

fuf;la fidhdf.k we;s merKs;u f,aLk w;rg wh;a fuifmdf;añhdfõ ,.dIa fm!rj rdcHfha ¥Is; md,l mx;sh úiska wêl nÿ wh lr.ekSu g tfrysj ,shejqk j.ka;s fï iïnkaOfhka WodyrKhlg .; yelsh․ fulS úfrdaOh f,aLk .;fldg jeäl,la .;ùug fmr ,.dIa ys rclï l< Wrel.skd rcq úiska m<uq ,sÅ; kS;s ix.%yh f,i ie,lsh yels f,aLkhla rpkdfldg m%isoaO lf<ah․

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iudc m%;sixialrK .ek Wkakÿjla oelajq rfcl= jYfhka ie,elsh yels Tyq ;u kS;s ix.%h u.ska fmdfydi;=kaf.a wêl iQrdlEu iSud lsÍug úÈ úOdk ie,iSh․tfy;a tls kS;s ix.%yh i;%Skag oelajQfha mqreIhkag jvd wvq ie,ls,a,ls․ WodyrKhla jYfhka .;fyd;a mrodr fiajkfha fhfok ia;%Skag l< hq;= oËqjï tys i|yka jk kuq;a mrodr fiajkfha ksr; jk mqreIhkag l<hq;= oËqjï tys i|yka fkdfjhs․ fïksid fldf;l=;a mßKdñl úma,j j,ska yev jev jqjo ukqIH;ajh hkq ;j;a fndfyda ÿrg ÈhqKq úhhq;=j we;s fohla nj lsj yelsh․�

Ñ,S rgg Tífnka msysá .,mf.daia Èjhska f,dalhdf.a úfYaI wjOdkhg ,lajQfha 1830 .kkaj,È pd¾,ia vdúka f.a Ñrm%isoaO ixpdrfhka miqjhs iajNdúl jrKh ksid mßKduh isÿjk

njg ;¾l l, vdúka ish m%n, u;jdoh ;yjqre lsÍug .,mf.daia Èjhska j, fjfik *skapia ^finches& kï l=vd mlaIs j¾.h fhdod.;a;d' ÿm;aj, yqol,d nj ksid tys jejqKq .yfld," mlaIS" isõmdÈ i;ajhka j¾Okh jqfha thgu wdfõksl mßirhlhs' 1977 È tys tl ¥m;l úuiqï lghq;=j, fhfoñka isá Ôj úoHd{fhda tlS ¥mf;a úiQ l=vd *skaÉ mlaIsj¾.hlska w;f,diaila yefrkag wfkla ish¿u mlaISka oeä kshÕh ksid urKhg m;ajkq ksÍlaIKh l<d' kshÕhg fmr 1300 la muK isá mlaIska w;=frka wka;sug b;sßjqfha 180 fofkl= muKhs' fï b;sßjq mlaISkaf.a úfYaI;ajh jqfha Wka ish,a,kagu ta j¾.fha ñh .sh mlaISkag jvd È.= fydgla ;sîuh' È.= fydg ksid oeä f,,a,la we;s weg j¾.

jqjo úo m,d uoh wkqNj lsßug yelsùu fï mlaISkag jdishla jqkd'

fufia b;sßjq mlaIska 180 ka 150 lau msßñ i;=ka jqkd' fï ksid j¾Id ld,h kej; meñKsúg b;sßj isá .eyeKq i;=ka iaj,amfokd ysñ lr .eksu msKsi WKqka w;r úYd, ;rÕhla we;s jqkd' tys§o jvdu È.= fydg we;s msßñ mlaISka ;rÕfhka ch .kakd nj fmkqkd' fï

oaú;aj jrKh ÿmf;a mlaISkaf.a fydg j, È. wNsj¾Okh lsÍug fya;= jqkd' fï mlaIs j¾.hdf.a fydg j, ñkqï jd¾;d jir 150la ;siafia /ialr ;snQ neúka jvd È.= fydgla we;s kj mlaIs m%fNaohl wd.ukhlg idlaIslrejkaúug Ôj úoHd{hkag yels jqkd'�

msxÑ mßkduhla


ක,la b;d úNQ;s u;a j mej;s udhd» hqldgka» wkidis» wka.aflda¾ jÜ› uyd isïndífõ jeks ckiudc iyuq,skau ke;s ù .sfha ukao@ we;eï mqrd úoHd{hkag wkqj Bg fya;=j w;sYhska W;aikak jQ mdßißl .eg`: we;sùuhs› tfy;a tjeks lvd jeàulska f;drj jir oyia .Kkdjla ;siafia wLKavj mej; tk ckiudc wo o fj;s' cmdk" cdjd yd fgdka.d tjeks ckiudc j,g WodyrKhhs' ta w;r fidaud,shdj» brdlh jeks rgj,a wiu;a iudc njg m;a fjñka lvd jefgñka ;sfí' flfia fj;;a wo wm uqyqK fok nrm;<

m%Yak j,g úi÷ï fidhd .ekSfï § we;eï ck iudc wLKavj mj;sk w;r ;j;a tajd lvd jefgkafka ukao hkak ksis f,i jgyd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

ckiudc lvd jeàï j,g we;af;a tl u tl fya;=jlhs ie,lSu wkqjK luls' tu lvd jeàï fnfyúka ixlS¾K fya;= ksid o isÿ úh yelshs' tfy;a ta ixlS¾K;ajh;a ;=< mjd

ck iudc lvd jefgkafka

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cdfrâ vhukaâ úiska

Biag¾ ¥mf;a kIaGdjfYaI


lsishï y÷kd .; yels rgdjla o olakg ,efnk nj lreKq fyd¢ka úuik úg fmkS hhs' uf.a m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj ck iudchla lvd jeàug fya;= jk uQ,sl lreKq myla y÷kd .ekSug ug yels úh' l,la .%Ska,ka;fha mej;s fkda¾ia ckiudch kg m;a ù .sh wdldrh weiqfrka ta lreKq my mxp lreuhka f,i úia;r lsÍug fuys § uu woyia lrñ' fkda¾ia iudch uq,ska u ìys jQfha l%s'j' 984§ .%Ska,ka;hg ixl%uKh ù mÈxÑ jQ jhslskajrekaf.k' tfy;a 1450 jk úg wjidk fkda¾ia cd;slhd o ñhf.dia fï fkda¾ia iudch iyuq,skau kg m;a j .sfha h' fkda¾ia iudch ms<sn| ,sÅ; jd¾;d ;sfnk neúka fkd¾iajrekaf.a wej;=ï mej;=ï .ek fyd| oekqula wmg ,nd.; yelshs'

tfll= kEr iuia; fkd¾ia iudch u tfia ld,hd;%d lf<a wehs@ uf.a m¾fhaIK ksid ilia l< mxp l¾u rduqjg wkqj tys § Tjqkaf.a m<uqjeks lreuh jkafka wkjOdk-fhka ish iïm;a moku úkdY lsÍfuka ñksiqka úiska ;uka jik

mßirh o úkdY lr .ekSuh' fkda¾ia iudcfha § fuh nyq, jYfhka isÿ jQfha hlv ;ekSug wjYH oej wÕ=re ,nd .ekSug jk.yk úYd, jYfhka úkdY lsÍu;a ta ksid we;sjQ oeä mdxYQ Ldokh;a ksidhs' wjidkfh § m%udKj;a ;rï oej wÕ=re ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid fkd¾iajrekag hlv ;kd .ekSug o fkdyels jQ w;r mdxY= Ldokfhka ksire jQ mi ksid f.dú;ekska ie,lsh hq;= wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug o wiSre úh' fojeks lreuh foaY

.=Kh fjkia ùuhs' mßirh jvd WKqiqï ùu fyda jvd YS;, ùu hk fol u foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu ksid we;s ùh yels M,hka h' tfy;a fkd¾ia iudch iïnkaOfhka isÿ jQfha l%s'j' 1300 .Kka j, wjidkfha yd 1400 .Kka mqrd .%Ska,ka;fha foaY.=Kh jv jvd

.%Ska,ka;fha lekSï


YS;, ùuhs' we;a; jYfhka u .%Ska,ka;h jeks ;ekl foaY.=Kh YS;, ùu hkq ;on, jHikhla fkdfõ' ukao fï lshk ld,fha §u .%Ska,ka;fha úiQ tialsfudajre ;o YS;,g Tfrd;a;= Èh yels wkaoug ;u p¾hdj fjkia lr .;af;a h' tfy;a fkd¾iajrekag ;o YS;, foaY.=Khg wkqj yev .eiSug fkdyels jQfha wehs@

uf.a ,ehsia;=fõ we;s ;=ka jeks lreuh wi,ajeis ñ;=re ck iudc iu. we;s iïnkaO;d È.ska È.gu mj;ajd .ekSug ck iudchlg we;s fkdyelshdjhs' ;uka yd ñ;=re j mej;s ck iudchl iyfhda.h ;jÿrg;a ,nd .ekSug fkdyels jk úg th o ck iudcj, lvd jeàug odhl fõ' .%Ska,ka;fha úiQ fkd¾iajrekag ;u uq,a rg jQ fkda¾fõ rg iuÕ fyd¢ka fj<fy<odï lr f.k ysáh;a tla w;lska fkda¾fõ wd¾:slh ÿ¾j, ùu;a wksla w;ska ;o

YS;, ksid ñÿKq ysfuka uqyqÿ .ukd.ukh wjysr ùu;a ksid fkda¾fõ ñ;=re iïnkaO;dfõ M, m%fhdack ;jÿrg;a ,nd .ekSug fkd¾iajrekag fkdyels ù .sfha h'

isõjeks lreuh kï fkda¾ia iudch ish miñ;=re iudc yd lghq;= l< wdldrhhs' fkd¾iajrekag miñ;=re j lghq;= l< .%Ska,ka; jeis tialsfudajre iu. wdrjq,a wkql%ufhka ;yjqre ùu ksid tialsfudajre w;ska ksrka;rfhkau uereï lEug fkd¾iajrekag isÿ ùh' ta yer wdydr i|yd iS,a u;aiHhka ovhï lsÍug yels Èh uxlvj,a fkd¾iajrekag msúiSug fkdyels f,i wyqrd oeóug o tialsfudajre lghq;= l<y'

uf.a ,ehsia;=fõ we;s miajeks

fkda¾iajre - wdo¾YKhla


l¾uh jYfhka ie,lsh yelafla ;u mdßißl m%Yak ksis f,i wjfndaO lr f.k wjYH lrk úi÷ï fidhd .ekSug w;HjYH foaYmd,ksl» wd¾:sl» ixialD;sl yd iudÔh idOl ;lafiare lr .ekSug fkd¾iajre wiu;a ùuhs' l%sia;shdks wd.u ;Èka weoyQ fkd¾iajre ;ukag Tfrd;a;= fkd fok ;rfï úYd, wdfhdackhla oejeka; wdik foõ ueÿre /ila ;ekSug jeh l<y' tfukau tialsfudajre my;a fldg ie,lSu ksid flfuka jeä jk ;o YS;, ld,.=Khg id¾:l f,i uqyqK §ug tialsfudajre ka fhdod .;a Wmdh Wml%u j,ska bf.k .ekSu o fkd¾iajre m%;slafIam l<y'

wksl=;a tjeks merKs ck iudc

iïnkaOfhka we;sjQ fuka u j¾;udk ck iudc iïnkaOfhka we;súh yels lvd jeàï iïnka-Ofhka by; lS idOl j,g

w;sf¾l j ;j;a fkdfhla idOl o ;sìh yelshs› tfy;a fndfyda ck iudc lvd jegqKq wdldrh iei£fï § oel .; yels fmdÿ ,laIK lsysmhla o fjhs' ta w;ßka tlla kï b;d WÉp uÜgulg ÈhqKq jqk ck iudc ysá jk u b;d flá l,l § lvd jeàuhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg l%s'j' 800§ hqldgka m%foaYfha udhd ck iudch uq¿ukska u lvd jeà ke;s Nx.ia:dk ù .sfha udhd jrekaf.a ck.ykh jeä u uÜgul ;snqKq úYd,;u iaudrl f.dvke.s,s bÈ l< wjêh blau f.dia jeä l,la .; ùug;a fmrhs' tfukau fidaúhÜ foaYfha lvd jeàu isÿ jqfka tys úNQ;sh b;d by< wjêhlg ke. oYlhla .; ùug;a fmrhs'

fojeks fmdÿ ,laIKh jyd wjfndaO fkd fjk mdßißl m%Yak ksid we;eï ckiudc wfkl=;a ckiudc j,g jvd jeäfhka wk;=rg ,la ùug we;s bvlvhs' oyia .Kkla we;s meis*sla ¥m;a w;ßka Biag¾ ¥mf;a mej;s ckiudch muKla uq¿ukska u lvd jegqfKa lsisÿ wjfndaOhlska

f;drj ishÆ .y fld, lmd oeóu ksid j¾Id m;kh wvqj ¥ú,s udre;hkaf.ka jeiS ¥m; uq¿ukska u ksire ù .sh ksidhs'

fkda¾ia kgnqka


mqÿuh kï fï úyska lr .kakd úkdYh tlS ckiudc l,a ;shd wjfndaO lr fkd .;af;a ukao@ hkakhs' uf.a m¾fhaIK j,g wkqj Bg uQ,sl fya;= folla ;sfnk nj fmkS hhs' bka m<uq jekak fï ck iudc j, ;SrK .ekSfï ksheÆKq m%NQ fm<eka;sh flá ld,Sk wruqKq fjkqfjka lghq;= l<d ñi ;u ;SrK ksid §¾> ld,Sk j we;súh yels iudc jHik .ek lsis ie,ls,a,la fkd oelajQ njhs' fkda¾ia iudch .ek ie,l+ úg tys úúO f.da;% kdhlhka tlsfkld mrhd biau;= ùu msKsi bjla njla fkd;ld iïm;a fhdod .ekSu fuys § tla WodyrKhla jYfhka oelaúh yelshs' wfkld wNsnjd jeäfhka hlv ;ekSug" ;u w| f.dúhka ,jd jeä jeäfhka ìï fldgd wiajeoa§ug fhdod .;a úêúOdk flá ld,Sk j id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd ÿka kuq;a ta ksid we;sjQ §¾> ld,Sk m, úmdl fkd¾iajrekag fnfyúka jHikldÍ úh'

wfkla ldrKh fï ckiudc úiska iudc jákdlï hehs ie,l+ we;eï j;a ms<sfj;a tla l,lg iqÿiq úh yels kuq;a fjk;a ld,j,g kqiqÿiq ùuhs› WodyrKhla jYfhka .;af;d;a fkd¾ia ckiudcfha mej;s ;on, wd.ñl lemùu ksid ishjia y;rla mqrd tu iudch ;=< buy;a m%cd iïnkaO;djla we;sjQ kuq;a tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkd.ñl

tialsfudajrekag .erySu ;u iudc jákdlula f,i fkd¾iajre ie,l+y' ta ksid jeä jk YS;,g iqÿiq wkaoñka ;u p¾hdj fjkia lr .ekSug WÑ; jQ jeo.;a mdvï tialsfudajrekaf.ka bf.k .ekSu o fkda¾iajre m%;slafIam l<y' ta yd iudk ;j;a WodyrKhla kï n%s;dkH yd ;snQ wkkH;djh jir 250la ;siafia íafg%,shdkq fmdÿ

iudc ú{dkhg b;d jeo.;a jákdlula jQ kuq;a j¾;udk íafg%,shdkq ckiudcfha nyq jd¾.sl ixhq;sh;a iu. w;HjYh wdishdkq wkkH;djhla f.dvk.d .ekSfï § ;jÿrg;a tu jákdlfï u t,an f.k isàu íafg%,shdkqqjkag ;on, wjdishls'

kqÿre oYlh fyda oYl lsysmh ;=< msmsÍug kshñ; fkdfhla wdldrfha fujeks iudÔh ld, fndaïn úúO ckiudc ;=< j¾;udkfha o ála ála .dñka mj;skjd' c, iïm;aj, úh<Su" mi ksire ùu" ld,.=K


úm¾hdih» Ôj úfYaI j, ú.ukh" ji úI me;sÍu" ck.ykh jeä ùu jeks iajrEm 12lska oekgu;a y÷kd f.k we;s ta ld, fndaïn l,a we;=j bj;a l< hq;= tajd hs' fkd tfia kï bÈß mkia jir .; ùug fmr ta yeu tlla u mqmqrd hdug kshñ;hs' ta w;ßka we;eï fndaïnj, msmsreï ld,h b;d kqÿre h' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;af;d;a oej ovq lmd .ekSug ;u jk .yk úkdY lrk fõ.h j¾;udk uÜgfï u mej;=fkd;a lj;a jir myla .; ùug u;af;ka ;jÿrg;a oej imhd .ekSug yels jkhla fidhd .ekSug ms,smSkhg fkdyels úh yelshs' tfukau ;j;a jirla j;a hkakg fmr fid,uka ¥m;aj, o oej lmd .ekSug yels jkhla b;sß úh fkdyelhs' fuys § jeo.;a lreK fjkafka hg lS ld,fndïn j¾. j,ska tfld<yla u bj;a l< o fodf<diajeks ld,fndïnh muKla jqjo iudchla lvd jeàug m%udKj;a jk njhs'

wjidk jYfhka fï ldrK-fh § fohdldrhlg lreKq lghq;= isÿ úh yelshs' bka tla wdldrhla kï by;lS idOl kshu f,i wjfndaO fldg f.k flá ld,Sk jdis fkd;ld wfkdkHh wjfndaOhlska hq;= j f,dal m%cdj f,i tajdg ksis úi÷ï fidhd C%shd;aul lrk

jvd;a m%ikak wdldrhhs' jvd wm%ikak wdldrh jkafka tlS idOl ksid wdl%uKldÍ hqoaO" ler,s .eiSï" id.;" jix.; jeks jHik we;sùfuka we;eï ck iudc uq¿ukska u lvd bysÍuh'

fuys § wiqnjd§ ùug ud wleue;s fï ishÆ u foaj,a wm úiska u we;s lrk ,o tksid u wm úiska u úi¢h yels m%Yak ùuhs' oekgu;a fï m%Yak .ek ie,lsh hq;= úfYaI{ wjfndaOhla wm i;= j mj;sk w;r tajd iïnkaOfhka fkdfhl=;a m%dfhda.sl úi÷ï o we;s nj wms oksuq' bka we;eï úi÷ï wmg m%cd uÜgfuka l< yels foaj,a' tfy;a we;eï úi÷ï l%shd;aul lsÍug kï ;u flá ld,Sk wruqKq .ek muKla l,amkd fkd lrk wkd.;h .ek ys;d wka wh yd f.da,Sh uÜgfuka tldjka j lghq;= l< yels ¥ro¾YS kdhl;ajhla yeu rglska u fidhd .ekSu w;HjYHhs' �


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