International EMECS Center

Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:

　　　Experiences in Sato-umi and Other Community Initiatives

Workshop Report

The Nippon Foundation 助成事業

EAS Congress 2009International Conference

Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management (T3)

T3:2

SATO-UMI

WORKSHOPIndigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:

Experiences in Sato-umi and Other Community Initiatives

24 November, 2009

Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines

Summit Hall D

Convener:

Partnerships in Environmental Management

for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)

Co-Convener:

International EMECS Center, Japan

Oyster Beds (Hiroshima Pref., Japan)

Presentation in Part 1

Presentation in Part 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------

1

2

3

6

9

11

13

73

75

79

139

141

151

153

Preface

“Sato-umi” has often been recently referred in Japan. Although, a concept of

“Sato-umi” is not officially defined, while the basic concept was initially proposed by

Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu University in 1998; as “high productivity and high

biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction”. On the occasion of

Sato-umi-spotlighted trend, then the concept of Sato-umi was described as Japan model

for protecting and restoring enclosed coastal seas by the Japanese Government in the

Strategy for an Environmental Nation in the 21st Century (2007) and the Basic Plan on

Ocean Policy (2008). Under these policies, Ministry of Environment started a project to

aid creation of Sato-umi in several local coastal areas in Japan.

International EMECS Center has been playing the role to spread the concept for the

promotion of Sato-umi concept through convening international conferences such as

EMECS 7 in 2006 in France and EMECS 8 in 2008 in China.

The co-hosting of this Sato-umi Workshop in The East Asian Seas Congress 2009 in

Philippines with PEMSEA (Partnership in Environmental Management for the Seas of

East Asia) was planned in order to encourage these activities.

The workshop was comprised of three parts from Part 1 to Part 3. In Part1, subtitled as

“The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and application”, there were

seven oral presentations from Japan. In Part 2, subtitled as “Indigenous knowledge and

community based approaches in protecting, restoring and managing key habitats”, there were

nine oral presentations from Thailand Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Korea and Philippines.

Part 3, subtitled as “Institutionalizing community-based efforts in habitat protection,

restoration and management within an ICM framework”, was the panel discussion; Prof.

Matsuda as coordinator, and Prof. Yanagi, Director McDonald and Prof. Ferrer as

panelists. Panelists, presenters and participants all together exchanged their opinions

actively and positively. Oral presentations and panel discussion brought fruitful results.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all who contributed to this workshop,

especially to Professor Emeritus Osamu Matsuda of Hiroshima University, Professor

Tetsuo Yanagi of Kyushu University, and Director Anne McDonald of United Nations

University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, who have

developed this workshop as the members of its internal committee. And with special

thanks to the staff of PEMSEA for managing laborious arrangement for this workshop.

Finally let us express our great appreciation to the Nippon Foundation for precious

financial support for our workshop.

International EMECS Center

―　1　―

1. Outline

Theme

Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and Restoration:

Experiences in Sato-Umi and Other Community Initiatives

Date

November 24, 2009

Venue

Philippine International Convention Center, Manila, Philippines,

Summit Hall D

Conveners

Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas

of East Asia (PEMSEA)

International EMECS Center, Japan

Sponsor

The Nippon Foundation

―　2　―

2. Background and Focus

Brief Introduction to “Sato-umi”

What is “Sato-umi”? Why much attention is paid to “Sato-umi” nowadays? Since in

Japanese “Sato” means local village or community where people live their life and

“Umi” means the sea, simple literal meaning of “Sato-umi” is the sea associated with

village. In many seas of that kind, sustainable community-based management of the sea

had long been made historically in Japan with traditional manner. However, during the

phase of nation’s high economic growth after the World War II, this type of traditional

coastal management was gradually deteriorated affected by changes of local community

and life style of the people. During the same time, coastal environment, habitat and

living resources were also seriously damaged by water pollution, eutrophication and

land transformation based on urbanization and industrialization of coastal area. As a

result, social demand to create and establish new type of “Sato-umi” defined as high

biological productivity and high biological diversity in the coastal sea with human

interaction has arisen and been strong. In other word, “Sato-umi Renaissance” is taking

place to realize rich and healthy coastal sea. In Japan, community-based habitat

restoration activities have been gaining ground in recent years partly because concept of

“Sato-umi” was incorporated into official institutional systems of national policy.

The term and concept of “Sato-umi” is relatively new compared with “Sato-yama” in

which “Yama” means forest and mountain in Japanese. “Sato-yama” is traditional land

management system including local village, agricultural field and forest near by and

therefore “Sato yama” is a term indicating such landscape including those components.

So, although “Sato-yama” and “Sato-umi” have different historical and socioeconomic

background, nowadays “Sato-yama” and “Sato-umi” is often used in pairs as a similar

term indicating sustainable coastal and terrestrial management, respectively.

“Sato-umi” is originally one of the traditional Japanese practices of the coastal

communities co-existing with nature at which people’s livelihood and their culture are

deeply involved productivity is sustained, biodiversity is protected and conserved while

ecosystems are able to function and material cycling is maintained. These community

efforts were undertaken through comprehensive and integrated management from land

to coastal area. Combination of “Sato-yama” that focuses on forest and agricultural area

with “Sato-umi” is expected to develop a Japanese model of integrated coastal

management (ICM).

“Sato-umi” in the international society

New concept for coastal sea management called “Sato-umi” has been recently noticed

―　3　―

not only in its originated place of Japan but also in some international meetings held in

both western and Asian countries. New concept of “Sato-umi” and some cases of its

implementation had been presented in the 7th International EMECS conference held in

Caen, France in 2006 and the new concept was highly evaluated in the reviewing

session as “symbiosis among human communities and coastal/marine area - a more

rational vision of co-existence”. As a next step, “Sato-umi Workshop” was held in the

8th International EMECS conference held in Shanghai, China in 2008 in order to

deepen the concept collecting many similar cases of management and good practices

from many countries. As a result of this workshop, it was made clear that there were

many similar types of sustainable coastal management and community-based practices

in the world. Indigenous knowledge, traditional culture and community actions have

already contributed significantly in protecting and restoring several coastal, island

environment and natural resources in several countries. And finally, outcome of the

workshop was incorporated into the Shanghai Declaration adopted on the final day of

the conference.

And then another “Sato-umi Workshop” was organized in the EAS Congress 2009

which was held in Manila in 2009 in order to discuss “Sato-umi” from the view point of

indigenous knowledge in Asian countries for farther understandings of “Sato-umi” and

related practices. This “Sato-umi Workshop” in the EAS Congress was cooperatively

organized by both PEMSEA and International EMECS Center with financial support of

Nippon Foundation. From the view point of organization system, it is noticeable that

PEMSEA tied an official non-state partnership with International EMECS Center in

2008, after that official cooperation and collaboration between both organizations

started in many ways. Since PEMSEA has long experience in the implementation of

ICM and International EMECS Center has some experiences in “Sato-umi” related

activities, cooperation by both was expected to provide a good opportunity to find new

approaches towards sustainable coastal management.

Background of “Sato-umi Workshop” in the EAS Congress

It might be quite significant in the process of internationalization of “Sato-Umi” that

“Sato-umi Workshop” titled “Indigenous Approaches to Habitat Protection and

Restoration: Experiences in Sato-umi and other Community Initiatives” was held in

EAS Congress 2009 in the theme of “Habitat Protection, Restoration and Management

(Theme 3)”. Thinking about overall theme of the Congress “Partnership at Work: Local

Implementation and Good Practice”, the standpoint of “Sato-umi Workshop” can be

made more clear.

Communities living along coasts and small islands have acquired invaluable

―　4　―

indigenous knowledge on how to live in harmony with nature in Japan. With long lasted

traditional knowledge, these communities are able to sustain the continuous supply of

natural resources without deteriorating the habitat and ecosystem. However,

unfortunately, rapid economic development and indiscriminate exploitation of primary

products and unsustainable consumption over the last several decades have seriously

damaged the functional integrity of ecosystem and specific habitat such as seaweed bed

and tidal flat demonstrated by decreasing biodiversity and fish catch and degraded

social well being of these communities. These experiences in Japan may be applicable

to many countries although the time of drastic change is different. Under these

circumstances, “Sato-umi Workshop” was designed as one of well-timed program of the

EAS Congress 2009.

Major focuses of the workshop

Major objectives of this workshop is to deepen the understandings on indigenous

approaches to habitat protection and restoration through experiences in “Sato-umi” and

other related community-based initiatives in many countries. The workshop was divided

into three parts. In Part 1 titled as “the Sato-umi Concept and its Application in Japan:

Lessons and Application” were presented in Part 1 by 7 presenters. 7 presentations

included concept, 4 case studies in Japan, supporting activities for the creation of

Sato-umi in Japan by central government and Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global

Assessment in Japan. In Part 2 titled as “Indigenous knowledge and community based

approaches in protecting, restoring and managing key habitats”, 9 presentations were

made from varieties of groups and countries. Part 3 was discussion and conclusive

session titled as “Interactive session/wrap-up: Institutionalizing community-based

efforts in habitat protection, restoration and management within an ICM framework”.

This interactive session was chaired by Prof. Osamu Matsuda with 3 invited panelists of

Prof. Tetsuo Yanagi, Director Anne McDonald and Prof. Elmer Ferrer including the

discussion with floor participants. This session aimed to seek applicability of

“Sato-umi” from the international viewpoint and to strengthen the effective

implementation of “Sato-umi” and related community-based activities under the variety

of natural and socioeconomic conditions.

Chair of the Workshop

Osamu MATSUDA, Ph. D

Professor Emeritus, Hiroshima University, Japan

―　5　―

3. Program

10:30-10:35 Opening Address by Int’l EMECS Center

Introduction by Workshop Chair

Chair: Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan

Co-Chair: Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan

Co-Chair: McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies, Operating

Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan

10:35-13:00 Part 1: The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and

application

Chair: Yanagi T., Co-Chair: Matsuda O.

10:35-10:55 Concept and practices of Sato-umi in Japan and lessons learned

Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Japan

10:55-11:15 Concept and practices of Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global Assessment in Japan

McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies,

Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan

11: 15-11:35 Case of Fushino River Estuary Initiatives in Japan

Ukita M.*, Sekine M.

*, Yamamoto H.

**,

*Yamaguchi University,

**Yamaguchi

Prefecture, Japan

11:35-11:55 The Ago Bay Management Initiatives in Japan

Maegawa M.*, Uranaka H.,

*Mie University, Japan

11:55-12:15 Potential of urban wetland as a target of habitat restoration and management

Furukawa K., National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management,

Japan

12: 15-12:35 Community-based sea grass bed restoration and management in Seto Inland Sea:

Case of Akou Coast in Japan

Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan

12: 35-12:55 Supporting activities for the creation of Sato-umi in Japan

Muroishi Y., Yamada T., Ogawa N., Office of Environmental Management of

Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the Environment, Japan

13:00-14:00 Lunch

―　6　―

14:00-16:20 Part 2: Indigenous knowledge and community based approaches in protecting,

restoring and managing key habitats

Chair: McDonald A., Co-Chair: Yanagi T.

14:00-14:15 Implementing an ecosystem approach to coastal management through

community based organizations: An example from the Andaman coast of

Thailand

Soonthornnawaphat S., Silva J., IUCN, Thailand Programme, Thailand

14:15-14:30 Implementation of Tri Hita Karana, a local wisdom of Bali to maintain

agricultural resources

Suprapta D. N., Director School of Postgraduate Udayana University,

Indonesia

14:30-14:45 Developing a mechanism of mobilization of various human and material

resources in planting, taking care and protecting urban green trees in Danang

city

Hai T. C., Danang Department of Natural Resource and Environment, Vietnam

14:45-15:00 Community Involvement in Coral Reef Restoration Projects in the Gulf of

Thailand

Yeemin T., Saenghaisuk C., Pengsakun S., Sutthacheep M., Marine

Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science

Ramkhamhaeng University, Thailand

15:00-15:15 Evaluation of Artificial Reefs in West Coast, Peninsular Malaysia

Ismail I., Noh K. M., Arshad F. M., Noh A. F. M., Institute of Agricultural

and Food Policy Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

15:15-15:30 Community-based management approach at work in the Muan Wetland

Protection Area: Changing perception, changing practice and changing policy

Jang J. Y., Choi Y. R., Eco-Horizon Institute, Korea

15:30-15:45 When the cradle falls: A case of management failure in a community marine

reserve in southern Philippines

Guzman A. B., Mindanao State University at Naawan, Philippines

15:45-16:00 Conceptual framework of organizing communities for effective mangrove

management

Savaris J. P., Joven R., Rodney Golbeque and Edison Advincula Zoological

Society of London, Philippines

―　7　―

16:00-16:15 Indigenous approaches to access, control and protection of coastal resources: A

review of some Philippine Experiences

Ferrer E., University of the Philippines, College of Social Work and

Community Development, Philippines

16:20-16:40 Coffee Break

16:40-18:10 Part 3: Discussion panel:

Interactive session/wrap-up: Institutionalizing community-based efforts

in habitat protection, restoration and management within an ICM

framework

Chair: Matsuda O.

Panelists: Yanagi T., McDonald A., Ferrer E.

―　8　―

Part 1: The Sato-umi concept and its application

in Japan: lessons and application

―　9　―

4. Part 1 Summary

The title of part 1 is “The Sato-umi concept and its application in Japan: lessons and

application”.

At first, T.Yanagi introduced the new concept of Sato-umi which is “the coastal sea

with high bio-diversity and bio-production under the moderate human interaction”. He

stressed the importance to arrange adequately the man-made habitat for marine biota in

the coastal sea area in order to increase the bio-diversity on the basis of scientific

knowledge and local wisdom. High bio-production (high fish catch) is the result of high

bio-diversity. A question is raised from the floor; “Is there any experience of

co-operation between scientists and local fishermen for the creation of Sato-umi in

Japan?”. He introduced the examples of man-made tidal flats in the central part of Japan

and rehabilitation of sea-grass beds in the central part of the Seto-Inland Sea based on

the cooperation between scientists and local fishermen. Fish catch has increased in both

areas.

A. McDonald introduced the trial of integrated environmental management from the

forests to the coastal seas in the Noto Peninsula, the central northern part of Japan. She

stressed the importance of the cultural background for the successful management. M.

Ukita also introduced the successful experience of the integrated environmental

management of the forests, rivers and estuaries in the watershed of Fushino river, the

western part of Japan. He stressed the importance of the establishment of central

committee for the management. M. Maegawa introduced the recovery of fishing ground

in Ago Bay, the southern central part of Japan, where the self pollution by pearl oyster

culture is very severe. He pointed out the importance of governmental guidance for the

local management. K.Furukawa introduced an interesting trial of man-made small

scale tidal flats in the urban area of Tokyo Bay. He claimed that such small scale tidal

flats are very useful for the environmental education for the urban young students. O.

Matsuda introduced a trial of creation of Sato-umi in the central part of the Seto Inland

Sea by co-operation of some NPOs there. He stressed the importance to communicate

well for many people there in order to negotiate the different stakeholders. Y. Muroishi

introduced the main concept and budget system of the Ministry of Environment, Japan

for the support of Sato-umi activities in Japan.

Part 1 could succeed to introduce the concept and importance of Sato-umi and some

successful activities related to Sato-umi in Japan to the participants of this workshop.

The main contribution of this part 1 for this workshop is to clarify the importance of the

support of the environmental friendly primary industries, that is, the forest industry in

the mountain, the agriculture in the field and the fisheries in the coastal sea. The

―　11　―

creation of the habitat for the marine biota is only possible under the good water quality

and the good water quality in the coastal sea is a result of good management in forest

and land by the environmental friendly forest industry and agriculture.

Chair of Part 1

Tetsuo YANAGI, Ph. D

Professor, Kyushu University, Japan

―　12　―

5. Part 1 Oral Presentation

Concept and practices of Sato-umi in Japan and lessons learned --------------------15

Yanagi T., Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu

University, Japan

Concept and practices of Satoyama Sato-umi Sub-Global Assessment in Japan ---29

McDonald A., United Nations University, Institute of Advanced

Studies, Operating Unit Ishikawa/Kanazawa, Japan

Case of Fushino River Estuary Initiatives in Japan -------------------------------------37

Ukita M.*, Sekine M.

*, Yamamoto H.

**,

*Yamaguchi University,

**Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

The Ago Bay Management Initiatives in Japan -----------------------------------------42

Maegawa M.*, Uranaka H.,

*Mie University, Japan

Potential of urban wetland as a target of habitat restoration and management -----48

Furukawa K., National Institute for Land and Infrastructure

Management, Japan

Community-based sea grass bed restoration and management in Seto Inland Sea:

Case of Akou Coast in Japan ---------------------------------------------54

Matsuda O., Hiroshima University (Professor Emeritus), Japan

Supporting activities for the creation of Sato-umi in Japan ---------------------------63

Muroishi Y., Yamada T., Ogawa N., Office of Environmental

Management of Enclosed Coastal Seas, Ministry of the Environment,

Japan

―　13　―

CONCEPT AND PRACTICES OF SATO-UMI IN JAPAN AND

LESSONS LEARNED

Tetsuo YANAGI

Kyushu University, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan

tyanagi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp

A new concept for coastal sea management called “Sato-Umi”, defined as “High

productivity and biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction”, is

proposed. To establish the Sato-Umi, it is necessary to realize comprehensive material

cycling and appropriate fish resource management in coastal sea areas.

It is said that “Nature takes its best state without mankind”. Would it be true that no

environmental problems would exist if mankind was not present on Earth? However,

there would be no meaning to a discussion regarding environmental problems without

the presence of mankind.

Nature does exist that takes its best state under mankind’s interaction. In Japan, it is

called “Sato-Yama”. In Japanese, “Sato” means the area where people live and “Yama”

means the forest. Sato-Yama is thus the forest near where people live. In 1987, the area

of Sato-Yama in Japan was about 4,500,000 ha making up about 20% of Japan’s total

area of forest of 25,000,000 ha.

In this paper we discuss a new concept for coastal sea management that is based on

the ideas of Sato-Yama. Is it possible to create a “Sato-Umi” similar to Sato-Yama? In

Japanese, “Umi” means the sea, so “Sato-Umi” is defined as “High productivity and

biodiversity in the coastal sea area with human interaction” (Yanagi, 1998, 2007).

To establish the Sato-Umi, we first need to understand quantitatively material cycling

in the coastal sea area. That is, we need to know the quantity of nutrients that are loaded

from the coast, and what are the primary, secondary and tertiary productions in the area.

We need to clarify what kinds of actions by mankind are permissible or prohibited in the

coastal sea area from the viewpoint of increasing production and biodiversity. The

important focus is to establish comprehensive material cycling in Sato-Umi.

Yanagi, T. (1998) To create “Sato-Umi” in the coastal sea area. Journal of the Water

Environmental Society, 21, 703 (in Japanese).

Yanagi,T. (2007) Sato-Umi: A new concept for coastal sea management. Terra Scientific

Publishing Company, Tokyo, 96pp.

―　15　―

Sat

o-u

mi:

A n

ew c

once

pt

for

coas

tal

sea

man

agem

ent

Tet

suo Y

AN

AG

I

Res

earc

h I

nst

itu

te f

or

Ap

pli

ed M

echan

ics

Kyu

shu

Un

iver

sity

tyan

agi@

riam

.kyu

shu

-u.a

c.jp

We

hav

e su

ffer

ed f

rom

Min

am

ata

des

ease

, re

d t

ide,

hyp

ox

ia,

fish

catc

h r

edu

ctio

n a

nd

so

on

in

th

e

coas

tal

seas

all

ov

er t

he

wo

rld

The

bas

ic r

easo

n i

s th

at

hu

man

bei

ng

s, w

ho

liv

e o

n l

and

, do

not

under

stan

d t

he

sea.

We

hav

e to

mo

re d

eep

ly u

nd

erst

and

th

e co

asta

l se

a.

Ho

w c

an w

e as

soci

ate

wit

h t

he

coas

tal

sea?

Hu

man

an

d N

atu

re

So

me

peop

le s

ay “

Nat

ure

is

at b

est

wit

hou

t H

um

an”.

Is t

his

tru

e?

Ther

e ex

ists

the

nat

ure

whic

h i

s at

bes

t under

the

inte

ract

ion w

ith h

um

an.

It i

s th

e “S

ato

-Yam

a”.

(th

e fo

rest

nea

r th

e vil

lage)

Sat

o:

vil

lage

in J

apan

ese

Yam

a: f

ore

st i

n J

apan

ese

Sat

o-Y

am

ain

Jap

an

4,5

00,0

00 h

a an

d 2

0 %

of

the

tota

l fo

rest

are

a in

1987

―　16　―

Def

init

ion

of

“Sat

o-Y

ama”

Sat

o-Y

am

ais

the

fore

st w

ith

hig

h p

roduct

ivit

y a

nd h

igh b

io-d

iver

sity

under

the

inte

ract

ion w

ith h

um

an a

ctiv

itie

s.

Peo

ple

pla

nt

oak a

t S

ato

-Yam

aan

d c

ut

them

ever

y 2

0-3

0 y

ears

for

char

coal

and m

ush

room

cult

ivat

ion.

Dro

pped

lea

fs a

re u

sed f

or

the

fert

iliz

er.

hig

h-p

rod

uct

ivit

y

Flo

ra i

s ri

ch a

t S

ato-Y

am

adue

to i

ts b

rightn

ess.

Inse

cts

gat

her

for

hon

ey o

f fl

ow

er a

nd

oak.

Sm

all

anim

als

com

e fo

r ac

orn

of

oak.

Per

iodic

al h

um

an d

istu

rban

ces

are

good f

or

bio

div

ersi

ty.

hig

h-b

iod

iver

sity

Sat

o-Y

ama

Dec

idu

ou

s b

road

leaf

tre

es.

Peo

ple

work

ther

e.H

igh p

roduct

ivit

y.

Hig

h-b

iod

iver

sity

Ric

h f

lora

an

d f

aun

a

Sat

o-Y

ama

pu

bli

shed

in

(200

1)

―　17　―

Sat

o-u

mi

Um

i: t

he

sea

in J

apan

ese

Sat

o-u

mi

: th

e co

asta

l se

a w

ith h

igh p

roduct

ivit

y a

nd

hig

h b

iodiv

ersi

ty u

nder

the

hu

man

’s i

nte

ract

ion

.

In o

rder

to r

eali

ze “

Sat

o-U

mi”

,

we

firs

t have

to u

nder

stan

d q

uan

tita

tivel

y t

he

mat

eria

l

cycl

ing i

n t

he

coas

tal

sea.

8th

EM

EC

S

(Envir

onm

enta

l

Man

agem

ent

in E

ncl

ose

d

Coas

tal

Sea

s)

at S

han

ghai

on

29

Oct

ob

er,

20

08

Rep

ort

Invit

ed:7

Ora

l:6

Post

er:1

2

8th

EM

EC

S (

Envir

onm

enta

l M

anag

emen

t in

Encl

ose

d C

oas

tal

Sea

s)at

Sh

angh

ai o

n 2

9 O

ctob

er, 2

008

•S

pec

ial

Ses

sio

n o

n “

Sat

o-U

mi”

in t

he

8th

EM

EC

S a

t S

han

ghai,

Ch

ina

•T

.Yan

agi

(Kyu

shu

Un

iver

sity

, Ja

pan

) “D

efin

itio

n o

f S

ato

-Um

i”

•J.

Gre

er(M

aryla

nd

Sea

Gra

nt

Co

lleg

e, U

niv

ersi

ty S

yst

em o

f M

aryla

nd

, U

SA

)

“Res

olv

ing O

yst

er C

onfl

icts

in t

he

Ches

apea

ke

Bay:

The

Co

nce

pt

of

Sat

o-U

mi”

•J.

P.D

ecro

toy

(Un

iver

sity

of

Hu

ll,

U.K

.) “

Man

agin

g e

utr

op

hic

atio

nin

meg

atid

al

estu

arie

s in

No

rth-W

este

rn E

uro

pe

thro

ugh I

nte

gra

ted

Co

asta

l Z

one

Man

agem

ent”

•W

.K.

Chan

g (

Ko

rea

Mar

itim

e In

stit

ute

, K

ore

a) “

Nat

ional

In

itia

tive

on E

nv

iro

nm

ent

Man

agem

ent

in

Co

asta

l ar

ea o

f K

ore

a”

•J.

Fan

g(Y

ello

w S

ea F

isher

ies

Res

earc

h I

nst

itu

te,

Chin

ese

Aca

dem

y o

f F

isher

ies

Sci

ence

, C

hin

a)

“Dev

elo

pm

ent

of

inte

gra

ted

mu

lti-

tro

phic

aquac

ult

ure

in C

hin

a”

•P

. S

ongsa

ng

jind

a(C

oas

tal

Aq

uac

ult

ure

Res

earc

h I

nst

itu

te,

Dep

artm

ent

of

Fis

her

ies,

Thai

land

)

“Sil

vo

-aq

uac

ult

ure

: an

eco

syst

em b

ased

man

agem

ent

for

sust

ainab

le c

oas

tal

aqu

acu

ltu

re i

n T

hai

lan

d”

•B

.Mo

sse

(Pat

tim

ura

Univ

ersi

ty A

mb

on,

Indo

nes

ia)

“Sas

ila

ut:

His

tory

and

its

ro

le o

f m

arin

e co

asta

l

reso

urc

e m

anag

emen

t”

The

Shan

ghai

Dec

lara

tion

Oct

ob

er 3

0,

20

08

…A

t E

ME

CS

8 w

e le

arn

ed a

n i

nfo

rmat

ive

new

con

cep

t, s

ato-u

mi,

wh

ich

sign

ifie

s “h

igh

pro

du

ctiv

ity a

nd b

iod

iver

sity

of

a co

asta

l se

a as

res

ult

of,

and i

n h

arm

on

y w

ith

, h

um

an a

ctiv

ity”…

….…

.Sat

o-u

mi

pla

ces

incr

ease

d e

mp

has

is o

n p

rom

oti

ng p

osi

tive

inte

ract

ion

bet

wee

n

hu

man

kin

d a

nd

ou

r co

asta

l en

close

d s

eas…

……

…It

may b

e re

aliz

ed

thro

ugh

con

cern

ed,

conti

nu

ou

s en

vir

on

men

tal

con

serv

atio

n p

rogra

ms.

Su

stai

nab

le e

con

om

ic r

etu

rnth

rou

gh

eco

syst

em-b

ased

res

ou

rce

man

agem

ent

and

agri

cult

ura

l p

ract

ices

are

oth

er a

spec

ts o

f sa

to-

um

i……

…F

inal

ly,

sato

-um

ip

lace

s a

hig

h p

rem

ium

on

an

ed

uca

tion

that

con

nec

ts y

ou

ng p

eop

le w

ith

th

e nat

ura

l w

orl

d a

nd

pro

vid

es t

hem

op

port

un

ity t

o l

earn

th

rou

gh

han

ds-

on e

xp

erie

nce

s h

ow

th

eir

sin

cere

con

cern

for

the

nat

ura

l w

orl

d r

elat

es t

o t

he

wel

l-b

ein

g o

f th

eir

com

mu

nit

y,

fam

ily,

and

th

emse

lves

.

Written b

y W

ayn

e B

ell

(Mary

land,

US

A)

―　18　―

The

Shan

ghai

Dec

lara

tion

Oct

ob

er 3

0,

20

08

…A

t E

ME

CS

8 w

e le

arn

ed a

n i

nfo

rmat

ive

new

con

cep

t, s

ato-u

mi,

wh

ich

sign

ifie

s “h

igh

pro

du

ctiv

ity a

nd b

iod

iver

sity

of

a co

asta

l se

a as

res

ult

of,

and i

n h

arm

on

y w

ith

, h

um

an a

ctiv

ity”…

….…

.Sat

o-u

mi

pla

ces

incr

ease

d e

mp

has

is o

n p

rom

oti

ng p

osi

tive

inte

ract

ion

bet

wee

n

hu

man

kin

d a

nd

ou

r co

asta

l en

close

d s

eas…

……

…It

may b

e re

aliz

ed

thro

ugh

con

cern

ed,

conti

nu

ou

s en

vir

on

men

tal

con

serv

atio

n p

rogra

ms.

Su

stai

nab

le e

con

om

ic r

etu

rnth

rou

gh

eco

syst

em-b

ased

res

ou

rce

man

agem

ent

and

agri

cult

ura

l p

ract

ices

are

oth

er a

spec

ts o

f sa

to-

um

i……

…F

inal

ly,

sato

-um

ip

lace

s a

hig

h p

rem

ium

on

an

ed

uca

tion

that

con

nec

ts y

ou

ng p

eop

le w

ith

th

e nat

ura

l w

orl

d a

nd

pro

vid

es t

hem

op

port

un

ity t

o l

earn

th

rou

gh

han

ds-

on e

xp

erie

nce

s h

ow

th

eir

sin

cere

con

cern

for

the

nat

ura

l w

orl

d r

elat

es t

o t

he

wel

l-b

ein

g o

f th

eir

com

mu

nit

y,

fam

ily,

and

th

emse

lves

.

Written b

y W

ayn

e B

ell

(Mary

land,

US

A)

Sat

o-y

ama

and

Sat

o-u

mi

hig

h p

roduct

ivit

y a

nd h

igh

bio

-div

ersi

ty

under

the

inte

ract

ion w

ith h

um

an a

ctiv

itie

s

Vill

ag

e

Sato-

Yam

a

High

Mountain

Sato

-Umi

Deep

SeaE

co-t

on

e

Eco-t

on

e

Shallow sea

Sea-weed bed

Tidal flat

Mat

eria

l cy

clin

g i

n S

ato

-um

i

Thic

k, lo

ng a

nd s

mooth

mat

eria

l cycl

ing

(Com

pre

hen

sive

mat

erai

lcycl

ing)

must

be

esta

bli

shed

in S

ato-u

mi

for

hig

h p

roduct

ivit

y a

nd h

igh b

io-d

iver

sity

.

fore

stb

ird

Mat

eria

l cy

clin

g i

n t

he

coas

tal

sea

Red

tid

es

Red

tid

es m

ean t

he

thic

k m

ater

ial

flow

but

the

short

and n

o-s

mooth

mate

rial

flo

w

bec

ause

the

big

bio

mas

s of

dea

d p

hyto

pla

nkto

n

con

sum

es t

he

dis

solv

ed o

xygen

in t

he

bott

om

layer

and r

esult

s in

hyp

ox

ia a

nd f

ish m

ort

alit

y.

Th

ey a

re n

ot

go

od

for

Sat

o-U

mi.

―　19　―

Eu

tro

ph

ico

r o

lig

otr

op

hic

coas

tal

seas

In t

he

eutr

ophic

coas

tal

sea,

we

hav

e to

red

uce

the

nutr

ient

load

from

the

land

.

In t

he

oli

gotr

ophic

coas

tal

sea,

we

have

to i

ncr

ease

the

nutr

ient

supply

fro

m t

he

aphoti

cla

yer

by t

he

arti

fici

al u

pw

elli

ng r

eef.

CO

D l

oad

and r

ed t

ides

in t

he

Set

oIn

land S

ea,

Japan

-

50

0

1,0

00

1,5

00

2,0

00

2,5

00

19

61

19

68

19

72

19

79

19

84

19

89

19

94

19

99

20

04

Fis

ca

l Y

ea

r

COD Load (ton/day)

Ho

us

eho

ld+

Oth

ers

Oth

ers

Ho

us

eho

ld

Indu

str

y

0

50

10

0

15

0

20

0

25

0

30

0

35

0 1960

70

76

78

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

2000

02

Ye

ar

Cha

ng

e in C

OD

loa

d a

nd t

he o

ccurr

ence n

um

ber

of

red t

ide

s

in t

he S

eto

Inla

nd S

ea,

Japa

n

CO

D lo

ad

Red t

ides

197

3:

La

w o

n M

ea

sure

s f

or

the

Environ

menta

l P

reserv

atio

n;

CO

D lo

ad d

ecre

ase t

o 1

/2

Eutr

op

hic

ate

dcoasta

l se

a

Art

ific

ial

up

wel

lin

g r

eef

H=

10

m,

L=

20

m

Fie

ld e

xp

erim

ent

was

car

ried

ou

t in

the

Set

oIn

land S

ea,

Japan

in 1

987.

eup

ho

tic

aph

oti

c

upw

elli

ng

Tid

al

curr

ent

Art

ific

ial

reef

Olig

otr

op

hic

coasta

l se

aS

eto

Inla

nd

Sea

―　20　―

Eff

ect

of

arti

fici

al u

pw

elli

ng

ree

f

arra

ngem

ent

1987

bef

ore

1989

afte

r

Yan

agi

and

Nakaj

ima

(19

91

)

Impo

rtan

ce o

f b

io-c

hem

ical

pro

cess

es

Phosp

horu

s

flu

x

Res

ult

s of

nu

mer

ical

eco

syst

em

model

.

Nit

rogen

flu

x

Hayas

hi

and Y

anag

i(2

002

)

Co

asta

l se

a as

a h

abit

at

•It

is

ver

y i

mp

ort

ant

for

the

coas

tal

sea

as a

h

abit

at f

or

mar

ine

bio

ta i

n o

rder

to

es

tab

lish

th

e co

mp

reh

ensi

ve

mat

eria

l cy

clin

g t

her

e.

•B

ecau

se t

he

bio

-ch

emic

al m

ater

ial

flu

x i

s v

ery l

arg

e in

th

e co

asta

l se

a.

Bio

div

ersi

ty a

nd

Hu

man

inte

ract

ion

oli

go

tro

phic

eutr

ophic

Connel

l (1

978)

Ben

thos

Co

ral

reef

(a)

(b)

Ko

ku

bu

et a

l. (

20

07

)

―　21　―

Str

ait-

upli

fted

coas

t or

gen

tle-

slop

ed c

oas

t

We

hav

e to

pro

vid

e good c

ond

itio

n f

or

mar

ine

life

in S

ato-U

mi.

low

tra

nsp

aren

cy

hig

h t

ransp

aren

cy

New

tec

hn

olo

gy i

s d

evel

op

ed:

Fis

hin

g g

ear

to a

vo

id s

mal

l fi

sh c

atch

Sm

all

fish

Lar

ge

fish

Tra

sh

Fis

h r

esourc

es m

anagem

ent

is a

lso v

ery i

mp

ort

ant

for

the

esta

bli

shm

ent

of

Sat

o-U

mi.

Fis

h r

eso

urc

es m

anag

emen

t

Yea

r-to

-yea

r var

iati

on i

n f

ish

cat

ch o

f H

ata-

hat

a

in A

kit

a P

refe

ctu

re

Pro

hib

it o

f fi

shin

g i

n 1

99

2-1

99

5,

Aft

er t

hat

Ap

pli

cati

on

of

TA

C(T

ota

lA

llow

able

Cat

ch)

Sat

o-U

mi

Co

mm

on

s

Com

mo

ns

; sy

stem

for

co-u

se a

nd

co-m

anage

of

reso

urc

es

or

reso

urc

es t

hem

selv

esla

nd o

r p

lants

It i

s si

tuat

ed b

etw

een n

ature

and h

um

an.

Nat

ure

is

hu

man

ized

in C

om

mon

s an

d

Hu

man

must

be

nat

ura

lize

d i

n C

om

mon

s.

Then

hum

an’s

and n

ature

’s s

ust

ainab

le d

evel

op

ments

are

poss

ible

in C

om

mon

s.

―　22　―

Hu

man

ized

nat

ure

•M

any e

xam

ple

s su

ch a

s g

entl

e-sl

op

ed

coas

t o

f K

ansa

i In

tern

atio

nal

Air

port

Mu

d e

cosy

stem

has

ch

ang

ed t

o a

lgae

-bed

eco

syst

em t

her

e b

y h

um

an a

ctiv

ity.

Kan

sai

Inte

rnat

ion

al A

irp

ort

Rec

laim

ed A

irp

ort

Art

ific

ial

gen

tle-

sloped

coas

t.

sea

sand

gen

tle

slop

e

Art

ific

ial

sea-

wee

d b

eds

Lar

vae

of

rock

fish

mig

rate

in t

he

wh

ole

are

a of

Osa

ka

Bay

fro

m t

he

arti

fici

al s

ea-w

eed

bed

s.

Art

ific

ial

sea-

wee

d b

eds

are

dev

eloped

on

th

e gen

tle-s

loped

coas

t of

Kan

sai-

Air

port

Hu

man

nat

ura

liza

tio

n

Hu

man

nat

ura

liza

tion i

s to

foll

ow

the

nat

ura

l rh

yth

m

by p

ress

ing d

ow

n t

he

hu

man

’s d

esir

e.

We

hav

e to

un

der

stan

d t

he

nat

ura

l rh

yth

m a

t fi

rst.

Mar

ine

scie

nce

is

imp

ort

ant

for

under

stan

din

g t

he

nat

ura

l rh

yth

m.

Fis

her

men

in

Jap

an h

ave

man

y r

ule

s fo

r p

rese

rvat

ion

of

fish

reso

urc

es

in o

rder

to f

oll

ow

th

e n

atu

ral

rhyth

m.

―　23　―

Man

y r

ule

s ar

e nec

essa

ry f

or

sust

ain

able

dev

elo

pm

ent

of

Sat

o-Y

ama

This

is

nat

ura

liza

tion o

f hu

man

in S

ato-Y

am

a.

187

7

188

2

188

4

189

6

190

7

item

s of

rule

Sas

i

•T

he

stri

ct r

ule

s in

Sat

oyam

ais

sim

ilar

to

“Sas

i”in

th

e S

ou

thea

st A

sia

cou

ntr

ies.

“Sas

i”is

rule

s fo

r th

e nat

ura

l re

sourc

es

man

agem

ent

in t

he

So

uth

east

Asi

a.

Co

nse

rvat

ion

or

Pre

serv

atio

n

Sat

o-U

mi

does

not

pre

serv

e th

e co

asta

l se

a

but

con

serv

e th

e co

asta

l se

a.

It i

s a

way o

f “W

ise

Use

”of

the

coas

tal

sea.

MP

AC

hin

jyu-n

o-u

mi

Marin

e

Culture

Sato

-um

i

Buff

er

zo

ne

Hum

an a

ctivitie

s

Pre

serv

ed

zo

ne

EU

an

d

US

A

Ja

pa

n

Hu

man

an

d N

atu

re

Separa

tion o

f hum

an a

nd n

atu

reC

o-e

xis

tence o

f hum

an a

nd N

atu

re

―　24　―

Ap

pro

pri

ate

zon

ing

Fore

st

S

ea

1)N

eed

le-l

eaf

fore

st

1

)Aq

ua-

Cu

ltu

re

Jap

anes

e ce

der

, Ja

pan

ese

cyp

ress

s

ea w

eed

, o

yst

er,

yel

low

tai

ls

2)S

ato-y

ama

2

)Sat

o-u

mi

3)C

hin

jyu

-no-m

ori

3

)MP

A (

Mar

ine

Pro

tect

ed A

rea)

Ever

-gre

en-l

eaf

tree

s

Nu

trie

nts

cycl

ing

(din

ofl

agel

lata

)R

ed t

ide

Hyp

oxia

Nu

tire

nts

N,P

>S

i)N

uti

ren

tsN

PS

i

Tid

al f

lat

Sea

-gra

ss b

ed

Ben

thic

dia

tom

ph

yto

pla

nkto

n

fish

pas

tnow

Mult

iple

pat

hs

Th

ick m

ater

ial

cycl

ing

Sim

ple

pat

h

Nar

row

mat

eria

l cycl

ing

Dec

reas

e o

f ri

ver

dis

char

ge

du

e to

dam

co

nst

ruct

ion

pas

tnow

VR

Wea

ken

est

uar

ine

circ

ula

tion

Red

tid

e an

d H

yp

oxia

gen

erat

ion

R

V

Art

ific

ial

Tid

al F

lat

and

Cla

m

Cult

ure

of

clam

ju

ven

ile

Art

ific

ial

tidal

fla

t

Akas

uka

Fis

her

men

Un

ion

―　25　―

Har

ves

t v

aria

tio

n

Yea

r-to

-yea

r var

iati

on

s in

cla

m h

arves

t an

d p

rice

Dec

reas

e o

f se

a-g

rass

bed

are

a

Rep

rod

uct

ion o

f se

a-gra

ss b

edH

inas

echo

Fih

serm

enU

nio

n

Sea

-gra

ss b

ed r

epro

du

ctio

n a

reas

Ex

pan

din

g s

ea-g

rass

bed

―　26　―

Ho

list

ic g

ov

ern

ance

fro

m

the

top

of

the

mo

un

tain

to

th

e se

a

Mat

eria

l cy

clin

g

Res

ou

rce

man

agem

ent

So

cia

syst

em i

nn

no

vat

ion

pro

du

ctio

nco

nsu

mp

oti

on

)

Ch

ange

of

val

ue

Tec

hn

olo

gy i

nn

ovat

ion

Fis

her

ies

law

Nav

igat

ion

law

unif

ied

Wat

er p

oll

uti

on

law

Fis

her

men

an

d C

itiz

en

•F

ish

erm

en a

re t

he

mai

n p

layer

s fo

r th

e

crea

tio

n o

f S

ato

-um

i

•H

ow

ever

th

e p

op

ula

tion

of

fish

erm

en i

s o

nly

0.1

% o

f to

tal

pop

ula

tion

in J

apan

.

•T

he

clo

se c

oll

abo

rati

on o

f fi

sher

men

an

d

citi

zen

(9

9.9

%)

is n

eces

sary

fo

r th

e cr

eati

on

of

Sat

o-u

mi.

•H

ow

? U

nd

er s

tud

y.

Ter

ra S

cien

tifi

c P

ub

lish

ing

Com

pan

y

200

7,

96

p.

Sat

o-U

mi

A n

ew c

on

cep

t fo

r co

asta

l se

a

man

agem

ent

1.I

ntr

od

uct

ion

2.M

ank

ind

an

d c

oas

tal

sea

2.1

Ric

hn

ess

of

the

coas

tal

sea

2.2

Cri

sis

of

the

coas

tal

sea

3.

Man

kin

d a

nd

th

e fo

rest

3.1

Sat

o-Y

ama

4. S

ato-U

mi

4.1

Co

nce

pt

of

Sat

o-U

mi

4.2

Har

ves

t o

f se

a-gla

ss b

ed

4.3

New

tec

hn

olo

gy

4.4

Sto

ck e

nh

ance

men

t an

d f

ish

cult

ure

4.5

Sea

far

min

g

4.6

Fis

h r

eso

urc

es m

anagem

ent

5.

En

vir

on

men

tal

eth

ics

5.1

En

vir

on

men

tal

eth

ics

and

Co

mm

on

s

5.2

Pre

serv

atio

n a

nd

Co

nse

rvat

ion

5.3

En

vir

on

men

tal

edu

cati

on

6.

Co

ncl

ud

ing r

emar

ks

Fis

h P

rod

uct

ivit

y i

n

the

Set

oIn

lan

d S

ea

―　27　―

Red

uce

of

fish

cat

ch

in t

he

Set

oIn

lan

d S

ea

Its

cau

ses

1)

Reg

ime

shif

t

2)

Var

iab

ilit

y o

f oce

anic

con

dit

ion

3)

Over

fish

ing

4)

Des

truct

ion

of

shal

low

sea

5)

Mar

ine

poll

uti

on

, eu

trophic

atio

n

8th

EM

EC

S (

En

vir

on

men

tal

Man

agem

ent

in E

ncl

ose

d C

oas

tal

Sea

s)at

Sh

ang

hai

on

29 O

cto

ber

, 20

08

•S

pec

ial

Ses

sio

n o

n “

Sat

o-U

mi”

in t

he

8th

EM

EC

S a

t S

han

ghai,

Ch

ina

•T

.Yan

agi

(Kyu

shu

Un

iver

sity

, Ja

pan

) “D

efin

itio

n o

f S

ato

-Um

i”

•J.

Gre

er(M

aryla

nd

Sea

Gra

nt

Co

lleg

e, U

niv

ersi

ty S

yst

em o

f M

aryla

nd

, U

SA

)

“Res

olv

ing O

yst

er C

onfl

icts

in t

he

Ches

apea

ke

Bay:

The

Co

nce

pt

of

Sat

o-U

mi”

•J.

P.D

ecro

toy

(Un

iver

sity

of

Hu

ll,

U.K

.) “

Man

agin

g e

utr

op

hic

atio

nin

meg

atid

al

estu

arie

s in

No

rth-W

este

rn E

uro

pe

thro

ugh I

nte

gra

ted

Co

asta

l Z

one

Man

agem

ent”

•W

.K.

Chan

g (

Ko

rea

Mar

itim

e In

stit

ute

, K

ore

a) “

Nat

ional

In

itia

tive

on E

nv

iro

nm

ent

Man

agem

ent

in

Co

asta

l ar

ea o

f K

ore

a”

•J.

Fan

g(Y

ello

w S

ea F

isher

ies

Res

earc

h I

nst

itu

te,

Chin

ese

Aca

dem

y o

f F

isher

ies

Sci

ence

, C

hin

a)

“Dev

elo

pm

ent

of

inte

gra

ted

mu

lti-

tro

phic

aquac

ult

ure

in C

hin

a”

•P

. S

ongsa

ng

jind

a(C

oas

tal

Aq

uac

ult

ure

Res

earc

h I

nst

itu

te,

Dep

artm

ent

of

Fis

her

ies,

Thai

land

)

“Sil

vo

-aq

uac

ult

ure

: an

eco

syst

em b

ased

man

agem

ent

for

sust

ainab

le c

oas

tal

aqu

acu

ltu

re i

n T

hai

lan

d”

•B

.Mo

sse

(Pat

tim

ura

Univ

ersi

ty A

mb

on,

Indo

nes

ia)

“Sas

ila

ut:

His

tory

and

its

ro

le o

f m

arin

e co

asta

l

reso

urc

e m

anag

emen

t”

―　28　―

CONCEPT AND PRACTICES OF SATOYAMA SATO-UMI

SUB-GLOBAL ASSESSMENT IN JAPAN

Anne MCDONALD

Director, United Nations Univ., Institute of

Advanced Studies, Operating Unit

Ishikawa/Kanazawa,

Hirosaka-chosha 2F 2-1-1, Hirosaka, Japan

annemcdonald65@gmail.com

In 2000, then United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for a

scientific-based assessment of the state of the world’s ecosystems. The following year,

the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was initiated and for the next 4 years over

1,300 experts across the globe were asked to assess the changes in ecosystems and the

consequences of those changes to human well-being. Published in 2006, the MA

framework has since been applied to continued ecosystem assessment analyses as

follow-up work to the MA.

Efforts in Japan to join other sub-global ecosystem assessment work gained

momentum in 2006 and scoping for a Japan Sub-Global Assessment (Japan SGA) was

initiated by the Ecosystem Assessment programme at the United Nations

University-Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU-IAS). In the fall of 2007,

geographically delineated assessment teams referred to as clusters were formed and the

Satoyama Satoumi Sub-Global Assessment (Japan SGA) began. The findings are to be

published in the months leading up to the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the

Conventional on Biological Diversity (COP10) in Nagoya, Japan in October 2010 in an

effort to contribute to global discussions of biodiversity and sustainability.

This paper will introduce the governance structure of the Japan SGA along with the

conceptual framework of the MA. This will be followed by exploration of the scoping

process, specifically why satoyama and satoumi were selected as the focus for the Japan

SGA, examining evolving working definitions of the concepts. Satoyama satoumi

concept examination will be followed by a look at assessment efforts of the

Hoku-Shinetsu Cluster. Working closely with non-academic stakeholders to collect data

of satoyama satoumi over the last 50 years, this cluster applies a bottom-up approach.

The strengths, limitations and potentials of multi-stakeholder bottom-up assessments

will be identified in hopes to provide insight into future potentials of bottom-up

―　29　―

approaches to ecosystem assessment in areas where financial and human capacity may

be limited.

One of the overarching aims of the Japan SGA is to link the findings to effective

comprehensive policy making both at the local, regional and national levels in Japan.

Further, the Japan SGA aims to link their findings to other SGA efforts around the globe,

contributing to global discussions of sustainable resource use and conservation based on

culturally diverse approaches which effectively combine traditional ecological

knowledge with environmentally sound science and technologies. Whether or not the

Japan SGA achieves these aims cannot be answered until the report is completed in

2010, however for the purposes of this paper, the potentials of satoyama satoumi

assessments in Japan will be explored in hopes to identify common challenges and

solutions of sustainable marine resource use, management and conservation that

integrate locally-specific and universally applicable approaches.

―　30　―

Co

ncep

ts a

nd p

ractices o

f

SA

TO

YA

MA

SA

TO

-UM

I

Su

b-G

lob

al A

sse

ssm

ent

in J

apa

n

Habitat P

rote

ction, R

esto

ration a

nd M

anagem

ent (T

3)

T3:2

Indig

enous A

pp

roaches to H

abitat P

rote

ction a

nd R

esto

ration:

Exp

eriences in S

ato

-Um

iand O

ther

Com

munity Initia

tives

SA

TO

-UM

I W

OR

KS

HO

P

Anne

McD

onald

, D

irecto

r

United

Natio

ns U

niv

ers

ity-I

nstitu

te o

f A

dva

nced

Stu

die

s O

pera

ting U

nit

Ishik

aw

a/K

anazaw

a

MA

Co

nce

ptu

al F

ram

ew

ork

(modifie

d fro

m M

illenniu

m E

cosyste

m A

ssessm

ent

2005)

eco

syste

m s

erv

ices n

ext

slid

e:

su

ppo

rtin

g, p

rovis

ion

al, r

eg

ula

tin

g &

cu

ltura

l

serv

ices

EC

OS

YS

TE

M S

ER

VIC

ES

the b

en

efi

ts p

eo

ple

ob

tain

fro

m e

co

sy

ste

ms

& c

on

sti

tue

nts

of

wellb

ein

g(m

odifie

d f

rom

Mill

enniu

m E

co

syste

m A

sse

ssm

ent

2005

)

constitu

ents

of

wellb

ein

g:

security

, basic

mate

rials

for

a g

ood life, good s

ocia

l re

lations

freedo

ms a

nd c

ho

ices

JS

GA

Go

ve

rna

nce

(modifie

d fro

m U

NU

-IA

S J

apan S

GA

Secre

tariat govern

ance s

tructu

re 2

008)

―　31　―

JS

GA

scopin

g p

rocess:

wh

y t

he inte

rest in

sato

yam

asato

um

ito

da

y?

wh

y s

ato

yam

asato

um

i?

nosta

lgia

driven a

ttem

pts

to r

ecaptu

re fadin

g p

ast tr

aditio

nal ru

ral la

ndscapes? o

r attem

pts

to look

to p

ast tr

aditio

ns o

f re

sourc

e m

anagem

ent and h

um

an s

ocie

ties r

ela

tions w

ith n

atu

re a

s p

ote

ntial

keys to u

nlo

ckin

g the c

halle

nges o

f th

e futu

re?

i) i

nte

rest

in

sa

toy

am

asa

tou

mi

lan

dsc

ap

esa

nd

rec

og

nit

ion

of

thei

r p

ote

nti

al

as

a p

roto

typ

e fo

r a

su

sta

ina

ble

sy

stem

ha

s g

row

n b

eyo

nd

co

nse

rva

tio

n e

colo

gy

cir

cles

to i

ncl

ud

e p

oli

cy m

ak

ers

an

d

citi

zen

s co

nce

rned

wit

h t

he

soci

o-c

ult

ura

l a

nd

en

vir

on

men

tal

imp

act

s o

f co

nte

mp

ora

ry l

ifes

tyle

s in

Ja

pa

n.

ii)

this

gro

win

g i

nte

rest

in

sa

toy

am

asa

tou

mi

lan

dsc

ap

es i

s in

a s

ense

ref

lect

ive

of

the

gra

du

al

shif

t in

fo

cus

of

the

na

ture

co

nse

rva

tio

n m

ov

emen

t; s

pec

ific

all

y t

ha

t fr

om

co

nse

rvin

g d

esig

na

ted

p

rote

cted

zo

nes

an

d/o

r re

mo

te a

rea

s se

pa

rate

fro

m h

um

an

set

tlem

ents

to

co

nse

rvat

ion

wh

erei

n

hu

ma

n i

nte

rven

tio

n i

n n

atu

re i

s re

cog

niz

ed a

s a

n i

nte

gra

l el

emen

t. T

his

ha

s le

d t

o a

na

lysi

s o

f h

ab

ita

t m

od

ific

ati

on

an

d e

nv

iro

nm

enta

l d

egra

da

tio

n p

atte

rns

ob

serv

ed t

hro

ug

h s

ato

ya

ma

sato

um

ila

nd

sca

pes

. O

f p

art

icu

lar

inte

rest

to

res

earc

her

s is

hu

ma

n i

nte

rven

tio

n w

ith

in s

ato

ya

ma

sato

um

ien

vir

on

men

ts a

nd

its

im

pa

cts

on

sp

ecie

s d

iver

sity

, su

sta

ina

ble

res

ou

rce

extr

acti

on

, u

se a

nd

m

an

ag

emen

t.

definin

g S

AT

OY

AM

A

MA

’sre

levance t

o S

ato

ya

ma

an

d S

ato

um

i:

So

urc

e:

Min

istr

y o

f E

nvir

on

men

t, J

ap

an

sourc

e: m

inis

try o

f th

e e

nvironm

ent, japan

sato

yam

ahis

tori

ca

l backgro

und:

fro

m f

eu

da

l era

to c

onte

mpora

ry ja

pa

n

sato

rice

pa

dd

y+

soil

= v

illa

ge

ya

ma

= m

ou

nta

in

i) f

irst

wri

tte

n r

efe

ren

ce t

o s

ato

ya

ma

wa

s in

Mis

cell

an

eou

s S

tori

es o

f K

iso

Mo

un

tain

, a

bo

ok

pu

bli

she

d i

n 1

75

9 b

y fo

rest

ma

na

ge

r H

yoe

mo

nT

era

uch

i d

uri

ng

th

e f

eu

da

l T

ok

ug

aw

a E

ra (

160

3-1

86

7).

Th

e b

oo

k r

eco

rde

d t

he

li

ve

lih

oo

ds

of

rura

l m

ou

nta

in w

oo

dla

nd

co

mm

un

itie

s a

nd

use

d t

he

te

rm s

ato

ya

ma

to d

esc

rib

e t

he

hu

ma

n

ma

na

ge

d m

ou

nta

ino

us

lan

dsc

ap

es

surr

ou

nd

ing

th

ose

ru

ral

com

mu

nit

ies.

ii)

the

te

rm s

ato

ya

ma

, a

lon

g w

ith

th

e n

atu

re v

iew

s, l

ife

styl

es,

cu

ltu

ral

va

lue

s, t

rad

itio

na

l k

no

wle

dg

e a

nd

re

sou

rce

m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ract

ice

s e

mb

od

ied

in

th

e t

erm

, w

ere

re

intr

od

uce

d b

y f

ore

st e

colo

gis

t T

sun

ah

ide

Sh

ide

in t

he

19

60

s a

s a

gri

cult

ura

l w

oo

dla

nd

s. S

hid

e’s

rev

iva

l o

f th

e s

ato

ya

ma

con

cep

t w

as

in p

art

a c

ou

nte

r re

act

ion

to

th

e f

ue

l a

nd

ch

em

ica

l fe

rtil

ize

r re

vo

luti

on

s o

f th

e 1

96

0s

an

d t

he

im

pa

cts

rap

id e

con

om

ic d

ev

elo

pm

en

t w

as

ha

vin

g o

n t

he

so

cia

l,

cult

ura

l a

nd

na

tura

l la

nd

sca

pe

s o

f J

ap

an

.

iii)

sato

ya

ma

ha

s si

nce

ev

olv

ed

an

d i

s u

sed

in

dif

feri

ng

co

nte

xts

. A

mo

ng

ne

o-t

rad

itio

na

l co

nse

rva

tio

nis

ts,

sato

ya

ma

oft

en

bro

ad

ly r

efe

rs t

o t

rad

itio

na

l ru

ral

lan

dsc

ap

es

an

d h

as

be

com

e f

or

ma

ny

a s

ym

bo

l o

f h

um

an

-m

an

ag

ed

la

nd

sca

pe

s w

he

re h

um

an

s a

nd

na

ture

co

ex

ist

in a

ha

rmo

nio

us

sym

bio

tic

rela

tio

nsh

ip.

As

eco

log

ists

e

xp

lore

ha

bit

at

mo

dif

ica

tio

n a

nd

hu

ma

ns

use

of

na

tura

l la

nd

sca

pe

s, t

he

sa

toy

am

aco

nce

pt

ha

s e

volv

ed

to

in

clu

de

w

ha

t is

de

scri

be

d a

s sa

toy

am

ala

nd

sca

pes

com

pri

sin

g o

f sa

toy

am

a,

cult

iva

ted

la

nd

s (f

arm

lan

ds)

, a

nd

re

serv

oir

s (t

rad

itio

na

l m

an

-ma

de

irr

iga

tio

n p

on

ds

refe

rre

d t

o a

s ta

mei

ke

an

d n

atu

ral

we

tla

nd

s in

clu

siv

e);

all

ele

me

nts

lin

ke

d

tog

eth

er

as

pa

rt o

f th

e t

rad

itio

na

l a

gri

cult

ura

l la

nd

use

sys

tem

of

Ja

pa

n.

―　32　―

definin

g S

AT

OU

MI

sato

um

ibackgro

un

d

sato

= v

illa

ge

+

um

i=

sea

i)sa

tou

mi

con

cep

t w

as

firs

t p

rop

ose

d b

y D

r. T

ets

uo

Ya

na

gi

of

Ky

ush

u U

niv

ers

ity

in

19

98

. D

r. Y

an

ag

id

efi

ne

d

sato

um

ia

s a

co

ast

al

are

as

wh

ere

hu

ma

n i

nte

ract

ion

ha

s re

sult

ed

in

a h

igh

de

gre

e o

f p

rod

uct

ivit

y a

nd

bio

div

ers

ity

, a

nd

wh

ere

a d

eep

re

lati

on

ship

be

twee

n h

um

an

lif

e a

nd

tra

dit

ion

al

cult

ure

ha

s le

d t

o t

he

co

ex

iste

nce

of

hu

ma

ns

an

d n

atu

re.

ii)

ori

gin

al

focu

s o

f sa

tou

mi

wa

s th

e S

eto

Inla

nd

Se

a a

rea

: co

mm

un

itie

s’w

ork

ing

to

ge

the

r w

ith

re

sea

rch

ers

an

d

po

licy

ma

ke

rs t

o a

sse

ss h

um

an

im

pa

cts

on

th

e c

oa

sta

l m

ari

ne

en

vir

on

men

ts a

nd

eco

syst

em

s.

iii)

gro

win

g r

eco

gn

itio

n o

f sa

tou

mi

as

a c

om

pa

rab

le t

erm

to

sa

toy

am

ab

y p

oli

cy m

ak

ers

in

Ja

pa

n a

s a

po

ten

tia

l m

od

el

for

sust

ain

ab

le m

ari

ne

an

d c

oa

sta

l re

sou

rce

uti

liza

tio

n a

nd

ma

na

ge

me

nt.

Te

rm/c

on

cep

t in

corp

ora

ted

in

th

e

3rd

Na

tio

na

l S

tra

teg

y f

or

Bio

div

ers

ity

(20

07

). A

lth

ou

gh

sa

tou

mi

no

t m

en

tio

ne

d i

n 3

cri

sis,

of

no

te:

Th

ird

Na

tio

na

l B

iod

ive

rsit

y S

tra

teg

y o

f J

ap

an

(N

ov

em

be

r 2

00

7)

ide

nti

fy t

hre

e c

rise

s: c

risi

s 1:

sp

eci

es

an

d h

ab

ita

t d

eg

rad

ati

on

du

e

to e

xce

ssiv

e h

um

an

act

ivit

ies;

cr

isis

2:

de

gr

ad

ati

on

of

sa

toy

am

ad

ue

to

in

su

ffic

ien

t le

ve

l o

f m

an

ag

em

en

t; c

risi

s 3

: e

cosy

ste

m d

istu

rba

nce

s ca

use

d b

y t

he

in

tro

du

ced

ali

en

sp

eci

es

an

d c

he

mic

al

con

tam

ina

tio

ns.

iv)

Sa

tou

mi

Cre

ati

on

Pro

ject

in

itia

ted

by

th

e J

ap

an

ese

Min

istr

y o

f th

e E

nv

iro

nm

en

t (M

OE

) in

Ju

ly 2

00

8.

Cu

rre

ntl

y 6

pil

ot

pro

ject

s in

Ja

pa

n,

coll

ect

ed

da

ta f

rom

pil

ot

pro

ject

s to

be

use

d a

s th

e b

asi

s fo

r a

na

tio

na

l S

ato

um

iM

an

ua

l.

JS

GA

effort

s: definin

g s

ato

yam

asato

um

ifo

r glo

bal dis

cours

e:

sato

ya

ma

sato

um

ieco

syste

m a

ssessm

ent

report

(ja

pan

su

b-g

loba

l assessm

ent

report

,

JS

GA

) w

ork

ing d

efinitio

n o

f sato

ya

ma

and s

ato

um

i(2

4 ju

ly2

00

9)

sato

yam

aand

sato

um

ica

n b

e d

efi

ne

d a

s d

yn

am

ic s

oci

al-

eco

log

ica

l co

up

led

pro

du

ctio

n s

yste

ms

com

pri

sin

g o

f a

m

osa

ic o

f d

iffe

ren

t e

cosy

ste

m t

yp

es

pro

du

cin

g s

yn

erg

y o

f a

bu

nd

le o

f e

cosy

ste

m s

erv

ice

s fo

r h

um

an

we

llb

ein

g.

OR

sim

ply

de

fin

ed

as:

mu

lti-

fun

ctio

na

l so

cio

-eco

log

ica

l p

rod

uct

ion

la

nd

sca

pe

sato

yam

ais

ru

ral

lan

dsc

ap

e f

or

ag

ricu

ltu

ral

an

d f

ore

stry

pro

du

ctio

n a

nd

liv

eli

ho

od

co

mp

risi

ng

of

com

mu

nit

ies,

fa

rmla

nd

, se

con

da

ry f

ore

st,

pla

nta

tio

ns,

gra

ssla

nd

, p

on

ds,

an

d i

rrig

ati

on

an

d d

rain

ag

e s

yste

ms.

sato

um

iis

coa

sta

l la

nd

sca

pe

fo

r fi

she

ry p

rod

uct

ion

an

d l

ive

lih

oo

d c

om

pri

sin

g o

f se

ash

ore

, ti

da

l fl

ats

, se

aw

ee

d b

ed

s a

nd

gro

un

ds

chara

cte

ristics o

f sato

yam

aand

sato

um

i:

div

ers

e m

ix o

f e

cosy

ste

m t

yp

es

pro

du

cin

g a

bu

nd

le o

f e

cosy

ste

m s

erv

ice

s, d

ep

en

din

g o

n s

pe

cifi

c d

epe

nd

ing

on

so

cia

l, e

con

om

ic,

an

d e

colo

gic

al

pa

ram

ete

rs.

In s

ho

rt,

the

y a

re c

on

tex

t a

nd

/or

pla

ce s

pe

cifi

c.

unu

-ia

sle

d s

ato

ya

ma

sato

um

i

eco

syste

m a

ssessm

en

t e

ffo

rts

linkin

g t

he

past

to t

he

pre

se

nt

& t

o t

he f

utu

rein

tegra

ting t

raditio

nal ecolo

gic

al kno

wle

dg

e/lo

cal w

isdo

m w

ith s

cie

nce a

nd lin

kin