World development and World development and interdependenceinterdependence

compilationcompilation

What is development?

DevelopmentDevelopment

Development means ''improvement in a Development means ''improvement in a country's economic and social conditions''. country's economic and social conditions''.

IIt refers to improvements in t refers to improvements in how we how we managemanage natural and human resources in natural and human resources in order to create wealth and improve order to create wealth and improve people's lives.people's lives.

What do we measure when we compare the development of countries?

How do we compare them?

DifferencesDifferences

Geographers often compare levels of Geographers often compare levels of development in between different countries or development in between different countries or regionsregions..

Development can be Development can be measuredmeasured in terms of either in terms of either economic economic oror human development human development. .

WWays of measuring development are called ays of measuring development are called development indicatorsdevelopment indicators..

UN Human Development Report 2007UN Human Development Report 2007

High human development     High human development     Medium human development     Medium human development     Low human development     Low human development     UnavailableUnavailable

What is the difference between the level of development and rate of growth?

What is the most basic pattern of development?

Why are we interested in the past?

Measuring developmentMeasuring development

We are interested in levels of development We are interested in levels of development and rates of growth - we compare certain and rates of growth - we compare certain important important characteristicscharacteristics

We map differences and look at We map differences and look at similarities and similarities and patternspatterns

We measureWe measure how developed one country how developed one country is compared to other countries, or to the is compared to other countries, or to the same country in the past.same country in the past.

What are MEDCs?

What are LEDCs?

Where are they located?

North and SouthNorth and South

MEDCs are countries which have a high standard of MEDCs are countries which have a high standard of livingliving, more industrialised, more industrialised and (usually) a large GDP. and (usually) a large GDP. LEDCs are LEDCs are less industrialisedless industrialised countries with a low countries with a low standard of living and (usually) a much lower GDP. standard of living and (usually) a much lower GDP.

The following map shows the locations of most The following map shows the locations of most LEDCs and MEDCs. Notice how most of the LEDCs and MEDCs. Notice how most of the southern hemisphere is less developed, while most southern hemisphere is less developed, while most countries of the northern hemisphere are more countries of the northern hemisphere are more developed.developed.

LEDCs and MEDCsLEDCs and MEDCs

What does it mean causes?

What does it mean consequences?

Causes and consequencesCauses and consequences

we try to explain what the reasons for we try to explain what the reasons for differences are - differences are - causescauses

and what the results of these differences and what the results of these differences are are consequencesconsequences

What is economic development?

What is human development?

Measuring developmentMeasuring development

Economic developmentEconomic development is a measure of how is a measure of how wealthy a country is - and of how this wealth wealthy a country is - and of how this wealth is generated (is generated (e.g.e.g. agriculture is considered less agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).economically advanced then banking).

Human developmentHuman development measures the extent to measures the extent to which people have access to wealth, jobs, which people have access to wealth, jobs, knowledge, nutrition, health, leisure and safety knowledge, nutrition, health, leisure and safety - as well as political and cultural freedom.- as well as political and cultural freedom.

What is the standard of living?

Standard of livingStandard of living

quality and quantity of goods and services quality and quantity of goods and services available to people, and the way these goods available to people, and the way these goods and services are distributed within a and services are distributed within a populationpopulation

What is the quality of life?

Quality of lifeQuality of life

is the satisfaction of people with their is the satisfaction of people with their environment and the way of lifeenvironment and the way of life

itit includes health, diet, as well as protection includes health, diet, as well as protection against pain and diseaseagainst pain and disease, stress, freedom, , stress, freedom, safety, pleasure ...safety, pleasure ...

What are the main development indicators?

Development indicatorsDevelopment indicators HealthHealth. Do all the people in a country have access to medical . Do all the people in a country have access to medical

care? What level of healthcare is available - basic or care? What level of healthcare is available - basic or advanced? Is it free or paid for?advanced? Is it free or paid for?

IndustryIndustry. What type of industry predominates? LEDCs tend to . What type of industry predominates? LEDCs tend to focus more on primary industries, such as farming, fishing and focus more on primary industries, such as farming, fishing and mining. MEDCs focus on secondary industries, such as mining. MEDCs focus on secondary industries, such as manufacturing. The most advanced countries manufacturing. The most advanced countries -- more on more on tertiary industries - services businesses, such as banking and tertiary industries - services businesses, such as banking and information technology.information technology.

EducationEducation. Do all the people in a country have access . Do all the people in a country have access education? Is it free? What level of education is available (ie education? Is it free? What level of education is available (ie primary education, secondary education or further/higher primary education, secondary education or further/higher education)?education)?

What is it GNP?

What is it GDP?

What is it GNP per capita?

Economic development indicatorsEconomic development indicators The most important of these indicators are: The most important of these indicators are:

Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the wealth or (GDP) measures the wealth or income of a country. GDP is the total value of goods and income of a country. GDP is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.services produced by a country in a year.

Gross National ProductGross National Product (GNP) is another measure of a (GNP) is another measure of a country's wealth or income. GNP measures the total economic country's wealth or income. GNP measures the total economic output of a country, including earnings from foreign output of a country, including earnings from foreign investments which are not included in GDP.investments which are not included in GDP.

GNP per capitaGNP per capita is a country's GNP divided by its population. is a country's GNP divided by its population. (Per capita means per person.)(Per capita means per person.)

Global GNP per capitaGlobal GNP per capita

Gross Domestic ProductGross Domestic Product

What is it economic growth?

What is inequality of wealth ?

What is inflation?

Economic development indicatorsEconomic development indicators Economic growthEconomic growth measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP, measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP,

GDP per capita, or GNP per capita.GDP per capita, or GNP per capita.

InequalityInequality of wealth is an indication of the gap in wealth and of wealth is an indication of the gap in wealth and income between a country's richest and poorest people. (eg, income between a country's richest and poorest people. (eg, the proportion of a country's wealth owned by the richest 10% the proportion of a country's wealth owned by the richest 10% of the population, compared with the proportion owed by the of the population, compared with the proportion owed by the remaining 90%). remaining 90%).

InflationInflation measures how much the prices of goods, services and measures how much the prices of goods, services and wages are increasing each year. High inflation (above a few wages are increasing each year. High inflation (above a few percent) is believed by many to be a bad thing, and suggests a percent) is believed by many to be a bad thing, and suggests a government lacks of control over the economy.government lacks of control over the economy.

How does unemployment influence level of development?

What does economic structure show us ?

What are demographics?

Economic development indicatorsEconomic development indicators UnemploymentUnemployment is measured by the number of people who is measured by the number of people who

cannot find work.cannot find work.

Economic structureEconomic structure shows how a country's economy is divided shows how a country's economy is divided between primary, secondary and tertiary industries.between primary, secondary and tertiary industries.

DemographicsDemographics studies population growth and population studies population growth and population structure. It compares birth rates to death rates, shows average structure. It compares birth rates to death rates, shows average ages, and compares numbers of people living in towns with ages, and compares numbers of people living in towns with numbers living in the countryside. numbers living in the countryside.

(Many LEDCs have a younger, faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more (Many LEDCs have a younger, faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more people living in the countryside than in towns.)people living in the countryside than in towns.)

What are human development indicators?

Why do we use it?

Human development indicatorsHuman development indicators

DevelopmentDevelopment often takes place in an uneven way, resulting in often takes place in an uneven way, resulting in some countries being more developed in some ways than in some countries being more developed in some ways than in others. others.

A country with a very high GDP - for example, from the A country with a very high GDP - for example, from the exploitation of rich oil reserves - while segments of the exploitation of rich oil reserves - while segments of the population still live in poverty, and lack access to basic population still live in poverty, and lack access to basic education, health, and decent housing.education, health, and decent housing.

HHuman development indicatorsuman development indicators measure the non-economic measure the non-economic aspects of a country's developmentaspects of a country's development and help and help to give a more to give a more balanced view of what constitutes development.balanced view of what constitutes development.