Worldwide Accelerators and Applications - CERN years of JUAS/Myers.pdf · Worldwide Accelerators and Applications Steve Myers Head of CERN Medical Applications Former Director of

Worldwide Accelerators and Applications

Steve Myers

Head of CERN Medical Applications

Former Director of Accelerators and Technology

CERN, Geneva

HEP Accelerators of the World

• Europe• CERN, France, UK, Germany, Italy, Russia

• USA• FNAL, BNL, SLAC, LBL, …

• Asia• Japan, China,

• Colliders• Europe, Japan, China, USA

26th April 2014, S. MyersJUAS Worldwide Accelerators and

Applications2

Rutherford

• Lord Rutherford was the “god-father” of accelerators.

• In his inaugural presidential address to the Royal Society in London in 1928, he said “I have long hoped for a source of positive particles more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances”.

• This was the start of a long quest for the production of high energy beams of particles in a very controlled way.

• Particle accelerators and detectors of today are among the most complicated and expensive scientific instruments ever built by mankind and they exploit every aspect of today’s cutting edge technologies.

• In many cases accelerator needs have been the driving force behind these new technologies.

3JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and

Applications26th April 2014, S. Myers

• sustained exponentialdevelopment for more than 80 years

• progress achievedthrough repeated jumpsfrom saturating to emerging technologies

• superconductivity, keytechnology of high-energy machines sincethe 1980s




Applications5

Types of Circular Machines

Particle Accelerators of the 20th century:

• The world’s first colliders: Adone, VEP

• Lepton colliders and the Zoo of elementary particles in the 70s: PETRA, SPEAR, PEP

• The LEP project: the last circular e+e- collider

• SLAC: the highest energy linear accelerator

• B-factories

• The Cosmotron ('53) and the Bevatron ('54): the first GeV

• The PS (‘59) and AGS (‘60): first strong focusing proton synchrotrons

• ISR: the worlds first proton collider (1st collisions ’71)

• The SPS (’76): the first proton-antiproton collider; stochastic cooling; discovery of neutral currents and the W and Z bosons.

• The Antiproton Accumulators and Collector Rings (FNAL and CERN)


Applications6

Lepton Accelerators for HEP Hadron Accelerators for HEP

Particle Accelerators in the 20th century

• HERA: the world’s first and only proton electron collider

• circular light sources

• XFEL Light sources


Applications7

Asymmetric Colliders

Light Sources of 20th century

Unsuccessful Accelerators in the 20th century

• SSC• ISABELLE…CBA

Some accelerator Photographs

26th April 2014, S. Myers JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and Applications

8

First medical use of an accelerator

Courtesy of U. Amaldi 9

Crooke’s tube

X rays

Electron

beam

22 Decembre 1895:

La radiographie

10

Roentgen’s first X-ray

11

Roentgen’s laboratory

Roentgen’s laboratory

12

Very Common accelerator

13

Van de Graaff's very

large accelerator built

at MIT's Round Hill

Experiment Station in

the early 1930s.

14

Under normal

operation, because the

electrodes were very

smooth and almost

perfect spheres, Van de

Graaff generators did not

normally spark.

However, the installation

at Round Hill was in an

open-air hanger,

frequented by pigeons,

and here we see the

effect of pigeons

droppings.

15

Walton in a box

Cavendish Laboratory

Walton in his box

16

The Cockcroft-Walton pre-accelerator built in the late 60s at the National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois

17

The inside of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole. The RFQ has replaced the very

large Cockroft-Waltons as injectors to synchrotrons.

18

The First CyclotronFive inches in diameter.

19 The 60-inch cyclotron. The picture was taken in 1939.

20

The 60 Inch Cyclotron

Donald Cooksey and E.O. Lawrence

21

Triumf: world’s largest cyclotron 18m diameter, ions spiral 45km as they spiral

outwards. Started operation in 1974.

Worker looking for worn or damaged parts

22

Coil for the CERN SC being transported along the route de Meyrin (1956)

23Inside the CERN synchro-cyclotron (1974)

24

One of the first betatrons, built in the early 1940s. The

so-called 20 inch machine at the University of Illinois.

25

A picture of the 100 MeV betatron (completed in the early

1940s) at the G.E. Research Laboratory in Schenectady

after Kerst had returned to the University of Illinois.

27

Although the first Proton Synchrotron to be planned, this 1 GeV machine at Birmingham University,

achieved its design goal only in 1953.

28

The 3 GeV

Cosmotron was the

first proton

synchrotron to be

brought into

operation.

29

Overview of the Berkeley Bevatron during its construction in the early 1950s. One can just see the

man on the left.

30 The CERN site in April 1957 during construction of the 26 GeV Proton-Synchrotron (PS).

31

Fermilab’s superconducting Tevatron can just be seen below the red and blue room temperature

magnets of the 400 GeV main ring.

32

The first electron-

positron storage ring,

AdA. (About 1960)

Built and operated at

Frascati, Italy and later

moved to take

advantage of a more

powerful source of

positrons in France.

33

ADONE, the first of the large electron-positron storage

rings. Operation commenced in 1969.

34

Superconducting RF cavities at the CERN Large Electron Positron

Collider (LEP).

35

The CERN Electron Storage

and Accumulation Ring

(CESAR) was built, in the

1960’s, as a study-model for

the ISR (Intersecting Storage

Rings).

36

The first proton-proton collider, the

CERN Intersecting Storage Rings

(ISR), during the 1970’s. One can see

the massive rings and one of the

intersection points.

37

In 1977 the magnets of the “g-2” experiment were modified and used to build the proton-

antiproton storage ring: ICE (the Initial Cooling Experiment). The ring verified the stochastic

cooling method, and allowed CERN to discover the W and Z.

38

The anti-proton source, the “p-bar” source, built in the 1990’s at Fermilab. The

reduction in phase space density, the proper measure of the effectiveness of the

cooling, is by more than a factor of 1011.

39

An aerial picture of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) located in Grenoble,

France. Construction was initiated in 1988 and the doors were open for users in 1994.

40

Aerial view of Spring 8, a synchrotron light source located in Japan.

Construction was initiated in 1991 and “first light” was seen in 1997.

41

The DESY Free Electron Laser magnetic wiggler. It produces laser light in the

ultra-violet and x-ray regions of the spectrum.

42

The SLAC site showing its two-mile long linear accelerator, the two arms of the SLC

linear collider, and the large ring of PEPII. This is where the LCLS will be located.

Particle Accelerators for the 21st century

• B-Factories: the luminosity frontier: KEK-B upgrade projects :electron cloud, CRAB cavities; CRABed waist collisions.

• RHIC: the first dedicated heavy ion collider; bunched beam cooling for ions.

• The LHC project: the energy frontier of high energy particle physics.

• The LHC ion program

• The LHC upgrade plans (HL-LHC): increasing the performance of the LHC: superconducting cavity design; nanometer stabilization; beam combination scheme; drive beam concept; beam power

• The LHC injector complex upgrade (LIUP): beam brightness, loss minimization

• HE-LHC: the quest for increasing the energy of the LHC: high field magnet R&D, radiation damping

• Electron-Ion Collider eRHIC : coherent electron cooling , energy recovery linac

• LHeC: energy recovery linac; compact magnet and RF design for a ring-ring option)

• ILC and CLIC: design of a high energy lepton collider

• FCC (Future Circular Colliders)– leptons: synchrotron radiation,

radiation damping, luminosity lifetime, – Protons– Electron-proton


Applications43


Applications44

Future Circular Collider Study - SCOPE CDR and cost review for the next ESU (2018)

Forming an international collaboration to study:

• pp-collider (FCC-hh) defining infrastructure requirements

• e+e- collider (FCC-ee) as potential intermediate step

• p-e (FCC-he) option

• 80-100 km infrastructure in Geneva area

~16 T 100 TeV pp in 100 km~20 T 100 TeV pp in 80 km

Particle Physics as Drivers of Innovation

• Requirements of accelerators and detectors exceed the possibilities of many technologies: drives innovation

• Initially accelerators were built for particle research

• For particle research the maximum energy was the goal

• Along the way to higher energies many other applications;

– 1st commercial accelerator was the Cathode Ray Tube (Television)

– Carbon dating (accelerator mass spectrometry)

– National security (airports, drugs, illegal immigrants...)

– Medical applications (radio-therapy, hadron therapy, PET scans (detectors)

– Production of radio-active isotopes

– Synchrotron light sources, Free Electron Lasers (linear accelerator)

“In the 70s, as more applied researchers clamoured for time at these synchrotron radiation sources, a new

generation of purpose-built machines appeared. As well as basic research, synchrotron radiation studies went on to be used in the chemical, materials, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. A new research community had come of age. Synchrotron radiation is now a

flourishing branch of science, with dedicated major facilities all over the world.” 46

Technological Spin-Offsfrom Particle Physics


Applications47

Technological Spin-Offs of Particle Physics

• The World Wide Web• Synchrotron Light Sources• Cryogenics and Superconductivity

• MRI scanners (also phenomenon of magnetic resonance)• Sc cables for transfer of electrical power (under development)

• Accelerators for radio-isotope production• Isotopes for medical R&D, tools for medical imaging (e.g. PET scans)

and therapy

• Accelerators for Cancer Therapy• Accelerators for

• Food sterilization (electron beams), diaper production, mining ore analysis,

• Rapid cancer diagnosis

• Detectors for Medical imaging


Applications

Accelerator apps: http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/category/accelerator-apps

48

http://www.symmetrymagazine.org/category/accelerator-apps

Accelerator

Applications other

than HEP


Applications49

Synchrotron Light Sources of the World•Advanced Light Source (ALS), Berkeley, California

•Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne, Illinois

•ALBA Synchrotron Light Facilty (formerly Laboratorio de Luz Sincrotrón), Vallés, Spain

•ANKA Synchrotron Strahlungsquelle, Karlsruhe, Germany

•Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria

•Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), Beijing

•Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung(BESSY), Berlin

•Canadian Light Source (CLS), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

•Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Baton Rouge, Louisiana

•Center for Advanced Technology (INDUS-1 and INDUS-2), Indore, India

•Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Ithaca, New York

•diamond, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, England

•Dortmund Electron Test Accelerator (DELTA), Dortmund, Germany

•Electron Stretcher Accelerator (ELSA), Bonn, Germany (See also the German version)

•Elettra Synchrotron Light Source, Trieste, Italy

•European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble, France

•Hamburger Synchrotronstrahlungslabor (HASYLAB) at DESY, Hamburg, Germany

•Institute for Storage Ring Facilities (ISA, ASTRID), Aarhus, Denmark

•Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique(LURE), Orsay, France (See also the English version)

•Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) Sao Paolo, Brazil

•MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden

•National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), Brookhaven, New York

•National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), Hefei, China

•National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC), Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C

•National Synchrotron Research Center (NSRC), NakhonRatchasima, Thailand

•Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) [formerly known as Electrotechnical Laboratory (ETL)]

•Photon Factory (PF) at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan (See also the Japanese version)

•Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Korea (See also the Korean version)

•Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, (SSRF), Shanghai (Chinese version only)

•Siberian Synchrotron Radiation Centre (SSRC), Novosibirsk, Russia

•Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), Singapore

•SOLEIL Synchrotron, Saint-Aubin, France (See also the French version)

•Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), Menlo Park, California

•Super Photon Ring - 8 GeV (SPring8), Nishi-Harima, Japan (See also the Japanese version)

•Swiss Light Source (SLS), Villigen, Switzerland

•Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC), Madison, Wisconsin

•Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS), Daresbury, U.K.

•Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facilty (SURF III) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland

•UVSOR Facility, Okazaki, Japan (See also the English version)

•VSX Light Source, Kashiwa, Japan (See also the Japanese version)

Operating Facilities for Scientific Research with FELs• SACLA x-ray FEL - Riken (Japan) • SLAC SSRL x-ray FEL - LCLS (US) • FLASH VUV FEL - DESY (Germany) • European UV/VUV FEL at

Elettra/Trieste (Italy) • iFEL (Osaka, Japan) • Duke University Free electron Laser

Laboratory (US) • Vanderbilt University Free Electron

Laser Center (US) • FELIX - FOM (Rijnhuizen,

Netherlands) • CLIO - LCP (Orsay, France) • Jefferson Lab (US) • FEL-SUT - Science University of Tokyo

(Japan) • UCSB Center for Terahertz Science

and Technology (US) • FELBE FEL - FZR (Germany) • ENEA Compact FEL - (Frascati, Italy)

Operating Free Electron Lasers• SACLA x-ray FEL - Riken (Japan) • SLAC SSRL x-ray FEL - LCLS (US) • FLASH VUV/Xray FEL - DESY (Germany) • FERMI FEL at Elettra, Trieste (Italy) • Source Development Laboratory, NSLS,

Brookhaven, NY (US) • Duke University Free Electron Laser

Laboratory (US) • Photon Storage Ring - Ritsumeikan University

(Japan) • iFEL (Osaka, Japan) • Vanderbilt University Free Electron Laser

Center (US) • FELIX - FOM (Rijnhuizen, Netherlands) • CLIO - LCP (Orsay, France) • Jefferson Lab Free Electron Laser Program

(US) • ENEA Compact FEL - (Frascati, Italy) • FEL-SUT - Science University of Tokyo (Japan) • IR-FEL - S-DALINAC (Darmstadt, Germany) • Beijing Free Electron Laser (China) • FELBE FEL - FZR (Germany) • FLARE FEL - HFML Radboud University

Nijmegen (Netherlands) • The UCSB Free Electron Lasers (US) • NovoFEL - Budker Institute - SSRC (Russia) • Tel Aviv University FEL (Israel) • University of Twente Cerenkov FEL

(Netherlands) • note: list is approximately ordered by

wavelength

FELs Under Development• SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute

(Switzerland) • European X-ray FEL, DESY (Germany) • Institute for Plasma Research (India) • LEUTL APS, Argonne National Lab (US) • Center for Advanced Technology (India) • University of Maryland - MIRFEL (US) • University of Hawaii (US) • Brookhaven - Accelerator Test Facility

FELs (US) • UCLA Particle Beam Physics Lab • Osaka University - ISIR (Japan)

Proposed FELS• ARC-EN-CIEL (France) • WIFEL - University of Wisconsin,

Madison (US) • National High Magnetic Field

Laboratory (US) • SPARC Project - INFN (Italy) • Daresbury 4GLS (UK) • MIT Bates Lab X-Ray FEL (US)

Free Electron Lasers

26th April 2014, S. Myers JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and Applications 51

Medical

Applications


Applications52

CERN’s Three Main Technologies Detecting particles

interacting with matter

Accelerating particle beams

Large-scale

computing (Grid)

Medical Application as an Example of Particle Physics Spin-off

Combining Physics, ICT, Biology and Medicine to fight cancer

Accelerating particle beams~30’000 accelerators worldwide

~17’000 used for medicine

Hadron Therapy

Leadership in Ion

Beam Therapy now

in Europe and

Japan

Tumour

Target

Protons

light ions

>70’000 patients treated worldwide (30 facilities)

>21’000 patients treated in Europe (9 facilities)

X-ray protons

Detecting particles

Imaging PET Scanner

Clinical trial in Portugal

for new breast imaging

system (ClearPEM)

The New CERN Medical Initiatives

1. Medical Accelerator Design– coordinate an international collaboration to design a new compact, cost-

effective accelerator facility, using the most advanced technologies

2. Biomedical Facility – creation of a facility at CERN that provides particle beams of different types

and energies to external users for radiobiology and detector development

– Iterative experimental verification of simulation results

3. Detectors for beam control and medical imaging

4. Diagnostics and Dosimetry for control of radiation

5. Radio-Isotopes (imaging and treatment)

6. Large Scale Computing (treatment planning and simulations)

7. Applications other than cancer therapy



Hadrontherapy vs. radiotherapy

•Tumours close to critical organs

•Tumours in children•Radio-resistant tumours

• Physical dose high near surface

• DNA damage easily repaired

• Biological effect lower

• Need presence of oxygen

• Effect not localised

• Dose highest at Bragg Peak

• DNA damage not repaired

• Biological effect high

• Do not need oxygen

• Effect is localised

Photons and Electrons vs. Hadrons

56

Energy deposition The BRAGG Peak

Comparison of Collateral Damage

JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and Applications

26th April 2014, S. Myers 57

SPOT SCANNING WITH A

PENCIL BEAM

ENERGY

PO

SIT

ION

26th April 2014, S.

Myers JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and Applications 58

The New CERN Medical Initiatives

1. Medical Accelerator Design– coordinate an international collaboration to design a new compact, cost-

effective accelerator facility, using the most advanced technologies

2. Biomedical Facility – creation of a facility at CERN that provides particle beams of different types

and energies to external users for radiobiology and detector development

– Iterative experimental verification of simulation results

3. Detectors for beam control and medical imaging

4. Diagnostics and Dosimetry for control of radiation

5. Radio-Isotopes (imaging and treatment)

6. Large Scale Computing (treatment planning and simulations)

7. Applications other than cancer therapy



Summary


Applications

1. Accelerators have been continuously developed duringthe last century

2. Along the way many applications became apparent3. The most obvious: medicine and light sources4. Accelerator science is a multi-discipline activity needing

nearly all branches of engineering and technology5. There is presently a world shortage of accelerator

engineers6. Specialised training in accelerator science is a necessity

66

Thank You!


Applications67

Impacts of LHC• Knowledge of the fundamental laws of nature • Economy

• Contracts during construction (3.4bGBP 40% of budget, UK 12MGBP/year)

• Technology transfer to companies that get new contracts

• Training and education• High technology environment• International environment, different cultures/religions

• Stimulus to young people to follow STEM studies• For economic competitiveness we need a smart economy

• Spin-Offs• Accelerators; annual commercial output, medical and industrial

estimated at 500BGBP• WWW (international economic value estimated at 1500BGBP/year)• Large scale computing (GRID)• Medical, health care, climate, energy…


Applications68

CERN• Fundamental research is important not only because

of our quest for knowledge but it is also important in Europe for our long term economic growth.

• Fundamental research produces unexpected«disruptive» innovation, almost impossible to predictfuture applications– Maxwell and telecommunications industry

– Rutherford and nuclear energy

– Dirac and PET scans

– Einstein and GPS

• Applied Research Produces Incremental Innovation– Candle and electric light bulb


Applications69

Higgs’ Boson• On 4th July 2012 the 2 LHC experiments ATLAS and

CMS presented evidence for the discovery of a Higgs’ boson.

• This discovery is the first major result coming fromthe LHC. There will be many more to come.

• Science is «cool» again with young people

• We (Irish) have a long history in science and play an important role in global science projects .


Applications70

Summary


Applications

1. Revolutionary innovation needs fundamentalknowledge and understanding resulting fromfundamental research

2. Inventions result from fundamental knowledge3. Applied research produces evolutionary

innovation4. In the longer term applied research will dry up

without fundamental research5. Science Megaprojects drive revolutionary and

evolutionary innovation

71

Antimatter application: Positron Emission Tomography

18F →18O + e+ + neutrino

e+ + e- → 2 photons

To produce the isotope fluorine-18, for example, you bombard a water target enriched with the oxygen-18 isotope with particles at an energy of about 10 to 15 MeV. The resulting fluorine-18 isotope is chemically separated and combined with a sugary glucose compound that is ready for delivery to the hospital or clinic. The process takes as little as a few minutes.With a 110-minute half-life, 18F has wide uses in diagnostic imaging. Administered intravenously, the compound collects in areas of high metabolic activity, such as cancerous tumors. Then a positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the emitted gamma rays provides detailed three-dimensional images of the cancer.


Applications72

Light sources in the 21st century

• Circular light sources

• FEL light sources– FLASH and XFEL at DESY,

– FERMI @ ELETRA,

– XFEL at PSI,

– LCLS at SLAC

Low energy accelerators

• HIE ISOLDE

• FAIR project at GSI

• FRIB Michigan

• ELENA anti proton facility


Applications74

JUAS Worldwide Accelerators and Applications

75

By accelerating these

particles to high energies

and colliding we re-create in

a small controlled way the

conditions which existed

just after the creation of the

universe.

The higher the particle

energy, the closer we get to

the instant of the Big Bang

26th April 2014, S. Myers

WHY?

Novel accelerator ideas

• Plasma acceleration

• Energy recovery linacs

• FFAGs: front end for neutrino factories and medical accelerators

• Fast cooling, Muonacceleration and Muoncolliders

Accelerators for Hadron cancer therapy

• HIMAC Chiba, Japan• HITGSI: German treatment

facility• PSI: Swiss• CNAO: Italian• Medaustron: Austrian • Industrial projects (Siemens in

Kiel and Marburg, IBA))• Other options for Hadron

treatment facilities (e.g. LEIR at CERN etc)


Applications76

high power proton drivers in the XXI century:

• Spallation Neutron sources: SNS

• CNGS: Neutrino appearance physics

• European Spallation Source

• Neutrino factory proton driver and target design

Accelerators for Energy Production and Transmutation

• ITER

• Energy Amplifier


Applications77

Documents

Worldwide Accelerators and Applications - CERN years of JUAS/Myers.pdf · Worldwide Accelerators and Applications Steve Myers Head of CERN Medical Applications Former Director of