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Wri$ngwithSourcesInyouressaysyoumayberequiredtofindtextualevidencetohelpyouproveyourthesis.Thismeansyouwillhavetoincorporatequotes,paraphrases,andsummariesofyoursourcesintoyourwri<ng.Usingtextualevidencehelpsyouproveyourpoints.Itputsyouinconversa<onwithotherscholarsonyourtopic,anditalsoputstheexper<seofotherscholarstoworkforyou.
Youmayusethreekindsoftextualevidenceinyouressays:summaries,paraphrases,anddirectquotes.Quota$onsmustbeiden<caltotheoriginal,usinganarrowsegmentofthesource.TheymustmatchthesourcedocumentwordforwordandmustbeaCributedtotheoriginalauthor.ParaphrasinginvolvespuDngapassagefromsourcematerialintoyourownwords.AparaphrasemustalsobeaCributedtotheoriginalsource.ParaphrasedmaterialisusuallyaliCleshorterthantheoriginalpassage,takingasomewhatbroadersegmentofthesourceandcondensingitslightly.SummarizinginvolvespuDngthemainidea(s)intoyourownwords,includingonlythemainpoint(s).Onceagain,itisnecessarytoaCributesummarizedideastotheoriginalsource.Summariesaresignificantlyshorterthantheoriginalandtakeabroadoverviewofthesourcematerial.
HOWTOSUMMARIZE
Usesummariestodescribeworkyourreadershaven’treadsothattheywillunderstandyourargument.Summariescondenseanextendedideaorargumentintoasentenceormoreinyourownwords.Usesummariestoreportthegistofanauthor’sidea.
Exercise1.Prac$cesummarizinginonesentencethefollowingquota$onfromanofficialgovernmentreportonthe“digitaldivide”:Originalquota<on:Thefollowingexampleshighlightthebreadthofthedigitaldividetoday:• Thosewithacollegedegreearemorethaneight<mesaslikelytohavea
computerathome,andnearlysixteen<mesaslikelytohavehomeInternetaccess,asthosewithanelementaryschooleduca<on.
• Ahigh-incomehouseholdinanurbanareaismorethantwenty<mesaslikelyasarural,low-incomehouseholdtohaveInternetaccess.
• Achildinalow-incomewhitefamilyisthree<mesaslikelytohaveInternetaccessasachildinacomparableblackfamily,andfour<mesaslikelytohaveaccessaschildreninacomparableHispanichousehold.
—USDepartmentofCommerce,FallingThroughtheNet:DefiningtheDigitalDivide,p.7
Exercise1.Doesyoursummarymatchtheonebelow?Inasummary,yourestateonlythemainideasoftheoriginalpassage,compressingseveralsentencesintoonlyafew.Originalquota<on:Thefollowingexampleshighlightthebreadthofthedigitaldividetoday:• Thosewithacollegedegreearemorethaneight<mesaslikelytohavea
computerathome,andnearlysixteen<mesaslikelytohavehomeInternetaccess,asthosewithanelementaryschooleduca<on.
• Ahigh-incomehouseholdinanurbanareaismorethantwenty<mesaslikelyasarural,low-incomehouseholdtohaveInternetaccess.
• Achildinalow-incomewhitefamilyisthree<mesaslikelytohaveInternetaccessasachildinacomparableblackfamily,andfour<mesaslikelytohaveaccessaschildreninacomparableHispanichousehold.
Summary:AccordingtotheDepartmentofCommerce,collegeeducated,high-incomepeoplefromwhitefamiliesaremuchmorelikelytohaveacomputerandinternetaccessthanlesseducatedminori<esfromlowerincomehouseholds(7).
HOWTOQUOTEUsedirectquotesfromyourprimarytexttoillustrateandsupportyouranalysis.Usedirectquotesfromyoursecondarysourcesonlywhenthewordsofyourownparaphrasewouldnotbeaseffec<veormeaningful.Foryourfirstessay,youmustciteallofyoursourcesusingaformofdocumenta<oncalledMLA(ModernLanguageAssocia<on)documenta<onstyle.(WewillcoverAPAstyleinafutureclass.)Thismeansthatyouwillhavetociteyourquotesandparaphraseswithinyouressayaspecificway.Ifyouarewri<ngaresearchpaperforEnglish1102youwillalsohavetowritea“WorksCited”pageonaseparatepagea^eryouressay,inwhichyouwritebibliographicentriesforyoursourcesinaspecificway(moreonthislaterinthetermaswell….).
Here’showtoproperlydocumentyourquotes:Useparenthe$calcita$onstodocumentyourquotesandparaphrases.Attheendofeachquoteorparaphrase,writethesourceauthor’slastnameandthepagenumberthecitedpassageisfrom,asfollows.• Incorporatequotesgramma<callywithinthebodyofyourparagraphs
(Davis123).
• Ifaquoteisoverfourlineslong,thenyoumustle^-indenttheen<requotewithinyourparagraph.Eachlineofthequote“mustbele^-indentedtenspaces”(456).
• Thefirst<methatyoucitefromasource,youmustcitetheauthor’snameeitherinthebodyofyourparagraphorintheparenthe<calcita<on(Smith1).
• Ifyouhavealreadymen<onedtheauthor’snameinyourparagraphorinapreviousparenthe<calcita<on,thenyouneedwriteonlythepagenumberinparentheses,nottheauthor’salreadymen<onedname(100).
HOWTOQUOTEForexample,hereisaquotefromanessaybyTedChiangusedinasentence:Likemanymodernauthors,TedChianghasaverysternviewofhumanaffairs,claimingthat“modernlifeisseriouslydistorted”(225).Andhereisthesamequoteinasentencethatdoesnotmen<onthenameofChiang:Manymodernauthorshaveaverysternviewofhumanaffairs,claimingthat“modernlifeisseriouslydistorted”(Chiang225).
HOWTOQUOTEWhenusingdirectquotesfromyoursourcesyoumustincorporatethemintothegramma<calflowofyourownwri<ng.Youdothisbyusingsignalphrasesthato^enincludehelpingverbs:Onecommonerroralotofpeoplemakewhentheyincludeaquoteisthattheytendtoputthequoteinasentencebyitself.Thisiscalled“dumpingyourquote.”Unfortunately,wecannotdothisbecausewearethengivingthequotewithoutaspecificanaly<calcontext.Weneedtouseasignalphrasetointroducethequoteandgiveourreadersacontextforthequotethatexplainswhywearetakingthe<metoincludeitinouressay.
HOWTOQUOTETake,forexample,thissec<onfromapaperonFrederickDouglass’sslavenarra<ve,Narra5veoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass,AnAmericanSlave,Wri@enbyHimself:WecanseeDouglass'marriageasanasser$onofhisownershipofhimself."WhatDouglass'scer$ficateofmarriage,whichistranscribedinfullinchapter11,signifiesisthattheblackmanhasrepossessedhimself"(Baker170).Intheaboveexample,thequotefromanessaybythecri<cHoustonA.Baker,Jr.thrustsitselfintotheflowofthepaper,disturbingreadersbecausethereisnowarningthatthequoteiscoming.
HOWTOQUOTEYet,withasignalphrase,wecanmaketheuseofthequoteseemmorenaturaltoreaders:WecanseeDouglass'marriageasanasser$onofhisownershipofhimself,asthecri$cHoustonA.Baker,Jr.arguesinhisessay"TheEconomicofDouglass'sNarra$ve":"WhatDouglass'scer$ficateofmarriage,whichistranscribedinfullinchapter11,signifiesisthattheblackmanhasrepossessedhimself"(170).ByincludingareferencetoBakerandhisessayinthesentencebeforegivingthequote,weletthereaderknowthatweareusingsomeone'sopiniontosupportourown,givingthequoteacontextthatthereaderfindsrelevanttoouroverallpoint.
HOWTOQUOTEWhenyouarequo<ngfromaworkoffic<onsuchasChaing’sstory,yous<llneedtouseasignalphrase,o^entoputthequoteinitscontext.Belowwehaveanimproperlydumpedquotethatconfusesthereader,leavingherunsureaboutbothitsconnec<ontothefirstsentenceanditsplaceinthestory:Louiseini$allyworriesthatshewillnotbeabletocommunicateatall.“Oneoftheheptapodspointedtoitselfwithonelimb,thefourterminaldigitspressedtogether.Thatwaslucky.Insomeculturesapersonpointedwithhischin;iftheheptapodhadn’tusedoneofitslimbs,Iwouldn’thaveknownwhatgesturetolookfor”(Chiang98).
Withoutasignalphrase,thereaderdoesnotknowwherethisquotefitsintoChiang’sshortstory,whatisbeingcommunicatedwith,andhowthequoterelatestothefirstsentence.
HOWTOQUOTE
Byincludingatransi<on(“however”),thename“heptapod,”andaliCleplotsummary,welinkthequotetothefirstsentence:
Louiseini$allyworriesthatshewillnotbeabletocommunicateatall.However,whenshefirstmeetstheheptapods,sheexplainsthatsheimmediatelyno$cedafamiliarmodeofcommunica$on:“Oneoftheheptapodspointedtoitselfwithonelimb,thefourterminaldigitspressedtogether.Thatwaslucky.Insomeculturesapersonpointedwithhischin;iftheheptapodhadn’tusedoneofitslimbs,Iwouldn’thaveknownwhatgesturetolookfor”(Chiang98).
Therearethreemainwaystosetupasignalingphrase:
1. Withacompletesentencefollowedbyacolon.
TheeffectsofAuld'sprohibi<onagainstteachingDouglasstoreadwerequiteprofoundforDouglass:"Itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).
2.Withapar$alsentenceendinginahelpingverb,followedbyacomma.
DouglassexplainsthatAuld'sprohibi<onagainstliteracyforhimwasaprofoundexperience,no<ng,"Itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).
3.Withastatementthatendsin“that.”
TheimportanceofAuld’sprohibi<ontoDouglassisclearwhenDouglassstatesthat"itwasanewandspecialrevela<on"(29).
HOWTOQUOTEYoucanbuildyourownsignalphrasesbymixingthesethreebasicstyleswithhelpingverbsthatdescribeyoursource'saDtudetowardsthesubjectofthequote.Hereisalistofsuchverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra$ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise2.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingquoteononeyourownsothatitfitsbeierwiththeflowofthewriter’ssentence:CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisviewand“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise2.Thesignalphrase“observingthat”workswelltointroducethequotebyLyman;similarly,theuseofacolonturns“agreeswiththisview”intoasignalphrase.CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisviewand“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisview,observingthat“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).CharloCeBrontëbelievedthatnovelsshouldbeobjec<veandimpar<al.JerryLyman,aliterarycri<c,agreeswiththisview:“agoodwriterdoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(53).
Exercise3.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingquote(spokenbyJane)onaseparatesheetofpapersothatitfitsbeierwiththeflowofthewriter’ssentences:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise3.TherearemanywaysthatyoucansetupthatquotefromJanewithasignalphrase.Hereisone:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwomanbytellingMr.Rochesterthat“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).
Exercise3.Andherearetwomore.Notehowthesignalphrasealsohelpsthereaderinterpretthequote.Adeclara$onisdifferentfromscreaming,akerall.Besuretousethecorrectphrasingtohelpyourreaderbeierunderstandyourquotes:InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman.Janedeclares,“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).InCharloCeBrontë’snovel,JaneEyre,JanedisagreeswithMr.Rochester’sideathatahusbandhastherighttocontrolhiswife,andsheassertsherfreedomtobeanindependentmarriedwoman,screaming“Iamafreehumanbeingwithanindependentwill”(252).
Exercise4.Oken,youmusttellyourreaderhowtointerpretyourquote.Revisethefollowingsentencessothatthequotedmaterialisn’tjust‘dumped’akerthefirstsentence.Youwillhavetoaddsignalphrasesandtransi$onalwordstodoso.Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.“True,authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear.However,agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(Lyman52).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise4.InordertohelpthereaderunderstandLyman’squote,wehavetoaddseveralsignalphrasestothisquote.WealsobrokethequoteupwithoursignalphrasestobeierhelpthereaderunderstandLyman’sposi$onhere.Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.“True,authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear.However,agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(Lyman52).Manyfic<onwritersmaintainthatitisimpossibletokeeppersonalopinionsfrominfluencingtheirselec<onandpresenta<onoffacts.JerryLymanpartlyagreeswiththisview.Hegrantsthat“authors,likeeveryoneelse,formimpressionsofwhattheyseeandhear,”yethes<llinsiststhat“agoodauthordoesnotfailtoseparateopinionsfromfacts”(52).
Inthefirstessayyouwillcompose,youwillhavetoincorporatequotesfromTedChiang’sstoriesintoyourbodyparagraphsusingsignalwordsandphrases,andMLAparenthe$calcita$ons,likethis:Louiseisshockedwhenshefirstmeetsaheptapod,tellingherdaughterthat“Ijumpedwhenoneofthementered”(Chiang97).Despitetheheptapod’sstrangeappearance,whichincludes“apuckeredorificeatthetopofitsbody”thatservesasamouth(98),Louisesoonestablishesarapportwiththealienrace.Sheevengivesthemamusing,pet-likenames,“FlapperandRaspberry”(103).
Exercise5.Usingasignalphrase,revisethefollowingdumpedquotefromthenovelsothatitsconnec$ontotheprecedingsentenceisclear:Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarth.“Theheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise5.Herearesomeeffec$vesignalphrasesandhelpingverbs:Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarth.Assheexplains,“[t]heheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).Louiserealizesthatthewaythattheheptapodswriteislikefewformsonwri<ngonEarthbecause“[t]heheptapodswereusinganonlinearsystemoforthographythatqualifiedastruewri<ng”(Chiang107).
Exercise6.Usingsignalphrasesandperhapsaliileplotsummary,revisethefollowingdumpedquotesfromthestorysothattheybecomepartthewriter’sownsentences:InTedChiang’sstory,“StoryofYourLife,”Louiselearnssomethingsabouttheheptapodsbutnotothers.“Weneverdidlearnwhytheheptapodsle^,anymorethanwelearnedwhatbroughtthemhere,orwhytheyactedthewaytheydid”(134).Themostimportantthingshedidlearnisanewwaytothinkingthatcauseshertorememberherfuture.“Eventually,manyyearsfromnow,I’llbewithoutyourfather,andwithoutyou.AllIwillhavele^fromthismomentistheheptapodlanguage”(135).KnowingherfutureteachesLouisetocherisheachmomentofherlife.Hereisalistofhelpingverbs,aswellasotherphrasesyoucanuse:admits;agrees;argues;asserts;believes;claims;compares;confirms;contends;declares;denies;emphasizes;insists;notes;observes;pointsout;reasons;refutes;rejects;reports;responds;replies;suggests;thinks;writes;In_____'swords;Accordingto____'s(notes,study,narra5ve,novel,etc.)
Exercise6.Tohelpourreaderunderstandthesequotes,wehavehadtoaddnotonlysignalphrasesandhelpingverbsbutalsobriefsummariesthatexplainbothwhenthequotesappearinthestoryandalsowhatLouisewasgoingthroughassheherselfwrotethesequotes:InTedChiang’sstory,“StoryofYourLife,”Louiselearnssomethingsabouttheheptapodsbutnotothers.Asshereflectsatstory’send,“[w]eneverdidlearnwhytheheptapodsle^,anymorethanwelearnedwhatbroughtthemhere,orwhytheyactedthewaytheydid”(134).Themostimportantthingshedidlearnisanewwayofthinkingthatcauseshertorememberherfuture.Sheforeseesbothherdivorceandthedeathofherdaughter.“Eventually,”shetellsherdaughter,“manyyearsfromnow,I’llbewithoutyourfather,andwithoutyou.AllIwillhavele^fromthismomentistheheptapodlanguage”(135).KnowingherfutureteachesLouisetocherisheachmomentofherlife.