YEAR 10 TERM 1 Summary Booklet

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YEAR 10 TERM 1

PERSONAL NOTES

LW: A student explains how biological understanding has

advanced through scientific discoveries, technological

developments and the needs of society

Do not copy directly from the text book.

Read the text book and any resources in moodle, study and then write

down your notes!

Write your summary notes in this booklet

Name:

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Topics: Genetics & Biotechnology(chapter 1) and

Evolution(chapter 2)

List of Term 1 experiments

Experiment 1.1.1: Extracting DNA page 9

Experiment 2.2.1: Modelling the effects of Natural Selection page 76

Verbs used in these Topics:

Verb Explanation

Recall: Usually based on a simple fact or theory. Requires you to remember ideasor facts and present them.Identify:Can be completed in a sentence or two. Recognise the content and namecertain features.Define: Identify the main qualities and/or state the meaning.Outline:Give the main features of something in general terms.Calculate:Use calculations to determine information from facts or figures.Deduce:Make conclusions based on information given.

Account: Give reasons for the statement/s made.Predict:Suggest what may happen. This usually needs to be based on theinformation available.Describe:Give features and characteristics.Distinguish: Note how things are different.Compare: Show how things are different and similar.Contrast:Show how things are different. Contrast is often used with compare inorder to look at both similarities and differences.Interpret: Usually refers to figures, diagrams or graphs. Find meaning of thetrends, or draw meaning from the diagrams.Propose: Usually used in conjunction with other verbs, propose typically requires

you to put forward an action.Explain: Give reasons for the statement/s made relating cause and effect.Generally, you will need to link ideas and statements by looking at the relationshipbetween them.

GENETICS

LW3 -Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in

technology, and technological advances are often linked to scientificdiscoveries

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identify that genetic information is coded in lengths of DNA called

genes,which are joined together as chromosomes

a. Identify three features of DNA on the nucleotide__________________________________________________________________________

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b. Outlinehow DNA is organised into genes and chromosomes

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c. Nucleotides are the links in the chain-like structure of DNA. Each nucleotide is made up ofthree components:

nucleotide = sugar + _______________ + _______________

d. Recallthe four letters that represent the DNA bases, and indicate what each letter stands for

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e. Order the following structures from smallest to largest. Nucleotide chromosome geneprotein cell sugar molecule

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outline the WatsonCrick model of DNA, and how it applies toreplication and mutation

a. Explainhow DNA replicates by referring to unzipping, hydrogen bonds and

complementary base pairs. You may like to use a flow chart or a list of numbered

steps.

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b. Definethe term mutation.

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relate the structure and function of human reproductive organs

a. Name the reproductive organs of the male and female reproductive system.

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b. Differentiatethe process of mitosis and meiosis

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C. Definethe term haploid

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d. Explainwhy meiosis results in haploid gametes.

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e. Identify two reasons why most body cells will undergo mitosis at some point.

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identify that heritable characteristics are controlled by the transmissionof

genes and chromosomes

a. Recallthe modern genetics term for Mendels factor of inheritance.

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b. Definethe terms genotype and phenotype. Provide an example to illustrate the

difference.

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c. Explainthe difference between a heterozygous and homozygous genotype

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d. Identifythe type of genotype where the recessive trait is expressed

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e. Explainthe following two fundamental laws of genetics.

i) The law of segregation

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ii) The law of independent assortment

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Some of Gregor Mendels experiments on pea plants involved breeding plants that had

green pea pods with plants that had yellow pea pods.

a. Definethe term pure breeding.

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b. When Mendel bred pure-breeding green pod plants with pure-breeding yellow pod

plants, all the offspring had green pods. Using modern genetic terms like allele,

dominant, recessive, genotype and phenotype, explainwhy this happened.

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When Mendel took two green pod offspring (F1 generation) and bred them together, he

found that 75% of the new offspring (F2 generation) had green pods and 25% hadyellow pods. Complete the Punnett square below to demonstrate how this is possible.

Mendel also crossed purple-flowered plants with white-flowered plants and found that

purple flowers were dominant over white flowers.

a. Identifythe possible genotypes of a purple-flowered plant.

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b. Examining the offspring of a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-

flowered plant will determine the genotype of the purple-flowered plant. Recall

the name of this type of cross.

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c. A cross between a purple-flowered and a white-flowered plant was performed. Sixout of the thirteen offspring had white flowers. Deducethe genotype of the

purple-flowered plant and justifyyour reasoning.

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a. Explainthe variation in skin pigment production between individuals with the same

genotype using your knowledge of the influence of environmental factors on gene

expression.

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The allele for brown eyes (B) is dominant over the allele for blue eyes (b). A blue-

eyed woman and a man heterozygous for eye colour are planning to have children.

a Identifythe genotype of the woman. _______________

b Identify the genotype and phenotype of the man. _______________

c Use a Punnett square to determine the percentage chance of their first child

having blue eyes.

Expected genotypes: _____% BB, _____% Bb, _____% bb

Expected phenotypes: _____% brown eyes, _____% blue eyes

Pedigree and inheritance

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Figure 1.1 shows a pedigree chart for four generations of a family, some of which are affected by

a genetic disorder.

Figure 1.1

1. Identifythe child that is affected in the second generation.

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2. Identifythe number of children that are affected in the fourth generation.

3. a. Identifythe affected children in the fourth generation and their gender.

b. Calculatethe percentage of offspring from N and O who are affected by

the disease.

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4 Explainwhether the parents of the affected children (as identified in question 3a)also have the disease or whether they are carriers of the disease.

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5 Deducewhether this disease is likely to be controlled by a dominant or recessive

allele. Justify your reasoning with evidence from the pedigree.

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describe how developments in genetic technology have advanced medicalunderstanding

! Define the term biotechnology.

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discuss some ethical advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology

CLASS PRESENTATION

Choose one of the following topics to investigate. Use the questions below to guide your

research. Present your findings to the class as an informative pamphlet, multimedia

presentation or annotated poster.

TOPICS

Stem cell research Genetic screening Vaccine development

In-vitro fertilisation Gene therapy

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QUESTIONS

a Outlinewhat is involved in your chosen topic.

b Explainhow developments in technology have increased the scientific understanding

of your chosen topic.

c Identify at least two advantages of the successful application of your chosen topic.

d Outlineat least two disadvantages of the application of your chosen topic.

e Outline one ethical concern about the application of your chosen topic.

Stem cell research is a relatively new area that has great potential for medical advances.

a Recall what a stem cell is.

b Identify an advantage of using stem cells for the treatment of genetic diseases.

c Briefly explainsome of the ethical and social concerns of stem cell research.

b. Stateone advantage and one disadvantage of genetic screening of foetuses.

assess the role of computers in DNA sequencing and analysis (additionalcontent)

EVOLUTION

LW4-The theory of evolution by natural selection explains the diversity ofliving things and is supported by a range of scientific evidence

describe scientific evidence of the evolution of present-day organisms

1-Definethe term biodiversity

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2. Carolus Linnaeus was a natural historian (a biologist in modern terms) who developed the

classification system of living things that is still used today. In the mid-18th century, Linnaeus

made a large catalogue of the different types of life on Earth. He grouped different organisms

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into different levels of classification based on physical appearance and method of reproduction,

placing the most similar organisms together in the smallest groups.

3.Proposehow this information would have helped scientists like Darwin and Wallace formulate the

theory of evolution.

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4. Lamarck proposed an early version of the theory of evolution called the inheritance of acquired

characteristics. He thought that creatures changed over time to better suit their environment. Healso thought that significant changes occurred during an individuals lifetime and that these

changes could be inherited by its offspring.

a Explainhow elephants would have developed their long trunks according to Lamarcks

theory.

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b Lamarcks ideas about evolution have long since been disproved. Explain one piece ofevidence that disproves Lamarcks ideas.

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c Lamarck did however identify that an organisms environment played a significant role in its

evolution. Recallthe name Darwin gave to this environmental pressure.

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5 Describehow the tortoises and the finches of the Galapagos Islands provided Darwin with

evidence for evolution. Refer to shells and beaks in your answer.

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6. In 1993, palaeontologists found the fossilised remains ofAmbulocetusnatans, an animal that had

a long tail and four limbs with fingers and small hooves. It was adapted for both swimming and

living on land, its vertebrae suggesting it swam by flexing its back up and down like modernwhales. Explainwhy this animal may be called the missing link for whale evolution.

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7. Definethe term scientific theory and explain how it is different to the everyday language use of

the word theory.

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8. Outlinehow the study of biogeography helped develop the theory of evolution.

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9. Comparehow Lamarck and Darwin would explain a giraffes adaptation to eating the leaves on

a high tree.

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10. Describewhat fossils are and how they can be used as evidence for the theory of evolution.

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explain how natural selection can change populations

1 In his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Darwin speculated about

how a land mammal could turn into a whale. He stated that the evolution of a species must occur

over long periods of time, over many, many generations.

Explainwhy the evolution of a new species must take many generations, rather than just one or

two.

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2 Definethe term sexual selection and explain how this is different to natural selection.

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3 Identifyhow the genetic variations between individuals arise.

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outline how genetics and environmental factors influence the survival

ofindividuals and species

1 Identifysome genetic variations that make you look different from the person sitting next to you.

2 Examinethe pictures below showing a hairless Sphynx cat and a long-haired Persian cat.

a Identify whether these animals belong to the same species.

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b Deducewhether these two animals would be able to breed together to produce fertile

offspring.

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c Outlinefour physical differences between the Sphynx and Persian cats.

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d Identify whether these differences are likely to be genetic or not.

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e Describea natural habitat where the Sphynx cat would have a survival advantage over the

Persian cat. Justify your reasoning.

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3 All breeds of domestic dogs have evolved from a species of wolf. Explainhow artificial selection

depends on natural variation in populations to give rise to new breeds.

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4 Variation in populations is contributed to by the recombination of chromosomes during sexual

reproduction. Identify (using a tick) which of the following situations increases the chance ofproducing new allele combinations.

a Fertilisation of an egg by a random sperm _________

b Reproduction by binary fission (mitosis for single-celled organisms) _________

c Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis _________

d Spontaneous somatic mutation _________

5. Darwin proposed that environmental conditions determine the reproductive success of certain

individuals, because they possess an advantageous trait. Explainhow dark-coloured peppered

moths became the dominant form in the population over pale peppered moths in woodlands near

areas with heavy industrial pollution.

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6. The Himalayan rabbit has a temperature-sensitive gene for fur pigment. The central parts of the

Himalayan rabbits body are covered in white fur because the genes are inactive and no pigment

is produced. However, the rabbits extremities (its ears, tip of the nose and feet), which have a

temperature much less than 35C, have black fur.

a Explainhow the environmental conditions influence the action of genes in the Himalayan

rabbit.

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b Proposea survival advantage of this temperature-sensitive gene expression.

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7. Darwin and Wallace both agreed that evolution occurred through changes in heritablephysical

or behavioural traits.

a Defineheritable.

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b Identifysome traits that are physical heritable traits.

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c Identifysome traits that are behavioural heritable traits. (Hint: these behaviours are often

called innate behaviours.)

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8 Mutation is a normal process that happens frequently in cells. Mutations can be beneficial,

harmful or neutral (i.e. have no effect on the organism).

a Identifywhether most mutations are harmful, neutral or helpful.

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b Proposea reason why harmful mutations tend not to last in populations for very long.

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9.. Sickle-cell anaemia is an autosomal recessive disease that affects haemoglobin and results in

misshapen red blood cells, which cannot carry oxygen properly. Untreated, people that are

homozygous for sickle-cell anaemia tend to have dramatically shortened life spans.

a Classifythe sickle-cell mutation as a harmful, beneficial or neutral mutation. Justify your

response.

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b Predictwhether the number of people with the sickle-cell allele in the Australian population

is likely to increase, decrease or remain about the same. Justify your response.

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c People who are heterozygous for sickle-cell anaemia are highly resistant to malaria. Predict

the effect this would have on the number of sickle-cell alleles in a population that lived in an

area where malaria was common.

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d Investigatethe prevalence of sickle-cell anaemia and malaria in Australia, Jamaica andZimbabwe (i.e. how common they are). Using the data you have found, identify the term from

each pair that makes the following statement true. Sickle-cell anaemia is more/lesscommon

in populations where malaria is more/lesscommon in that area.

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relate the fossil record to evidence of the age of the Earth and evolution

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a Outlinehow the animal you have chosen has changed from its ancient form into its modern

form.

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b Explainhow the study of fossils shows evidence for evolution of your chosen animal. Include

photographs or diagrams of fossils related to your chosen animal.

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c Explainhow the fossil record indicates the age of the Earth. Identify whether fossils formed

more recently are usually found closer to the surface or in layers deeper down.

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d Explainhow the study of comparative anatomy shows evidence for the evolution of your chosen

animal. You might like to focus your research on the pentadactyl limb.

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e Explainhow the study of biogeography shows evidence for the evolution of your chosen animal.

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YEAR 10 TERM 1 Summary Booklet