IDENTIFY THE FALLACIES (BOTH RELEVANCE AND AMBIGUITY) IN THE FOLLOWING PASSAGES AND EXPLAIN HOW EACH SPECIFIC PASSAGE INVOLVES THAT FALLACY OR FALLACIES.

1) It is necessary to confine criminals and to lock up dangerous lunatics. Therefore there is nothing wrong with depriving people of their liberties.

2) If you hold that nothing is self-evident, I will not argue with you for it is clear that you are quibbler and are not to be convinced.

3) The army is notoriously inefficient, so we cannot expect Major Smith to do an efficient job.

4) God exists because the Bible tells us so, and we know that what the Bible tells us must be true because it is the revealed word of God.

5) Congress shouldn’t bother to consult the Joint Chiefs of Staff about military appropriations. As members of the armed forces, they will naturally want as much money for military purposes as they think they can get.

6) Order is indispensable to justice because justice can be achieved only by means of a social and legal order.

7) When we had got to this point in the argument, and every one saw that the definition of justice had been completely upset, Thrasymachus, instead of replying me, said: “Tell me, Socrates, have you got a nurse?” “Why do you ask such a question,” I said, “when you ought rather to be answering?” “Because she leaves you to snivel, and never wipes your nose: she has not even taught you to know the shepherd from the sheep.”

8) Narcotics are habit forming. Therefore if you allow your physician to ease your pain with an opiate you will become a hopeless drug addict.

9) You can’t prove that he was to blame for the misfortune, so it must actually have been someone else who was responsible.

10) You can’t park here. I don’t care what the sign says. If you don’t drive on, I’ll give you a ticket.

11) I also admit that there are people for whom even the reality of the external world and the identifications leading to it constitute a grave problem. My answer is that I do not address them, but that I presuppose a minimum of reason in my readers.

12) All departures from law should be punished. Whatever happens by chance is a departure from law. Therefore whatever happens by chance should be punished.

13) Absolute music is perhaps the most eloquent and moving form of art, although it tells no “story.” Abstract painting and sculpture are among the most magnificent products of human creativity, although neither of them has any “story” to tell. Therefore the “story” it contains contributes nothing to the excellence of a novel or a drama as a work of art.

14) Each of these sweaters is on sale at 50 percent off. If I buy two of them, that will be 100 percent off, so I’ll really be getting them for nothing.

15) During the Colonial and Revolutionary period of American history, Thomas Paine bitterly opposed reconciliation with England. In his book Common Sense he argued Though I would carefully avoid giving unnecessary offence, yet I am inclined to believe, that all those who espouse the doctrine of reconciliation, may be included within the following descriptions. Interested men, who are not to be trusted, weak men who cannot see, prejudiced men who will not see, and a certain set of moderate men who think better of the European world than it deserves; and this last class, by an ill-judged deliberation, will be the cause of more calamities to this Continent than all the other three.

16) Cooks have been preparing food for generations, so our cook must be a real expert.

17) More young people are attending high schools and colleges than ever before in the history of our nation. But there is more juvenile delinquency than ever before. This makes it clear that to eliminate delinquency among the youth we must abolish the schools.

18) You say we ought to discuss whether or not to buy a new car. All right, I agree. Let’s discuss the matter. Which should we get, a Ford or a Chevy?

19) Our nation is a democracy and dedicated to the proposition that all people are created equal. We believe in equality of opportunity for everyone, so our colleges and universities should admit every applicant, regardless of his or her economic or educational background.

20) Everything in the universe serves a function that goes beyond itself. So the universe itself must serve a function that goes beyond itself.

21) We should reject Mr. Watkins’s suggestions for increasing the efficiency of our colleges. As a manufacturer he cannot be expected to realize that our aim is to educate the youth, not to make a profit. His recommendations can have no value for us.

22) Everyone said that the soup had a very distinctive taste, so they must all have found it very tasty.

23) If we want to know whether a state is brave we must look at its army, not because the soldiers are the only brave people in the community, but because it is only through their conduct that the courage or cowardice of the community can be manifested. )

24) She says that she loves me and she must be telling the truth, because she certainly wouldn’t lie to someone that she loves.

25) There is no proof that the secretary “leaked” the news to the papers, so it couldn’t have been the secretary who did it.

26) Afghan hounds are seldom found in this country, so you must be careful not to let yours out of your sight.

27) Was it through stupidity or through deliberate dishonesty that the administration has hopelessly botched its foreign policy? In either case, unless you are in favor of stupidity or dishonesty, you should vote against the incumbents.

28) You can’t believe what Professor Threadbare says about the importance of higher salaries for teachers. As a teacher himself he would naturally be in favor of increasing teachers’ pay.

29) Gentlemen, I am sure that if you think it over you will see that my suggestion has real merit. It is only a suggestion of course, and not an order. As I mentioned at our last conference, I am planning to reorganize the whole business. I still hope, however, that it will not be necessary to curtail the operations of your department.

30) Isn’t it true that students who get all A’s study hard? So if you want me to study hard, Professor, the best way to do it is to give me A’s in all my courses.

31) When Bill had to go up to State with the team, the professor told him it was perfectly all right for him to miss class. So the professor doesn’t care whether any of us come to class or not.

32) Old man Brown claims that he saw a flying saucer land on his farm. But old man Brown never got beyond the fourth grade in school and can hardly read or write. He is completely ignorant of what scientists have written on the subject, so his report cannot possibly be true.