Zero Energy Educational Buildings: An Integrated long

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Zero Energy Educational Buildings:

An Integrated long lasting approach in K-12 & Higher Ed :

New tools and User Engagement

ArchitectPartner

Firm Sustainability [email protected]

Mechanical EngineerManaging Principal

[email protected]

Pauline SouzaWRNS Studio

Hormoz JanssensInterface Engineers

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Why is it taking so long

“How dare you pretend that this can be solved with business as usual “

“The eyes of all future generations are on you”

“ I want you to act as if the house is on fire…because it is….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMrtLsQbaok

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The Energy BudgetCommunication, Education and Practice

Energy Budget

Students play a key role in keeping with the energy budget.

Energy is monitored continuously. If it’s out of balance, students will use a handsaw instead of a table saw in shop class, etc. As Becker tells his students.

“You have to eat your conservation vegetables before your solar cookies.”Michael Becker, Science Teacher @ Hood River Middle School

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Figure 17: Original vs. Modeled Net Energy Usage (kWh)

Post Occupancy Evaluation

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NOW ON TO SOME PROJECT EXAMPLES

Option Increased First Cost after

deducting cost of PV

($111,727 for Option 1 and $83,385 for Option 2)

Investment Cost

Breakeven at 6% Electrical Cost Inflation

per year

Breakeven at 8% Electrical Cost Inflation

per year

Breakeven at 10%

Electrical Cost Inflation

per year

Net Positive Cash Flow (or reduced operating costs) after 30 years at

6% Electrical Cost

Escalation

Net Positive Cash Flow

(or reduced operating costs) after 30 years at

8% Electrical Cost

Escalation

Net Positive Cash Flow

(or reduced operating costs) after 30 years at 10%

Electrical Cost

Escalation

Option 1 ‐ 23 Bores, no change to equipment

$256,273 23.5 years 20.5 years 18.5 years $153,369 $330,707 $596,058

Option 2* –23 bores, change equipment to cheaper equipment

$218,615 21.5 years 19.5 years 17.5 years $191,028 $368,366 $633,716

Original Estimate assuming $7,000 per Ton for geoexchange bores

$98,273 13.5 12 11.5 $311,369 $488,707 $754,058

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1/11 1/11 1/12 1/12 1/13 1/13 1/14 1/14 1/15 1/15 1/16

Outside Air Tem

p (F)

Pool temperature (F)

Mid January Pool Temperature Profile

Pool Temperature Outside Air Temp

Fluid Heater

SACRED HEART RED LIGHT, NATURAL VENTILATION, DAYLIGHT

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Typical Food Energy Stats

Average EUI of 325

Refrigeration, 65

Food Prep, 98

Hot Water, 41

HVAC, 81

Lighting, 24

Miscellaneous, 16

• Typical Cafeteria EUI Range: 250‐400 kBTU/sf‐yr

• No Ventilation Heat Recovery

• No VAV hoods

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EUI of 325: PV Breakdown• Floor area = 20,000 ft2

• 1,905,041 KWh

• Requires 1733 KW of PV capacity, $6.93 Million

= 250 KW

Chatham Commons

Requirements for 20 EUI Commons

• About 60% of energy use from kitchen equipment

• For a 20 EUI requirement, kitchen must be <= 12 EUI

Refrigeration, 4

Food Prep, 6

Hot Water, 2.5

HVAC, 5

Lighting, 1.5

Miscellaneous, 1

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Modeling Chatham Commons: Initial Assumptions

• Kitchen use: 16 hours/day, 7 days/week

• 3 meals per day for 150 students

• 1,500 gal/day hot water (dishwashing)

• Constant flow exhaust hoods

• Standard refrigeration

Lights6%

Misc Equipment

7%Heating1%

Cooling6%

Pumps4% Fans

7%

Ext Lights1%

DHW1%

Kitchen DHW8%

Kitchen Equipment

59%

EUI 233.8

Kitchen Energy Analysis: Estimating Load from Individual Equipment

Chapter 18 in AHSRAE Fundamentals

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Kitchen Equipment

Kitchen Energy Analysis: Estimating Load from Individual Equipment

Load to Space vs. Energy Consumption

Kitchen Energy by End‐Use: Updated Assumptions

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Item Standard PracticeEnergy Use/PV Cost

Efficient PracticeEnergy Use/PV Cost

Radical Energy ReductionEnergy Use/PV Cost

Walk in cooler/freezer

Air‐cooled compressor with heat rejection to atmosphere or indoors

Water‐cooled compressors using geothermal loop

Water‐cooled compressors using geothermal loop and air side economizer. Refrigeration heat recovery to domestic hot water system

TMATypical design is outdoor air cooled

Current design is indoor water cooled remote refrigeration

Heat recovery can be added to refrigeration system

U/C RefrigeratorStandard Energy Star Equipment

Super‐insulated refrigeratorsCan food service be done in such a manner to limit the need of U/C refrigerator

TMAEnergy star will be provided

Super‐Insulated does not provide any substantial savings due to the typical operation of the unit (Opening/Closing Door, etc.

Undercounter Refrigeration can be eliminated. This will require additional labor with trips to the main cold storage room.

Dish MachineWater conserving dishwasher

Super low water use dishwasherSuper low water use dishwasher with heat recovery

TMA Super low unit will be specifiedUnits in the size proposed for this project are not available with heat recovery.

Display OvenCan this equipment be utilized to provide warm meals only twice a day

Can this equipment be utilizied to only provide one hot meal a day? Is a display oven required for a super efficeint food service facility

TMA

Owner/Operator decision on quantity of hot meals served per day ‐ factor pre heat time/operational training

High speed convection microwave oven could be a replacement. Owner/Operator decision

Soda/Ice Dispenser

Is ice dispensing really required or can beverages be kept cold in the basement or refrigerators and only brought out just in time for meals? Can there be other drinks provided that do not require a soda machine? Is soda what a healthy campus should be serving as schools are pulling soda machines out of their cafeterias?

TMA Energy Star rated unit Eliminate, Owner/Operator decision

Kitchen Efficiency Charrette

• Kitchen use: 16 hours/day, 7 days/week

• 3 meals per day for 150 students

• 1,500 gal/day hot water (dishwashing)

• Variable flow exhaust

• Remote refrigeration loop

• Induction range, griddle, and grooved griddle

Lights8%

Misc Equipment10%

Heating2%

Cooling7%

Pumps5%

Fans5%

Ext Lights1%

DHW2%

Kitchen DHW11%

Elec Kitchen Equipment

22%

Gas Kitchen Equipment

27%

EUI 162.1

Modeling Chatham Commons: Updated Assumptions

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EUI of 162.1: PV Breakdown

• Floor area = 20,000 ft2

• 920,175 KWh

• Requires 865 KW of PV capacity, $3.46 Million (reduced by 50% from initial assumptions)

= 250 KW

Chatham Commons

Strategies for Further Reduction

EUI = 142.7

PV = 761 KW

• Eliminate Hot Breakfast (11 hour/day use of equipment)

• Eliminate the Pizza Oven and Hot Breakfast

• Eliminate Pizza, Hot Breakfast, and Extreme Reduction of Equipment Use (8hrs/day)

EUI = 126.8

PV= 676 KW

EUI = 117.8

PV = 628 KW

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS

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March‐16 April‐16 May‐16 June‐16 July‐16 August‐16 September‐16

Temperature (F)

Geothermal Supply Water Temp (F)

PRELIMINARY RESULTS

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Exhau

st Flow (CFM

)

Variable Flow vs Constant Volume Kitchen Exhaust

ERU‐2 Exhaust Flow (CFM) Design Flow Rate

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS

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Equipmen

t Power (KW)

Exhau

st Flow (CFM

)Kitchen Exhaust vs Kitchen Equipment Power

ERU‐2 Exhaust Flow (CFM) Design Flow Rate Total Kitchen Equipment Power

Making it StickCommunication, Education and Practice

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…

Continuing the StoryIt MUST live with the users

…


1. Engage the students in the WHY

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Start early in the engagement Its more memorable

SHS Stevens Library - First Net Zero Certified Library and first CA School by ILFI

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Make it a part of the everydayIts more memorable

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Make it a part of the everydayIts more memorable

Water Conservation – the BIGGER picture

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Many many mini sessionsShampoo, rinse, repeat

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…



2. It must live on when you are gone : TRANSLATE

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EUI 43 kBtu/sf (vs 63)

PVs to NZ – 161 kW (345 w panel)

W to W ratio: 37%; max daylight autonomy

Operable windows reduced cooling demand

by 25%; provide ventilation

Stormwater/Rainwater supplies 88% of

toilet flushing needs

Green Roof filters 50% of rainwater falling

on roof

Greywater is filtered through stepped

planters ; discharged to below grade

dispersal trench per city code requirments

PROJECTED

Kitchen energy use reduction by 32 % (compared to baseline)

Building water reduction by 36.4%

Site water reduction by 61%

Stormwater planters on site treat 7,817

gallons of site runoff

Energy Star score 110 (vs 75)

Total Energy use reduction by 38% (ASHRAE 2007)

100% reduction in carbon (vs51.4 metric tons)

On going commitment

Maker equipment energy budget

Kitchen energy budget

Material LBC purchase guide

WELL policy guides

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…what falls on our site…

Reflect energy balance

SONOMA ACADEMY

Share your graphicsConnect the dots

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143 kW PV system producing 210,646 kWhPlaced over green roof and patioPlaced over adjacent gym buildingSunpower modules with DC optimizersSafety factor of 13%

SONOMA ACADEMY

Share your graphicsIts more memorable

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……thermal comfort….

Share your graphicsConnect the dots

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Translate your lovely line diagrams

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…what falls on our site…

SONOMA ACADEMY

Reflect water balance

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See how water moves through the site

How water and landscape and energy are connected

Everything does good service

radiant in floors for heating and cooling

Make graphicsSo it is cared for

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Radiant in concrete flooring

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What is living with a

net zero maker space

like?

radiant in floors for heating and cooling ‐ where the machines are..

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Color it for easy reading

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Use one machining tool at a time (interlock)

Use one welding tool at a time (interlock)

Use one at a time (share outlet)

Boil it down• Make it simple

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Translate your lovely line diagrams

…so they know what controls what…

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Then they will notice and even ask….

Why were the shades ALWAYS down?

Do I use those shades?

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Visibility of food prepping

Daylight and views for

kitchen staff

Balanced light

LED lighting

What are those panels?

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It needs to be trackable and understood – all the time

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water flow and filtering

radiant ceilings, floors, controls

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sunshades, solar tubes, pvs

It needs to be trackable and understood – all the time

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…



2. It must live on when you are gone : TRANSLATE

3. EXPLAIN THE BIG PICTURE – don’t be afraid to share what the urgency is

To truly reduce carbon impact…

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Get the gas out

Most chefs will not immediately agree

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Range Energy Efficiency

Source: Natural Gas Source: Electric Coil Source: Electric Radiant

Source: Induction

Energy efficiency: 50% Energy efficiency: 55% Energy efficiency: 55% Energy efficiency: 90%

Water boiling test (2qts):8 minutes, 18 seconds




Source: http://www.bestinductioncooktopguide.com/what‐is‐induction‐cooking/

Even if there are good options out there

set the table…

set it as a HEALTH issue – cleaner air

• Removing gas – one less toxic substance

• Less risk of kitchen fires• Less heat generated means more

comfortable cooking conditions

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Kitchens use 5x the amount of energy than other building program

5xA simple stat helps a simple message

Pauline Souza slides

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CFCs, HFCs,PFCs & HCFCs

N2O

APRIL 25, 2019DRAWDOWN – GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERIC LIFE, CARBON BRIEF - GUARDIAN

CARBON DIOXIDEMETHANE

NITROUS OXIDE FLUORINATED GASES

WATER VAPOR

Burning of fossil fuels & chemical reactions (cement)

Coal, natural gas and oil production & transport

Agricultural and industrial activity + wastewater treatment

Manmade, refrigerants The stuff of life, balance, weather

CO2CH4

H2O


N2O

APRIL 25, 2019

DRAWDOWN – GREENHOUSE GAS ATMOSPHERIC LIFE, CARBON BRIEF - GUARDIAN



WATER VAPOR





CO2CH4

H2O

CO2, by definition, has a GWP of 1

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N2O

APRIL 25, 2019



WATER VAPOR





CO2CH4

H2O

Methane (CH4) is estimated to have a GWP of 28–36



APRIL 25, 2019




WATER VAPOR

20-200 years12 years

114 years <1 – 1000’s of years Hours to days

CO2CH4

N2O

CFCs, HFCs,PFCs & HCFCs H2O

Methane (CH4) is estimated to have a GWP of 28–36


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Natural Gas Methane

https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/natural‐gas‐industry‐has‐methane‐problem

But the fact that natural gas burns cleaner than other combustible fuels doesn’t mean that it’s clean. The reason why can largely be summed up in one word: methane

https://www.ucsusa.org/clean‐energy/coal‐and‐other‐fossil‐fuels/environmental‐impacts‐of‐natural‐gas

A simple graphic helps a simple message

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Not good for clean air

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GatherDine

Store, Prep, MakeDining area

CenterGarden

PrepareCook + Store

A budget led by efficiency…

GatherDine

Store, Prep, MakeDining area

CenterGarden

PrepareCook + Store

A budget led by efficiency…

and health…

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• Modeling each specific end use by equipment

• Kitchen and Menu Charrette

Example – Food Service

Ceiling fans

Visibly connect the making of food to the celebration of food and community

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The kitchen air is part of the dining air

Induction ranges

No frying

No gas

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Visibly connect the making of food to the celebration of food and community AND HEALTHY AIR!


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Map itGraphically make it stick

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source

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SONOMA ACADEMY STUDIOS + GRANGE

SHS STEVENS LIBRARY

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SILICON VALLEY CAMPUS

Overall Lifecycle Analysis

Assumption – all operational energy comes from CA power grid

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Overall Lifecycle Analysis ‐ NZEB

Overall Lifecycle Analysis

Organized by Material Division

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Track ItTap into the competitive streak

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Exterior Material – 15,300 sf

Masonry : 43%

Wood : 19%

Glass : 33%

Other : 5%

19,300 sf of occupied interior floor

78% bare concrete

8% tiled carpet

10% epoxy resin kitchen

4% tile

Limit line 49, 790 sf

Building footprint :17,019 sf

Hardscape 13,290 sf incl green roof

Green roof : 5,815 sf

Landscape : 24,484 sf

materials –all through LBC

materials – regional/community 15%

CLT

Reclaimed wood interior and exterior

All new wood FSC

Low carbon Block made from soils

MATERIALS AND LIMITS

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Reclaimed Cedar

reclaimed wood – overall ~2% of embodied carbon on project.

Reclaiming the wood (conservatively) represents 25% carbon savings, adds to the story, reuses an existing material

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Highs

Value Proposition from standard projects

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‐ By Silas Grossman, Freshman at Sonoma Academy and grandson of Peter Nosler

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“How dare you pretend that this can be solved with business as usual “

“The eyes of all future generations are on you”

“ I want you to act as if the house is on fire…because it is….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMrtLsQbaok

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ArchitectPartner

Firm Sustainability [email protected]

Mechanical EngineerManaging Principal

[email protected]

Pauline SouzaWRNS Studio

Hormoz JanssensInterface Engineers

Questions?

Documents

Zero Energy Educational Buildings: An Integrated long