A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure
properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. In astronomy, spectrometers have been used in star
spectral classification. 38. Spectrometer
Slide 3
A spectrometer can tell us if a star is moving toward or away
from the Earth by indicating a changes in spectral wavelength.
Shorter wavelengths indicate a star is moving toward us. Longer
wavelengths indicate a star is moving away from us. 39. Doppler
Shift
Slide 4
Asteroid - a diverse group of small celestial bodies that drift
in the solar system in orbit around the Sun Comet - a small body in
the solar system that orbits the Sun exhibits a coma and/or a tail
both primarily from the effects of solar radiation upon the comet's
nucleus Meteor / Meteorite - a meteor is the visible path of a
meteoroid that enters the atmosphere; meteorites are meteoroids
that make it to the Earths surface without burning up 40. Space
Rocks
Slide 5
Galaxy - a huge gravitationally bound system of stars,
interstellar gas and dust, plasma, and (possibly) unseen dark
matterThe Milky Way Constellation - a group of stars visibly
related to each other in a particular configuration or pattern The
Big Dipper Nebula - a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that, in
theory, may condense to form a planetary system The Horsehead
Nebula 41. More on Space
Slide 6
Asteroid Belt - An asteroid is a chunk of rock and metal
floating in space. It is leftover from when the Sun and planets
formed. The asteroid belt is located between the planet Mars and
Jupiter. There is where most of the asteroids are in the solar
system. Kuiper Belt - The Kuiper belt is made up of objects that
are composed largely of frozen methane, ammonia, and water. Pluto
is found in the Kuiper belt along with thousands of other Kuiper
belt objects. 41. Even More on Space
Slide 7
42. Hypertonic v. Hypotonic A hypertonic solution has a higher
concentration of solutes than that in a cell. This solution has
more solute particles and, therefore, relatively less water so
water flows out. A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration
compared to the cell so water flows in. Cells can burst. An
isotonic solution has equal concentration of solutes so water moves
equally into and out of cells.
Slide 8
43. Prokaryotes
Slide 9
44. Cell Organelles (Page 1 of 2) Mitochondria: provide the
energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products,
and contract; they are the power centers of a cell Lysosomes:
contain enzymes necessary for intracellular digestion; in white
blood cells that destroy bacteria, lysosome contents kill and
digest the bacteria Endoplasmic reticula: a structure that is
responsible for protein translation, folding, and transport of
proteins Nuclei: organelles that communicate with the rest of the
cell via numerous nuclear pores; within the nucleus is the DNA
responsible for providing each cell with its unique
characteristics
Slide 10
44. Cell Organelles (Page 2 of 2) Vesicle: stores, transports,
or digests cellular products and wastes Centriole: organelles that
aid in cell division Golgi apparatus: a structure that is mainly
responsible for packaging macromolecules for transport elsewhere in
the cell Ribosome: an organelle that assembles proteins Vacuole:
removes unwanted debris; isolates materials that might be harmful
to the cell; maintains internal turgor pressure and pH
Slide 11
45. Nondisjunction Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosome
pairs to separate properly. The result of this error is a cell with
an imbalance of chromosomes. When a chromosome is lost, it is
called a monosomy. When a chromosome is gained, it is called a
trisomy. Trisomy 21 is the cause of approximately 95% of observed
Down syndromes, with 88% coming from nondisjunction in the maternal
gamete and 8% coming from nondisjunction in the paternal
gamete.
Slide 12
46. Inheritance Ratios (Page 1 of 2) Genotype: the "internally
coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms
Phenotype: the "outward, physical manifestation" of an organism
Complete Dominance: - characteristics of some genes completely
dominate others Ex. tall (Tt) plants with tall (T) and short (t)
genes producing tall (TT, Tt) and short (tt) Incomplete Dominance:
- no dominance of one gene type over another Ex. pink (wr) flowers
with white (w) and red (r) genes producing white (ww), red (rr),
and pink (wr) Tt TTTTt tTttt wrwwwwr rwrrr Punnett Squares Genotype
Ratio: 1TT:2Tt:1tt Or 1:2:1 Phenotype Ratio: 3T:1t Or 3:1 Genotype
Ratio: 1ww:2wr:1rr Or 1:2:1 Phenotype Ratio: 1ww:2wr:1rr Or
1:2:1
Slide 13
46. Inheritance Ratios (Page 2 of 2) Monohybrid Cross: a cross
of an organism dealing with only one characteristic Dihybrid Cross:
a cross of an organism dealing with two characteristics Genotype
Ratio: 1TTRR:1TTRr:2TtRr:2TtRR:4TtRr:2Ttrr:2ttRr:1ttRR:1ttrr Or
1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1 TRTrtRtr TRTTRRTTRrTtRRTtRr TrTTRrTTrrTtRrTtrr
tRTtRRTtRrttRRttRr trTtRrTtrrttRrttrr Phenotype Ratio:
9TR:3Tr:3tR:1tr Or 9:3:3:1
Slide 14
47. Sickle-Cell Disease Sickle-Cell Disease: a genetic disease
in which people inherit two copies of the sickle cell gene, one
from each parent Note: In the sample above, S is equivalent to a in
the Test Prep Guide.
Slide 15
48. Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis: the process in which
cells build proteins (a) DNA info is transcribed to RNA. (b) This
RNA is then subject to post- transcription, resulting in a mature
mRNA that is then transported out of the nucleus and into the
cytoplasm. (c) Here mRNA goes through translation into a protein by
ribosomes that match the three- base codons of the mRNA to the
three-base anti-codons of the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA). (d)
Newly synthesized proteins (black) often go through
post-translation, such as by binding to an effector molecule
(orange), to become fully active.
50. Protozoan Classification Protozoans are unicellular
organisms which are classified into five phylums according to
differences in movement Five phylums of Protozoans: 1. Ciliata -
the phylum in which creatures are covered with short hair-like
structures called cilia 2. Mastigophora - the phylum having
characteristic whiplike structures called flagella 3. Sarcodina -
free-living protozoans having pseudopods 4. Cnidospora - the phylum
characterized by walled spores, which have hollow polar filaments
5. Sporozoa - parasites that move passively and anchor themselves
firmly inside the organism they invade
Slide 18
51. Plant v. Animal Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell
Slide 19
52. Root Endodermis Endodermis: In plants, it is a thin layer
of cells found in roots, just outside the vascular cylinder. It
regulates the flow of water and minerals. Endodermis is tightly
packed together and contains a waxy substance which prevents water
from flowing back into the soil. Water is forced toward the center
of the root, into the xylem, where it is then transported into the
rest of the plant.