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PERINGATAN:PERINGATAN:
SALIN NOTA INI TERMASUK GAMBARAJAHSALIN NOTA INI TERMASUK GAMBARAJAH
((bolehboleh photostatphotostat daridari bukubuku teksteks))
GAMBAR FOTOGAMBAR FOTO TAK PERLUTAK PERLU CETAK /LUKISCETAK /LUKIS
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INTRODUCTION OF DESIGN
METHODOLOGY Design methodology encapsulates step orprocesses involved in producing a particular
product.
A good design methodology implementation must
be well planned, properly executed and normallyinvolved various activities.
Some processes need to be repeated to obtain the
best result.
Design methodology basically contains four levels:
i. Situation
ii. Problem solving
iii. Prototype
iv. Testing
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IMPLIMENTATION OF
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
Failed
Situation
Brief
Study and
Research
Solution
Prototype or
Model
Testing,Evaluation
and Result
Documentation
Product
No
Selected
PassProcess flowchart and work
implementation of engineering
design methodology
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SITUATIONS FOR DESING Situation is a given condition within the human environmentthat pose a specific problem.
Design is intended to suggest plausible solution to a given
problem.
The needs vary according to local situation andrequirements:
Modification of product that cannot fulfill human
needs.
Design of new products to solve new problems.
Value adding to product to increase competition in
the market.
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SITUATION FOR DESIGN
SITUATIONS THAT CAUSE PROBLEMS BRIEF/ALTERNATIVE
SOLUTIONS
Teachers take a lot of time to record studentsattendance.
Problem: Waste of time
Use biometric thumb scannerUse smart card
During holiday, buses are not enough. Many
could not continue their journey and fail to reach
destination on time.
Problem: Transportation during holiday is not
sufficient
Add number of transports
Encourage car pool
Diversify types of vehicles
Mothers often forget where they keep the house
key.
Problem: Forget where the keys are located.
Devices that can produce alarm or
indicate the location of the key.
Use key holder
Wear as a pendant
Students are noisy when teacher is not around.
Problem: Noisy students.
Use camera that can be viewed from
principles room
Install alarm that detects noise in the
class
Heavy school bags are not suitable to students
age.
Problem: Physical burden carried by students.
Replace books with CDs
Bag with wheels/trolleys
Provide flexible time-tables
Detach text books according to
chapters
2
1
3
4
5
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DESIGN BRIEF Design brief is a summary that acts as primary reference on how
certain problematic situation needs to be resolved.
A brief is intended to provide early suggestions and state what is
required for problem solving. A brief contains:
i. Ideas/ explanation on how problems can generally be solved.
ii. Proposal on method or resolution.
iii. Technique on how the design should be created.
A brief should be changed if certain situation is not suitable or pose
complex problems. In getting ideas and solution to solve certain
problems, the following approaches can be followed:
i. Reading
ii. Direct observation
iii. Brainstorming session.
iv. Discussion with experts.
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STUDY AND RESEARCH
1. Specifying design criteria.
2. Specifying manufacturing technique
3. Specifying cost
4. Specifying special factor
5. Specifying safety feature
6. Market identification
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN1. Specifying design criteria.
DESCRIPTIONCollect product information
Type, price, usage, brand, manufacture, distributor and etc.
List out product function
List design function and identify whether it is able to meet customers
need.
Ensure ergonomic feature
Consider various shapes, colour, texture and suitability with customer.
Ensure the suggested shape is simple, easy to store and potable.
Ensure the suitability of its size and shape as well as its aesthetic value.
Specifying materials
Specifying whether the material used in the product is natural, artificial orsynthetic.
Ensure the material is suitable and easy to obtain.
Usage of recycle material is encouraged to save cost.
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DESCRIPTION
Specifying surface finishingEnsure the finishing is appropriate with material and design function.
Examples of finishing materials are paint, varnish, polish and grinded.
Specifying strength
Ensure strength material, or assembly of design is tested. Testing should be
made on if required.
RESERCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESERCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN1. Specifying design criteria.
DESCRIPTION
Shaping method
Ensure efficient design to be created and does not cause problem to the
end product.Joining method
Ensure the most suitable joining method either for permanent, temporary,
movable, movable or joints.
Assembly type
Ensure assembly type match its cost.
2. Specifying manufacturing technique
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGNRESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN
3. Specifying cost
DESCRIPTIONSpecifying the project cost according to budget and time to end the project.
DESCRIPTION
Specifying special factor according to customers request..
DESCRIPTION
Ensuring that the design can be used safely.
4. Specifying special factor
5. Specifying safety feature
DESCRIPTION
Specifying the project cost according to budget and time to end the project.
6. Market identification
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SOLUTION TO THE
RESEARCH CONDUCTED
(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation and research(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation and research(b) Selection of solution(b) Selection of solution
1.1. After the research purpose or aim has been identified,After the research purpose or aim has been identified,
designer could have more ideas on how problems candesigner could have more ideas on how problems can
be solved.be solved.
2.2. The ideas can be in the form of solution by inventing aThe ideas can be in the form of solution by inventing a
new product or modifying existing product.new product or modifying existing product.
The solution can be divided into two:The solution can be divided into two:
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i. At this stage, problem solving ideas will be stimulated.i. At this stage, problem solving ideas will be stimulated.
ii.ii. Designer must document his/her ideas either in the form ofDesigner must document his/her ideas either in the form ofwriting or painting. Ideas can be generated through:writing or painting. Ideas can be generated through:
Obliging situationObliging situation situation that is persuasive orsituation that is persuasive or
forceful.forceful.
CoincidenceCoincidence emerges by chance.emerges by chance.
Natural talent (creative)Natural talent (creative) the mind is always creative to comethe mind is always creative to come
up with new ideas.up with new ideas. EncouragementEncouragement through competition and exhibition.through competition and exhibition.
(a)(a) Collecting ideas based on brief situation andCollecting ideas based on brief situation and
researchresearch
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Questionnaire and interviewQuestionnaire and interview ask customer or expertask customer or expertfor information.for information.
Experience and brainstormingExperience and brainstorming learn from someonelearn from someone
elses lives or experiences.elses lives or experiences.
Direct observationDirect observation analysis and comparing availableanalysis and comparing available
products.products.
ReadingReading getting ideas through multiple resources.getting ideas through multiple resources.
Discussions and meetingsDiscussions and meetings with friends or experts towith friends or experts toget a wider and differentget a wider and different
views and perspectives.views and perspectives.
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The solution method at a brief stage.The solution method at a brief stage.
SolutionSolution
Selection IdeaSelection Idea
CollectionCollection
Natural talentNatural talent
EncouragementEncouragement
QuestionnaireQuestionnaire
ExperienceExperience
ObservationObservation
DiscussionDiscussion
Obliging situationObliging situation
CoincidenceCoincidence
ReadingReading
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Solution
Suggestions
Able/ notable to
meetstudents
need
Ergonomic shape,
aesthentic
Easy
Withstand
travelling
Suitableassembly,
easilyshaped
Overall cost
Safety
Marketcompetitive
-ness
Special factor
Correct
figure
Design bus dailyschedule so that
student are awareof the travelling
time.
9/9
Design a
centralised bus
station so thatstudent do not
have to waste
time moving from
one station toanother.
X X X X X X 3/9
Design alarmsystem that can
detect and tellstudents upon
bus arrivals.
X X X 6/9
Design pedestriansystem to replace
the bus. X X X X 5/9
4/4 4/4 1/4 2/4 2/4 1/4 3/4 3/4 3/4
Solutions to the problem as presented at a brief level.Solutions to the problem as presented at a brief level.
11
22
33
44
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(b) Selection of solution(b) Selection of solution
After the solution has been selected, the following needsAfter the solution has been selected, the following needsto be completed:to be completed:
i.i. Sketch / draw the product in two or three dimensional.Sketch / draw the product in two or three dimensional.
ii.ii. Produce the blueprint (complete drawing withProduce the blueprint (complete drawing with
dimensions).dimensions).
iii.iii. Orthographic, oblique, isometric and assembly drawingsOrthographic, oblique, isometric and assembly drawings
are normally used.are normally used.
iv.iv. These drawings are used to illustrate how to assembleThese drawings are used to illustrate how to assemblethethe
product, to show the components dimensions and toproduct, to show the components dimensions and to
suggest the final finishing of the product.suggest the final finishing of the product.
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v.v. DocumentationDocumentation refers to the list of materials,refers to the list of materials,
components, devices required, cost estimation,components, devices required, cost estimation,
agreement, licensing and copyright.agreement, licensing and copyright.
vi.vi. Critic sessionCritic session this session must be conducted at allthis session must be conducted at all
stagesstages
so that the best decision could be made. This sessionso that the best decision could be made. This sessionnormally produces suggestions, critics, modification, andnormally produces suggestions, critics, modification, and
continuously helps to critics or improve on the safetycontinuously helps to critics or improve on the safety
feature.feature.
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Solution to research.Solution to research.
CriticCritic
sessionsession
Work involves in solutionWork involves in solution
searching process aftersearching process after
selection has been madeselection has been made
ProductProduct
sketchingsketching
AssemblyAssembly
methodmethod
Engineering/Engineering/
technicaltechnical
drawingdrawing
Material listMaterial list
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BlockBlock
ModelModel
Actual ModelActual Model
(prototype)(prototype)
ScaleScale
ModelModel
ComputerisedComputerised
ModelModel
MODEL TYPEMODEL TYPE
Design models.Design models.
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TESTINGTESTING Testing is an activity to ensure effectiveness, functions andTesting is an activity to ensure effectiveness, functions and
safety of the product.safety of the product.
There areThere are three typesthree types of testing to be conducted onof testing to be conducted on
actual model or computerised model.actual model or computerised model.
(a)(a)Lab testLab test
Test that is conducted in the lab with controlled parametersTest that is conducted in the lab with controlled parameters
such as lighting, temperature, wind, water, speed and othersuch as lighting, temperature, wind, water, speed and other
factors.factors.
(b) Parameter test(b) Parameter test
Test that is conducted in real setting (a place where theTest that is conducted in real setting (a place where the
product will be used). All parameters used are realproduct will be used). All parameters used are real
parameters.parameters.
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(c) Computer test(c) Computer test
This test is conducted using simulation.This test is conducted using simulation.
All parameters within this test can be easily controlled andAll parameters within this test can be easily controlled and
test results can be obtained quickly.test results can be obtained quickly.
In addition, actual object can also be tested using computerIn addition, actual object can also be tested using computer
to get data and analyse results.to get data and analyse results.
Examples of these softwares are CAMLINK and AutoCADExamples of these softwares are CAMLINK and AutoCAD
Mechanical. These softwares can also perform testing onMechanical. These softwares can also perform testing on
objects drawn in 2D.objects drawn in 2D.
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During testing, modification and improvement must be madeDuring testing, modification and improvement must be made
to the design if the following conditions occur:to the design if the following conditions occur:
Model does not meet the brief requirement or users needs. Model does not meet the brief requirement or users needs.
Not appealing and attractive in design. Not appealing and attractive in design.
Not functioning appropriately. Not functioning appropriately.
Untidy / assembly is not perfect. Untidy / assembly is not perfect.
Does not meet users needs and specification. Does not meet users needs and specification.
Wrong material used. Wrong material used.
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Documentation is the process of documenting theDocumentation is the process of documenting the
processes involved in producing the product from theprocesses involved in producing the product from the
start till complete.start till complete.
Documentation is done for the following purpose:Documentation is done for the following purpose:
As a written evidence in applying for a pattern As a written evidence in applying for a pattern
protection from certain bodies such as SIRIMprotection from certain bodies such as SIRIM
(Standard Industrial Research of Malaysia).(Standard Industrial Research of Malaysia).
As a reference for future research. As a reference for future research.
As a reference for creating manual booklets. As a reference for creating manual booklets.
As a reference for identifying specifications of As a reference for identifying specifications of
technical product.technical product.
DOCUMENTATION ANDDOCUMENTATION AND
PRODUCTPRODUCT
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THE ENDTHE END