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CHAPTER FIFTEENThe West and the Changing Balance of Power

World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition

Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 15: The West and the Changing Balance of Power

Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

I. The Decline of the Old Order II. The Rise of the WestIII. Western Expansion: The Experimental PhaseIV. Outside the World Network



I. The Decline of the Old Order

Abbasids destroyed by Mongols, 13th century

Baghdad fell to Mongols

Overreliance on foreign troops and advisors

Byzantine Empire in decline

Constantinople falls to Ottomans Turks in 1453

A. Social and Cultural Change in the Middle EastSociety became less secular, more focused on religious ideas

Religious leaders in control by 1300

Ibn-Rushd (Averröes) from Muslim Spain spoke of Greek rationalism

More popular in Europe, ignored by Middle East

As caliphate declined, landlords dominated peasants

Peasants lost freedom, became serf on large plantations

Economic decline: Agricultural production and development declined, trading declined, taxes declined

B. A Power Vacuum in International Leadership

Mongols

Decline hinders international trade

Ottomans

Not an international power, no established international trade network



I. The Decline of the Old Order

C. Chinese Thrust and Withdrawal

Ming (“brilliant”) dynasty (1368-1644)

Replaces the Yuan

Expansionist

Into Mongolia, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet

State sponsors commercial ventures

to India, Middle East, Africa

Chinese fleets

Zhenghe, Muslim admiral from western China

Why did expeditions stop in 1433?

China became more isolationist

Still trade in Asian area

Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia



II. The Rise of the West

Period of relative stagnation, 14th, 15th centuries

Why was the rise of the West surprising?

Still awed by other bureaucracies

Church under attack

warrior aristocrats softened life – ridiculous tournaments/armor

Warrior aristocrats indulged in ritual, had soft lifestyle

No longer useful militarily

lives of ordinary Europeans falling apart

Famine -Food supplies insufficient

food supply not enough for population, no new food production techniques

Vulnerable to bubonic plague (Black Death)

China’s population hit by 30%

Europe lost 30 million (at its worse from 1348-1375)

Led to strikes/peasant uprisings

A. Sources of Dynamism: Medieval VitalityMonarchies

Increasingly centralized --- non-aristocratic soldiers paid directly by royal govt.

Aristocracy less of a threatThe Hundred Years War (Britain vs. France) stimulated innovations in military organization

Iberia

Monarchs strengthened through Reconquista – Christian leaders re-conquered parts of Spain and Portugal and drove out the Muslims



Commercial Activity Increased

Church accepted capitalism, profit-seeking

Advancement in technology

iron-work (bells and weapons)

Timekeeping

B. Imitation and International Problems (Two Additional FactorsRelated to Europe’s International Position)

Mongol Empire provided new access to Asian knowledge and technology

(printing, compass, explosive powder)

Western Europe eager learners because of internal conflict and “merchant zeal”

Trade imbalance

Western elites increasingly consuming Asian luxury products

Europeans had only to offer wool, tin, copper, honey, salt

Unfavorable balance had to made up in gold – gold famine threatened

European economic collapse

Trade also threatened by rise of Ottomans, who were positioned to act as intermediaries in

Asian trade routes . This was impetus to find other routes to Asia



II. The Rise of the West

C. Secular Directions in the Italian Renaissance

West’s surge forward – rebirth of culture and political views of Classical Europe

Artists created more human-centered works of art – humanism

Artist/writers pushed for own reputation/glory

Works now secular, and religious simultaneously

Italy center of initial Renaissance – wealthy merchants wanted to impress others – patrons

Help sponsor cultural activities, scholars – competition

D. Human Values and Renaissance Culture

Focus of art changed – it’s a cultural revolution

Subject – people, nature, portraits

Introduction of perspective using new colors and materials

Vivid, realistic statues similar to classic Rome/Greece

Not a full separation from Medieval World since art usually had to involve religion

Change mindset – looking outward

Italian commerce and shipping building block

Ambitious city-state governments funded new ventures, eager to collect taxes

Human ambition, pursuit of glory focused on exploration/conquest



E. The Iberian Spirit of Religious Mission

Key center for change by the 14yh century

Castile and Aragon (major regional monarchies) allied through marriage in 1469

Spanish and Portugese rulers pushing military/religious agenda

Had effective armies (infantry and cavalry)

Mission of govt. armies to push Christianity, expel Arabs/Jews

Government enforced Church codes

Inquisition courts to enforce orthodoxy

Important factor was government with religious mission

III. Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase

A. Early ExplorationsThe Genoese Vivaldi brothers

sought western route to the “Indies” (spice-producing areas in South and southeast Asia)

1291, disappear after passing Gibraltar

14th century explorers

Canary Islands, Madeiras, possibly the Azores

Spanish expeditions along west African coast

What innovations encouraged early explorations?



B. Colonial Patterns

How do you make expeditions profitable?

Henry the Navigator pushed for scientific, intellectual, religious, economic motivations

Funded 1/3 of Portugese voyages before death in 1460

Azores, Maderias, Canaries under the control of Portugal and Spain

Islands off Africa became test ground for colonialism

Large agricultural estates used for cash crops for European markets – sugar first, then cotton , tobacco

Portugese brought in slaves from northwestern Africa

Success of early programs led to expansion

Southern Atlantic, coast of Africa, across the Atlantic

Forces influencing European expansion

inferiorities and fears - Muslims

energies of Renaissance merchants

economic pressures

population surge



IV. Outside the World Network

Americas and Polynesia not part of international trade

A. Political Issues in the Americas

Aztec and Inca challenged after 1400

Aztecs face resistance from subjects

Inca expansion jeopardizes the state

Local leaders a threat to central power

B. Expansion, Migration, and Conquest in Polynesia700-1400

Migrations, conquest

Hawaii settled

Organized into regional kingdoms, warlike

Caste system with priests and nobles on top

Polynesian Expansion



IV. Outside the World Network

C. Isolated Achievements by the MaorisNew Zealand settled as early as the 8th century

Maori successfully adapted to lad that was colder and harsher than homeland

Population expansion from small group to about 200,000 in 18 th century

Most elaborate of Polynesian art

D. Adding Up the Changes1400 a time of change globally

Technological change (compass, astrolabe)

Why did existing patterns (continuity) in Africa persist?