Chemistry 102

PERIODS – Rows on the Periodic Table arranged

by atomic # horizontally.

Families /

Groups – Columns that have many similar properties and chemical characteristics and numbered 1-18.

Basic Organization of Elements on the Periodic Table

The states of matter of all of the elements is given for normal conditions, i.e. a temperature of 20°C / 68 F.

Metals

Non -

Metals

Metalloids

http://www.lenntech.com/periodic-chart.htm SmartBD Act

• Metals

*Luster (shininess)

*Good conductors of heat and electricity

*High density (heavy for their size)

*Ductile (most metals can be drawn out

into thin wires)

*Malleable (most metals can be hammered

into thin sheets)

Non-Metals

• No luster (dull appearance)

• Poor conductor of heat and electricity

• Brittle (breaks easily)

• Not ductile

• Not malleable

• Low density

Metals and Non-Metals

SB Interactive Periodic

Metalloids – “In Between Metals and Non-metals” with their

characteristics.

Chemical Symbols -

letters that represent an element on the periodic table.

Element Symbol

Sodium Na

Chlorine Cl

Hydrogen H

Oxygen 0

Carbon C

Nitrogen N

Chemical symbols to

know!!

Chemical Formulas to KNOW

• Common molecules and their chemical formulas.

• ________ – Table salt / Sodium Chloride • _______ – Carbon Dioxide • _______ – Oxygen Gas • _______ – Water • ________ – Glucose • ________ – Nitrogen Gas

• Common table salt is the compound sodium chloride.

• Sodium chloride has one atom of sodium for each atom of chlorine.

• Sodium chloride as a chemical formula: NaCl

NaCl

Physical Changes

A change that

alters the form

or appearance

but not the

actual

substance. (ex.

sugar and

water mixed is

still “sugar

water”)

Physical Changes

- change in state of matter

- size

- shape

• Sublimation – Solid to a

gas…(skips the liquid stage).

Another type of

physical change….

Chemical

Changes

Chemical Changes

A change that produces a new

substance and can’t be changed

back by physical means.

- Evidence of:

*Color change

*Precipitate – a solid

formed from a solution

*Gas production

*Change in temperature

*Changes in properties***

• Ex. Wood that has changed into ashes and gases cannot be restored to its original form as a log.

Color • half-eaten apple

turns brown - a chemical change occurs when the apple is exposed to air.

• color of food changes as it is cooked - a chemical change occurs.

A sign of Chemical Change

is color change. • The green pigment that you see during the

summer is chlorophyll .

For Example:

In autumn, changes in temperature and rainfall amounts cause trees to stop producing chlorophyll. The chlorophyll already in the leaves undergoes a chemical change into colorless chemicals.

Odor • When eggs and other foods spoil -

chemical change that produces an odor..

C H E M I C A L C H A N G E S

Law of Conservation of Matter / Mass

• Matter can not be created or

destroyed, only its form can be

changed.

(Chemical equations have to be

balanced.)

Balancing Equations Activity / Chemisty in a Bag /

Gum Activity

http://www.creative-chemistry.org.uk/gcse/revision/equations/index.htm

__Reactants

____

____Products_____

__

Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration

A Chemical Change

Chemical Changes/ Reactions

Subscript – how many atoms.

Coefficient – number of molecules.

Chemistry Facts • Warm temperatures speed up a reaction.

• Colder temperatures slow a reaction down.

• Enzymes are found in the human body and act as a catalyst – speeds up chemical reactions.

• Exothermic – gives off energy. Temp. goes up.

• Endothermic – absorbs energy. Temp. goes down.

Intermission

• 1. NaCl is the formula for what common substance?

• 2. Where would you find the reactants of a chemical equation?

• 3. What are the products of respiration?

• 4. What is the symbol for carbon?

• 5. Why do chemical equations have to be balanced?

Intermission

• 1. Burning a match would be what type of change?

• 2. Peeling an orange would be what type of change?

• 3. The formation of gas would be a sign of a ___________ change.

• 4. A temperature change would be a sign of a _________ change.

Matter – Physical and Chemical 28

Acids and Bases 0 to 6 7 8 to 14

• Acid Neutral Alkaline / Bases

Sour Taste

Bitter Taste

Reacts with some metals

Can be corrosive

Corrosive – eats away

Slippery feeling

Tomatoes, citrus fruits, vinegar

Water, blood, saliva Ammonia, Cleaners, Soap, Milk of Magnesia

Uses of Acids

• Vinegar, which is used in salad dressing, contains acetic acid.

• Lemons, limes, and oranges have a sour taste because they contain citric acid.

Uses of Acids • Your body needs

ascorbic acid, which is vitamin C.

• Sulfuric acid is used in the production of fertilizers, steel, paints, and plastics.

Uses of Bases • Weak bases are

used for medicines, etc.

• Stronger bases are found in soaps, ammonia, and many other cleaning products because they interact strongly with dirt and grease.

Red and Blue Litmus Paper

pH Strip

Phenolphthalein

– turns magenta in

base and clear in

acids.

Indicators – shows the presence of something.