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DASAR-DASAR PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA

“PEMBELAJARAN SAINS BERBASIS ICT”

DISUSUN OLEH :

KELOMPOK 14

LARA SANIA (06111281320005)LIYAK MELATI (06111281320009)

DOSEN PEMBIMBING :

ABIDIN PASARIBU S!P"! M!P"

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

PENDIDIKAN FISIKA

UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA

2015

1


2/18

KATA PENGANTAR

D#$%&$ '#$ # *+ $&'& A,,&- S.T &$% M&-& P#$%&/ - ,&% M&-&

P&$ & &$% K&' &$ &+ &$ * & "&$ * / * * &+&/ #-&" &+ N & &$% +#,&-

'#, ' &- &$ &-'&+ - "& &- "&$ $& &- N & # &"& &' & - $ & #$*, /

"& &+ '#$ #,#/& &$ '& &,&- $ "#$%&$ *"*,“Pembelajaran Sains Berbasis

ICT”.

M& &,&- $ +#,&- &' /*/*$ "#$%&$ '& / '&, "&$ '#$"& &+ &$ &$+*&$"& # &%& -& /#- $%%& "& &+ '#' # ,&$7& #' *&+&$ '& &,&- $ ! U$+*

+* &' '#$ &' & &$ &$ & +# '& &/ - # &"& /#'*& -& &$% +#,&-

# $+ */ "&,&' #' *&+&$ '& &,&- $ !

T# ,# &/ "& /#%&,& /#/*&+* K&' '#$ &"& /# #$*-$ & &- & '&/ -

&"& # * &$%&$ & "& /#% /*/*$&$ &, '&+ '&* *$ +&+& &-&/&$ &! O,#-

& #$& +* "#$%&$ +&$%&$ +# * & &' '#$# '& /#%&,& /& &$ "&$ + "&

#' &7& &%& &' "& &+ '#' # & '& &,&- $ !

A - &+& &' # -& & /#' %& '& &,&- +#$+&$% #' #,& & &$ /& $/

# &/ / I T &%& "& &+ '#' # &$ '&$;&&+ '&* *$ $ &/ +# -&"& #' &7&!

P&,#' &$% N


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DAFTAR ISIBAB I ...................................................................................................... 4

PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................4

1! L&+& B#,& &$%..................................................................................4

2! R*'*/&$ M&/&,&- ..............................................................................5

3! T* *&$.............................................................................................5

BAB II ..................................................................................................... 6

PEMBAHASAN ......................................................................................... 6

A! P#'&$;&&+&$ I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$ = / &............................................6

B! K $/# I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$ ............................................................8! P# &$ S+ &+#% / I T "&,&' P#$" " &$...................................................11

D. Pembelajaran Berbasis ICT (e-learning ......................................12

E! P#$%%*$&&$ M#" & P#' #,& & &$ B# &/ / TIK D&,&' M#$ $% &+ &$ K #&+ < +&/S / &.................................................................................................. 16

BAB III .................................................................................................. 18

PENUTUP ...............................................................................................18

1! K#/ ' *,&$ ....................................................................................18

2! D&;+& P*/+& &.................................................................................18

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

!


4/18

1! L&+& B#,& &$%T# $ , % I$; '&/ "&$ K '*$ &/ (TIK) &+&* Information

Communication and Technology (I T) " # & %, &, /&/ /&&+ $ /*"&-

'#$ &" # *+*-&$ &$% '#$"&/& "&,&' '#$"* *$% #;# + ; +&/ "&$

*&, +&/ /#/ #$" " &$! I/* /* #$" " &$ " I$" $#/ & /# # + *&, +&/

"&$ #,#


5/18

$ $ ; '&,! P# '&/&,&-&$ +# /# *+ +# *+&'& # & +&$ "#$%&$ # & &$

/+&$"& /&/ $; &/+ * +* & $%&$ "&$ $+#$ #/ & &$ "&$ *,+* /*' #

"& & '&$*/ & " , $% *$%&$ #$" " &$! O,#- & #$& +* # &%& * & &

&$% +#,&- "&$ & &$ " ,& * &$ & #'# $+&- '&* *$ '&/ & & &+ "&,&'

&$% & #'&$;&&+&$ TIK "&,&' #$" " &$ /&$%&+ * %#$ "&$ '*+,&

" ,& * &$ /#7& & +# $+#% &/ / /+#'&+ / "&$ # #,&$ *+&$!

2! R*'*/&$ M&/&,&-1! B&%& '&$& P#'&$;&&+&$ I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$>2! B&%& '&$& K $/# I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$>

3! A & # &$ S+ &+#% / I T *$+* P#$" " &$>4! A & /& & #' #,& & &$ &$% # &/ / TIK>

3! T* *&$1! M#$%#+&-* P#'&$;&&+&$ I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$!2! M#$%#+&-* K $/# I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$3! M#$%#+&-* # &$ S+ &+#% / I T *$+* P#$" " &$4! M#$%#+&-* & & /& & #' #,& & &$ &$% # &/ / TIK

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A! P#'&$;&&+&$ I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$ = / &P#'&$;&&+&$ TIK "&,&' #' #,& & &$ = / & /&$%&+ &$ & /#,& $

# +*' * &"& $+# & /user "#$%&$ +# $ , % +* /#$" *%& +# & +

,&$%/*$% "#$%&$ /#/ #' #,& & &$ /& $/ (; / &)! S# &% &$ #/&

5


6/18

$/# ; / & # / ;&+ & /+ & &$% '*$% $ /&$%&+ /*, + " &-&' #/# +&

" " !K#+# &+&/&$ &,&+ &,&+ # 7 &&$ *%& '#$ &" #$"&,& &"&-&,

"#$%&$ '#,& * &$ # 7 &&$ " -& & &$ / / & '#$ &" '*"&-

'#'&-&' /*&+* $/# &$% /*, +!U$+* +* "&,&' #$ & &$

#' #,& & &$ " #,&/ %* * ; / & " +*$+*+ *$+* "& &+ # #&/ "&$

'#$7 +& &$ /*&/&$& #,&/ &$% '#$ #$&$% &$ /#- $%%& / / & + "&

'#$ &" +& *+ &"& #,& & &$ ; / & &- &$ "& &+

'#$%* &- image #,& & &$ ; / & +* /*, + "&$ '#$& *+ &$ '#$ &"

#,& & &$ &$% " /* & #/# +& " " ! B* &$ -&, &$% '*"&- &% %* *

*$+* '#' *&+ /*&/&$& #,&/ ; / & '#$ &" #,&/ &$%

'#$ #$&$% &$!P# / &,&$$ & &"&,&- '#$%* & & &$ &%& $/# $/#

& /+ & ; / & $ "& &+ " +&' , &$ /#7& & $ &+& /#- $%%& #/# +& " "

'#$"& &+ &$ #$%&,&'&$ & * "&,&' #' #,& & &$ &$% '#,# &+ " #$&

'# # &!D&,&' #' #,& & &$ ; / & TIK & &$ "#$%&$ '*"&-

'#'< /*&, /&/ &$ "&,&' #$+* %&' & # %# & (&$ '&/ ) &$% *%&

"& &+ " +&' &- &$ /*& &! S& &$ &*" < /*&, &$% " #$&, "#$%&$'*,+ '#" & $ & &$ '#$ &" &$ < /*&, /&/ '#$ &" ,# - '#$& !

M*,+ '#" & +# /# *+ "& &+ " %*$& &$ "&,&' + %& ,#


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/&+* #/&+*&$ #$ & &$ /#- $%%& '#$%& ' "&/ /#/*& "#$%&$

' "&, +&/ #,& & / / &! P % &' $ "& &+ '#$%& ' "&/ / / & &$%

'#' , + # < /*&, &*" + '&* *$ $#/+#+ (R*/'&$

%# 7 + #/!7 ')!2! M*,+ '#" & $+# & + ;

M#$* *+ R*/'&$ (%# 7 + #/!7 ') " # *&+ S&'/*" $ (2008) D

$+# & + ; '# * & &$ '#" & &$% # / ;&+ $+# & + ; "&$ '*,+ '#" &

& #$& +# "& &+ *$/* *$/* '#" & /#7& & ,#$% & '#, *+ / *$"

&$ '&/ < "# +# / "&$ % &; /! A"& *$ +* *&$ *+&'& #'&$;&&+&$ TIK

"&,&' /& $/ (; / &) +# &% "&,&' #' &+ 7& * &$ & +*: #$&$%&$&$"&+& $; '&/ '*$ &/ "&$ # / , &/ ! G*$& '#$*$ &$%

#$%%*$&&$ TIK &$% + '&, # ,* " "* *$% # &$% &+ ,*$& "&$

# &$% &+ # &/ &$% '#'&"& !K#% &+&$ #' #,& & &$ ; / & + "& +# ,# &/ "& #$ &' & &$

'&+# " #,&/ "&$ #% &+&$ & +# &$% '#$*$ &$%

#' #,& & &$!P & + *' " '& /*" &$ *$+* '#$ $% &+ &$

#$%*&/&&$ '&+# "&$ #+# &' ,&$ ,' &- '#,&,* #$%&'&+&$

,&$%/*$% "&$ # &%& & + ; +&/ ,& &+ *'! A"& *$ 7& & ,& $ "&,&'

'#'&$;&&+ &$ TIK /&,&- /&+*$ & "#$%&$ '#' *&+ '*,+ '#" &

/#"# -&$& /#,& & $ & /# *&- /& &$ ; ,' (cinematografi ) *$+*

#' #,& & &$ ; / &! U$+* '#' *&+$ & # ,* " "* *$% ' #+#$/

%* * "&,&' '#$%*&/& TI!P#$%*&/&&$ TI &% %* * &"&,&- /&,&- /&+*

"&' & "& #'& *&$ T# $ , % I$; '&/ &"& "*$ &

#$" " &$!S*"&- /# &+*+$ & %* * + "& ,#- #+ $%%&,&$ *$+* /#,&,*

'#$%* "&+# #'&' *&$ "&,&' TI & #$& &$ & '&$;&&+ &$%

" "& &+ "& TI *$+* "*$ & #$" " &$!S&,&- /&+* '&$;&&+ +# /# *+

&"&,&- *$+* '#' *&+ '#" & #' #,& & &$ # &/ / TI &$% "& &+

'#'< /*&, &$ $/# ; / & &$% & /+ & "&$ /*, + " &-&' /#- $%%&

#,& & &$ = / & '#$ &" '*"&- " &-&' !&" #' #,& & &$ ; / & &,&* *$ -& */ /&

'#'; '*,&/ &$$ & / / & -& */ *%& &-&' & &$ $/# "&$

7 $+ - 7 $+ - #$# & &$ &$% /#/*& "#$%&$ $/# ! & + "& /&

"


8/18

" 7 $+ - &$ /#7& & $ &+& '& & /& " 7 $+ - &$ /#7& & < +*&, &+&*

'#$ & &$ '#" & '#" & #' #,& & &$ "#$%&$ '#$# & &$ I T

/# &%& /&,&- /&+* #$*$ &$% #,& & '#$%& & &$% #;# + ;!I T *%&

+& #+&-* "& &+ '#$%%&$+ &$ #% &+&$ #,& & " ,& &+ *'

"#$%&$ 7&+&+&$ '#" & #' #,& & &$ &$% " *&+ /#/*& "&$ /&

'#' *&+ / / & &-&' "&$ /# ,&- ,&- '#,& * &$ & + *' /#7& &

$ &+&!

B! K $/# I T "&,&' P#' #,& & &$S#7& & /#"# -&$& E,/+ $ (200@) '#' #"& &$ &$+& & T# $ , %

I$; '&/ (IT) "&$ T# $ , % I$; '&/ "&$ K '*$ &/ (I T) & +* IT

as the technology used to managed information and ICT as the technology

used to manage information and aid communication ! S#'#$+& & +*

UNES O (2003) '#$"#; $ / &$ T# $ , % I$; '&/ "&$ K '*$ &/

(TIK) /# &%& # *+: I T generally relates to those technologies that

are used for accessing! gathering! mani"ulating and "resenting or

communicating information. The technologies could include hard#are

e.g. com"uters and others devices! soft#are a""lications! and connectivity

e.g. access to the internet! local net#or ing infrastructure! and video

conferencing”.D&,&' & +# " ,#' &%& ,#' &%& #$" " &$ & ; '&,

'&* *$ $ $ ; '&, TIK '#, *+ ' *+# ,& + $#+ ' *+#

$+# /7&$$# < "# CD D ,& # &'# & " % +&, +& #C D $+# &7+


9/18

• '#/ $ - +*$% "& &, *,&+ /&' & /* # ' *+#

• # &$% &+ # + C L D

• LAN (, 7&, & #& $#+ ) "&$ .AN ( "# & #& $#+ /)

o K&'# & " % +&, %&'#/ ' *+# D D D +#,# $ /#,*,& /&+#, +

+#,# '*$ &/ "&$ /# &+ +

• '#/ $ ' *+# "&$ +

S# &+ $ & TIK '#' , +#$/ &$% #/& *$+* "& &+

" '&$;&&+ &$ -*/*/$ & " "&$% #$" " &$! R#$7&$& 7#+& * TIK

D# " $&/ &, $% + "& '#$ # *+ &$ +* *- ;*$%/ TIK "&,&' #$" " &$

& +* /# &%& /*' # #,& & &,&+ &$+* #,& & ;&/ , +&/ #' #,& & &$

/+&$"& " ' #+#$/ / /+#' &"' $ /+ &/ #$"* *$% # *+*/&$ "&$

/# &%& $; &/+ * +* !

UNES O +#,&- '#$% "#$+ ; &/ 4 (#' &+) +&-& "&,&' / /+#'

#$" " &$ &$% '#$%&" / TIK & +* :

1) T&-& emerging ? & +* # %* *&$ + $%% C/# ,&- # &"& &"& +&-&

& &,! P#$" " "&$ +#$&%& # #$" " &$ '*,& '#$ &"&

'#' , -C'#' #, &+&* '#$# '& " $&/ *$+* #$%&"&&$ /& &$& "&$

&/& &$& ( su""orting #or "erformance )

2) T&-& a""lying ? & +* # %* *&$ + $%% C/# ,&- '#' , #'&-&'&$

& * & &$ $+ */ TIK! P#$" " "&$ +#$&%& # #$" " &$*

'#$%%*$& &$ TIK "&,&' '&$& #'#$ /# ,&- "&$ * *,*' ( enhancing

traditional teaching )

3) T&-& nfusing ? & +* '#, &+ &$ * *,*' "#$%&$ '#$% $+#% &/ &$

TIK! P# %* *&$ + $%% C/# ,&- '#$%#' &$% &$ +# $ , % # &/ /

#


10/18

' *+# "&,&' ,& #,&/ "&$ &"' $ /+ &/ ! P#$" " "&$ +#$&%&

# #$" " &$ '#$%# , &/ '#,&,* #'&-&'&$ & * " '&$& TIK

'#$%* &- "* + < +&/ ;#// $&, ( facilitating learning )!

$%T&-& Transforming ? & +* # %* *&$ + $%% C/# ,&- +#,&- '#'&$;&+ &$

TIK "&,&' /#,* *- %&$ /&/ ! P#$" " "&$ +#$&%& # #$" " &$

'#$7 +& &$ , $% *$%&$ #,& & &$% $+#% &+ ; "&$ #&+ ; (creating

innovative learning environment% '#,&,* TIK .

D# &/& $ #'&$;&&+&$ TIK "&,&' #$" " &$ "& &+ " ,& * &$ '#,&,* # &%& ' "# &$% " #$&, "#$%&$ P#$" " &$ T# * & "&$ & & &*-

(PT )! B&+#/ (2005) '#' #"& &$ #$" " &$ +# * & #$" " &$ & &

&*- "&$ #$" " &$ ;,# / #, /# &%& # *+: &"en learning is a

"rimarily a goal. 'n essential characteristics of o"en learning is the

removal of barriers to learning. In distance learning students can study in

their o#n time! at any "lace and #ithout face(to(face contact #ith a

teacher. )le*ible learning is the "rovision of learning in a fle*ible

manner”.

PT '# * & &$ &,+# $&+ ; ' "#, "&,&' /#/ #' #,& & &$ &$%

'#' # &$ #/#' &+&$ &$% ,*&/ &% #/# +& " " *$+* #,& & & &$

/& & " '&$& /& & "&$ "#$%&$ / & & /& & !

! P# &$ S+ &+#% / I T "&,&' P#$" " &$P#' #,& & &$ IPA " SD SMP "&$ SMP # +* *&$ *$+*

'#$%#' &$% &$ #'&' *&$ # ; ,' &- ! & & # ; ,' &- "& &+

" ,& * &$ "#$%&$ /#


11/18

,' &- +# /# *+ "& &+ '#' #$+* 7 $+& +# -&"& &,&' '#$*' *- &$ &/&

# &/&'& &/& # * * &$ # +&$%%*$% & & !

Peran ICT dalam "embelajaran+

1! I$+# $#+

G* * "&$ / / & -& */ "& &+ '#'&$;&&+ &$ $+# $#+ /#/*& "#$%&$

# #' &$%&$ +# $ , % ! B&$ & %* * &$% + "& "& &+ '#$%%*$& &$

$+# $#+ /# &%& '#" & #' #,& & &$! P&"&-&, "& $+# $#+ +# /#" &

# &%& $; '&/ &$% " # ,* &$ ,#- #$%%*$&! D -& & &$

"#$%&$ #'&' *&$ "&$ #$%#+&-*&$ %* * & &$ +# $ , % '&' *

'#$ &' & &$ #' #,& & &$ &$% ,# - '#$& "&$ '#' &+* / / &

# ; $+# $&/ $&,! & & #$%%*$&&$ $+# $#+:

1! K, 7 $ ' ,,& ; #; FC $+# $#+ #F , # % %,# 7- '#!

2! K#+ &,&'&+ &$% " +* * &"& # &"" #//!

3! T# &$ #$+#

2! P # P $+

P # $+ /# $% " %*$& &$ *$+* #/#$+&/ ! D&,&' ' 7 / ;+

P # P $+ +# "& &+ '#$* '#$* " &$+& &$ & & +* - '# $/# +

"#/ %$ &$ '&+ $/ /, "# /- #< # "&$ < # ! H&, -&, &$% # ,*

" # -&+ &$ &"& &"& #' *&+&$ P # P $+ & +* "#$%&$

'#$%%& *$% &$ &$+& & '#$* +# /# *+ /#- $%%& '#$7 +& &$ +&' ,&$

P # P $+ &$% '#$& !

3! M 7 / ;+ . "

M 7 / ;+ " " %*$& &$ *$+* '#$*, / ,& &$! S&'& -&,$ &

/# # + ' 7 / ;+ # $+ &" -& */ '#$%%& *$% &$ &$+& &

11


12/18

'#$* '#$* &$% &"& /#- $%%& " "& &+ &$ -&/ , &$% '&F '&,!

D#$%&$ ' 7 / +; #$% ,&- &+& $ '&' * '#$% ,&- "&+& "#$%&$

7# &+ "&$ '*"&- /#- $%%& " # ,#- -&/ , &$% ,# - & "&$ +# &+!

4! M 7 / ;+ EF7#,

M 7 / ;+ EF7#, /# $% " %*$& &$ *$+* +& *,&/ "&+&! T& #, +& #,

$ "& &+ *$+* '#$*, / &$ "&+& & + *' "#$%&$ '*"&- "&$ 7# &+!

D! P#' #,& & &$ B# &/ / I T (# ,#& $ $%)

/7 (2001) '#$ #,&/ &$ ; , / ; / e(learning /# &%& # *+!

Pertama e(learning '# * & &$ #$ &' & &$ $; '&/ '*$ &/

#$" " &$ #,&+ -&$ /#7& &on(line. ,edua e(learning '#$ #" & &$

/# # &$% &+ &,&+ &$% "& &+ '#' # & & $ ,& #,& & /#7& &

$


13/18

P ,& ,& /# # + " &+&/ /#'*& # #"& /&+* "#$%&$ &$% ,& $! E

,#& $ $% ,# - ,*&/ " &$" $% &$ "#$%&$online learning ! &nline

learning -&$ & '#$%%*$& &$ I$+# $#+C $+ &$#+CLANC.AN + "&

+# '&/* '#$%%*$& &$ D ROM! D&,&' #' #,& & &$ # &/ / TIK

+# "& &+ # #"&&$ '*$ &/ &$+& & #' #,& & &$ ,&$%/*$%

( syncronous ) "&$ + "& ,&$%/*$% (ansyncronous ) "#$%&$ /# *&-

+# ' $ , % *$+* '#$"#/ / &$ &%& '&$& "&$ & &$

#' #,& & &$ # ,&$%/*$%!

4!1! P#' #,& & &$ L&$%/*$% (S $7 $ */ L#& $ $%)

D&,&' #' #,& & &$ ,&$%/*$% /#/ #,& & "&$ '#$%& &

# ,&$%/*$% "&,&' & +* &$% /&'& ( #&, + '#) &,&* *$ #$" "

"&$ & & #/# +& " " /#7& & ; / # &"& &"& +#' &+ &$% # #"&

/&+* /&'& ,& $! S# &%& 7 $+ - & +*:

1! M#$"#$%& &$ / & &$ R&" !

2! M#$ $+ $ / & &$ T#,#< /

3! K $;# #$/ &*" C< "# !

4! T#,# $ I$+# $#+!

5! -&++ $%

6! S & &$ ,&$%/*$% S&+#, +# "*& & &-!

4!2! P#' #,& & &$ T "& L&$%/*$% (A$/ $7 $ */ L#& $ $%)

D&,&' #' #,& & &$ + "& ,&$%/*$% /#/ #,& & "&$ '#$%& &

# ,&$%/*$% "#$%&$ &"&$ & "#,& & +* ( & +* &$% # #"&) "&$

1!


14/18

#$" " "&$ #/# +& " " /#7& & ; / # &"& &"& +#' &+ &$% # #"&!

S# &%& 7 $+ - & +*:

1! B#,& & /#$" '#$%%*$& &$ $+# $#+ &+&* D R '!

2! K#,&/ #,& & '#$%%*$& &$ < "# +& #!

3! P #/#$+&/ # &+&* /#' $& '#$%%*$& &$ &*" C< "# !

4! R# &'&$ /*& &!

5! M#$+ $% +&$ & & & !

6! M#' &7& #/&$ # '& ,!

@! M#$%& /#/ 7 $+#$+ $, $#

8! = *' " / */

K& & +# /+ "& #' #,& & &$ + "& ,&$%/*$% (&$/ $7 $ */)

&"&,&- #$" " -& */ '#' # / & &$ +# ,# - "&-*,* '&+# #,& &

/# #,*' /#/ #,& & '#$%& & # ,&$%/*$%! P#/# +& " " # &/

'#$#$+* &$ & &$ & &$ '#' #,& & '&+# #,& & +# /# *+!

$+ - TIK &$% " %*$& &$ "&,&' '*$ &/ #' #,& & &$ /#7& & / $7 $ */

"&$ &/ $7 $ */ /# &%& # *+:

A/ $7 $ */ L#& $ $% S $7 $ */ L#& $ $%=&F T#,# - $#E M& , S7 ##$ S-& $%

14


15/18

K$ ,#"%# B&/# -&+ N# /% * / .# 7 $;# #$7#/

' *+# B&/#" T & $ $% O$, $# S#' $& * 7 R#;# #$7# G* "# ' #//#" < "# 7,&//#/

S#"&$% &$ & & +# /+ # ,#& $ $% "& &+ " #'* & &$ /# &%& # *+:

K& & +# /+ P#$ #,&/&$ N $ , $#& + P#'& & (*/# ) # &/ *$+* '#$%& /#/

(bro#se ) +#$+&$% # #' #,& & &$ "&$

+# "& &+ ;&/ , +&/ *$+* '#' # &$

# / & &+&$ +# %&$+*$% &"& #$%#+&-*&$

#'& & !S#,; M&$&% $% P#'& & "& &+ '#$%#, ,& /#$"

/#/ #' #,& & &$ "#$%&$ '#$% *+

/+ * +* &$%+#,&- " *&+!=##" &7 I$+# &7+ < + P#' #,& & &$ "& &+ " ,& * &$ "#$%&$

$+# & + ;"&$ " /#" & &$ ;##" &7 &"&

/#/ #' #,& & &$!

U$"&$% *$"&$% R# * , I$" $#/ & N ' 20 +&-*$ 2003 +#$+&$% S /+#'

P#$" " &$ N&/ $&, '#$ &+& &$ #'&$;&&+&$ TIK "&,&' #$" " &$ '#,&,*

P#$" " &$ & & &*- &- & (1) P#$" " &$ & & &*- " /#,#$%%& & &$ &"&

/#'*& &,* #$ &$% "&$ #$ / #$" " &$ (2) P#$" " &$ & & &*- # ;*$%/

'#' # &$ ,& &$&$ #$" " &$ # &"& #, ' '&/ & & &+ &$% + "& "& &+

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16/18

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17/18

BAB III

PENUTUP

1! K#/ ' *,&$

1"


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18
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