EKONOMI PANGAN DAN GIZI
WIWIT RAHAYU, SP MP
• DOSEN: DR. IR. SRI MARWANTI, MS DR. IR. KUSNANDAR, MSi IR. AGUSTONO, MSi WIWIT RAHAYU, SP MP
Materi Pembelajaran
Minggu Materi PengampuI Pengertian dan Ruang Lingkup Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
II Masalah Ekonomi dalam Sistem Ketahanan Pangan dan Gizi
Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
III Analisis Kebutuhan pangan dengan pendekatan AKG, PPH, KFM
Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
IV UKD I Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
V Konsumsi Pangan dan Gizi: Pengukuran dan analisisnya Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
VI Harga dan Konsumsi pangan dan Gizi Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
VII Pendapatan dan Konsumsi Pangan dan Gizi Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
VIII UKD II Wiwit Rahayu, SP MP
Materi Pembelajaran (cont’)
Minggu Materi PengampuIX Ketersediaan Pangan dan Gizi: Pendekatan NBM Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
X Pengelolaan cadangan dan Distribusi Pangan Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XI Perdagangan Pangan Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XII UKD III Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XIII Gizi dan Produktivitas Kerja Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XIV Krisis Ekonomi dan Krisis Pangan Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XV Investasi pangan gizi untuk Pembangunan manusia
Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
XVI UKD IV Dr. Ir. Kusnandar, MSi
Evaluasi Hasil Pembelajaran
• Kehadiran• Penugasan • Ujian
Pendahuluan
Ilmu ekonomi: ilmu yang mempelajari upaya manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan
Pangan: kebutuhan dasar manusia… memenuhi kebutuhan gizi untuk hidup sehat, aktif, dan produktif
Pemenuhan pangan dan gizi menghadapi berbagai keterbatasan dan dipengaruhi oleh
banyak faktor
Subsistem
Sistem Pangan & Gizi
Produksi Ketersediaan Distribusi Konsumsi Status Gizi
Menghasilkan dinamikaIndustri & penangananPascapanen:•Menyiapkan & mengolah•Mengawetkan•Mengemas•Mengubah btk pangan
Sub-subsistem
•Cadangan•Impor•Ekspor
•Akses fisik & ekonomi•Stabilitas harga
•Keragaman•Keamanan•Jumlah•Mutu gizi•Individu•Keluarga•Masyarakat
•Gizi kurang•gizi lebih
Sistem GiziSistem pangan
Ekonomi Pangan dan Gizi
ilmu yang mempelajari upaya manusia dalam masyarakat utk memenuhi pangan & gizi dgn sumberdaya yg terbatas serta mempelajari peranan pangan & gizi dlm pembangunan
ekonomi.
Hubungan Ekonomi dgn Pangan & Gizi
Status Gizi Individu
Ketersediaan Pangan
Konsumsi Pangan
Pemilihan Pangan
Distribusi Pangan
Produksi Pangan
Perilaku Konsumen
Perilaku Produsen
Pasar
Ruang Lingkup & Variabel Ekonomi Pangan dan Gizi
Tingkat konsumsi pangan & gizi
Status gizi
Kualitas manusia
Pendapatan Pengeluaran
Harga
Konsumsi pangan & gizi
Tingkat kemiskinan
Ukuran kemiskinan
Ukuran upah minimum
Nilai kebutuhan fisik minimum
Nilai kebutuhanpangan
Nilai kebutuhannonpangan
Kebutuhan pangan & gizi
Faktor lain
Faktor lain
Re-Positioning Nutrition as Central to Development: From Evidence to ActionMeera Shekar (2006)Human Development NetworkWorld Bank
•Why reducing malnutrition is essential to poverty reduction?
Child Malnutrition
Inadequate dietary intake
Disease
Insufficient access to food
Inadequate child-carepractices
Poor water/sanitation & inadequate
health services
Quantity/quality of actual resources & the waythey are controlled
Potential resources: environment, Technology, people
Outcome
Immediate causes
Underlying causes
Basic causes at societal level
Source: The State of the World’s Children, UNICEF, 1998
The cycle of poverty and malnutrition
Indirect loss in productivity from poor cognitive development
and schooling
Direct loss in productivity from
poor physical status
Loss in resources from increased
health care costs of ill health
Income poverty
Low food intake Frequent infections
Hard physical labor Large families
Frequent pregnancies
Malnutrition
Source: Modified from World Bank (2002a); Bhagwati et al. (2004).
Source: Haddad et al (2003)
The income-malnutrition relationshipThe trickle-down effect is modest…
0
10
20
30
40
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000GNP per capita in $ (PPP)
Perc
ent o
f und
erwe
ight
chi
ldre
n <5
(%)
1990's
1970's1980's
Reducing Malnutrition is essential to poverty reduction
Taken from Shekar (2006)
Malnutrition Poverty
• GDP losses 2-3%
• Leads to a >10% potential reduction in lifetime earnings for each malnourished individual
• Malnutrition (stunting) in early years linked to a – 4.6 cm loss of height in adolescence– 0.7 grades loss of schooling– 7 month delay in starting school
Source: Alderman et al (2003)
(Improved nutrition can be a driver of growth)
Reducing Malnutrition is essential to poverty reduction
Taken from Shekar (2006)
How Can we Improve Nutrition?
Long routes:
Income growth, women’s education, agriculture and food production interventions, trade policies, macro-economic policies…
Short routes: Exclusive breast-feeding, appropriate complementary feeding, ante-natal care for mothers,… (Knowledge, behavior change/demand side interventions); gender interventions, micronutrient supplementation & fortification
Taken from Shekar (2006)