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The Rise and The Rise and Fall of the Fall of the MuslimsMuslims

The Rise and The Rise and Fall of the Fall of the MuslimsMuslims

Part IPart IThe Golden Era of The Golden Era of

The MuslimsThe Muslims77thth Century – 15 Century – 15thth Century Century

Part IPart IThe Golden Era of The Golden Era of

The MuslimsThe Muslims77thth Century – 15 Century – 15thth Century Century

ون� م�ر�� أ ت "اس� �لن ل ��خ�ر�ج�ت أ م"ة*

� أ �ر� ي خ� ��م �ت �ن ك�ون� �ؤ�م�ن و�ت �ر� �ك �م�ن ال ع�ن� �ه�و�ن� �ن و�ت وف� �م�ع�ر� �ال ب

��ه�م ل ا �ر; ي خ� �ان� �ك ل �اب� �ت �ك ال �ه�ل� أ آم�ن� ��و و�ل "ه� �الل بق�ون� �ف�اس� ال ه�م� �ر� �ث ك

� و�أ �ون� �م�ؤ�م�ن ال �ه�م� م�نYe are the best of peoples, evolved for mankind, enjoining Ye are the best of peoples, evolved for mankind, enjoining

what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in what is right, forbidding what is wrong, and believing in Allah. If only the People of the Book had faith, it were best Allah. If only the People of the Book had faith, it were best for them: among them are some who have faith, but most for them: among them are some who have faith, but most

of them are perverted transgressors.of them are perverted transgressors.

Ale Imran: 110Ale Imran: 110

Qualities & Qualities & Character of the Character of the

Early MuslimsEarly Muslims

Qualities & Qualities & Character of the Character of the


�ذ�ا إ �ب!ل�ه ق� م�ن! ال!ع�ل!م� أ*وت*وا ال0ذ�ين� إ�ن0 �ان ل�ألذ!ق� ون� ر4 �ي�خ م! �ع�ل�ي!ه ي*ت!ل�ى

د>ا ج0 س*Indeed, those who were given knowledge before it - when it is

recited to them, they fall upon their faces in prostration, Al-Isra :107

How Many Muslims ?How Many Muslims ?How Many Muslims ?How Many Muslims ? Hundred Forty thousand Companions participated in the farewell Hundred Forty thousand Companions participated in the farewell

pilgrimage. pilgrimage. The Muslim Empire expanded greatly and spread far and wide.The Muslim Empire expanded greatly and spread far and wide.

Holding to Quran & Holding to Quran & SunnahSunnah

Holding to Quran & Holding to Quran & SunnahSunnah

During the Khilafat e Rashida:During the Khilafat e Rashida:

The criterion for being the member of Majlis e shora was being a scholar / The criterion for being the member of Majlis e shora was being a scholar / hafiz of Quran.hafiz of Quran.

Selection of governmental posts was based on ability and PIETY.Selection of governmental posts was based on ability and PIETY.

Scholars of Quran were sent regularly to different cities to teach.Scholars of Quran were sent regularly to different cities to teach.

Emaan, Taqwa, sincerity, honesty, truthfulness, contentment, patience were Emaan, Taqwa, sincerity, honesty, truthfulness, contentment, patience were the must qualities of Muslim rulers, governors and other government the must qualities of Muslim rulers, governors and other government workers.workers.

The Citizens under them also displayed the same qualities.The Citizens under them also displayed the same qualities.[Fazail e Quran majeed by Iqbal Keelani][Fazail e Quran majeed by Iqbal Keelani]

Fear of Allah - TaqwaFear of Allah - TaqwaFear of Allah - TaqwaFear of Allah - Taqwa Umar Farooq (r) used to patrol the streets Umar Farooq (r) used to patrol the streets

himself every night checking the conditions himself every night checking the conditions of his subjects– this was only due to the of his subjects– this was only due to the responsibility and sense of accountability responsibility and sense of accountability for each and every need of his subjects.for each and every need of his subjects.

Umar bin Abdul Aziz used to cry with the Umar bin Abdul Aziz used to cry with the sheer fear of answerability to Allah due to sheer fear of answerability to Allah due to the burden and responsibility of caliphate.the burden and responsibility of caliphate.

Simple lives of the Muslims Simple lives of the Muslims & their & their RulersRulers

Simple lives of the Muslims Simple lives of the Muslims & their & their RulersRulers Abu Bakr (ra)Abu Bakr (ra) before his death refunded to the state treasury before his death refunded to the state treasury

the total allowance he had drawn during his caliphate.the total allowance he had drawn during his caliphate. Umar FarooqUmar Farooq (ra) as a Caliph lived on simple patched clothes (ra) as a Caliph lived on simple patched clothes

and coarse food. He sometimes only had one outfit which he and coarse food. He sometimes only had one outfit which he had to wash and wait to dry before he could come out of his had to wash and wait to dry before he could come out of his house.house.

For a long time he took nothing as an allowance from the For a long time he took nothing as an allowance from the public treasury – which eventually led to starvation. Two public treasury – which eventually led to starvation. Two meals per day from the treasury were then allocated for him.meals per day from the treasury were then allocated for him.

He entered Jerusalem as a victor wearing patched clothes He entered Jerusalem as a victor wearing patched clothes guiding his horse while his slave sat on the horse.guiding his horse while his slave sat on the horse.

Umar Bin Abdul AzizUmar Bin Abdul Aziz when he became the Caliph, refused to when he became the Caliph, refused to use the horse of the previous caliph & instead preferred to use the horse of the previous caliph & instead preferred to continue using his own mule.continue using his own mule.

A person once visited Umar Bin Abdul aziz while he was sick A person once visited Umar Bin Abdul aziz while he was sick and saw him wearing an unclean shirt. When he inquired why, and saw him wearing an unclean shirt. When he inquired why, Umar’s wife told him that this was his only shirt.Umar’s wife told him that this was his only shirt.

Umar Bin Abdul Aziz used to have lentils everyday for lunch.Umar Bin Abdul Aziz used to have lentils everyday for lunch.

Remarkable Justice of Remarkable Justice of the the


Remarkable Justice of Remarkable Justice of the the

Early MuslimsEarly Muslims Umar FarooqUmar Farooq (ra) never appointed as governors (ra) never appointed as governors those who eagerly sought the post.those who eagerly sought the post.

He removed them from governorship if their He removed them from governorship if their living standard increased after becoming living standard increased after becoming governors.governors.

He made himself and his governors available to He made himself and his governors available to the public during the Hajj season so the the public during the Hajj season so the grievances and complains of the people could be grievances and complains of the people could be dealt with immediately.dealt with immediately.

Once the son of the governor of Egypt whipped Once the son of the governor of Egypt whipped an Egyptian man. The Egyptian came to Umar to an Egyptian man. The Egyptian came to Umar to complain. Umar (ra) called the governor and his complain. Umar (ra) called the governor and his son and made the Egyptian whip the son.son and made the Egyptian whip the son.

Contribution to Contribution to Education Education

(Religious & Worldly)(Religious & Worldly)

Contribution to Contribution to Education Education

(Religious & Worldly)(Religious & Worldly) Yف�ة� ط�ائ ��ه�م م�ن ق�ة* �ف�ر �ل ك �م�ن �ف�ر� ن �و�ال ف�ل

�ذ�ا إ �ق�و�م�ه�م وا �ذ�ر� �ن �ي و�ل الدين� ف�ي �ف�ق"ه�وا �ت �ي لون� �ح�ذ�ر� ي �"ه�م �ع�ل ل ��ه�م �ي �ل إ ج�ع�وا ر�

For there should separate from every division of them a group [remaining] to obtain understanding in the religion and warn their

people when they return to them that they might be cautious.

Surah Tawbah : 122

Educational Policy of Educational Policy of ProphetProphet

Educational Policy of Educational Policy of ProphetProphet

The First Revelation:The First Revelation:

This first revelation was the basis of many activities of our This first revelation was the basis of many activities of our Prophet Prophet

He (s) took steps and had a clear educational policy.He (s) took steps and had a clear educational policy.

Recite in the Name of your Lord who created.Recite in the Name of your Lord who created.

1. Establishment of 1. Establishment of Darul ArqamDarul Arqam

1. Establishment of 1. Establishment of Darul ArqamDarul Arqam

Darul Arqam -the first school for the Muslim in Darul Arqam -the first school for the Muslim in Makkah where new Muslims secretly met in the Makkah where new Muslims secretly met in the early days of Islam.early days of Islam.

In this secret school the Prophet taught them the In this secret school the Prophet taught them the Qur'an, Islamic beliefs, the manners of Islam, and Qur'an, Islamic beliefs, the manners of Islam, and so on.so on.

His students graduated with flying colors, His students graduated with flying colors, becoming leaders and educators of the following becoming leaders and educators of the following generation of Muslims.generation of Muslims.

2. Establishment of Masjid 2. Establishment of Masjid e Nabawi e Nabawi

2. Establishment of Masjid 2. Establishment of Masjid e Nabawi e Nabawi

The first building constructed in Madina was Masjid The first building constructed in Madina was Masjid e Nabawi a part of which was meant for a school.e Nabawi a part of which was meant for a school.

The Masjid was the centre of education and training The Masjid was the centre of education and training in Madina.in Madina.

3. Increasing Literacy 3. Increasing Literacy RateRate

3. Increasing Literacy 3. Increasing Literacy RateRate Abdullah Bin saeed appointed to teach “writing Abdullah Bin saeed appointed to teach “writing

skills” in the Masjid. skills” in the Masjid. Some prisoners of Battle of Badr had to teach Some prisoners of Battle of Badr had to teach

Muslim children how to write as a ransom.Muslim children how to write as a ransom. Foreign deputations were provided boarding, Foreign deputations were provided boarding,

lodging and education. lodging and education. Prophet ordered the literate and the illiterate to Prophet ordered the literate and the illiterate to

co-operate.co-operate. He ordered the neighbors to teach each other.He ordered the neighbors to teach each other. He explained that unpaid teaching is the duty of He explained that unpaid teaching is the duty of

every learned man.every learned man. He warned that withholding knowledge is a He warned that withholding knowledge is a

punishable sin.punishable sin. The teaching of writing was described as the The teaching of writing was described as the

duty of a father towards his son.duty of a father towards his son. Prophet mentioned many reward for both Prophet mentioned many reward for both

teachers and students.teachers and students.

[Mustafa Azmi: Studies in Early Hadith Literature]

4.Appointment of 4.Appointment of Sahabas as Teachers to Sahabas as Teachers to

Distant landsDistant lands

4.Appointment of 4.Appointment of Sahabas as Teachers to Sahabas as Teachers to

Distant landsDistant lands Before migration, Musab bin Umair (r) & Ibn umm Before migration, Musab bin Umair (r) & Ibn umm Makhtoom sent as teachers to Madina.Makhtoom sent as teachers to Madina.

Forty teachers sent to Bir Maunah (they were sadly Forty teachers sent to Bir Maunah (they were sadly murdered)murdered)

Many teachers sent to Najran and Yemen.Many teachers sent to Najran and Yemen. In 9In 9thth AH, Education was properly organized in Yemen. AH, Education was properly organized in Yemen.


Outcome of the Outcome of the Educational PolicyEducational Policy

Outcome of the Outcome of the Educational PolicyEducational Policy

Literacy increased incredibly – thus Literacy increased incredibly – thus Quran prescribed that every transaction Quran prescribed that every transaction on credit should be written down on credit should be written down

Prophet (s) had around fifty secretaries Prophet (s) had around fifty secretaries responsible for:responsible for:– corresponding with tribal chiefs, corresponding with tribal chiefs, – keep accounts of zakat, taxes etc. keep accounts of zakat, taxes etc. – answering letters.answering letters.

Prophet (s) ordered learning of foreign Prophet (s) ordered learning of foreign languages.languages.

Writing was taught to women and Writing was taught to women and sometimes teaching was agreed as the sometimes teaching was agreed as the Mahar.Mahar.

Prophet gave important advice on the art Prophet gave important advice on the art of letter writing.of letter writing.


Keeping Records & Keeping Records & writingwriting

Keeping Records & Keeping Records & writingwriting

Prophet ordered to make Prophet ordered to make a statistical list of new a statistical list of new Muslims.Muslims.

People recruited for People recruited for military campaigns were military campaigns were registered.registered.

Many people used to write Many people used to write what he dictated. what he dictated.

Quran and Hadith both Quran and Hadith both were written down during were written down during the life time of Prophet.the life time of Prophet.

Many Sahabas had their Many Sahabas had their own manuscripts of Quran own manuscripts of Quran and hadith.and hadith.


Manuscripts ordered Manuscripts ordered by Prophetby Prophet

Manuscripts ordered Manuscripts ordered by Prophetby Prophet

Kitab us sadaqahKitab us sadaqah : contained : contained commandments of zakat which commandments of zakat which were sent to tribal chiefs.were sent to tribal chiefs.

Sahifa Umro bin huzmSahifa Umro bin huzm: : contained issues of tilawat, contained issues of tilawat, Quran, namaz, zakat, talaq, Quran, namaz, zakat, talaq, Qisas, faraiz, sunnahs and list Qisas, faraiz, sunnahs and list of sins which was sent to the of sins which was sent to the governor of Yemen.governor of Yemen.

Sahifa Ali (ra):Sahifa Ali (ra): contained contained issues of zakatissues of zakat

Sahifa Wail (ra):Sahifa Wail (ra): contained contained issues of namaz roza zakat, issues of namaz roza zakat, nikah riba etc.nikah riba etc.


Manuscripts of Manuscripts of sahabassahabas

Manuscripts of Manuscripts of sahabassahabas

Sahifa saad bin IbadahSahifa saad bin Ibadah Sahifa Jabir Bin AbdullahSahifa Jabir Bin Abdullah Sahifa Anas Bin MalikSahifa Anas Bin Malik Sahifa Abdullah Bin AbbasSahifa Abdullah Bin Abbas Sahifa Sadaqah.Sahifa Sadaqah. Sahifa Umar bin khattabSahifa Umar bin khattab Sahifa usmanSahifa usman Sahifa abdullah bin Sahifa abdullah bin

masoodmasood Musnad abu hurairaMusnad abu huraira Khutba fathe makkahKhutba fathe makkah Riwayaat e ayeshaRiwayaat e ayesha Sahifa sahiha/ sahifa Sahifa sahiha/ sahifa

hamam ibn munnabihhamam ibn munnabih .. Many many more.. Many many more

Collection & Compilation Collection & Compilation of Quran & Hadithof Quran & Hadith

Collection & Compilation Collection & Compilation of Quran & Hadithof Quran & Hadith

Abu Bakr collected the Quran during his lifetime in Abu Bakr collected the Quran during his lifetime in one Manuscript which was kept with Hafsa (ra).one Manuscript which was kept with Hafsa (ra).

Usman Ghani realized the difference of recitation of Usman Ghani realized the difference of recitation of the Quran of the new Muslims due to different dialects. the Quran of the new Muslims due to different dialects. Thus to standardize the recitation of Prophet Thus to standardize the recitation of Prophet Muhammad , he ordered that the Manuscript of the Muhammad , he ordered that the Manuscript of the Quran which was compiled during Abu Bakr’s caliphate Quran which was compiled during Abu Bakr’s caliphate should be copied and these copies were then sent to all should be copied and these copies were then sent to all the provinces of the Islamic state.the provinces of the Islamic state.

These copies of the Quran can still be found in the These copies of the Quran can still be found in the library of Egypt and Moscow and the Museum in library of Egypt and Moscow and the Museum in Turkey. Turkey.

Roots of Science Based Roots of Science Based on Quranon QuranBOTANYBOTANY

Roots of Science Based Roots of Science Based on Quranon QuranBOTANYBOTANYAl-Anam 99Al-Anam 99

م�اء; م�اء� الس" م�ن� ل� �ز� �ن أ "ذ�ي ال م�اء; و�ه�و� م�اء� الس" م�ن� ل� �ز� �ن أ "ذ�ي ال و�ه�و�ء* �ي ش� �ل ك �ات� �ب ن �ه� ب �ا ن �ج �خ�ر� ء* ف�أ �ي ش� �ل ك �ات� �ب ن �ه� ب �ا ن �ج �خ�ر� ف�أ

�ه� م�ن �خ�ر�ج� ن ا خ�ض�ر; �ه� م�ن �ا ن �ج �خ�ر� �ه� ف�أ م�ن �خ�ر�ج� ن ا خ�ض�ر; �ه� م�ن �ا ن �ج �خ�ر� ف�أ �م�ن "خ�ل� الن و�م�ن� ;ا �ب اك �ر� م�ت �ا ب م�ن� ح� "خ�ل� الن و�م�ن� ;ا �ب اك �ر� م�ت �ا ب ح�

�م�ن "ات* ن و�ج� Yة� �ي د�ان Yو�ان� ق�ن �ع�ه�ا م�ن� ط�ل "ات* ن و�ج� Yة� �ي د�ان Yو�ان� ق�ن �ع�ه�ا ط�لم"ان� و�الر� �ون� �ت ي و�الز" �اب* �ع�ن م"ان� أ و�الر� �ون� �ت ي و�الز" �اب* �ع�ن أ

وا �ظ�ر� ان �ه* اب �ش� م�ت �ر� و�غ�ي �ه;ا �ب ت �وا م�ش �ظ�ر� ان �ه* اب �ش� م�ت �ر� و�غ�ي �ه;ا �ب ت �م�شف�ي �ن" إ �ع�ه� �ن و�ي �م�ر� �ث أ �ذ�ا إ �م�ر�ه� ث �ل�ى ف�ي إ �ن" إ �ع�ه� �ن و�ي �م�ر� �ث أ �ذ�ا إ �م�ر�ه� ث �ل�ى إ

�ون� �ؤ�م�ن ي * �ق�و�م ل �ات* آلي ��م �ك �ون� ذ�ل �ؤ�م�ن ي * �ق�و�م ل �ات* آلي ��م �ك ذ�لAnd it is He who sends down rain from the sky, And it is He who sends down rain from the sky,

and We produce thereby the growth of all and We produce thereby the growth of all things. We produce from it greenery from which things. We produce from it greenery from which

We produce grains arranged in layers. And We produce grains arranged in layers. And from the palm trees - of its emerging fruit are from the palm trees - of its emerging fruit are

clusters hanging low. And [We produce] clusters hanging low. And [We produce] gardens of grapevines and olives and gardens of grapevines and olives and

pomegranates, similar yet varied. pomegranates, similar yet varied. Look at [each Look at [each of] its fruit when it yields and [at] its ripening. of] its fruit when it yields and [at] its ripening.

Indeed in that are signs for a people who Indeed in that are signs for a people who

believebelieve. .

"ة* د�اب �م�ن �ث� �ب ي و�م�ا ��م �ق�ك ل خ� "ة* و�ف�ي د�اب �م�ن �ث� �ب ي و�م�ا ��م �ق�ك ل خ� و�ف�ي�ون� �وق�ن ي * �ق�و�م ل Yات� �ون� آي �وق�ن ي * �ق�و�م ل Yات� آي

And in the creation of yourselves and what And in the creation of yourselves and what He disperses of moving creatures are He disperses of moving creatures are signs for people who are certain [in signs for people who are certain [in

faith].faith]. Al Jathiya : 4Al Jathiya : 4

Anatomy, Embryology Anatomy, Embryology & Zoology& Zoology

Anatomy, Embryology Anatomy, Embryology & Zoology& Zoology

Astronomy Cosmology Astronomy Cosmology GeologyGeology

Astronomy Cosmology Astronomy Cosmology GeologyGeology

Those who remember God, Those who remember God, standing, sitting and lying on standing, sitting and lying on their sides, and reflect on the their sides, and reflect on the creation of the heavens and creation of the heavens and

the earth:'Our Lord, You have the earth:'Our Lord, You have not created this for nothing... not created this for nothing...

(Ale Imran: 191 (Ale Imran: 191

The Birth Place of Modern The Birth Place of Modern Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge

88thth – 5 – 5thth CE. CE.

The Birth Place of Modern The Birth Place of Modern Science & KnowledgeScience & Knowledge

88thth – 5 – 5thth CE. CE.Dark Ages for Europe Golden Age and knowledge

revolution in the Islamic world.

Centers of Religious and Centers of Religious and Scientific learningScientific learning

Centers of Religious and Centers of Religious and Scientific learningScientific learning Centers of religious knowledge and Centers of religious knowledge and

scientific development established in scientific development established in Muslim Lands.Muslim Lands.

Great urban cultural centers in– Cordoba, – Baghdad,– Cairo, – Nishapur– Palermo

The formal concept of Madrasseh The formal concept of Madrasseh (School) developed in Baghdad with:(School) developed in Baghdad with:– a curriculum and – full-time and part-time teachers– Female teachers– Free for Rich and poor

Baghdad became the scientific capital of Baghdad became the scientific capital of its time.its time.

[Harun Yahya, The Islamic Origins of [Harun Yahya, The Islamic Origins of Modern scienceModern science]]

Initiators of Paper Initiators of Paper RevolutionRevolution

Initiators of Paper Initiators of Paper RevolutionRevolution

Muslims : first to obtain the secret Muslims : first to obtain the secret art of Chinese papermaking from art of Chinese papermaking from Chinese prisoners of war in 7Chinese prisoners of war in 7th CEth CE Century.Century.

The first paper mills built in The first paper mills built in – Samarkand Samarkand – Baghdad Baghdad

Muslims improved papermaking and Muslims improved papermaking and used fine “pens” for writing.used fine “pens” for writing.

Baghdad by AD 900 had Baghdad by AD 900 had – hundreds of shops employing hundreds of shops employing

scribes and binders for books scribes and binders for books From here paper-making spread to From here paper-making spread to

Europe in the 13th century.Europe in the 13th century.[Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia][Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia]

The Muslims The Muslims established…established…The Muslims The Muslims established…established… The first public libraries and lending The first public libraries and lending

libraries:libraries: The two most famous libraries are – Bait al-Hikmah in Baghdad (ca. 820) – Dar al-Ilm in Cairo (ca.998). – The concept of the library catalogue was

also introduced in medieval Islamic libraries, where books were organized into specific genres and categories.[24]

The first universities which issued The first universities which issued diplomas:diplomas: – Bimaristan medical university-hospitals Bimaristan medical university-hospitals

issued medical diplomas to students of issued medical diplomas to students of Islamic medicine in the 9Islamic medicine in the 9thth CE CE

The first degree granting UniversityThe first degree granting University:: The Guinness Book of World Records The Guinness Book of World Records recognizes recognizes – University of Al Karaouine in Fez, University of Al Karaouine in Fez,

Morocco as the oldest degree-granting Morocco as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding university in the world with its founding in 859 CE.[19]in 859 CE.[19]

[Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia][Islamic Golden Age, Wikipedia]

The Muslims The Muslims established…established…The Muslims The Muslims established…established…

The first full-fledge University:The first full-fledge University: – Al-Azhar University,founded in Al-Azhar University,founded in

Cairo, Egypt in the 975 CECairo, Egypt in the 975 CE– It offered a variety of It offered a variety of

academic degrees, including academic degrees, including postgraduate degreespostgraduate degrees

– considered the first full-considered the first full-fledged university. fledged university.

The first doctorate degree:The first doctorate degree: The The origins of the doctorate also dates origins of the doctorate also dates back to the ijazat attadris wa 'l-back to the ijazat attadris wa 'l-ifttd ("license to teach and issue ifttd ("license to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval legal opinions") in the medieval Madrasahs of Islamic law.Madrasahs of Islamic law.

The first astronomical The first astronomical observatoryobservatory – The first observatory was The first observatory was

constructed in Baghdad under constructed in Baghdad under the caliph Mamun Ar Rasheed.the caliph Mamun Ar Rasheed.

Muslim Scientific Muslim Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Muslim Scientific Muslim Scientific RevolutionRevolution Muslim scientists laid the foundations for modern Muslim scientists laid the foundations for modern

science.science. The scientific methods and an empirical, experimental The scientific methods and an empirical, experimental

and quantitative approach to scientific inquiry were and quantitative approach to scientific inquiry were developeddeveloped

ChemistryChemistryChemistryChemistry Jabir bin hayan (Gaber) Jabir bin hayan (Gaber)

Father of chemistry.Father of chemistry. austic soda" or Gatron. austic soda" or Gatron. - First to evoke water gold. - First to evoke water gold. - First to introduce the - First to introduce the

method of separation of method of separation of (NaOH). (NaOH).

- First to discover nitric - First to discover nitric acid. acid.

- First to discover - First to discover hydrochloric acid . hydrochloric acid .

Many more discoveries and Many more discoveries and experiments in chemistry experiments in chemistry

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematics Algebra, algorithms, trigonometry, Algebra, algorithms, trigonometry,

geometry, calculus, and arithmetic geometry, calculus, and arithmetic were developed by Muslim were developed by Muslim mathematicians.mathematicians.

Physics & OpticsPhysics & OpticsPhysics & OpticsPhysics & Optics Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)

is considered the pioneer is considered the pioneer of experimental physics of experimental physics and optics.and optics.

Ibn Al Haytham invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera, was the first to discover the principle of least time and first law of motion, and laid the foundations for telescopic astronomy.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine Abu Ali Seena known as Avicenna laid the foundation of Abu Ali Seena known as Avicenna laid the foundation of

modern medicine.modern medicine.

Avicenna introduced experimental medicine, discovered contagious diseases, introduced quarantine and clinical trials, and described many anaesthetics and medical and therapeutic drugs, in The Canon of Medicine.

MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine

Arab physicians created hundreds of medicines and invented many Arab physicians created hundreds of medicines and invented many surgical instruments.surgical instruments.

Anatomy Anatomy Anatomy Anatomy

The earliest known medical The earliest known medical description of the eye, from description of the eye, from

a ninth-century work by a ninth-century work by Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Hunayn ibn Ishaq,

AnatomyAnatomy AnatomyAnatomy

ZoologyZoologyZoologyZoology

BotanyBotanyBotanyBotany

AstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

AstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

Manuscripts describing eclipse and Manuscripts describing eclipse and planetary motionplanetary motion

MechanicsMechanicsMechanicsMechanics

Muslim Muslim AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Muslim Muslim AccomplishmentsAccomplishments

Cordoba had :Cordoba had :– 700 mosques and700 mosques and– 70 libraries, the largest of 70 libraries, the largest of

which had 600,000 books. which had 600,000 books. Baghdad:300 Madrassas.Baghdad:300 Madrassas. 60,000 treatises, poems, 60,000 treatises, poems,

polemics and compilations polemics and compilations published each year in Al published each year in Al Andulus.Andulus.

The library of Cairo: Two million The library of Cairo: Two million books.books.

Library of Tripoli: Three million Library of Tripoli: Three million books.books.

Alexandria :12,000 students. The number of important and The number of important and

original medieval Arabic works original medieval Arabic works on the mathematical sciences far on the mathematical sciences far exceeds the combined total of exceeds the combined total of medieval Latin and Greek works.medieval Latin and Greek works.

[Islamic Golden Age,Wikipedia][Islamic Golden Age,Wikipedia]

Muslim Muslim Contribution to Contribution to

WelfareWelfare

Muslim Muslim Contribution to Contribution to

WelfareWelfareي!ئ>ا ش� �ب�ه ر�ك*وا ت*ش! و�ال الل0ه� ي!ئ>ا و�اع!ب*د*وا ش� �ب�ه ر�ك*وا ت*ش! و�ال الل0ه� و�اع!ب*د*واب�ى ر! ال!ق* ب�ذ�ي و� ان>ا س� إ�ح! �ال�د�ي!ن ب�ال!و� ب�ى و� ر! ال!ق* ب�ذ�ي و� ان>ا س� إ�ح! �ال�د�ي!ن ب�ال!و� و�ذ�ي �ار ال!ج� و� �اك�ين ال!م�س� و� ال!ي�ت�ام�ى ذ�ي و� �ار ال!ج� و� �اك�ين ال!م�س� و� ال!ي�ت�ام�ى و� �ب �اح و�الص0 �ن*ب ال!ج* �ار ال!ج� و� ب�ى ر! ب� ال!ق* �اح و�الص0 �ن*ب ال!ج* �ار ال!ج� و� ب�ى ر! ال!ق*

ان*ك*م! �ي!م� أ ل�ك�ت! م� ا و�م� �ب�يل الس0 �اب!ن و� �ن!ب ان*ك*م! ب�ال!ج� �ي!م� أ ل�ك�ت! م� ا و�م� �ب�يل الس0 �اب!ن و� �ن!ب ب�ال!ج�ا ور> خ* ف� ت�اال خ! م* ك�ان� م�ن! ي*ح�ب4 ال الل0ه� ا إ�ن0 ور> خ* ف� ت�اال خ! م* ك�ان� م�ن! ي*ح�ب4 ال الل0ه� إ�ن0

04.036 Serve Allah, and join not any partners with Him; and do good- to 04.036 Serve Allah, and join not any partners with Him; and do good- to parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbors who are near, parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in need, neighbors who are near,

neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer neighbours who are strangers, the companion by your side, the wayfarer (ye meet), and what your right hands possess: For Allah loveth not the (ye meet), and what your right hands possess: For Allah loveth not the

arrogant, the vainglorious;- ( An Nisa:36)arrogant, the vainglorious;- ( An Nisa:36)

Distribution of Wealth Distribution of Wealth through Baitul Maalthrough Baitul Maal

Distribution of Wealth Distribution of Wealth through Baitul Maalthrough Baitul Maal

Umar Farooq established Umar Farooq established the first public treasury in the first public treasury in 15 AH. 15 AH.

The funds of the public The funds of the public treasury used for:treasury used for:

1.1. Wazaif for widows, Wazaif for widows, orphans and needyorphans and needy

2.2. Salaries for the army Salaries for the army recruitsrecruits

3.3. Loan: interest free Loan: interest free loan provided to loan provided to needy.needy.

4.4. Construction of jailsConstruction of jails5.5. Construction of Construction of

roads, streets, roads, streets, bridges and digging bridges and digging of canals.of canals.

Abolishing Slave Abolishing Slave TradingTrading

Abolishing Slave Abolishing Slave TradingTrading

Trading and selling of slaves was Trading and selling of slaves was abolished by Prophet Muhammad abolished by Prophet Muhammad (saw)(saw)

Slave girls were also given rights of Slave girls were also given rights of marriage.marriage.

Muslims were encouraged to free Muslims were encouraged to free slaves to earn great rewards.slaves to earn great rewards.

The punishment of many mistakes by The punishment of many mistakes by Muslims was to free slaves.Muslims was to free slaves.

Public Welfare SystemPublic Welfare SystemPublic Welfare SystemPublic Welfare System Unemployment funds provided Unemployment funds provided

by the Islamic state to injured by the Islamic state to injured and incapable of working.and incapable of working.

Elderly provided “social Elderly provided “social security”- given stipends from security”- given stipends from the public treasury.the public treasury.

Muslim cities the 8Muslim cities the 8thth CE had CE had – advanced domestic water advanced domestic water

systemssystems– sewers, sewers, – drinking fountains, drinking fountains, – piped drinking water piped drinking water

suppliessupplies– widespread private and widespread private and

public toiletspublic toilets– public bathing facilities.public bathing facilities.

Plan of Baghdad showing the city plan with its walls, Plan of Baghdad showing the city plan with its walls, buildings, canals and streets (Topkapi collection). buildings, canals and streets (Topkapi collection).

Set up of Civic Set up of Civic departmentsdepartments

Set up of Civic Set up of Civic departmentsdepartments

Departments Established Departments Established during the time of Sahaba:during the time of Sahaba:

Courts of justiceCourts of justice Army & Military Army & Military Land revenue Land revenue Finance DepartmentFinance Department Prison & Police Prison & Police Secret intelligence serviceSecret intelligence service

Muslim Agricultural Muslim Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

Muslim Agricultural Muslim Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

Arabs built the first sugar Arabs built the first sugar refineries and sugar refineries and sugar plantations.plantations.

Muslims introduced the cash Muslims introduced the cash cropping and modern crop cropping and modern crop rotation system.rotation system.

Muslims developed a Muslims developed a scientific approach to scientific approach to agriculture based on crop agriculture based on crop rotation, irrigation and rotation, irrigation and cataloguing of crops. cataloguing of crops.

Numerous encyclopaedias on Numerous encyclopaedias on farming and botany were farming and botany were produced, containing produced, containing accurate, precise detail.accurate, precise detail.

[www.MuslimHeritage.com][www.MuslimHeritage.com]

Muslim Industrial Muslim Industrial RevolutionRevolution


Muslim Worked in the following areasMuslim Worked in the following areas– ClocksClocks– MechanicsMechanics– Mills Mills – Automatic Control SystemsAutomatic Control Systems– Dams and water managementDams and water management– PumpsPumps– Ship BuildingShip Building– Self Changing Water FountainsSelf Changing Water Fountains– Many other areas…Many other areas…

The transfer of these technologies to The transfer of these technologies to Europe led to the “industrial Europe led to the “industrial revolution” of Europe.revolution” of Europe.

[www.MuslimHeritage.com & Islamic [www.MuslimHeritage.com & Islamic Golden Age, wikipedia]Golden Age, wikipedia]



– agribusiness, agribusiness, – astronomical astronomical

instruments,instruments,– ceramics, ceramics, – ChemicalsChemicals– distillation distillation

technologies, technologies, – clocks, clocks, – glass, glass, – mechanical mechanical

hydropowered and hydropowered and wind powered wind powered machinery,machinery,

– matting, mosaics,matting, mosaics,– pulp and paper,pulp and paper,– perfumery, perfumery,

– petroleum,petroleum,– pharmaceuticals,pharmaceuticals,– rope-making,rope-making,– shipping, shipping, – shipbuilding, shipbuilding, – silk,silk,– sugar,sugar,– textilestextiles– ,water,,water,– weapons,weapons,– and the mining of and the mining of

minerals such as minerals such as sulphur, ammonia, lead sulphur, ammonia, lead and iron. and iron.

[4][4]

Industries established in the Muslim Industries established in the Muslim worldworld

www.1001inventions.comwww.1001inventions.com

Muslim InventionsMuslim InventionsMuslim InventionsMuslim Inventions

camera obscura, camera obscura, CoffeeCoffee soap bar, shampoo, soap bar, shampoo, pure distillation, liquefaction,pure distillation, liquefaction, crystallisation, purification,crystallisation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation, oxidisation, evaporation, filtration, distilled alcohol,filtration, distilled alcohol, uric acid, nitric acid, uric acid, nitric acid, alembic, alembic, valve, valve, reciprocating suction piston pump,reciprocating suction piston pump, mechanical clocks driven by water and mechanical clocks driven by water and

weights, weights, programmable humanoid robotprogrammable humanoid robot[Islamic Golden Age, [Islamic Golden Age,

Wikipedia,www.1001inventions.com]Wikipedia,www.1001inventions.com]

combination lock,combination lock, quilting,quilting, pointed arch, pointed arch, scalpel, bone saw, forceps, scalpel, bone saw, forceps, surgical catgut, surgical catgut, windmill,windmill, inoculation, smallpox vaccine,inoculation, smallpox vaccine, fountain pen fountain pen cryptanalysis, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, frequency analysis, three-course meal,three-course meal, stained glass and quartz glass, stained glass and quartz glass, Persian carpet, Persian carpet, modern cheque, modern cheque, celestial globe,celestial globe, explosive rockets explosive rockets incendiary devices, incendiary devices, torpedo, and artificial pleasure gardens.torpedo, and artificial pleasure gardens.

Roots of Environmental Roots of Environmental Science Science

Roots of Environmental Roots of Environmental Science Science

The earliest known treatises on The earliest known treatises on environmental science, were written environmental science, were written by al-Kindi, al-Razi and many other by al-Kindi, al-Razi and many other Muslims.Muslims.

Their works covered subjects like: Their works covered subjects like: – air pollutionair pollution– water pollutionwater pollution– soil contamination, soil contamination, – municipal solid waste municipal solid waste

mishandlingmishandling– environmental impact environmental impact

assessments of certain localities.assessments of certain localities. Cordoba, al-Andalus had the first Cordoba, al-Andalus had the first

waste containers and waste disposal waste containers and waste disposal facilities for litter collection.facilities for litter collection.

[www.MuslimHeritage.com][www.MuslimHeritage.com]

Acknowledgement of Acknowledgement of the Westthe West

Acknowledgement of Acknowledgement of the Westthe West

George Rafael writes in an article titled "A Is For Arabs" that; “From algebra and coffee to guitars, optics and universities... the West owes to the People of the Crescent Moon... A millennium ago, while the West was shrouded in darkness, Islam enjoyed a golden age. Lighting in the streets of Cordoba when London was a barbarous pit; religious tolerance in Toledo while pogroms raged from York to Vienna. As custodians of our classical legacy, Arabs were midwives to our Renaissance. Their influence, however alien it might seem, has always been with us, whether it’s a cup of steaming hot Joe or the algorithms in computer programs.”

Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and labourers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."